CN102295313B - 纳米粒子、其制造方法、含其的药学组合物及其用途 - Google Patents
纳米粒子、其制造方法、含其的药学组合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102295313B CN102295313B CN201110158457.1A CN201110158457A CN102295313B CN 102295313 B CN102295313 B CN 102295313B CN 201110158457 A CN201110158457 A CN 201110158457A CN 102295313 B CN102295313 B CN 102295313B
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Abstract
纳米粒子、其制造方法、含其的药学组合物及其用途。本发明涉及具有高SAR值的生物相容性磁性纳米粒子的制造,所述生物相容性磁性纳米粒子当暴露于交变磁场时,产生大量热量。所产生的热量尤其可以用于治疗目的,特别是,用于对抗癌症。
Description
本申请是2010年06月07日提交中国专利局(国际申请日为2009年1月9日)、国家申请号为200980101278.5、发明名称为《磁换能器》的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及生物相容性磁性纳米粒子的制造,所述生物相容性磁性纳米粒子当暴露于交变磁场时,产生大量热量。所产生的热量尤其可以用于治疗目的,特别是,用于对抗癌症。
磁性纳米粒子可以通过多种方式将磁场能量转化成热量。纳米粒子除通过所谓的磁滞损耗(hysteresis loss)发热外,还可通过弛豫(分别为Néel和Brown弛豫)生热。所产生的热能的量取决于交变磁场的磁场强度(振幅)和频率。在指定的磁场强度和频率下,可利用所谓的比吸收率(specificabsorption rate,SAR)值或比功率损耗(specific power loss,SLP)值估算产热效率。根据测量所用的质量(单位:克)校正物质的SAR值,并以单位[瓦/克(W/g)]表示。不过,磁性物质的SAR值还取决于其它因素,例如粒度和粒子形式、物质的各向异性和金属含量。根据Jordan等人[IntemationalJournal of Hyperthermia,1993,第9卷,第1期,51-68]所开发的方法,优选在100千赫(kHz)频率和高达18千安/米(kA/m)磁场强度下,测定SAR值。此处,SAR值是根据所述物质的铁含量进行校正来表示(毫瓦/毫克铁(mW/mgFe))。
背景技术
生物相容性磁性纳米粒子常常是由所谓的沉淀工艺制成。这在文献[例如DE19614136A1]中通过多个实例来描述。由于这些粒子是在水溶液中制造,故可以轻易地功能化并通常具有良好的生物相容性。然而,以此方式制造的粒子显示相对较低的SAR值,因此无法满足本专利的创新需求。
还可以通过所谓的趋磁细菌(magnetotactie bacteria)制造磁性纳米粒子[WO98/40049]。用此方式制造的纳米粒子具有较高SAR值。然而,所述制造工艺相当复杂并且成本高昂。此外,粒子沉降相对较快,由此大大限制了可能的应用。
多年来,已知金属络合物在有机溶剂中的热分解,会导致形成胶体或纳米粒子[例如Smith等人,J.phys.Chem.1980,84,1621-1629]。可以通过Peng等人[US2006/0211152A1]和Hyeon等人[WO2006/057533A1]所公开的方法,制得具有不同粒度的单分散粒子。然而,利用此方法制造的粒子只能分散于有机溶剂中,因此不具有生物相容性。此外,利用此方法制造的粒子的SAR值较低。此类(疏水性)粒子于水中的分散液主要可通过将壳层改性来获得[例如,Wang等人,Nano Lett.,2003,3(11),1555-1559;或De Palma等人,Chem.Mater,2007,19,1821-1831]。这些方法是建立在用亲水性配体直接交换疏水性配体的基础上。这些涂布法只产生薄(单层)涂层,而这不满足本发明的稳定生物相容性涂层的要求。此外,粒子的胶体稳定性有限,以致无法用此方法涂布本发明的粒子。另外,只能涂布粒子的高度稀释的分散液。因此,在工业规模上,尚无令人满意的有关本发明粒子的分散液的技术解决方案。此外,所述分散液中所用物质或溶剂通常具有较高毒性,由此限制了生物相容性。
根据DE19614136A1,还可以通过用硅烷涂布,获得生物相容性铁氧化物纳米粒子,但此方法只适用于所述粒子已分散于水中的情形,而疏水性粒子无法用硅烷或二氧化硅容易地涂布。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供在交变磁场中具有高SAR值的生物相容性磁性纳米粒子,其中粒子的涂层是由厚度在0.5纳米到10纳米、优选1纳米到6纳米的范围内并且更优选为3纳米的稳定的含硅壳层组成。测定SAR值时所用交变磁场的强度优选在3与18千安/米的范围内,而且频率在1千赫与100兆赫的范围内,并且优选介于10千赫与1000千赫之间。
所述任务通过根据权利要求1所述的制造方法、根据权利要求26所述的纳米粒子以及根据权利要求28所述的药用组合物和根据权利要求31所述的纳米粒子的用途来解决。
本发明的其它有益实施例可以由附属权利要求、实例、图式和描述获得。
本发明涉及具有稳定的含硅壳层的生物相容性纳米粒子,所述壳层的厚度优选在0.5纳米到10纳米、更优选1纳米到6纳米、甚至更优选2纳米到4纳米的范围内,并且最优选为3纳米,而且其在交变磁场中具有高SAR值,其中交变磁场的强度优选介于3千安/米与18千安/米之间,并且其中频率优选介于10千赫与1000千赫之间。
根据本发明,可通过包括以下步骤的方法,制得具有高SAR值的粒子。
A1)提供至少一种含铁化合物A存于至少一种有机溶剂LM1中的组合物,
B1)在50℃到比步骤C1中含铁化合物A的实际反应温度低50℃的温度的范围内温度下,至少加热组合物10分钟,
C1)将组合物加热到高达介于200℃到400℃之间的温度,
D1)纯化所得粒子,
E1)将纯化过的纳米粒子悬浮于水中或酸的水溶液中,
F1)将表面活性化合物添加到步骤E1)中所获得的水溶液中,
G1)用超声波处理步骤F1)中的水溶液,
H1)纯化根据步骤G1)获得的粒子的水性分散液,
I1)制得步骤H1)中的粒子于包括水和水混溶性溶剂的溶剂混合物中的分散液,
J1)将烷氧基硅烷添加到根据步骤I1)的粒子于溶剂混合物中的分散液中,
K1)纯化所述粒子。
步骤A1到K1通常依次进行,其中在步骤A1后并在步骤B1前可以发生额外步骤A2,和/或在步骤B1后并在步骤C1前可以发生额外步骤B2。同样,在步骤C1、D1、E1、F1、G1、H1、I1、J1或K1后可任选跟着氧化步骤C2、D2、E2、F2、G2、H2、I2、J2或K2。文中,步骤C2、D2、E2、F2、G2、H2、I2、J2或K2也称为步骤X2。额外步骤A2、B2和/或X2是任选采用的,并且对于本发明的实施并非必需的。
此外,依据所选反应温度,或所选含铁化合物A,或所选其它组分来调整和优化反应参数,是所属领域技术人员一般精通技能的一部分。例如,所属领域技术人员可以形成具有最大SAR值的粒子的方式,优化各自反应的加热阶段B1的持续时间。加热阶段的持续时间最短为10分钟;所属领域技术人员很清楚,随着温度升高,加热时间变短。同样,所属领域技术人员可以形成具有最大SAR值的粒子的方式,调整步骤C1中的加热速率、最终温度和最终温度的保持时间。
所述粒子优选为纳米粒子,也就是直径在纳米范围内的粒子,其中还可以根据本发明方法获得微米粒子。
所用的一种或多种含铁化合物A优选从包括以下化合物或由以下化合物组成的群组中选出:铁络合物化合物、羰基铁化合物、铁盐(尤其饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的铁盐)、有机铁化合物和铁夹层络合物(iron-sandwich-complex)。
羰基铁化合物可以是二羰基铁(Fe(CO)2)、四羰基铁(Fe(CO)4))或五羰基铁(Fe(CO)5),而铁盐的实例为二氯化铁、二溴化铁、二氟化铁、二碘化铁、三氯化铁、三溴化铁、三氟化铁、三碘化铁、硫酸亚铁、硫酸铁、乙酸铁、草酸铁、硝酸亚铁、硝酸铁、碳酸铁、氢氧化亚铁、氢氧化铁、磷酸铁、二磷酸三铁。二茂铁(Ferrocen)是铁夹层络合物的实例,而乙酰丙酮铁是铁络合物化合物的实例。金属有机铁化合物例如有:乙酸亚铁、丙烯酸铁、油酸铁、烷醇铁(例如乙醇铁),或者还有羰基铁化合物,例如乙酰基-环丁二烯-铁-三羰基、丁二烯-铁-三羰基和烯烃-铁-四羰基。
所有高沸点溶剂都可用作有机溶剂LM1。优选包括以下各溶剂或由以下各溶剂组成的群组中的溶剂:高沸点胺、烷烃、烯烃、醇或醚。此外,还可以使用二醇(烷二醇)的单醚和二醚以及三醇(烷三醇)的单醚、二醚、三醚,亚烷基二醇单醚、亚烷基二醇二醚、乙二醇单醚、乙二醇二醚、丙二醇单醚、丙二醇二醚、甘油单醚、甘油二醚、甘油三醚,以及二醇二醚(甘醇二甲醚(glyme))。溶剂LM2也可以选自上文所提及的群组。
溶剂LM1以及LM2特别优选为沸点最低200℃的二醇二醚(又称“甘醇二甲醚”)。对于由铁盐(例如氯化物)制造纳米粒子,乙二醇也是合适的。溶剂的沸点基本上应高于150℃,更优选高于175℃,并且特别优选高于200℃。
将至少一种含铁化合物A分散、溶解或悬浮于溶剂LM1中,随后将所得组合物加热到一定温度,最少持续10分钟时间,所述温度是在50℃到比步骤C1中含铁化合物A的实际反应温度低50℃的温度的范围内。实际反应温度应理解为粒子形成的温度,其范围介于200℃与400℃之间。由此,根据步骤B1的成核温度在50℃与最高350℃之间的范围内,但总是比步骤C1的温度低至少50℃。因此,优选在比步骤C1中化合物A的粒子形成的实际温度低约50℃的温度下,加热含有一种或多种含铁化合物A的有机溶剂LM1或有机溶剂LM1的混合物。
步骤B1)中所述在粒子形成之前的加热阶段是用于形成所谓的种子(seed),其使得此后能够进行指定的粒子形成。加热阶段的持续时间对步骤C1)中所产生的所得粒子、优选纳米粒子的SAR值具有较大影响。对于制造具有较高SAR值的粒子或纳米粒子,所达到的温度最短保持10分钟,优选最短30分钟,并且特别优选最短约40分钟。因此,具有至少一种含铁化合物A和至少一种溶剂LM1的组合物应加热到上述温度,优选持续30分钟到50分钟。
取决于所用的含铁化合物A,目标温度优选比步骤C1)中粒子形成的实际反应温度低约100℃到300℃,优选低约130℃到270℃,更优选低约150℃到250℃,甚至更优选低约170℃到230℃,甚至更优选低180℃到220℃,甚至更优选低约190℃到210℃,并且特别优选低约200℃,其中所述目标温度不低于70℃,优选不低于90℃,并且特别优选不低于100℃。根据步骤B1),在第一个加热阶段期间,温度优选保持在100℃到150℃。
为了影响或促进种子形成,根据步骤A2),可以加入添加剂或表面活性化合物。如本文所使用的术语“添加剂”或“表面活性化合物”代表大部分添加剂也是表面活性化合物的情形,但未必所有添加剂都属于这种情况。因此,每一表面活性化合物都可称为添加剂,但其中并非每一添加剂都能称为表面活性化合物。这包含表面活性剂(tenside)、硅烷、含硅或含铝有机化合物、膦、饱和或不饱和脂肪酸、胺、二胺、羧酸和其盐、饱和以及不饱和脂肪酸,或者还有聚合物。聚合物的实例为聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸、葡聚糖、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid,PLGA)、几丁质(chitin)、纤维蛋白、肝素、壳聚糖和聚乙烯亚胺。
在步骤B1)的加热阶段后,于步骤C1)中执行实际粒子形成。将步骤B1)中形成的粒种(particle seed)加热到高达500℃,但优选加热到在200℃与400℃范围内的温度。
由此,由粒种和过量的含铁化合物A形成含铁粒子,优选为含铁纳米粒子。
已显示,不用全部量的含铁化合物A开始和进行B1)的加热阶段,而是在步骤B1)的种子形成步骤后,在步骤B2)中加入含有另一含铁化合物B的有机溶剂LM2,是有利的。
所述至少一种含铁化合物B在本文中可选自上述含铁化合物群组,并且可以与所述至少一种含铁化合物A相同或不同。
同样地,有机溶剂LM2也可以选自上述溶剂LM1群组,并且与溶剂LM1相同或不同,其中优选溶剂LM1与LM2相同的情形。
因此,优选在步骤B1)中形成种子后,添加含有新的含铁化合物B的优选相同的溶剂(LM1=LM2),并将由此根据C1)获得的组合物加热到高达500℃的温度,优选加热到在200℃到400℃范围内的温度。LM1和LM2的沸点优选最低为200℃。
从而,在加入含有至少一种含铁化合物B的溶剂LM2后产生实际粒子。除含铁化合物B外,还可以将其它添加剂添加到在步骤B1后获得的组合物中。这些添加剂未必选自与溶液中现存的添加剂相同的添加剂,但优选是选自相同添加剂。
此处,所属领域技术人员也可再次以形成具有最大SAR值的粒子的方式,调整所添加的含铁化合物B和添加剂的量,以及溶剂LM2的种类和量。
如上文所述,尽管可以在步骤A中添加全部量的所需含铁化合物,以使步骤B2)为优选,但此并非必需的。即使在步骤B1)的第一个加热阶段后,不再进一步添加含铁化合物B,也可以添加另一添加剂作为步骤B2),所述添加剂应与组合物中现存的添加剂相同。由此,对于步骤B2),可以只加入添加剂,或只添加含铁化合物B,或者同时或依次添加这两种物质,来作为步骤B2)。
步骤C1)的第二个加热阶段的持续时间为至少30分钟,优选1到30小时,更优选10到20小时,并且尤其优选为15小时。
意外的是,很明显,通过延长加热阶段或简单地利用较长的加热阶段,可进一步增加SAR值,因此,优选较长的加热阶段,特别是额外的回火阶段。具体地说,在步骤C1)中,加热阶段优选长于10小时,并且更优选长于14小时。
任选在步骤D1后将回火阶段作为D1*和/或D2*,也可以进一步增加SAR值,由此也优选长于10小时,更优选长于14小时,并且尤其优选长于18小时。因此,回火阶段可以用去1到30小时,优选10到25小时,更优选13到22小时,并且尤其优选15到20小时。
可以通过改变加热阶段B1)的持续时间、步骤C1)的最终温度和最终温度的保持时间以及步骤C1)中所添加的铁化合物或添加剂的量,来调整所得粒子的SAR值,以致形成具有最大SAR值的粒子。这些参数取决于所用铁化合物的种类以及溶剂和添加剂的种类。因此,须调整每一系统的加热阶段,而这可易于由技术人员根据其专业知识进行。
所制造的本发明粒子的SAR值在4千安/米的磁场强度下为10瓦到40瓦/克铁,优选在4千安/米的磁场强度下为20瓦到40瓦/克铁,更优选在4千安/米的磁场强度下为25瓦到40瓦/克铁,并且尤其优选在4千安/米的磁场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为30瓦到40瓦/克铁。
在下文中,将提供有关制造本发明粒子的系统以及所制造的粒子的SAR值的一些实例。实例(I)到(VIII)产生的本发明粒子的SAR值在4千安/米磁场强度和100千赫交变磁场频率下为20瓦到40瓦/克铁。术语“铁”是指0价铁(Fe0)、二价铁(Fe+2)、三价铁(Fe+3)的总铁量。
表1:用于制造本发明粒子的合适组分的实例
在上表1中,“无添加剂”意思指,本发明的合成是利用各栏中所列的组分进行,但其中未加入添加剂。根据实例1和3A或实例2和3A(步骤A1到C2)使用表1中所述的组分,随后根据实例4到6以及4到7进一步使用所有系统。已显示,通过应用额外回火阶段(实例7;步骤D1*或D2*),SAR值在约5千安/米下可增加约5瓦/克铁。表1中所示的SAR值是指4千安/米的磁场强度以及100千赫的交变场频率。
表2:本发明系统的实例
阶段A)和C)可任选在空气中于标准压力下,或在保护气体氛围(氩气、氮气)下,或在高达400巴(bar)压力下的反应釜中进行。
在所述步骤C1)的第二个加热阶段后,可接着进行氧化阶段X2)。氧化阶段X2)可任选采用,并且未必直接在步骤C1后进行,而是也可以在步骤C1)到K1)中的一个步骤后发生。在本文中,优选通过导入大气氧气来氧化粒子。大气氧气的导入持续4到24小时,优选8到16小时,并且进一步优选在20℃到50℃下执行。然而,也可以使用其它挥发性氧化剂或可通过蒸馏去除的氧化剂,例如氧气(纯)、过氧化氢,或如胺氧化物等其它有机氧化剂。由此,优选在步骤C1)到K1)中的一个步骤后进行氧化步骤X2),其中X是针对字母C到K的变量,这取决于在哪个步骤后执行氧化。如果任选采用的氧化步骤是在步骤E1)后执行,则将所述氧化步骤称为步骤E2),而如果氧化步骤是在K1后执行,则将其称为K2)。另外,氧化步骤可重复数次,或可以在另一程序步骤后接着进行另一氧化步骤X2′,这是可能的,但并非优选。因此,本发明方法可能包括第一氧化步骤X2(例如F2)以及第二氧化步骤X2′(例如H2′)。对于已处于部分或完全氧化情况下的粒子,进一步的氧化当然是不必要的。在大气空气中进行的氧化通常是自行启动的,因此,额外的(即,对于所述自行启动的氧化来说是额外的)氧化步骤X2是不必要的。氧化步骤X2即使不是绝对必需的,但由于已显示其并没有坏处,故也可以进行。
根据步骤C1形成的粒子、优选纳米粒子,需进行纯化。这一步骤对于本发明至关重要。使用不纯的粒子不能制得水中分散性良好并且最终具有高SAR值的本发明粒子。根据步骤D1),优选通过索氏萃取法(Soxhletextraction)执行此纯化,直到粒子再也无法分散于非极性溶剂中为止。已意外地发现,尽可能完全地洗掉(即,再次去除大部分)粒子上来自步骤A2)和/或步骤B2)的添加剂、尤其表面活性化合物,对于稍后分散于水中[步骤F1)]很重要。术语“尽可能”和“大部分”分别应理解为添加剂的去除量在70-100%的范围内,优选高达90%。因此,将从粒子中去除超过70%,优选超过80%,更优选超过90%,并且尤其优选超过95%的添加剂。上述百分比是针对附着于粒子的添加剂。游离添加剂,即在溶液中自由游动并且未被粒子吸附的添加剂,可通过离心去除大部分(即,超过95%,优选超过98%)。附着于粒子的剩余添加剂的量可以例如通过元素分析或红外(Infrared,IR)光谱测定。在本文中,百分比是针对重量(重量%)。未附着于粒子的添加剂通过离心去除,而附着于粒子的添加剂可以优选通过所形成粒子的索氏萃取实现,其中也可以使用借助于超声波的萃取。为此,首先通过离心分离纳米粒子,随后进行下一纯化步骤。
索氏萃取所用溶剂可以是通用的极性有机溶剂,例如醇、酮、醚或酯。优选丙酮、乙酸乙酯或乙醇。
萃取的持续时间介于1小时与8小时之间,优选介于2小时与6小时之间,并且尤其优选为约4小时。关键之处是,含铁粒子、优选纳米粒子在萃取后,不能再分散于例如甲苯、二甲苯或己烷等非极性溶剂中。不过,倘若如此,就需要调整萃取时间。以此方式纯化的纳米粒子粉末在真空条件下干燥。
在步骤D1后,可接着进行数个“回火阶段”以增加粒子的结晶度。这些回火阶段可以在高达400℃的高沸点溶剂中进行数小时。如果溶剂的沸点最低为200℃,优选300℃,则称其具有高沸点。在本文中,回火过程可以在空气中或在保护气体(例如氩气)下进行。在约200℃到250℃温度下,优选在无保护气体的情况下执行反应,而在高于约200℃到250℃的温度下,优选在保护气体下执行反应。或者,可在高达1000℃温度下,于保护气体下,将纳米粒子以粉末形式(无溶剂)回火。保护气体优选为氩气或二氧化碳/氢气(CO2/H2)混合气。所述至少一个回火步骤是在步骤D1后作为步骤D1*进行,或在氧化步骤D2后作为D2*进行。
优选可通过将粒子悬浮于0.5到2摩尔浓度(M)的硝酸(HNO3),优选1摩尔浓度的硝酸中,添加硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3)并且在回流下连续煮沸,来进行步骤X2(其中X为C或D或E或F或G或H或I或J或K)的氧化。硝酸铁与铁氧化物(FeOx)的比率,或一般说来,三价铁(Fe(III))与铁氧化物的比率优选为1∶2。此氧化过程对于粒子的SAR值具有有益作用,因此是优选的。应注意,此步骤不限于硝酸铁,并且也可以使用其它三价铁盐,例如氯化铁(FeCl3)、磷酸铁(FePO4)等。
现将根据步骤E1)和F1),通过用表面活性化合物的可逆涂布,来将纯化过的粒子或纳米粒子分散于水中。
在此步骤,将纯化过的粒子或纳米粒子的粉末悬浮于水中,其中形成亲水层,而所述层稍后可能容易地去除。开始时,此涂层中的固含量(铁氧化物)优选设为2%到20%,更优选为3%到12%,甚至更优选为5%到8%,甚至更优选为6%到7%,并且尤其优选为约6.5%。为了获得更细微的粒子分散液,在添加表面活性化合物之前,可添加酸,优选无机酸(根据步骤F1)),例如盐酸或硝酸,以使pH值为2到6,优选为3到5,并且尤其优选为约4。
所述酸优选可选自无机酸,例如盐酸、磷酸、硫酸、氢溴酸、硼酸或硝酸。但重要的是,所用酸、优选无机酸并非与粒子表面不可逆结合。在实验中已显示,优选是无机酸,并且应避免使用氨基酸以及羧酸。但在本发明方法中,以下的酸基本上是适用的:磺酸、硝酸、高氯酸、甲烷磺酸、乙烷磺酸、羟基乙烷磺酸、乙烯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、萘磺酸、萘胺磺酸、磺胺酸和樟脑磺酸。
用酸或无机酸设定水溶液的pH值,根据步骤F1)添加至少一种表面活性化合物。所述至少一种表面活性化合物优选从包括饱和脂肪酸的盐以及尤其不饱和脂肪酸的盐或由其组成的群组中选出。此外,也可以使用表面活性剂或聚合物,例如聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸、葡聚糖、PLGA、壳聚糖和聚乙烯亚胺。
饱和脂肪酸的实例有:乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、己酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、珠光脂酸(margaric acid)、硬脂酸、花生酸、山俞酸和木蜡酸(lignoceric acid)。
不饱和脂肪酸或其任何脂肪酸的盐的优选实例可为例如顺-9-十四碳烯酸(肉豆蔻脑酸(myristoleic acid))、顺-9-十六碳烯酸(棕榈油酸(palmitoleicacid))、顺-6-十八碳烯酸(岩芹酸(petroselinic acid))、顺-9-十八碳烯酸(油酸)、顺-11-十八碳烯酸(异油酸(vaccenic acid))、顺-9-二十碳烯酸(鳕烯酸(gadoleic acid))、顺-11-二十碳烯酸(巨头鲸鱼酸(gondoic acid))、顺-13-二十二碳烯酸(芥酸(erucic acid))、顺-15-二十四碳烯酸(神经酸(nervonic acid))、t9-十八碳烯酸(反油酸(elaidic acid))、t11-十八碳烯酸(反式-异油酸)、t3-十六碳烯酸、9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚麻酸(linolenicacid))、6,9,12-十八碳三烯酸(γ-亚油酸(γ-linoleic acid))、8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸(二高-γ-亚麻酸(dihomo-γ-linolenic acid))、5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸(花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid))、7,10,13,16-二十二碳四烯酸、4,7,10,13,16-二十二碳五烯酸、9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(a-亚麻酸)、6,9,12,15-十八碳四烯酸(次亚麻油酸(stearidonic acid))、8,11,14,17-二十碳四烯酸、5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)、4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、5,8,11-二十碳三烯酸(蜂蜜酸(meadacid))、9c,11t,13t-桐油酸(9c,11t,13t-eleostearinoic acid)、8t,10t,12c-金盏花酸(8t,10t,12c-calendinoic acid)、9c,11t,13c-梓树酸(9c,11t,13c-catalpinoicacid)、4,7,9,11,13,16,19-二十二碳七烯酸(4,7,9,11,13,16,19-docosaheptadecanoic acid)(斯特拉七烯酸(stellaheptaenoicacid))、紫杉酸(taxolic acid)、皮诺敛酸(pinolenic acid)、5c,11c,14c-二十碳三烯酸(sciadonic acid)、6-十八碳炔酸(6-octadecinoic acid)(塔日酸(taririnic acid))、t11-十八碳烯-9-炔酸(白檀子油(santalbinic)或西门木炔(ximeninic)酸)、9-十八碳炔酸(硬脂炔酸(stearolinoic acid))、6-十八碳烯-9-炔酸(6,9-十八碳烯炔酸(6,9-octadeceninoic acid))、t10-十七碳烯-8-炔酸(檀梨酸(pyrulinic acid))、9-十八碳烯-12-炔酸(还阳参油酸(crepeninic acid))、t7,t11-十八碳二烯-9-炔酸(heisterinic acid)、t8,t10-十八碳二烯-12-炔酸、5,8,11,14-二十碳四炔酸(5,8,11,14-eicosatetrainoic acid,ETYA)和t8,t10-十八碳二烯-12-炔酸。脂肪酸优选与碱金属离子和碱土金属离子形成盐。
纳米粒子与表面活性化合物的质量比优选为1∶0.02到1∶10,更优选为1∶0.1到1∶2,并且特别优选为1∶0.5。
添加表面活性化合物后,优选用超声波处理步骤G1)的悬浮液最短30分钟。
随后,优选在30℃到70℃范围内,更优选在50℃到60℃范围内并且特别优选在40℃温度下,搅拌悬浮液约2小时。接着,根据步骤I1),执行纯化。优选通过离心(1000转/分钟(U/min))分离未分散的粒子。
涂布后,须立即从粒子的分散液中去除过量的表面活性物质。此纯化可以通过透析或用乙醚萃取执行。或者,可以使用超速离心机离心分离粒子,并用水以及水与乙醚的混合物洗涤。
接着,根据步骤I1)和J1),将粒子的脂肪酸基涂层交换成含硅生物相容性壳层。
对于壳层交换,根据步骤I1),粒子须分散于水与至少一种可与水混合的溶剂的混合物中。可与水混合的溶剂有:醇、多元醇、四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran,THF)、二甲基甲酰胺(dimethyl-formamide,DMF)、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、丙酮、乙酸、甲酸、甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯等。
然而,特别优选是醇。所述醇优选可选自包括以下各醇或由以下各醇组成的群组:甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇和乙二醇,其中优选乙醇。
水与醇以及水与乙醇的混合比各自优选为1∶1到1∶5,并且特别优选为1∶3,以致对脂肪酸壳层的去除以及用含硅壳层的交换可以同时执行。
此外,优选醇与水的混合物中含有1到5重量%、更优选1到3重量%并且特别优选1.5重量%的胺,优选伯胺,并且特别优选氨。
根据步骤I1),将纳米粒子分散液添加到溶剂混合物中,尤其添加到醇与水的混合物,并且优选添加到水与乙醇的混合物中后,须立即添加合适的烷氧基硅烷。烷氧基硅烷的添加应在超声波处理下进行。合适的烷氧基硅烷有:所有的四烷氧基硅烷,例如四甲氧基硅烷和四乙氧基硅烷,以及三烷氧基硅烷、二烷氧基硅烷和单烷氧基硅烷,其优选具有通过硅-碳(Si-C)键偶联的官能团,例如氨基、硫醇基和/或环氧基。
为了使壳层的交换顺利进行,铁与烷氧基硅烷的摩尔比应为1∶1到1∶5,并且优选为1∶3。
根据步骤J1),添加反应物后,用超声波处理分散液1到8小时,优选3到5小时,并且特别优选4小时。随后,优选通过对水透析,执行粒子的纯化。或者,可通过在高g值下离心分离粒子,并用超纯水洗涤沉淀,来执行纯化。
此外,本发明涉及可用本文所揭露的方法获得的粒子,优选纳米粒子。
本发明的含铁粒子本身是铁磁体(ferromagnetic)、亚铁磁体(ferrimagnetic)或超顺磁体(superparamagnetic)。可利用交变磁场使所述粒子或纳米粒子升温。使含有粒子或纳米粒子的组织升温到超过50℃是可能的,这是因为根据本发明,所述粒子或纳米粒子具有高SAR值。
在6千安/米场强度下,根据本发明制造的含铁粒子的最小SAR值为18毫瓦/毫克铁,优选为20毫瓦/毫克铁,并且特别优选为22毫瓦/毫克铁。
所述粒子的直径优选小于500纳米。纳米粒子的平均直径优选为20纳米,或优选在1到100纳米的尺寸范围内,并且特别优选在15到30纳米的尺寸范围内。
纳米粒子的稳定的含硅壳层的厚度介于0.5纳米与10纳米之间,优选为3纳米。
可利用其它烷氧基硅烷将含硅壳层官能化,来改变粒子的特性。这些烷氧基硅烷优选是具有借助硅-碳键偶联的官能团的三烷氧基硅烷。其实例有:(3-丙烯酰氧基丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷基-丁醛、3-氨基-丙基三乙氧基硅烷和3-异氰酸基-丙基三乙氧基硅烷。所述三烷氧基硅烷也可具有借助硅-碳键接的不同长度的聚乙二醇侧链。其实例为2-[甲氧基(聚氧化乙烯)丙基]三甲氧基硅烷。
本发明的含铁粒子可用于医学领域,并且例如以水溶液形式注射。本发明的含铁粒子可用于治疗和预防增生性疾病、癌症、肿瘤、风湿病、关节炎、关节病和细菌感染。
此外,本发明涉及含有本发明的纳米粒子的药学组合物,以及本发明的纳米粒子用于制备所述药学组合物的用途。
具体说来,这些药学组合物是供输注或注射的溶液形式。所述纳米粒子的(例如)生理盐水溶液适于间质或肿瘤内施用。此外,动脉内或静脉内施用也是一种用于非实体肿瘤和/或形成转移的肿瘤类型的作用于全身的系统治疗选择。
其它优选的药学组合物为含有本发明的含铁粒子的粉末、吸入式粉末以及冻干粉。
优选将本发明的纳米粒子和药学组合物用于治疗以及预防以退化的细胞种类或外源细胞为特征并且可使用所述纳米粒子辨别外源细胞或退化的细胞与身体自身的健康细胞的特征的疾病。具体说来,癌细胞或增殖减弱的细胞,以及狭窄或再狭窄组织,都可以视为退化的细胞。具体说来,外源细胞的实例是细菌。
因此,本发明的纳米粒子和含有所述纳米粒子的药学组合物可用于预防和治疗肿瘤、癌瘤和癌症。
可使用本发明纳米粒子的癌症和肿瘤种类的实例有:腺癌、脉络膜黑色素瘤、急性白血病、听神经瘤、壶腹癌、肾癌、星形细胞瘤、基底细胞癌、胰腺癌、结缔组织肿瘤、膀胱癌、支气管癌、非小细胞支气管癌、乳腺癌、伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt′s lymphoma)、宫体癌(corpus carcinoma)、不明原发灶(carcinoma unknown primary,CUP)综合症、大肠癌、小肠癌、小肠肿瘤、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、室管膜瘤、上皮癌、尤文氏肿瘤(Ewing′s tumor)、胃肠肿瘤、胆囊癌、胆道癌、子宫癌、宫颈癌、胶质母细胞瘤、妇科肿瘤、耳鼻喉肿瘤、血液肿瘤、毛细胞白血病、输尿管癌、皮肤癌、脑肿瘤(神经胶质瘤)、脑转移瘤、睾丸癌、垂体肿瘤、类癌瘤、卡波济氏肉瘤(Kaposi′ssarcoma)、喉癌、生殖细胞肿瘤、骨癌、结直肠癌、头颈肿瘤(位于颈、鼻和耳区的肿瘤)、结肠癌、颅咽管瘤、口中和唇上的癌症、肝癌、肝转移瘤、白血病、眼睑肿瘤、肺癌、恶性淋巴瘤(霍奇金氏(Hodgkin)/非霍奇金氏(Non-Hodgkin))、淋巴瘤、胃癌、恶性黑色素瘤、恶性肿瘤、胃肠道恶性肿瘤、乳腺癌、直肠癌、髓母细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、脑膜瘤、霍奇金氏病、蕈样肉芽肿、鼻癌、神经鞘瘤、神经母细胞瘤、肾癌、肾细胞癌、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、少突神经胶质瘤、食管癌、溶骨性肿瘤和成骨性肿瘤、骨肉瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、阴茎癌、浆细胞瘤、头颈鳞状细胞癌、前列腺癌、咽癌、直肠癌、视网膜母细胞瘤、阴道癌、甲状腺癌、施尼伯格氏肺癌(Schneebergerlung cancer)、食道癌、鳞状细胞癌、T细胞淋巴瘤(蕈样肉芽肿)、胸腺瘤、输卵管癌(tube carcinoma)、眼肿瘤、尿道癌、泌尿道肿瘤、尿路上皮癌、外阴癌、疣外观(wart appearance)、软组织肿瘤、软组织肉瘤、威尔姆氏肿瘤(Wilms tumor)、宫颈癌和舌癌。
特别优选是实体肿瘤。更优选是前列腺癌、脑肿瘤、肉瘤、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、支气管癌、黑色素瘤、头颈肿瘤、食道癌、直肠癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌,以及肝中、脑中和淋巴结中的转移瘤。
特别优选的是本发明纳米粒子与常规温热疗法、放射疗法组合,和/或与常规化学疗法组合的应用和用法。
进一步可以发现,本发明的磁性并且优选超顺磁性粒子增加抗癌剂的活性,而且还降低其副作用。
因此,根据本发明制造的粒子优选与抗癌药组合使用,即,与细胞毒性和/或细胞抑制化合物(即具有细胞毒性和/或细胞抑制特性的化合物)组合使用。抗癌药的实例尤其包含烷化剂、具有细胞抑制特性的抗生素、抗代谢物、微管抑制剂和拓扑异构酶抑制剂、含铂化合物以及其它细胞抑制剂(例如天冬酰胺酶、维甲酸(tretinoin)、生物碱、鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin)、紫杉烷(taxane)和),激素、免疫调节剂、单克隆抗体、信号转导剂(用于信号转导的分子)、激酶抑制剂和细胞因子。
烷化剂的实例尤其包含氯乙胺(chlorethamine)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、美法仑(melphalan)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、白消安(busulfan)、塞替派(thiotepa)、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、丙卡巴肼(procarbazine)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、曲奥舒凡(treosulfan)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)和尼莫司汀(nimustine)。
具有细胞抑制特性的抗生素的实例为道诺霉素(daunorubicin)以及脂质体道诺霉素、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(阿霉素(adriamycin))、更生霉素(dactinomycin)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、博来霉素(bleomycin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)(4-表阿霉素(4-epi-adriamycin))、伊达比星(idarubicin)、更生霉素、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)、安吖啶(amsacrine)和放线菌素D(actinomycin D)。
抗代谢物(抗代谢药)的实例可为甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)、6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine)、6-巯基嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、克拉屈滨(cladribine)、喷司他丁(pentostatin)、吉西他宾(gemcitabine)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)、雷替曲赛(raltitrexed)、卡培他滨(capecitabine)、阿糖胞苷(cytosine arabinoside)、硫鸟嘌呤和巯基嘌呤。
生物碱和鬼臼毒素类别中尤其包含长春新碱(vincristine)、长春花碱(vinblastine)、长春地辛(vindesine)、依托泊苷(etoposide)以及替尼泊苷(teniposide)。此外,根据本发明,可以使用含铂化合物。含铂化合物的实例为顺铂(cisplatin)、卡铂(carboplatin)和奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)。微管抑制剂的实例有:生物碱,例如长春生物碱(vinca alkaloid)(长春新碱、长春花碱、长春地辛、长春瑞宾(vinorelbine));和紫杉醇(paclitaxel)以及紫杉醇的衍生物。拓扑异构酶抑制剂的实例包含依托泊苷、替尼泊苷、喜树碱(camptothecin)、拓扑替康(topotecan)和伊立替康(irinotecan)。
紫杉醇和多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel)是紫杉烷化合物的实例,并且其它细胞抑制剂的实例有:羟基脲(hydroxycarbamide/hydroxyurea)、伊马替尼(imatinib)、安吖啶、拓扑替康(拓扑异构酶-I抑制剂)、喷司他丁、蓓萨罗丁(bexarotene)、维甲酸和天冬酰胺酶。单克隆抗体类代表性化合物尤其为曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab)(也称为)、阿仑单抗(alemtuzumab)(也称为)和利妥昔单抗(rituximab)(也称为)。代表性激酶抑制剂为索拉非尼(Sorafenib)和舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)
激素的实例为糖皮质激素(泼尼松(prednisone))、雌激素(磷雌酚(fosfestrol)、雌莫司汀(estramustine))、促黄体激素释放激素(luteinizinghormone releasing hormone,LHRH)(布舍瑞林(buserelin)、戈舍瑞林(goserelin)、亮丙瑞林(leuprorelin)、曲普瑞林(triptorelin))、氟他胺(flutamide)、乙酸环丙孕酮(cyproterone acetate)、他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)、托瑞米芬(toremifen)、氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、福美坦(formestane)、依西美坦(exemestane)、雷曲唑(letrozole)和阿那曲唑(anastrozole)。免疫调节剂、细胞因子、抗体和信号转导剂种类的实例有:白细胞介素-2、干扰素-α、促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocytecolony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)、曲妥珠单抗利妥昔单抗吉非替尼替伊莫单抗(ibritumomab)左旋咪唑(levamisole)以及类视色素(retinoid)。
由此,本发明还涉及根据本发明制造的粒子与至少一种抗癌剂的组合,以及含有上述组合的药学组合物,所述抗癌剂例如为放线菌素D、氨鲁米特、安吖啶、阿那曲唑、嘌呤和嘧啶碱基拮抗剂、蒽环霉素(anthracyclin)、芳香酶抑制剂、天冬酰胺酶、抗雌激素、蓓萨罗丁、博来霉素、布舍瑞林、白消安、喜树碱衍生物、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡莫司汀、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、克拉屈滨、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷(cytarabin)、阿糖胞苷(cytosine arabinosid)、烷化细胞抑制剂、达卡巴嗪、达托霉素(dactiomycin)、多烯紫杉醇、多柔比星(阿霉素)、脂质体多柔比星、表柔比星、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、依西美坦、氟达拉滨、氟尿嘧啶、叶酸拮抗剂、福美坦、吉西他宾、糖皮质激素、戈舍瑞林、激素和激素拮抗剂、和美新(hycamtin)、羟基脲、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、伊马替尼、伊立替康、雷曲唑、亮丙瑞林、洛莫司汀、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、米替福新(miltefosin)、丝裂霉素、有丝分裂抑制剂、米托蒽醌、尼莫司汀、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、喷司他丁、丙卡巴肼、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、睾内酯(testolactone)、塞替派、硫鸟嘌呤、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、拓扑替康、曲奥舒凡、维甲酸、曲普瑞林、曲磷胺、长春花碱、长春新碱、长春地辛、长春瑞宾、具有细胞抑制活性的抗生素。
上述药物不仅可与本发明粒子组合使用,而且还可与粒子、优选纳米粒子共价结合,从而被更有效地输送到癌细胞中。
因此,本发明另一方面是针对可根据本发明方法获得的粒子,其中治疗活性物质与粒子或纳米粒子共价结合。治疗活性物质可选自抗增生药、抗迁移药、抗血管生成药、抗血栓形成药、抗炎药、消炎药、细胞抑制药物、细胞毒性药物、抗凝药、抗细菌药、抗病毒药和/或抗真菌药,其中优选是抗增生药、抗迁移药、抗血管生成药、细胞抑制药物和/或细胞毒性药物,以及具有抗增生、抗迁移、抗血管生成、抗血栓、抗炎、消炎、细胞抑制、细胞毒性、抗凝、抗细菌、抗病毒和/或抗真菌特性的核酸、氨基酸、肽、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、糖蛋白、聚糖或脂蛋白。此外,这些物质也可以含有放射增敏剂或增敏剂,或者其它也被组合或含有所述增敏剂的常规癌症治疗方法的增强剂。
治疗活性物质的偶联可以例如通过羟基、氨基、羰基、硫醇基或羧基执行,此取决于各自药物所携带的官能团。羟基优选以酯、缩醛或缩酮的形式结合,硫醇基优选以硫酯、硫缩醛或硫缩酮形式结合,氨基优选以酰胺形式并且部分也以亚胺(希夫碱(Schiffbase))形式结合,羧基优选以酯或酰胺形式结合,而羰基优选以缩酮形式结合。此外,对纳米粒子的表面的官能化是已知的,因此,可以使用已知方法,在纳米粒子的表面产生氨基、羟基、羧基或羰基。
如专利说明书WO98/58673中所述,另一可活化纳米粒子-药物结合物(例如通过聚合物结合)涂层也是可能的,并且可用于改进所述粒子-药物结合物的生物特性。也可偶联赋予整个构建体以靶向特性的其它分子(例如多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体、人化抗体、人类抗体、嵌合抗体、重组抗体、双特异性抗体、抗体片段、适体、Fab片段、Fc片段、肽、肽模拟物(peptidomimetic)、空隙体(gap-mer)、核糖体、CpG低聚物、DNA酶、核糖开关(riboswitch)或脂质)。重要的是,所有进一步的修饰都不会妨碍治疗活性物质在目标位点的可活化释放。
更优选治疗活性物质不与纳米粒子直接键接,而是使用连接分子固定。具有多达50个碳原子的各种分子都可用作连接体,只要所述连接体含有可通过热、光化学或酶方式裂解的基团、酸不稳定性基团或借助其它方式易于分离的基团即可。连接分子内的键,和/或连接体与药物的键,和/或连接体与纳米粒子表面的键,须能直接裂解,或通过交变磁场的作用间接裂解。举例来说,如果在目标位点例如在癌细胞中,利用交变磁场刺激如肽酶、酯酶或水解酶等酶,或增强这些酶的活性或表达,并且如果这些酶随后可执行上述裂解,则发生间接裂解。此外,使用磁性纳米粒子时,如果利用交变磁场使其升温并由此使热不稳定性基团裂解,则也可发生间接裂解。也有可能通过交变磁场的作用增加目标位置的pH,随后使连接分子内的酸不稳定性键裂解。
酰胺基可作为连接分子内或连接分子上的酶法可裂解基团。可通过热或酸裂解的基团包括例如磷酸基、硫代磷酸基、硫酸基、磷酰胺基、氨基甲酸基或亚胺基。
连接分子还可以是核酸分子、多肽、肽-核酸、适体、DNA、RNA、亮氨酸拉链(leucin zipper)、寡聚核苷酸、生物素、抗生物素蛋白(avidin)、抗生物素蛋白链菌素(streptavidin)、半抗原-抗体桥或生物素-抗生物素蛋白桥。
所述药物并非必须与连接体共价结合,而是也可以通过离子或氢键结合,或者是被插入或络合。
WO2006108405A中详细描述了治疗活性物质与微米粒子和纳米粒子键接的各种可能性,所述治疗活性物质例如为:抗癌剂、单克隆抗体、适体、核酸、氨基酸、肽、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、糖蛋白、聚糖、脂蛋白,或抗增生药、抗迁移药、抗血管生成药、抗血栓药、抗炎药、消炎药、细胞抑制药物、细胞毒性药物、抗凝药、抗细菌药、抗病毒药或抗真菌药。
因此,本发明方法可包括另一步骤L1),其涉及抗癌剂、单克隆抗体、适体、核酸、氨基酸、肽、蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、糖蛋白、聚糖、脂蛋白,或抗增生药、抗迁移药、抗血管生成药、抗血栓药、抗炎药、消炎药、细胞抑制药物、细胞毒性药物、抗凝药、抗细菌药、抗病毒药或抗真菌药与步骤K1)的粒子的键接。
此外,还有可能通过吸附使药物结合于纳米粒子的表面并且用阻挡层将药物覆盖,所述阻挡层主要是在阻挡层受交变磁场的作用而以能发生药物释放的方式改变,或特别是降解之前,防止药物释放。
附图说明
图1:显示本发明的铁氧化物纳米粒子的粒度分布(由透射电子显微镜图像得到)。
图2:显示本发明的铁氧化物纳米粒子于水中的SAR值与常规铁氧化物纳米粒子(根据专利说明书DE19614136A1通过沉淀法制造)的SAR值的比较。SAR值是针对频率为100千赫的交变磁场。
图3:显示具有核和壳的本发明的含铁纳米粒子的示意图。
具体实施方式
关于制造本发明粒子的一般合成说明
步骤A1)
将0.02摩尔(mol)含铁化合物A和100毫升(ml)沸点为约200℃到约400℃的有机溶剂LM1装入玻璃烧瓶中,以便在所述溶剂中制造粒种。
步骤A2)
现可任选添加0.008摩尔到0.05摩尔量的一种本文所述的添加剂。
步骤B1)
将溶液加热到介于50℃与350℃之间的温度,保持最短10分钟并且优选1小时,所述温度比随后的反应温度低约50℃。
步骤B2)
现可任选添加另一添加剂以及另一含铁化合物B。
步骤C1)
在带回流冷却的三颈烧瓶中,在通入保护气体的情况下,将所得混合物加热到各自溶剂LM1或LM2的沸点温度(应比步骤B1加热阶段的温度高至少50℃),并在此温度下最短保持约1小时。
步骤C2)
现可任选氧化所得铁氧化物粒子。
步骤D1)
现通过离心、洗涤,并且优选索氏萃取,来纯化粒子。
步骤D1*)
可任选对铁氧化物纳米粒子执行至少一个回火阶段。
步骤D2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤D2*)
可任选对铁氧化物纳米粒子执行至少一个回火阶段。
步骤E1)
为了使纯化的粒子分散或悬浮,将其再悬浮于具有中性pH的水中,或酸的水溶液、优选含有无机酸的酸水溶液中。酸浓度为0.002到0.1摩尔浓度。可执行超声波处理以帮助分散或悬浮。
步骤E2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤F1)
现添加3到8毫摩尔量的表面活性化合物。
步骤F2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤G1)
任选在50℃到90℃下,对其进行搅拌,优选持续1到2小时。在搅拌下,接着进行超声波处理1到3小时。
步骤G2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤H1)
现通过离心、洗涤、萃取和/或透析实现所得粒子的纯化,这取决于哪种方法或方法的组合更好。
步骤H2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤I1)
将所得粒子再悬浮于水与醇(1∶1到5∶1)的混合物中,所述混合物中任选含有低浓度的胺、优选氨。
步骤I2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤J1)
现添加0.04到0.08摩尔量的烷氧基硅烷。
步骤J2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤K1)
现通过离心、透析、洗涤和/或再分散实现所得粒子的纯化,这取决于哪种方法或方法的组合更好。
步骤K2)
现可任选氧化铁氧化物纳米粒子,截至目前这还未做过。
步骤L1)
现可任选将药物与铁氧化物纳米粒子结合。
实例
实例1:
在玻璃烧瓶中,将0.3克五羰基铁溶解于50毫升二乙二醇二丁基醚中,制得含粒种的二乙二醇二丁基醚。将1.7克油酸添加到溶液中。将溶液加热到150℃,保持1小时。
实例2:
在玻璃烧瓶中,将8克油酸铁溶解于50毫升聚乙二醇二甲醚500(Clariant公司)中,制得含粒种的聚乙二醇二甲醚500。将1.5克油酸添加到溶液中。将溶液加热到120℃,保持30分钟。
实例3A:
在带回流冷凝的三颈烧瓶中,在导入保护气体(氩气)的情况下,将实例1到2的溶液加热到各自溶剂的沸点温度,并在此温度下保持最短1小时的时间,制得铁氧化物纳米粒子。由此,溶液变红。冷却后,通过导入大气氧气,将粒子氧化过夜。
实例3B:
在带回流冷却的三颈烧瓶中,在导入保护气体(氩气)的情况下,将实例1到2的溶液加热到各自溶剂的沸点温度,并在此温度下保持最短1小时的时间,制得铁氧化物纳米粒子。此处,溶液变黑。
实例4:
在高g值下,离心分离实例3的粒子,并用乙醇洗涤。称取500毫克洗涤过的产物于萃取套管(603克,Whatman公司)中,并放入索氏装置中。将200毫升萃取剂乙醇注入索氏装置的回收烧瓶中。将萃取剂加热到其沸点。连续萃取8小时并包含约16个萃取循环。由此,乙醇溶液变成浅黄色。完成后,移开萃取套管,并将粉末转移到希莱克烧瓶(Schlenkflask)中,并真空干燥1小时。
实例5:
萃取后,将0.5克实例4的纳米粒子粉末悬浮于20毫升0.01摩尔浓度盐酸中,获得粒子的分散液。随后用超声波处理纳米粒子30分钟。接着添加0.5克固体油酸钠。
步骤G1:
接着,在70℃下将其搅拌1.5小时,随后在搅拌下,用超声波处理2小时。成功分散后,在低g值下,离心分散液以分离未分散的粒子。另外,洗涤剩余的分散液以去除过量的油酸钠。这是通过在高g值下离心并用乙醚洗涤,并且再分散于水中来执行。或者,可用乙醚或通过透析来执行萃取。为实现完全再分散,用超声波处理分散液。
实例6:
将3.3毫升实例5的粒子分散液(0.97摩尔/升的铁)和2.14毫升四乙氧基硅烷添加到120毫升含有1.5重量%氨的水与乙醇(3∶1)的混合物中。添加期间,搅拌分散液,随后用超声波处理6小时。通过离心纯化分散液,并将其再分散于水中。
实例7(回火阶段):
将实例4中获得的粒子悬浮于200毫升二乙二醇二丁基醚中。随后,用80℃下的空气熏蒸12小时,接着回流煮沸8小时(沸点约256℃)。随后将悬浮液缓慢冷却到室温(在8小时内)。重复此程序2次。
洗涤以此方式获得的(回火过的)粒子,并悬浮于20毫升1摩尔浓度硝酸中。接着添加0.3毫摩尔硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3*9H2O)并回流煮沸1小时(100℃)。用水洗涤粒子3次,每次100毫升。
随后,以与实例4到6类似的方式涂布粒子。
实例8A(利用氧化/不用空气熏蒸):
将0.1摩尔六水合氯化铁(FeCl3*6H2O)和0.2摩尔氯化铁(无水)、50克乙酸钠和195克二氨基己烷溶解于900毫升乙二醇中,并加热到60℃,保持1小时,制得含铁氧化物纳米粒子的乙二醇。
随后,在30分钟内将溶液加热到沸点。保持沸点温度6小时。将所形成的分散液缓慢冷却到室温。
用乙醇与水的混合物洗涤粒子3次。
接着将粒子再悬浮于900毫升乙二醇中。将悬浮液加热到乙二醇的沸点,并在此温度下保持24小时。
冷却后,用水与乙醇的混合物洗涤粒子,并将其再悬浮于900毫升1摩尔浓度硝酸中。接着添加450毫升0.7摩尔浓度硝酸铁溶液(Fe(NO3)3*9H2O)并回流煮沸1小时(100℃)。用水洗涤粒子3次,每次500毫升。
以与实例4到6类似的方式涂布这些粒子。
实例8B(不用氧化/利用空气熏蒸):
将0.1摩尔六水合氯化铁和0.2摩尔氯化铁(无水)、50克乙酸钠和195克二氨基己烷溶解于900毫升乙二醇中,并加热到60℃,保持1小时,制得含铁氧化物纳米粒子的乙二醇。
随后,在30分钟内将溶液加热到沸点。保持沸点温度6小时。将所形成的分散液缓慢冷却到室温。
用乙醇与水的混合物洗涤粒子3次。
接着将粒子再悬浮于900毫升乙二醇中,并用大气氧气熏蒸。将悬浮液加热到乙二醇的沸点,并在此温度下保持24小时。
冷却后,用水与乙醇的混合物洗涤粒子,并将其再悬浮于水中。
以与实例4到6类似的方式涂布这些粒子。
实例8C(利用氧化/利用空气熏蒸):
将0.1摩尔六水合氯化铁和0.2摩尔氯化铁(无水)、50克乙酸钠和195克二氨基己烷溶解于900毫升乙二醇中,并加热到60℃,保持1小时,制得含铁氧化物纳米粒子的乙二醇。
随后,在30分钟内将溶液加热到沸点。保持沸点温度6小时。将所形成的分散液缓慢冷却到室温。
用乙醇与水的混合物洗涤粒子3次。
接着将粒子再悬浮于900毫升乙二醇中,并用大气氧气熏蒸。将悬浮液加热到乙二醇的沸点,并在此温度下保持24小时。
冷却后,用水与乙醇的混合物洗涤粒子,并将其再悬浮于900毫升1摩尔浓度硝酸中。接着添加450毫升0.7摩尔浓度硝酸铁溶液(Fe(NO3)3*9H2O)并回流煮沸1小时(100℃)。用水洗涤粒子3次,每次500毫升。
以与实例4到6类似的方式涂布这些粒子。
实例8D(不用氧化/不用空气熏蒸):
将0.1摩尔六水合氯化铁和0.2摩尔氯化铁(无水)、50克乙酸钠和195克二氨基己烷溶解于900毫升乙二醇中,并加热到60℃,保持1小时,制得含铁氧化物纳米粒子的乙二醇。
随后,在30分钟内将溶液加热到沸点。保持沸点温度6小时。将所形成的分散液缓慢冷却到室温。
用乙醇与水的混合物洗涤粒子3次。
接着将粒子再悬浮于900毫升乙二醇中。将悬浮液加热到乙二醇的沸点,并在此温度下保持24小时。
冷却后,用水与乙醇的混合物洗涤粒子,并将其再悬浮于水中。
以与实例4到6类似的方式涂布这些粒子。
实例9:
将96克氢氧化钠和680毫升油酸于2000毫升甲醇中的溶液添加到216克六水合氯化铁于500毫升甲醇中的溶液中,制得铁氧化物纳米粒子。用甲醇洗涤所得固体,并溶解于乙醚中。随后,用水萃取数次。用丙酮沉淀固体,洗涤并真空干燥。
将75克此固体溶解于250毫升三辛基胺中,并加热到120℃,保持1小时。
随后,在30分钟内,在高压釜中将溶液加热到380℃温度。保持此温度4小时。将所形成的分散液缓慢冷却到室温。
用乙醇与水的混合物洗涤粒子3次。
接着将粒子悬浮于300毫升二乙二醇二丁基醚中,并用大气氧气熏蒸。在高压釜中,将悬浮液加热到300℃温度,并在此温度下保持24小时。
以与实例8C类似的方式氧化这些粒子,随后以与实例4到6类似的方式进行涂布。
Claims (66)
1.一种制造纳米粒子的方法,其中所述纳米粒子包括铁氧化物与含硅壳层,且在100千赫的交变磁场频率下,所述纳米粒子的比吸收率值在4千安/米场强度下为10瓦到40瓦/克铁、或所述纳米粒子的最小比吸收率值在6千安/米场强度下为20毫瓦/毫克铁,所述制造纳米粒子的方法包括以下步骤:
A1)提供至少一种含铁化合物A于至少一种有机溶剂LM1中的组合物,
B1)将所述组合物加热到一定温度,保持最短10分钟时间,所述温度是在50℃到比步骤C1中所述含铁化合物A的实际反应温度低50℃的温度的范围内,
C1)将所述组合物加热到介于200℃到400℃之间的温度,
D1)纯化所得粒子,
E1)将纯化过的纳米粒子悬浮于水中或酸的水溶液中,
F1)将表面活性化合物添加到根据步骤E1)所获得的水溶液中,
G1)用超声波处理根据步骤F1)的水溶液,
H1)纯化根据步骤G1)所获得的所述粒子的水性分散液,
I1)制得根据步骤H1)的所述粒子于水与水混溶性溶剂的溶剂混合物中的分散液,
J1)将烷氧基硅烷添加到根据步骤I1)的所述粒子于所述溶剂混合物中的所述分散液中,
K1)纯化所述粒子,以及
所述制造纳米粒子的方法进一步在步骤C1或D1或E1或F1或G1或H1或I1或J1或K1后包括步骤X2):
X2)通过将所述粒子悬浮于0.5到2摩尔浓度的硝酸,添加三价铁盐并且在回流下煮沸所述粒子,而氧化所形成的粒子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步在步骤A1)后包括步骤A2):
A2)加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括含硅或含铝有机化合物、膦、胺、羧酸以及其盐、以及聚合物的群组。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步在步骤A1)后包括步骤A2):
A2)加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括饱和或不饱和脂肪酸、硅烷、饱和以及不饱和脂肪酸、以及二胺的群组。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步在步骤B1)后包括步骤B2):
B2)加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括含硅或含铝有机化合物、膦、胺、羧酸以及其盐、以及聚合物的群组,或
B2)添加至少一种含铁化合物B于至少一种有机溶剂LM2中的组合物,或
B2)添加至少一种含铁化合物B于至少一种有机溶剂LM2中的组合物,以及加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括含硅或含铝有机化合物、膦、胺、羧酸以及其盐、以及聚合物的群组。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步在步骤B1)后包括步骤B2):
B2)加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括饱和或不饱和脂肪酸、硅烷、饱和以及不饱和脂肪酸、以及二胺,或
B2)添加至少一种含铁化合物B于至少一种有机溶剂LM2中的组合物,或
B2)添加至少一种含铁化合物B于至少一种有机溶剂LM2中的组合物,以及加入添加剂,所述添加剂选自包括饱和或不饱和脂肪酸、硅烷、饱和以及不饱和脂肪酸、以及二胺的群组。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种含铁化合物B选自包括铁络合物化合物、铁盐以及有机铁化合物的群组。
7.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种含铁化合物B选自包括羰基铁化合物、饱和/不饱和脂肪酸的铁盐、以及铁夹层络合物的群组。
8.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2的沸点最低为200℃。
9.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2选自包括高沸点胺、烷烃、烯烃、醇以及醚的群组。
10.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2选自包括亚烷基二醇单醚、亚烷基二醇二醚、乙二醇单醚、乙二醇二醚、丙二醇单醚、丙二醇二醚、甘油单醚、甘油二醚、以及甘油三醚的群组。
11.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2包括乙二醇二甲醚。
12.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种含铁化合物B与所述至少一种含铁化合物A相同,及/或所述至少一种有机溶剂LM1与所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2相同。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步在步骤D1)后包括回火步骤D1*):
D1*)将所得粒子回火。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,当步骤X2)为步骤D2)时,其进一步在步骤D2)后包括回火步骤D2*):
D2*)将所得粒子回火。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种含铁化合物A选自包括铁络合物化合物、铁盐以及有机铁化合物的群组。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种含铁化合物A选自包括羰基铁化合物、饱和/不饱和脂肪酸的铁盐、以及铁夹层络合物的群组。
17.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM1与所述至少一种有机溶剂LM2的沸点最低为200℃。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM1选自包括高沸点胺、烷烃、烯烃、醇、以及醚的群组。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM1选自包括亚烷基二醇单醚、亚烷基二醇二醚、乙二醇单醚、乙二醇二醚、丙二醇单醚、丙二醇二醚、甘油单醚、甘油二醚、以及甘油三醚的群组。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述至少一种有机溶剂LM1包括乙二醇二甲醚。
21.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤C1)的所述加热进行最短30分钟时间。
22.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤D1)的所述纯化是通过索氏萃取执行。
23.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤D1)的所述纯化步骤中,存在的添加剂被去除。
24.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述酸的水溶液的pH值为2到6。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其特征在于,所述酸的水溶液的pH值为3到5。
26.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤E1)的所述酸选自包括盐酸、磷酸、硫酸、氢溴酸、硼酸以及硝酸的群组的无机酸。
27.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤F1)的所述表面活性化合物选自包括以下的群组:脂肪酸、脂肪酸盐以及聚合物。
28.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤F1)的所述表面活性化合物选自包括以下的群组:聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯酸、葡聚糖、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物、壳聚糖以及聚乙烯亚胺。
29.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤I1)所述的溶剂混合物为醇-水混合物,其中醇与水的体积比率在1:1到1:5的范围内。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,所述溶剂混合物进一步包括胺或氨。
31.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,所述醇选自包括甲醇、乙醇以及丙醇的群组。
32.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤J1)中的所述烷氧基硅烷选自包括四烷氧基硅烷、三烷氧基硅烷、二烷氧基硅烷以及单烷氧基硅烷的群组。
33.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤J1)中粒子与烷氧基硅烷的摩尔比在1:1到1:5的范围内。
34.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤J1)中的所述烷氧基硅烷是在超声波处理下添加。
35.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤J1)所获得的分散液用超声波处理1到8小时。
36.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括步骤L1):
L1)将抗癌化合物、抗血栓药、抗炎药、消炎药、抗细菌药、抗病毒药或抗真菌药与根据步骤K1)获得的粒子偶联。
37.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括步骤L1):
L1)将抗增生药、抗迁移药、抗血管生成药、细胞抑制药、细胞毒性药或抗凝药与根据步骤K1)获得的粒子偶联。
38.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括步骤L1):
L1)将核酸、氨基酸、肽、蛋白质、碳水化合物或脂质与根据步骤K1)获得的粒子偶联。
39.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括步骤L1):
L1)将适体、糖蛋白、聚糖或脂蛋白与根据步骤K1)获得的粒子偶联。
40.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其进一步包括步骤L1):
L1)将单克隆抗体与根据步骤K1)获得的粒子偶联。
41.一种可通过根据权利要求1所述的方法获得的含铁纳米粒子,其在6千安/米场强度下的最小比吸收率值为20毫瓦/毫克铁。
42.一种药学组合物,其含有根据权利要求41所述的含铁纳米粒子。
43.根据权利要求42所述的药学组合物,其为输注溶液、注射溶液或粉末的形式。
44.根据权利要求42所述的药学组合物,其为吸入式粉末或冻干粉的形式。
45.一种根据权利要求41所述的含铁纳米粒子的用途,其用于医学中。
46.一种根据权利要求41所述的含铁纳米粒子的用途,其用于制造供治疗及/或预防增生性疾病、风湿病、关节炎、关节病以及细菌感染的药学组合物。
47.根据权利要求46所述的根据权利要求41所述的含铁纳米粒子的用途,所述增生性疾病包括癌症或肿瘤。
48.一种根据权利要求41所述的含铁粒子与抗癌剂组合的用法。
49.一种纳米粒子,包括铁氧化物与含硅壳层,所述纳米粒子的特征在于,
所述纳米粒子的比吸收率值在4千安/米的场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为10瓦到40瓦/克铁、或所述纳米粒子的最小比吸收率值在6千安/米场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为20毫瓦/毫克铁。
50.根据权利要求49所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述含硅壳层的厚度在0.5纳米到10纳米的范围内。
51.根据权利要求50所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述含硅壳层的厚度在1纳米到6纳米的范围内。
52.根据权利要求50所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述含硅壳层的厚度在2纳米到4纳米的范围内。
53.根据权利要求50所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述含硅壳层的厚度为3纳米。
54.根据权利要求49或50所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子是铁磁体、亚铁磁体或超顺磁体。
55.根据权利要求49所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的比吸收率值在4千安/米的场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为20瓦到40瓦/克铁。
56.根据权利要求55所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的比吸收率值在4千安/米的场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为25瓦到40瓦/克铁。
57.根据权利要求55所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的比吸收率值在4千安/米的场强度和100千赫的交变磁场频率下为30瓦到40瓦/克铁。
58.根据权利要求49所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子不分散于非极性溶剂中,但可分散于水中。
59.根据权利要求49所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的直径小于500纳米。
60.根据权利要求59所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的直径在1到100纳米的尺寸范围内。
61.根据权利要求59所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子的直径在15到30纳米的尺寸范围内。
62.根据权利要求49所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,利用烷氧基硅烷将所述含硅壳层官能化。
63.根据权利要求62所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述烷氧基硅烷是三烷氧基硅烷,其中所述三烷氧基硅烷为
(i)具有借助硅-碳键偶联的官能团,或
(ii)具有借助硅-碳键接的不同长度的聚乙二醇侧链。
64.根据权利要求63所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述具有借助硅-碳键偶联的官能团的三烷氧基硅烷为3-丙烯酰氧基-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、三乙氧基硅烷基-丁醛、3-氨基-丙基三乙氧基硅烷或3-异氰酸基-丙基三乙氧基硅烷。
65.根据权利要求63所述的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述具有借助硅-碳键接的不同长度的聚乙二醇侧链的三烷氧基硅烷为2-[甲氧基(聚氧化乙烯)丙基]三甲氧基硅烷。
66.一种可通过根据权利要求1到35中任一权利要求所述的方法获得的纳米粒子,其特征在于,所述纳米粒子以权利要求49到65中任一权利要求为特征。
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Address after: 3 Spike street, Berlin, Germany (zip code, 12489) Applicant after: MAGFORCE NANOTECHNOLOGIES AG Address before: Germany Berlin Kyrgyzstan 5.2/1.OG dual Street 8-10 Mexes Leopold Applicant before: Magforce Nanotechnologies AG |
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