CN102265898B - Pest control composition and method of controlling pest - Google Patents
Pest control composition and method of controlling pest Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102265898B CN102265898B CN2011101449527A CN201110144952A CN102265898B CN 102265898 B CN102265898 B CN 102265898B CN 2011101449527 A CN2011101449527 A CN 2011101449527A CN 201110144952 A CN201110144952 A CN 201110144952A CN 102265898 B CN102265898 B CN 102265898B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pest
- ethyl
- class
- fluazinam
- thiophosphate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
- A01N57/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing heterocyclic radicals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
- A01N57/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
- A01N37/46—N-acyl derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/88—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms six-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/38—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< where at least one nitrogen atom is part of a heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-nitrogen bonds
- A01N57/32—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-nitrogen bonds containing heterocyclic radicals
Abstract
The invention provides a pest control composition and a pest control method which have the heightened effect of controlling harmful insects living in soils and/or seeds and simultaneously have the heightened effect of controlling diseases infectious through soils and/or seeds. That is, the invention provides pest control composition using O-ethyl-S-n-propyl(2-cyanoimino-3-ethyl-imidazolidin-1-yl)phosphonothiolates, fluazinam and/or benomyl as active ingredients, and a method of controlling pests.
Description
The application is to be on January 20th, 2005 applying date, application number is 200580003066.5, denomination of invention is 201010161962.7 for " the method for control of Pesticidal composition and pest " and application number, and denomination of invention is divided an application for the Chinese patent application of " the method for control of Pesticidal composition and pest ".
Technical field
The present invention relates to effectively to prevent and kill off simultaneously the Pesticidal composition of various insects and various plant diseases.
Background technology
S-sec-butyl O-ethyl 2-oxo-1,3-thiazoles alkane-3-base thiophosphate is by the disclosed compound of patent documentation 1.O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate is by the disclosed compound of patent documentation 2.S, S-di-sec-butyl O-diethyldithioposphoric acid ester is by the disclosed compound of patent documentation 3.These compounds be all as desinsection, kill mite, nematocide active ingredient and known organophosphorus compound.But when still not knowing to make up specific organophosphorus compound and specific bactericide, the two all can bring into play synergistic effect for preventing and kill off the insect that lives in soil and/or seed and soil and/or seed transmission plant disease.
Patent documentation 1: No. the 4590182nd, United States Patent (USP)
Patent documentation 2: No. the 5405961st, United States Patent (USP)
Patent documentation 3: No. the 4535077th, United States Patent (USP)
Summary of the invention
People wish to obtain a kind of noxious organism control agent, its can prevent and kill off nematoda, thorn sufficient root mite etc. live in insect in soil and/or seed and soil and/or seed transmission venereal disease evil the two, and compare with preventing and kill off separately each side, both are had the synergy preventive effect of reinforcement.
The result that the inventor studies repeatedly for solving such problem is found can obtain above expected effect, thereby complete the present invention by the specific organophosphorus compound of combination and specific bactericide.
The present invention is made of following main points.
1, a kind of Pesticidal composition, it is characterized in that, it contains and is selected from S-sec-butyl O-ethyl 2-oxo-1, 3-thiazolidine-3-base thiophosphate, O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and S, at least a kind of organophosphorus compound in the group that S-di-sec-butyl O-diethyldithioposphoric acid ester forms, with be selected from fluazinam, benomyl, tolelofos-methyl, metalaxyl, captan, iprodione, tpn, dazomet, hydroxyisoxazole, at least a kind of bactericide in the group that flutolanil and valida form is as active ingredient.
2, as above-mentioned 1 described Pesticidal composition, above-mentioned organophosphorus compound and above-mentioned bactericide to contain proportional be 1: 10000～10000: 1 by weight.
3, the method of control of a kind of pest, it is characterized in that, to be selected from S-sec-butyl O-ethyl 2-oxo-1, 3-thiazolidine-3-base thiophosphate, O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and S, at least a kind of organophosphorus compound in the group that S-di-sec-butyl O-diethyldithioposphoric acid ester forms, with be selected from fluazinam, benomyl, tolelofos-methyl, metalaxyl, captan, iprodione, tpn, dazomet, hydroxyisoxazole, at least a kind of bactericide in the group that flutolanil and valida form acts on pest as active ingredient.
4, as the method for control of above-mentioned 3 described pests, above-mentioned organic phosphorus compound and above-mentioned bactericide are acted on simultaneously, or made any effect of above-mentioned organophosphorus compound and above-mentioned bactericide, then make again another kind of effect.
5, as above-mentioned 3 or the method for control of 4 described pests, make the ratio of above-mentioned organophosphorus compound and above-mentioned bactericide count by weight 1: 10000～10000: 1 and act on.
6, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～5, the concentration that makes above-mentioned active ingredient is 0.1～10000ppm effect.
7, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～6, pest is the pest that lives in soil and/or seed.
8, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～6, pest is the insect that lives in soil and/or seed.
9, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～9, pest is the plant parasitic nematodes class.
10, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～6, the plant parasitic nematodes class is at least a kind that is selected from root-knot nematode, packing nematode, pratylenchus, the white sharp nematode of paddy rice, strawberry bud nematode and pine wood nematodes.
11, as the method for control of wantonly 1 described pest of above-mentioned 3～10, it processes soil and/or seed with above-mentioned organic phosphorus compound and bactericide.
By the present invention, can provide to improve simultaneously and prevent and kill off the effect of living in the insect in soil and/or seed and prevent and kill off soil and/or new Pesticidal composition and the method for control of the effect of seed transmission venereal disease evil.
Embodiment
There is optical isomer in S-sec-butyl O-ethyl 2-oxo-1,3-thiazoles alkane-3-base thiophosphate, except racemic modification, also comprises (-) body and (+) body.As (R, S)-S-sec-butyl O-ethyl-2-oxo of racemic modification-1,3-thiazoles alkane-3-base thiophosphate, be general colophonate by name and known compound.
There is optical isomer in O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate, except racemic modification, also comprises (-) body and (+) body.
S, S-di-sec-butyl O-diethyldithioposphoric acid ester are the known compounds as general gram line pellet by name.
Fluazinam (Fluazinam), benomyl (Benomyl), tolelofos-methyl (Tolclofos-methyl), metalaxyl (Metalaxyl), captan (Captan), iprodione (Iprodione), tpn (Chlorothalonil), dazomet (Dazomet), hydroxyisoxazole (Hymexzole), flutolanil (Flutolanil) and valida (Validamycin) are all to be recorded in The Pesticide Manual (the 13rd edition as bactericide; BRITISH CROPPROTECHTION COUNCIL) compound in.
The ratio of the Phosphorus compound of above-mentioned machine and bactericide is counted 1: 10000～10000: 1 usually by weight, is preferably 1: 1000～1000: 1.
Composition of the present invention also contains adjuvant except active ingredient.The mixing ratio of active ingredient can be 0.05～75 % by weight.Can list carrier, emulsifier, suspending agent, dispersant, solvent, bleeding agent, wetting agent, tackifier, stabilizing agent etc. as adjuvant, can suitably add as required.As carrier, be divided into solid carrier and liquid-carrier, can list the animals and plants powder of starch, active carbon, soybean meal, wheat flour, wood powder, fish meal, milk powder etc. as solid carrier, the mineral powder of talcum, kaolin, bentonite, calcium carbonate, zeolite, diatomite, white carbon, clay, alumina, sulphur powder etc. etc., as liquid-carrier, can enumerate the alcohols of water outlet, methyl alcohol, ethanol etc., the ketone of acetone, MEK etc., two
The ethers of alkane, oxolane etc., the aliphatic hydrocarbon of kerosene, lam-oil etc., dimethylbenzene, trimethylbenzene, durene, cyclohexane, solvent naphtha etc. aromatic hydrocarbon based, the halogenated hydrocarbon of chloroform, chlorobenzene etc., the amide-type of dimethyl formamide etc., the ester class of ethyl acetate, fatty glyceride etc., the nitrile of acetonitrile etc., the sulfur-containing compound class of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) etc. etc.As emulsifier, suspending agent, dispersant, solvent, bleeding agent, wetting agent etc., can use various surfactants.In addition, as required can with other agricultural chemicals, mixed and use such as insecticide, miticide, nematocide, bactericide, antivirotic, attractant, weed killer herbicide, plant growth regulator, sometimes can demonstrate more excellent effect in this case.
The present composition can preparation be the various forms of emulsion, pulvis, fine granule, granule, tablet, wetting powder, liquor, aerosol, paste, colloidal suspending agent, dried colloidal suspending agent, microcapsule formulations etc.The wherein more preferably form of emulsion, fine granule, wetting powder, liquor, pulvis, granule, tablet etc., the most preferably form of emulsion, fine granule, wetting powder, liquor etc.The preferred mixing ratio of emulsion is active ingredient 5～75 weight portions, carrier 90～10 weight portions and surfactant 5～15 weight portions.The preferred mixing ratio of pulvis, granule and tablet is active ingredient 0.1～10 weight portion, carrier 85～99 weight portions and surfactant 0.5～5 weight portion in addition.These preparations can directly use when reality is used, and perhaps the thinner of water etc. is diluted to normal concentration and uses.
The present composition is generally with 0.1～10000ppm, preferably use with the active ingredient concentration of 1～1000ppm.Above-mentioned active ingredient concentration can be according to the suitably change such as the form of preparation and the situation occurred of application process, purpose, period, place and insect, the amount of application of per unit area is that every 10a uses approximately 1～5000g active ingredient compound, preferably uses 10～1000g.But, also may exceed above-mentioned scope in special situation.As the application process of the present composition, can list soil mixed processing, point and execute that processings, row replacement are processed or the perfusion processing, or to the impregnation process of seed etc., Cotton seeds etc.
Except process the method for pest with the present composition, the present invention also comprises simultaneously with above-mentioned organophosphorus compound and bactericide and processes the method for pest, after any chemicals treatment pest with the Phosphorus compound of machine and bactericide, then use the method for another kind of chemicals treatment pest.
As the pest that the present invention is suitable for, can list the plant parasitic nematodes class, etc. various insects or the various plant disease of sufficient class, coleopteran pest, lepidoptera pest, gastropod, orthoptera pest, phytotrophy mite class, thrips insect, Diptera pest, Hymenoptera insect, hidden wing order insect, Anoplura insect, Isoptera insect etc.The present invention is effective for preventing and kill off the pest that lives in soil and/or seed especially.As the insect that lives in soil and/or seed, the insect of the seed that the insect of destroying horticultural crop and trees etc. is arranged in soil, destroys horticultural crop or trees etc.For example, can list above-mentioned plant parasitic nematodes class, etc. sufficient class, coleopteran pest, lepidoptera pest, gastropod, orthoptera, phytotrophy mite class etc.Wherein, the present invention is the most effective for preventing and kill off the plant parasitic nematodes class.
The present invention various insects applicatory are as follows.
As the plant parasitic nematodes class, can list the root-knot nematode class of Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogyne incognita) etc.; The packing nematoda of globodera rostochiensis (Globodera rostochiensis) etc.; The pratylenchus class of Cobb root (Pratylenchus penetrans) etc.; The white sharp nematode of paddy rice; Strawberry bud nematode; Pine wood nematodes etc.In addition, as etc. sufficient class, can list pillworm, damp worm etc.
As coleopteran pest, can list the corn root eating insect class of west corn root eating insect, southern corn root eating insect etc.; The cockchafer subclass of the different cockchafer of bronze etc.; Corn weevil, rice weevil, alfalfa leaf resemble, the curculionid class of adzuki bean weevil etc.; The plan walking worms of yellow mealworm, red flour beetle etc.; Huang is kept the class Diabrotica of pawl, cabbage flea beetle, Colorado beetle etc.; Deathwatch's class; The Siphonophora of potato ladybug (Epilachna vigintioctopunctata) etc.; The stupid class of powder; Long stupid class; It bovine; Poison rove beetle etc.
As lepidoptera pest, can list the nocturnal moth class of Autographa spp, mythimna separata, rice pink borer, beet armyworm, tomato moth etc.; The nocturnal moth class of black cutworm, white line dart moth of turnip, three tooth bean weevil genus, Heliothis, Hericoverpa genus etc.; The snout moth class of striped rice borer, light red assorted leafhopper, corn borer, lawn bud moth, the wild snout moth's larva of lap leaf, the ancient phycitid of India etc.; The white butterfly class of imported cabbageworm etc.; The moth fruit moth class of the leaf roller of Adoxophyes spp genus, oriental fruit moth, apple skin steinernema etc., peach fruit borer etc.; The lyonetid section that lyonetid belongs to; The pornography and drug moth class of Euproctis, Euproctis etc.; The apple ermine moth class of Oeobia undalis etc. etc.
Can list strong snail, slug etc. as gastropod.
As orthoptera pest, can list mole cricket, locust, Groton bug, the large Lian of grey, large Lian, brown blattaria, oriental cockroach etc.
As phytotrophy mite class, can list Tetranychus urticae, tetranychus telarius, purple joint tick, the sufficient root mite of thorn etc.
As the thrips insect, can list southern golden thistle horse, golden thistle horse, yellow chest thrips etc.
As Diptera pest, can list the little flowerfly class, trypetid class, fruit bat class, hair fly class, buffalo gnat class, horsefly class, tatukira class, the fly class of diving of the fly class, bluebottle, large sarcophagid class, latrine fly class, delia platura, onion fly etc. of the culex class, midge class, housefly, nonbiting stable fly etc. of culex, mosquito etc. etc.
As the Hymenoptera insect, can list the sawfly class of ant class, wasp class, swollen leg honeybee class, cabbage sawfly etc. etc.
As hidden wing order insect, can list flea etc.
As the Anoplura insect, can list humanlice, crab louse etc.
As the Isoptera insect, can list Japanese termite, coptotermes formosanus etc.
As the present invention's various plant diseases applicatory, can list the plant disease of soil for example and/or seed transmission.But the concrete following disease of illustration.
The hard shell of seat belongs to microbial various disease, for example the leaf rot of cotton grass (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The foot rot of lettuce (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The leaf rot of tulip (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The seedling blight of beet, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, green pepper, Japanese honewort, buckwheat, tealeaves damping off, gumbo (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The damping off (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani) of Japan honewort, brussels-sprouts; The root rot of carrot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The waist folding sick (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani) of tobacco; The root neck of spinach, wild cabbage (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The tar spot of burdock (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani); The be full of cracks brown stain disease of radish (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn Rhizoctonia solani);
The microbial bulb rust of Uromyces (Uromyces holwayi);
The microbial various diseases of pythium, for example seedling blight of beet (pythium debaryanum bacterium Pythium debaryanum); Tobacco damping off (pythium debaryanum bacterium Pythium debaryanum); The seedling blight of tomato, cucumber, eggplant, green pepper, muskmelon, muskmelon, watermelon, snake melon, pumpkin (Pythium Vexans); The red burning sick (melon and fruit pythium spp Pythium aphanidermatum) of cotton grass; The root rot of konjaku (awns spore pythium spp Pythium aristosporum); The rhizome rot of ginger, ginger (Pythium ultimum bacterium Pythium ultimum);
The microbial various diseases of Fusarium, for example the napiform root rot of tulip (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum); The dry rot of konjaku (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum); The chlorosis of strawberry (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum); The fusarium wilt of potato, tomato (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum); The fusarium wilt of cucumber, sweet potato (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum); The damping off of caraway (fusarium solani Fusarium solani); The dry rot of onion, Chinese onion (sharp Fusariumsp Fusarium oxysporum);
The microbial various diseases of the mould genus of swollen stalk, for example rotten worry of pineapple (camphor tree phytophthora Phytophthora cinnamomi); The vertical withered epidemic disease of green onion wood (Phytophthora cactorum bacterium Phytophthora cactorum); The epidemic disease (phytophthora blight of pepper Phytophthora capsici) of green pepper, caraway, gerbera, perennial root rosy clouds grass, common calla, African purple lettuce dish, tobacco; The root rot of strawberry (strawberry phytophthora Phytophthora fragariae);
The microbial various diseases of Verticillium, for example yellows of Chinese cabbage (dahlia verticillium sp Verticillium dahliae); The verticillium wilt of eggplant (dahlia verticillium sp Verticillium dahliae);
The lead fungi of dying belongs to the root rot (thanatephorus cucumeris(frank) donk Thanatephorus cucumeris) of microbial beet;
The stem rot of the microbial lily of rhizopus (melanomyces Rhizopus necans);
The black heart of the microbial tulip of Penicillium (penicillium cyclopium Penicillium cyclopium);
The root knot (plasmodiophora brassica bacteria Plasmodiophora brassicae) of the brassicaceous vegetable of the microbial wild cabbage of knee Pseudomonas, Chinese cabbage etc.;
The microbial powdery scab of potato of powder scab Pseudomonas (spongospora subterranea Spongospora subterranea);
The hard shell of seat belongs to the white root rot (brown Ascomycetes bacterium Rosellinia necatrix) of microbial fruit tree, flowers and trees, tea;
The southern blight of the microbial green onion of sclerotium, leek, Petasites officinalis Moench, konjaku, soybean, chrysanthemum, green pepper (Sclerotium rolfsii Sclerotium rolfsii);
The anthracnose of the microbial strawberry of Colletotrichum (anthrax-bacilus colletotrichum acutaum);
Many Acarasiales belong to the clump root disease (Polymyxa betae medium) of microbial beet;
The bulbil rot of the microbial green onion of gray mold (Botrytis squamosa Botritis squamosa);
The violet root rot of the microbial fruit tree of volume load Pseudomonas, flowers and trees, tea (mulberry volume load bacterium Helicobasidium mompa);
Long beak shell belongs to the black class sick (Ceratocystis fimbriata bacterium Ceratocystis imbriata) of microbial sweet potato;
The stain root rot of the microbial muskmelon of root rot Pseudomonas (stain pine root fungus Monosporascus cannonballus);
The microbial black root of tobacco of Thiclaviopsis (thielaviopsis sp bacterium Thielaviopsis basicola);
The lead fungi of dying belongs to the black spot (thanatephorus cucumeris(frank) donk Thanatephorus cucumeris) of microbial potato;
The lead fungi of dying belongs to the stem rot (thanatephorus cucumeris(frank) donk Thanatephorus cucumeris) of microbial pea shell;
The bakanae disease of the microbial paddy rice of Gibberella (Gibberella fujikuroi Gibberella fujikuroi);
Sterpomyces belongs to microbial powdery scab of potato (Sterpomyces scabies); And
The rice blast of the microbial paddy rice of Pyricularia Sacc. (Pyricularia oryzae Pyricularia oryzae); Deng.
In addition, the present invention also is suitable for a variety of soil infection beyond illustration or the disease of seed transmission.
Composition of the present invention and method have the effect of synergy for Pesticidal.This effect have the various disease and insects that have from each medicament prevent and kill off characteristic unpredictable to effect.Compare with each medicament of independent use, serviceability of the present invention in Pesticidal power in obviously strengthening Pesticidal effect, particularly soil, also has the characteristics of quick-acting effect.
Embodiment
Following notebook inventive embodiment.
[table 1]
Test example 1
With 200～250 Meloidogyne incognita 2 instar larvaes impregnation process in being formulated as the liquid of normal concentration, preserved 24 hours at the thermostatic chambers of 25 ℃.Meloidogyne incognita total individual number (A) in microscopically investigation liquid and in liquid 15 seconds motionless individual number (B).In addition, for replacing the check plot of liquid with distilled water, investigation total individual number (A ') and 15 seconds motionless individual number (B ').Obtain motionless rate by such numerical value according to following formula.The results are shown in the 1st table the～the 12 table.
Motionless rate (%)=[1-{ (1-B/A)/(1-B '/A ')] * 100
In addition, by calculating by the cobly formula theoretical value (%) of motionless rate.
Motionless rate (%) is than in the high situation of theoretical value (%), and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off nematode.Theoretical value under same case (%) is shown in () of table 2～table 13 simultaneously.
The motionless rate of [table 2] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 3] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 4] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 5] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 6] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 7] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 8] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 9] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 10] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
[table 11] the 10th table motionless rate of Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 12] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
The motionless rate of [table 13] Meloidogyne incognita (%)
Test example 2
With the ratio of 1: 10, water is joined in onion powder and fully stir.With 8cm filter paper be dipped in air-dry in powder suspension after, with 3 overlapping 8cm culture dishes of putting into, add the organophosphorus compound of 2ml normal concentration and/or the liquid of bactericide.Close the lid after 50 sufficient root mites of thorn of each culture dish inoculation, standing at 25 ℃ of thermostatic chambers.Examine under a microscope live body after 48～72 hours, carry out asking lethality after the life and death judgement.
Lethality (%)={ 1-(existence a number/put a worm number) } * 100
In addition, can calculate by the cobly formula theoretical value (%) of lethality.The experimental value of lethality (%) is than in the high situation of theoretical value (%), and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off the such pest of the sufficient root mite of thorn.
At organophosphorus compound: in the scope of bactericide=1: 100～100: 1, the experimental value of lethality has shown the value higher than theoretical value
Test example 3
Mixed soil 3: sand 1: saprophage soil 1 preparation test soil, the 200g soil of packing in each 300ml plastic container adds with the concentration of regulation and mixes organophosphorus compound and/or bactericide.Put the just larva of hatching of 10 chafers in each container, under dark, after 25 ℃ of thermostatic chambers were standing, the soil that scatter was asked lethality after the larva number of counting existence.
Lethality (%)={ 1-(existence a number/put a worm number) } * 100
In addition, can calculate by the cobly formula theoretical value (%) of lethality.Lethality (%) is than in the high situation of theoretical value (%), and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off the such pest of chafer.
At organophosphorus compound: in the scope of bactericide=1: 1000～1: 6, the experimental value of lethality (%) has shown the value higher than theoretical value.
Test example 4
The organophosphorus compound that contains normal concentration of preparation and/or the PSA medium of bactericide are poured in the 8cm culture dish, rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia), pythium bacterium (Pythium) and the Fusariumsp (Fusarium) that to cultivate on other medium with the 6mm cork borer cut into the medium that contains mycelia, are transplanted on the medium that contains medicament.After 25 ℃ of thermostatic chambers were cultivated 4～7 days, the mycelia of measuring growth was long, asks mycelial growth inhibition rate.
Mycelial growth inhibition rate (%)={ 1-(the mycelial growth amount of the mycelial growth amount/non-processor in chemicals treatment district) } * 100
In addition, can calculate by the cobly formula theoretical value (%) of mycelial growth inhibition rate.Mycelial growth inhibition rate (%) is than in the high situation of theoretical value (%), and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off the disease bacterium.
At organophosphorus compound: in the scope of bactericide=1: 100～10000: 1, the experimental value of mycelial growth inhibition rate has shown the value higher than theoretical value
Test example 5
Mixed paddy field soil 4 with 3 liters: the sandy loam of sand 1 is packed in the 1/5000a basin, adds with the concentration of regulation organophosphorus compound and/or the bactericide that mixes.After reaching 40 days behind 20 days of firm interpolation medicament, with being inoculated in each basin by Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogyne incognita) contaminated soil of 500cc, transplanting tomato (kind: powerful Mi Shou) seedling after fully mixing.The root nodule of transplanting 51 days " Invest, Then Investigate " nematodes the degree of giving birth to (0～100% give birth to).The results are shown in table 14.In addition, should unify to transplant day, according to carrying out in advance the mixing of sandy loam and medicament from transplanting the date that day begins to retrodict.In addition, can calculate the theoretical value (%) that root nodule the degree of giving birth to by the cobly formula.Root nodule the degree of giving birth to (%) than in the low situation of theoretical value (%), and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off nematode.Theoretical value in above-mentioned situation (%) is illustrated in () of table 14 simultaneously.
[table 14] root nodule the degree (%) of giving birth to
Test example 6
Mix by after the medicament of Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogyne incognita) and Fusariumsp (Fusarium) contaminated soil and ormal weight in the 1/1000a plastic basin, sow 7 cucumber (kinds: seed northing).The sowing beginning in investigation cucumber fusarium axysporum diseased plant rate, was cut off the stem of the 2nd～the 3rd internode of cucumber after 66 days, according to following standard, the browning degree of conduit was carried out 5 Phase Evaluations, calculated killed index according to evaluation result.The results are shown in table 15 like this.In addition, test repeats with 3 times.In addition, can calculate by the cobly formula theoretical value of diseased plant rate and killed index.Diseased plant rate and killed index are than in the low situation of theoretical value, and Pesticidal composition of the present invention has synergistic effect for preventing and kill off cucumber class fusarium wilt.Theoretical value in above-mentioned situation (%) is merged in () that is shown in Table 15.
A: whole strain is withered
B: 2/3 above brown stain of conduit
C: 1/2 left and right brown stain of conduit
D: 1/3 following brown stain of conduit
E: conduit does not have brown stain
N: investigation strain number (being 7 in the situation of this test)
Killed index={ (4A+3B+2C+1D)/4N} * 100
[table 15] cucumber fusarium axysporum morbidity diseased plant rate
Test example 7
(1) mix in the 1/1000a plastic basin by the dazomet fine granule (active ingredient I I-h) of Meloidogyne incognita (Meloidogyne incognita) and Fusariumsp (Fusarium) contaminated soil and ormal weight, after 7 days and carry out exhaust in soil after 10 days.
(2) after the operation of (1), the quantitative colophonate granule (active ingredient I-a) of hybrid regulatory and then sow 7 cucumber (kind: northing) seed after 4 days in soil.
(3) sowing beginning is after 61 days, in investigation cucumber fusarium axysporum morbidity diseased plant rate, according to calculating killed index with the same method of test example 6.In addition, the root nodule of investigation nematode the degree of giving birth to (0～100% give birth to).The above results is shown in table 16.Test repeats with 3 times.
In order to compare, for the operation of not carrying out (1), process the situation of soil and in the situation of the quantitative colophonate granule (active ingredient I-a) of hybrid regulatory in soil not after the operation of (1), in the operation of (2), carry out same test with the colophonate granule (active ingredient I-a) of ormal weight in (2).
[table 16] compound disease preventing iron test
Formulation example 1
(1) silica particulate (East Sea industry system) 98.3 weight portions
(2) fluazinam 0.2 weight portion
(3) colophonate 1.0 weight portions
(4) epoxy linseed oil 0.5 weight portion
With the hot mixt that adds of above-mentioned (2)～(4), be sprayed on (1) upper granulation agent.
Formulation example 2
(1) silica particulate (East Sea industry system) 97.7 weight portions
(2) fluazinam 1.0 weight portions
(3) colophonate 1.0 weight portions
(4) epoxy linseed oil 0.3 weight portion
With the hot mixt that adds of above-mentioned (2)～(4), be sprayed on (1) upper granulation agent.
Formulation example 3
(1) silica particulate (East Sea industry system) 98.3 weight portions
(2) fluazinam 0.2 weight portion
(3) colophonate 1.0 weight portions
(4) epoxy linseed oil 0.5 weight portion
With the hot mixt that adds of above-mentioned (2)～(4), be sprayed on (1) upper granulation agent
Formulation example 4
(1) fluazinam 20 weight portions
(2) colophonate 10 weight portions
(3) ソ Le Port one ト 3661S (eastern nation chemistry system) 10 weight portions
(4) イ プ ゾ one Le 150 (bright dipping petrochemistry system) 60 weight portions
Emulsion is made in mixed dissolution above-mentioned (1)～(4).
In addition, as the disclosed content of specification of the present invention, be incorporated herein the specification full content of advocating the Japanese patent application No. 2004-015667 (January 23 in 2004 is to the Japan Office application) of basis for priority as the application.
Claims (9)
1. Pesticidal composition, it is characterized in that, it contains O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam as active ingredient, O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam contain the proportional 1:100～1:200 that is by weight.
2. the method for control of a pest, it is characterized in that, act on pest with O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam as active ingredient, containing of O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam is proportional by weight for 1:100～1:200.
3. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2, O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam are acted on simultaneously, or make any effect of O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam, then make again another kind of effect.
4. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, the concentration that makes above-mentioned active ingredient is 1～1000ppm effect.
5. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, pest is the pest that lives in soil and/or seed.
6. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, pest is the insect that lives in soil and/or seed.
7. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, pest is the plant parasitic nematodes class.
8. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 7, the plant parasitic nematodes class is at least a kind that is selected from root-knot nematode, packing nematode, pratylenchus, the white sharp nematode of paddy rice, strawberry bud nematode and pine wood nematodes.
9. the method for control of pest as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, it is with O-ethyl-S-n-pro-pyl (2-cyanogen imido grpup-3-ethyl-imidazoline-1-yl) thiophosphate and fluazinam processing soil and/or seed.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004015667 | 2004-01-23 | ||
| JP015667/2004 | 2004-01-23 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2005800030665A Division CN1909781B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Noxious organism controlling composition and method for controlling the noxious organism |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN102265898A CN102265898A (en) | 2011-12-07 |
| CN102265898B true CN102265898B (en) | 2013-11-06 |
Family
ID=34805460
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011101449527A Expired - Fee Related CN102265898B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Pest control composition and method of controlling pest |
| CN2005800030665A Expired - Fee Related CN1909781B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Noxious organism controlling composition and method for controlling the noxious organism |
| CN2010101619627A Expired - Fee Related CN101810194B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Pest control composition and method of controlling pest |
Family Applications After (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2005800030665A Expired - Fee Related CN1909781B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Noxious organism controlling composition and method for controlling the noxious organism |
| CN2010101619627A Expired - Fee Related CN101810194B (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2005-01-20 | Pest control composition and method of controlling pest |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (2) | JP5301603B2 (en) |
| KR (2) | KR101290948B1 (en) |
| CN (3) | CN102265898B (en) |
| TW (3) | TW200528028A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005070206A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101953341A (en) * | 2010-06-03 | 2011-01-26 | 深圳诺普信农化股份有限公司 | Sterilizing composition |
| CN102258051B (en) * | 2011-05-25 | 2013-08-14 | 江苏龙灯化学有限公司 | Composition and method for preventing and removing pests |
| PL2868198T3 (en) * | 2012-07-03 | 2017-08-31 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd. | Pesticidal composition comprising fosthiazate and clothianidin and pest control method |
| JP2014097975A (en) * | 2012-10-16 | 2014-05-29 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | Method of controlling sweet potato fusarium wilt |
| CN103210955A (en) * | 2013-03-24 | 2013-07-24 | 广东中迅农科股份有限公司 | Thiazole phosphine and metalaxyl granule and preparation method thereof |
| CN103734176B (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2015-06-10 | 山东康乔生物科技有限公司 | Insecticidal composition containing fipronil |
| CN103749529B (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2016-04-13 | 山东康乔生物科技有限公司 | A kind of insecticidal and bactericidal composition |
| CN103814947B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2016-08-17 | 青岛青知企业管理咨询有限公司 | A kind of Pesticidal combination containing chlorfenapyr |
| CN103734180B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | 刘一平 | A kind of Fungicidal insecticidal composition containing sufluoxime |
| CN103704256A (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2014-04-09 | 孙蒙蒙 | Sterilization insecticidal combination containing iprodione |
| CN103749530B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2015-10-14 | 顾祥茂 | A kind of Pesticidal combination containing Avermectin |
| CN105851054A (en) * | 2016-04-16 | 2016-08-17 | 广东中迅农科股份有限公司 | Pesticide composition containing fluazinam and fosthiazate |
| CN105918346A (en) * | 2016-06-24 | 2016-09-07 | 江苏省绿盾植保农药实验有限公司 | Rice seed treating agent containing fluazinam and fosthiazate and application thereof |
| JP7280803B2 (en) | 2019-10-23 | 2023-05-24 | 日鉄神鋼建材株式会社 | Spill prevention device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1128993A (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1996-08-14 | 拜尔公司 | Medicaments containing thiocarbamoyl-5-hydroxy pyrazoles |
| CN1298877A (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2001-06-13 | 拜尔公司 | Tacca chantrieri andre ketonic internal ester and its use |
| JP4217991B2 (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2009-02-04 | 富士工業株式会社 | Range hood with cleaning device |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6052146B2 (en) * | 1979-12-25 | 1985-11-18 | 石原産業株式会社 | N-pyridylaniline compounds, their production methods, and pest control agents containing them |
| JPS60136590A (en) * | 1983-12-23 | 1985-07-20 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd | Organic phosphorous compound, insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide containing same |
| JPS60136500A (en) * | 1983-12-26 | 1985-07-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Control transmitter of remote supervisory and controlling device |
| JPH01238505A (en) * | 1988-03-18 | 1989-09-22 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd | Control agent of harmful animal |
| JPH0739430B2 (en) * | 1990-07-06 | 1995-05-01 | アグロカネショウ株式会社 | Organophosphorus compound, method for producing the same and insecticide, acaricide, nematicide containing the compound |
| JP2003081987A (en) * | 2001-09-06 | 2003-03-19 | Agro Kanesho Co Ltd | Imidazolidine derivative containing optically active organophosphorus group, method for producing the same and noxious animal controller containing the same as active ingredient |
-
2005
- 2005-01-20 KR KR1020127010237A patent/KR101290948B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-01-20 KR KR1020067014810A patent/KR20060135717A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-01-20 CN CN2011101449527A patent/CN102265898B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-20 CN CN2005800030665A patent/CN1909781B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-20 WO PCT/JP2005/000709 patent/WO2005070206A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-01-20 CN CN2010101619627A patent/CN101810194B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-01-21 TW TW094101881A patent/TW200528028A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-01-21 TW TW100110106A patent/TWI418301B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-01-21 TW TW100125129A patent/TW201138636A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
- 2011-04-05 JP JP2011083457A patent/JP5301603B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-04-06 JP JP2011084601A patent/JP5369134B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1128993A (en) * | 1993-08-11 | 1996-08-14 | 拜尔公司 | Medicaments containing thiocarbamoyl-5-hydroxy pyrazoles |
| JP4217991B2 (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2009-02-04 | 富士工業株式会社 | Range hood with cleaning device |
| CN1298877A (en) * | 1999-12-03 | 2001-06-13 | 拜尔公司 | Tacca chantrieri andre ketonic internal ester and its use |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW201124084A (en) | 2011-07-16 |
| TW201138636A (en) | 2011-11-16 |
| TW200528028A (en) | 2005-09-01 |
| TWI418301B (en) | 2013-12-11 |
| TWI373310B (en) | 2012-10-01 |
| KR20060135717A (en) | 2006-12-29 |
| CN101810194B (en) | 2012-04-18 |
| CN101810194A (en) | 2010-08-25 |
| JP2011140515A (en) | 2011-07-21 |
| CN102265898A (en) | 2011-12-07 |
| KR101290948B1 (en) | 2013-07-29 |
| TWI366439B (en) | 2012-06-21 |
| CN1909781A (en) | 2007-02-07 |
| CN1909781B (en) | 2010-06-16 |
| JP5369134B2 (en) | 2013-12-18 |
| WO2005070206A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
| JP2011140514A (en) | 2011-07-21 |
| JP5301603B2 (en) | 2013-09-25 |
| KR20120061986A (en) | 2012-06-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102265898B (en) | Pest control composition and method of controlling pest | |
| CN101977501B (en) | Pesticide composition comprising a tetrazolyloxime derivative and a fungicide or an insecticide active substance | |
| CN103429086B (en) | Pesticidal composition and the prevention and controls of insect | |
| UA120040C2 (en) | Insecticidal active mixtures comprising carboxamide compound | |
| JP4932160B2 (en) | Pest control composition and pest control method | |
| EP1372396B1 (en) | Perticidal composition | |
| CN102258051B (en) | Composition and method for preventing and removing pests | |
| CN116897946A (en) | Insecticidal composition | |
| KR101795850B1 (en) | Acaricide and nematocide composition comprising 2-(1-undecyloxy)-1-ethanol | |
| CN113875767B (en) | Insecticidal composition | |
| US20230248003A1 (en) | Bioinsecticide | |
| CN113875766B (en) | Insecticidal composition | |
| Shivalingaswamy et al. | Pests and their management in Brinjal | |
| CN112120031B (en) | Insecticidal composition | |
| OA21164A (en) | Bioinsecticide | |
| CN112568228A (en) | Insecticidal composition | |
| IL28633A (en) | Insecticidal and fungicidal compositions containing benzylidene-malonic acid derivatives | |
| JPH06329507A (en) | Agricultural insecticidal/bactericidal composition | |
| JPS6345207A (en) | Agricultural and horticultural insecticidal composition |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20131106 Termination date: 20220120 |
|
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |