CN102186504B - 用于检测阿尔兹海默病的光学方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明的主题涉及用于监测阿尔兹海默病(AD)特异性的早期病理事件(如淀粉样蛋白斑的发生、数量和位置)的非介入性光学成像法。监测这些事件的能力为AD诊断、预后和评价潜在疗法等提供了基础。此外,本发明的主题引入了用于治疗AD和与AD相关的视网膜病变的新方法。Aβ斑块检测在活体脑中非常受限,尤其是高分辨率检测;因此,作为本发明基础的研究着眼于眼部,因为其可作为脑源性组织的替代而被直接、重复且非介入性地成像。
Description
技术领域
本发明的主题涉及用于非介入性监测阿尔兹海默病特异性早期病理事件的方法,因此其包括用于AD的诊断、治疗、预后以及评价治疗应答的方法和系统。
背景技术
本文的所有文献均通过引用并入本文,其程度视同每篇文献或专利申请均单独明确指出通过引用并入本文。以下的描述包含对理解本发明有用的信息。这并不是承认本文提供的任何信息是现有技术或与本申请的发明相关,也不是承认本文任何明确或未明确引用的出版物是现有技术。
阿尔兹海默病(AD)是一种常见的具有破坏性的年龄依赖性神经退行性疾病。AD脑病理的特征是淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)蛋白水解产物(淀粉样蛋白β肽(Aβ),其形成称为Aβ斑块的细胞外聚集物)的典型积聚。认为这些斑块造成对脑中细胞活动和信息传递的干扰,导致神经毒性炎症和神经元死亡[2,3]。允许在活体受试者中对病理过程进行非介入性检测的分子成像有可能增强对疾病和药物有效性的检测和了解。因此,人们一直致力于开发能透过活体AD患者和动物模型的颅骨检测淀粉样蛋白斑的工具[4-9];然而,淀粉样蛋白斑的非介入性检测在临床上仍有难度,并且在高分辨率下用途有限[10-12]。如最近采用多光子显微术通过颅部开口在小鼠脑中进行体内Aβ斑块成像所证明的,光学成像构成了体内成像的有力、高分辨率且特异的工具[13]。本发明的主题提出了通过光学方式对AD患者的视网膜进行成像的人体中的替代性非介入方法,前提是在这些患者的视网膜中出现Aβ斑块并且其与脑中的斑块具有相似的特性。
APP在视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)(中枢神经系统(CNS)的向外生长物)中广泛表达,并通过视神经转运到轴突的质膜和神经末梢[14]。斑块在视网膜的形成是最近开始研究的,特别是在两种相关的神经退行性疾病中:年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)和青光眼[50-53]。仍不清楚Aβ斑块出现在AD患者的早期还是晚期。过去的证据表明Aβ斑块在青光眼和AMD患者及其啮齿类动物模型的视网膜中存在。例如,在青光眼患者中已报道了RGC层的Aβ沉积[50,51]。在青光眼的实验模型中,已将RGC的凋亡与Aβ肽的积累相关联,并且针对其形成的药物已显示发挥神经保护活性[52]。在AMD患者中,Aβ沉积可见于玻璃疣(与正在退化的光感受器和视网膜色素上皮细胞相关)中[53]。
在AD的果蝇转基因模型中,基于突变的人APP和早老素(PS)基因的靶向表达,在复眼中发现了Aβ的免疫反应性,并与视网膜光感受器退化相关联[15]。一个近期的研究证明,在疾病的晚期(晚于10月龄),在AD转基因鼠的视网膜神经纤维层(NFL)和神经节细胞层(GCL)中存在Aβ沉积。Aβ沉积还与RGC的神经变性和小胶质细胞活化相关[16]。
尽管有这些令人鼓舞的进展,在本领域仍需要用于诊断、预后和治疗AD的系统和方法。本发明的主题通过发现在死后AD患者的眼视网膜中存在Aβ斑块而满足了此需求。使用表达突变形式的人APP和PS1基因的小鼠(APPswe/PS1dE9,本文中称AD-Tg小鼠),本发明的主题还提供了这样的证据,即发现Aβ斑块在视网膜中的早期形成先于它们在脑中的显现。此外,本发明的主题鉴定了基于免疫的疗法,其使用装载于树突细胞上的髓磷脂衍生肽弱激动剂[17,18],对减少小鼠脑中和AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中的Aβ斑块有效。最后,本发明的主题证明,对活动物全身注射姜黄(curcumin)(二阿魏酰甲烷(diferuloylmethane))(结合并标记Aβ斑块的天然化合物[19,20])可实现对视网膜中Aβ斑块的非介入性高分辨率和特异性成像。本发明的主题第一次允许在AD哺乳动物视网膜中检测Aβ斑块数量和位置,并重复计数和实时监测。
附图说明
在参考附图中说明了示例性实施方案。本文公开的实施方案和附图应被认为是说明性而非限制性的。
图1展示了通过姜黄使其可视化的AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中的视网膜Aβ沉积。图1a-1f显示了离体用抗人Aβ抗体和姜黄染色的9月龄AD-Tg(图1a-1e)和非Tg(图1f)小鼠的冷冻切片图像,表明通过这两种检测方法染色的Aβ斑块的共定位。图1d和1e显示了每个通道显示的斑块染色模式的更高放大倍数图像。图1f显示了在非Tg(野生型)小鼠中不存在抗人Aβ斑块和姜黄的双阳性。用DAPI(蓝色)标记细胞核。比例尺=100μm。图1g-1j是用抗Aβ抗体和姜黄离体染色的10月龄AD-Tg(n=27)和非Tg(n=18)小鼠视网膜整体(whole mount)的代表性图像。在几个不同的视网膜层中证实了Aβ斑块(红色和绿色通道重叠的黄点)的形成:图1g显示了IPL-内网层,图1h显示了INL-内核层/OPL-外网层,图1i显示了ONL-外核层。图1J显示在非Tg(野生型)小鼠中基本不存在Aβ斑块(图1g和1j,下排)。独立通道的更高放大倍数图像证实了两种处理的斑块染色模式。比例尺=5μm。图1k-1n显示了体内用姜黄染色,而后用抗人Aβ抗体和DAPI离体染色的整眼纵向冷冻切片。在图1k-1m中,在10月龄AD-Tg小鼠的大部分视网膜层和脉络膜中检测到Aβ斑块。在图1n中,在非Tg(野生型)小鼠中的视网膜和脉络膜中检测不到Aβ斑块。比例尺=20μm。
图2显示了人阿尔兹海默病患者视网膜的Aβ斑块。图2a和2b是以下处理后的87岁的AD患者的人整体视网膜的代表性图像,其用苏丹黑β染色以消除非特异性的自发荧光信号,随后离体用姜黄染色(白色箭头指示姜黄标记的斑块)。比例尺=10μm。用DAPI(蓝色)标记细胞核。图2c和2d显示了以下处理后的65岁AD患者的人整体视网膜的更高放大倍数图像,其用苏丹黑B染色(黑点是苏丹染色),随后用姜黄染色(白色箭头指示姜黄标记的斑块)。比例尺=5μm。图2e-2g提供了65至90岁的一系列人AD患者视网膜中姜黄阳性斑块的另外实例。图2h-2j是65和87岁人AD患者人整体视网膜的代表性图像,其在几个视网膜深度(以包括RGC和IPL)用人抗Aβ抗体染色随后用苏丹黑B处理。图2i表示视网膜斑块的更高放大倍数图像。Aβ斑块形态与在小鼠视网膜和脑中所发现的类似。比例尺=5μm。图2k-2m显示了用姜黄对同一人视网膜的后续染色,其表明斑块被人Aβ抗体和姜黄选择性共标记(下排图像是单独通道)。图2n显示了用人Aβ抗体和姜黄对死后的非AD人整体视网膜进行双染色,未显示有Aβ斑块的迹象(下排图像是单独通道)。比例尺=5μm。
图3显示了在症状发生前早期阶段中小鼠视网膜Aβ斑块的形成以及在疾病发展时的累积。在将姜黄经静脉注射入尾静脉后,在AD-Tg小鼠的视网膜和脑中可见Aβ斑块。图3a-3n是多种年龄的AD-Tg(n=18)和非Tg(野生型;n=10)小鼠整体视网膜的代表性z轴投影图像。图3a-3d显示了2.5月龄的AD-Tg小鼠,图3a显示了视网膜中斑块的存在,图3b显示了在相同位置用特异性抗人抗体离体染色对Aβ斑块的确认(黄色显示的姜黄和Aβ抗体的共定位)。比例尺=10μm。图3c-3d显示在脑的海马和皮层中未检测到斑块。比例尺=100μm。图3e-3h显示了5月龄AD-Tg小鼠,图3e显示视网膜中斑块的存在,图3f为特异性Aβ抗体离体染色后的图像。比例尺=10μm。图3g和3h显示检测脑中的斑块。比例尺=50μm。图3i-3k显示了9月龄的AD-Tg小鼠,图3i显示了视网膜中的多个斑块,图3j和3k显示了脑中的斑块,比例尺(i)=10μm,比例尺(j,k)=50μm。图3l-3n显示了17月龄的AD-Tg小鼠,图3l显示视网膜中的大量斑块,图3m和3n显示脑中的斑块。比例尺(i)=10μm(m,n)=100μm。图3o-3q显示了9月龄的非Tg(野生型)小鼠,图3o显示视网膜中无斑块,图3p和3q显示脑中无斑块。比例尺(o)=10μm(p,q)=100μm。
图4显示了在基于树突细胞的疫苗接种后AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中Aβ斑块的减少。图4a-4g是10月龄小鼠整体视网膜的代表性z轴投影图像,图4a-4c显示了PBS处理的AD-Tg对照小鼠,图4d-4f显示经疫苗接种的AD-Tg小鼠,图4g显示了用姜黄和抗人Aβ抗体离体染色的非Tg(野生型)小鼠。图4b和4c,以及图4e和4f显示了视网膜的姜黄和抗Aβ抗体标记的独立通道图像。比例尺=10μm。图4h是视神经盘周围12个区域的视图(表示为长方形1-12),其代表了整体视网膜中斑块定量分析所覆盖的区域(n=4小鼠/组;2个视网膜/小鼠)比例尺=200μm。图4i显示了在用基于免疫的疫苗接种处理过的AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中观察到的斑块数与用PBS处理的对照相比降低(Student′s t检验;P=0.0028)。图4j显示了在经疫苗接种的AD-Tg小鼠的视网膜中观察到的平均斑块面积与其对照相比降低(Student′s t检验;P=0.0002)。图4k显示了斑块覆盖总面积的显著降低也在基于免疫的疫苗接种后同一小鼠脑海马和皮层检测到(Student′s t检验;P=0.0085)。每图中的误差线表示标准误。
图5显示了AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中姜黄标记斑块的体内成像。图5a-5c为静脉注射姜黄或施用PBS后,未灌注AD-Tg和非Tg(野生型)小鼠(10月龄)整体视网膜的体内代表性z轴投射图像(红色箭头表示血管)。图5a显示在静脉注射姜黄后,在AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中可见Aβ斑块(白色箭头指示)(n=6)。图5b显示在静脉注射PBS后在AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中不能检测到斑块(n=5)。图5c显示在静脉注射姜黄后的非Tg(野生型)小鼠的视网膜中检测不到斑块(n=5)。图5d是采用三通道以及纵向切片/冠状虚拟切片(sagittal/coronal virtualsection)的代表性共聚焦z轴投射图像,其展示了AD-Tg小鼠整体视网膜的实质和血管中被抗人Aβ抗体染色的Aβ斑块(用白色箭头指示血管内的斑块)在。图5e和5f展示了用基于AOFT光谱成像系统的荧光显微镜拍摄的图像,并用分割和分类软件分析和可视化。在图5e中,用姜黄体内染色并以单通道成像(激发:562/40nm;发射624/40nm)的整体视网膜中可见Aβ斑块(白色)和血管(箭头指示)。图5f显示了同一整体视网膜和区域中被姜黄标记的Aβ斑块的特异性光学标签(optical signature,OS)的光谱分类图像。Aβ斑块以伪彩显示(白色箭头指示),所有非斑块组织为绿色伪彩。比例尺=10μm。图5g-5j是单次姜黄注射后的图像,其中通过光发射而后用光谱控制源(波长546/15nm)在活AD-Tg小鼠视网膜(n=4)中可见斑块(白色箭头指示)。图5i和5j是更高放大倍数图像,其中斑块多数在靠近视神经盘的区域中被检测到,而且平均斑块大小与在整体视网膜(离体)中观察到的相似。图5k显示在静脉注射姜黄的非Tg(野生型)小鼠(n=4)中未检测到斑块。比例尺(g,k)=100μm,(h-j)=10μm.23。
图6显示了根据本发明的一个实施方案对Aβ斑块进行诊断、预后和分析的光谱成像系统的流程图。
图7显示了根据本发明的一个实施方案对Aβ斑块进行诊断、预后和/或分析的光谱成像系统的流程图。
图8显示了被发现来源于内源性小鼠APP基因的小视网膜斑块(大部分直径<1μm)的高分辨率图像。图像来自10月龄的非Tg(野生型)小鼠视网膜。
图9显示了活AD-Tg和非Tg(野生型)小鼠视网膜的图像,其显示在AD-Tg视网膜中有姜黄染色斑块,在非Tg(野生型)视网膜中无姜黄染色斑块。
发明详述
本文引用的所有参考文献通过引用整体并入本文,视同已完整公开。除非另外指明,发展本文所用的科技术语的含义与本发明所属领域普通技术人员的通常理解相同。Singleton等,Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology第三版,J.Wiley &Sons(New York,NY 2001);March,Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions,Mechanismsand Structure第五版,J.Wiley & Sons(New York,NY 2001);以及Sambrook和Russel,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual第三版,Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress(Cold Spring Harbor,NY 2001)为本领域技术人员提供本申请所用术语的通用指南。
本领域技术人员会认识到,与本文所述相似或等同的许多方法和材料可用于本发明的实施中。事实上,本发明不以任何方式受限于所述的方法和材料。
本文所用的“施用”是指用于向患者递送药物组合物的任何途经。递送途径可包括非介入性口服(通过口),外用(皮肤)、经粘膜(鼻、颊/舌下、阴道、眼部和直肠)和吸入途径,以及肠胃外途径和其他本领域已知方法。肠胃外是指通常与注射相关的施用途径,包括眶内、输液、动脉内、颈动脉内、囊内、心内、真皮内、肌内、腹膜内、肺内、脊柱内、胸骨内、鞘内、子宫内、静脉内、蛛网膜下、囊下、皮下、经粘膜或经气管。通过肠胃外途径,组合物可为输液或注射用溶液或悬液的形式,或为冻干粉末的形式。
本文所用的“阿尔兹海默病”是指鉴定为退行性或认知障碍疾病的任何形式的痴呆。该疾病可为稳态的,由特殊的全脑损伤引起,或进展性的,由身体损伤或疾病导致的长时期认知功能下降引起(下降程度超过正常衰老所预计的)。
本文所用的“年龄相关性黄斑变性”是指老年人的医学病症,其由视网膜损伤导致的视野中央视力丧失(黄斑)导致。
本文所用的“白内障”是指在眼部晶状体或其外膜上发生的混浊,程度从轻微到完全不透明并阻挡光线穿过不等。在年龄相关性白内障的发生初期,晶状体的能力会增强,导致近视,并且晶状体的逐渐变黄和混浊化会降低对蓝色的感知。白内障通常缓慢发展,引发视力下降,如果不治疗则可能引发失明。
本文所用的“荧光标记物”是指含有荧光团的任何和所有混合物,用于将该化合物附着至另一个分子(如蛋白质或核酸)。这通常通过与靶分子所包含的官能团选择性结合的荧光团活性衍生物来实现。
本文所用“青光眼”是指一类疾病,其影响视神经并包括以特征性方式丧失视网膜神经节细胞。青光眼被归类为视神经病的一种类型。
本文所用“哺乳动物”是指哺乳动物纲(Mammalia)的任何成员,包括但不限于人和非人灵长类如猩猩,以及其他猿和猴物种;农业饲养哺乳动物如牛、绵羊、猪、山羊和马;家养哺乳动物如狗和猫;实验动物包括啮齿类,如小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠等。该术语不表示具体的年龄或性别。因此成体或新生个体以及胎儿(不管雄性或雌性)都包含在本术语的范围内。
本文所用“治疗有效量”是指能够在接受治疗的哺乳动物中达到有益结果的量。治疗有效量可根据个体确定,并可基于(至少部分基于)哺乳动物的生理特性、所用递送系统或治疗技术的类型以及相对于受治疾病、异常或病症的发展而言的施用时间等考虑因素。
本文所用“治疗”是指治疗性处理和预防性手段两者,其中目的是预防或减缓(减少)目的病理病症、疾病或异常,即使治疗最终无法成功。需要治疗的包括已经患病的以及易于患病的或者需要预防疾病的。
β淀粉样蛋白沉积是AD神经病理的核心,并且是阿尔兹海默病的关键标志。然而,在活体阿尔兹海默病患者和动物中监测Aβ斑块受到目前MRI和PET的分辨率和特异性的限制,并且只有在脑组织尸检后通过监测斑块和缠结的数量和分布才能确定地诊断为阿尔茨海默病或其他特征为Aβ斑块形成的疾病或病症。因此,开发斑块的体内鉴定法对诊断以及评估应答于治疗的疾病发展很关键。
本发明的主题证明了哺乳动物视网膜中Aβ斑块的形成,并教导了对视网膜Aβ斑块进行鉴定、量化和成像的方法。本发明的主题可用于患阿尔兹海默病、痴呆以及其他特征为Aβ斑块形成的临床病症和疾病的患者。而且,本发明的主题发现,AD患者中视网膜中Aβ斑块的形成是在它们在脑中显现之前。因此,本发明的主题公开了在哺乳动物中早期诊断AD的方法,其包括以下步骤,向患者施用用于染色视网膜中Aβ斑块的荧光标记物,并用光学成像系统对患者的视网膜进行成像,以鉴定被染色的Aβ肽。
本发明主题的另一个实施方案教导了通过测量治疗前后患者视网膜中Aβ斑块的增多或降低来对哺乳动物AD进行预后的方法。所述预后方法包括以下步骤,向患者施用用于染色视网膜中Aβ斑块的荧光标记物,并用光学成像系统对患者视网膜进行成像以鉴定被染色的Aβ肽,随后对患者施用AD治疗并经过使AD治疗发挥作用的时间。在AD治疗后再次对患者施用用于染色视网膜中Aβ斑块的荧光标记物,并用光学成像系统对患者视网膜进行成像来鉴定染色Aβ肽的增多或减少。
在另一实施方案中,本发明的主题公开了治疗哺乳动物患者的AD的方法,其包括向所述患者施用治疗有效量的髓磷脂衍生肽和/或髓磷脂衍生肽激动剂,以降低Aβ斑块的形成或消除其存在。
本发明的主题还可用于提高具有视网膜Aβ斑块的哺乳动物患者的视力的方法,包括以下步骤,向该患者施用治疗有效量的髓磷脂衍生肽和/或髓磷脂衍生肽激动剂。提高视力的方法可用于AD、痴呆或其他特征为Aβ斑块形成的临床病症和疾病(如年龄相关黄斑变性(AMD)和青光眼)的患者。
在另一些实施方案中,本发明的主题描述了,Aβ斑块在哺乳动物的视网膜存在,并可用于对多种特征为视网膜Aβ斑块的其他临床病症和疾病进行分析、预后和诊断。代表性的临床病症和疾病可包括AMD和青光眼。
在本发明主题中确定的其他发现包括用于对非人哺乳动物和人患者的视网膜进行体内Aβ斑块可视化的光学成像系统。所述光学成像系统整合采用了荧光显微镜、汞和氙弧光灯、CCD照相机、基于AOTF(声光可调滤光器)的光谱图像采集装置以及成像后分析软件。光学成像系统整合以上工具以提供被染色Aβ斑块的视网膜图像,提供从原始图像提取的光谱标记的可视伪彩标志,其表示Aβ斑块对象的大小和位置。
在可另一实施方案中,光学成像系统整合使用了立体显微镜,其被调节成以更高分辨率使荧光和散射信号可视化。立体显微镜可装备Polychrome V波长可变光源。在另一些实施方案中,光学成像系统可整合MicroFire彩色数字照相机和一个或更多个放大镜头以提高放大倍数和图像细节。通过采用成像软件进行后分析图像分段和分类,以获得和优化图像采集。
在另一些实施方案中,光学成像系统可整合入诊断、预后和治疗哺乳动物Aβ斑块的方法中。此外,可用自适应光学仪器(adaptive optics)来增强光学成像系统,所述自适应光学仪器通过降低快速变化的光学失真的影响来提高光学成像系统的性能。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的主题可用于药物开发和测试。因为非介入性、快速重复性成像方法能够连续比较多种药物和多种药物剂量,因此本发明的主题能在药物开发和测试中得到有利的应用。
之前的报道鉴定了脑的Aβ病理情况,其基于对在AD患者的晶状体中Aβ累积的发现[31]。本研究为Aβ斑块在AD患者视网膜的存在提供了证据,所述Aβ斑块能通过姜黄特异性地可视化。在所有检查的AD患者视网膜中都发现了Aβ斑块,而它们在非AD对照中未被检测到。在年轻和年老的AD小鼠中,都观察到视网膜和脑Aβ斑块病理之间的良好相关性,斑块在疾病发展过程中以年龄依赖性方式累积,并且作为对同一治疗模式的应答,视网膜和脑都显示出Aβ斑块的降低。总之,与脑有很多相似性的视网膜组织可潜在地被用于诊断和监测AD。
在本研究中,AD患者视网膜中的Aβ斑块大部分在RGC层中被检测到。在AD小鼠的眼中,所见到的斑块大部分在视网膜层和脉络膜中。从NFL到ONL斑块是显著的,而且Aβ斑块的聚集更经常在视网膜的内层被发现,表明有可能通过活个体的眼进行斑块成像。AD小鼠的视网膜发生年龄依赖性Aβ斑块增加,Aβ斑块在数量和大小方面都增加,与在脑中观察到的年龄依赖斑块累积相似。我们的结果证明视网膜斑块病理与近期的研究一致,所述研究揭示在成年和年老的AD-Tg小鼠中视网膜Aβ沉积与视网膜炎症和退化相关[16]。在本发明的主题中,我们不只提供支持视网膜和脑斑块病理之联系的证据,还表明在年轻的AD-Tg小鼠中,在视网膜中检测到Aβ斑块要比在脑中检测到更早。我们还能证明,在接种髓磷脂衍生肽之后AD-Tg小鼠视网膜的Aβ斑块显著减少;已发现该处理及相关处理有效降低脑的Aβ斑块负荷[17,24,25]。这些发现提供了可用于评估对斑块减少疗法之应答的视网膜斑块鉴定,以及视网膜斑块可应答于有效减少脑中Aβ斑块的相同治疗。
重要的是,在人眼GCL所见斑块的尺寸达到大于5μm,这一事实使得通过视网膜对阿尔兹海默患者进行成像成为可行方法,并且进行一些修改后甚至可使用目前可获得的人眼成像工具,如自适应光学检眼镜[32]。在活体小鼠中,已发现可购得的瞳孔放大视网膜照相机能有效纪录眼底照相,使得能够评价视网膜神经节细胞的纵向变化[33]。调整成观察蓝绿荧光蛋白的蓝光共焦扫描激光检眼镜(bCSLO)也提供了在活体小鼠视网膜中观察RGC的非介入性方法[34]。这里,为证明观点,我们采用装备有Polychrome V光谱光源和双凸透镜的立体显微镜(Leica S6E)在活体小鼠中成功检测了姜黄标记的斑块。而外,采用AOTF系统,我们在消除强背景自发荧光信号(来自红血细胞)的同时通过姜黄成功检测了视网膜Aβ斑块。
在本研究中,当以7.5mg/kg的单剂量全身施用或口服施用姜黄时,其能有效地检测视网膜Aβ斑块。已证明姜黄有穿过血脑和血-视网膜屏障的能力,这是有效的斑块成像剂的必要条件。就安全性而言,在癌症患者中使用姜黄的I期和II期试验已经证明了当长时间给药时,即使是在高剂量下(12g/天),其对人的毒性也很低[35]。从小鼠转换到人用于视网膜斑块成像的静脉内或口服给予的姜黄剂量(低于1g)预计在所报道的安全水平内。此外,最近的研究报道了显著增强姜黄在人中的稳定性和生物利用度的多种方法[36]。
AD患者视网膜中Aβ斑块的鉴定为开发允许进行体内检测的高分辨率和灵敏度的成像方法提供了新机会。这些结果可能与在AD患者中发现的早期视觉功能异常相一致[37,38],并与在AD患者中报道的视网膜异常的证据(如GCL细胞丧失以及NFL萎缩)[39-44]相一致。尽管Aβ斑块在AD的早期还是晚期在视网膜中发现仍不清楚,但是目前在不同年龄的这些患者的视网膜中发现Aβ斑块,以及这些斑块在AD-Tg小鼠疾病的非常早的症状发生前阶段可检测到的事实,都加强了通过眼中姜黄标记的斑块能用于AD早期诊断的可能性。重要的是,根据它们在视网膜中的独特大小和分布,在AD患者中观察到的斑块可最终被用于区别性诊断:在年龄相关性黄斑变性中检测到的斑块的位置局限在玻璃疣中的视网膜色素上皮细胞中,并且看起来大小较小[45-47]。就AD患者中所见的视网膜异常而言,斑块减少治疗(如目前的DC疫苗接种)也可有助于缓解一些视力功能缺陷,甚至引起视力的改善。
随着世界人口的老龄化和AD的日益盛行,AD的早期检测对于评估风险、评估新疗法以及在AD发生后通过早期干预进行治疗而言变得更加重要。认为AD病理(包括淀粉样蛋白斑块和神经元纤维缠结)在症状显现和发生任何实质性神经变性的多年以前就已经出现。尤其需要发现AD特异性的早期检测标记物(如视网膜中的Aβ斑块),其可在仍能正常认知的个体中预测脑病理和认知降低的发生。本发明人在小鼠AD模型中的发现支持了使用姜黄标记的视网膜斑块体内成像作为AD病理早期指征和对治疗介入之应答的非介入性工具。
此外,本发明的主题引入了降低和/或消除视网膜中Aβ斑块的疫苗接种疗法,所述Aβ斑块通常与AD患者眼和视力的退化相关。使用髓磷脂衍生肽或髓磷脂衍生肽的弱激动剂有效诱导了神经保护,并降低了视网膜中的斑块形成。
总之,我们在人视网膜中鉴定了Aβ斑块,并且描述了通过已证明在人体中安全的全身施用化合物,通过对视网膜Aβ斑块进行成像而与在脑中相比更早并更容易地检测并监测阿尔兹海默斑块病理的新方法。这可在仍正常并良好认知的个体中在发现显著的功能缺陷前预测脑病理和认知降低的发生。这些发现显示,视网膜的光学成像可用作监测AD发展以及对治疗介入之应答的非介入性方法[48]。
实施例
提供以下实施例以更好地说明本发明,其不应理解为对本发明范围的限制。对于所提及的特定材料,其程度仅为说明目的而非旨在限制本发明。本领域技术人员能够开发出等同的手段或反应物,而无需创造性劳动,并且不背离本发明的范围。
实施例1
结果
可使用姜黄将AD小鼠视网膜的Aβ沉积可视化
使用携带人APPswe和PS1dE9转基因的AD-Tg小鼠来评价开发用于检测眼中Aβ斑块的非介入性工具的可能性。我们首先证实,姜黄对AD-Tg小鼠海马中由人Aβ特异抗体检测到的相同斑块具有亲和力(图1a;独立通道图1b和1c)。在更高的放大倍数下,图像显示采用每种程序获得的特异性染色模式(图1d和1e)。人Aβ斑块在非Tg同胎野生型(wt)小鼠的脑中检测不到(图1f)。然后,我们测试了AD-Tg小鼠眼中的Aβ斑块是否也能结合姜黄。高分辨率下的检测显示,姜黄和抗人Aβ抗体两者均标记出AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中Aβ斑块的存在(图1g-1i,视网膜整体;图1k-1m,横截面),但在非Tg(野生型)小鼠中没有标记(图1j和1n)。代表性图像显示了视网膜整体中多个深度(在80μm深度的焦平面连续采集)(以包括内网层(IPL;图1g);内核层(INL)/外网层(OPL;图1h)和外核层(ONL;图1i))中Aβ斑块的位置。对横截面的分析进一步证实了Aβ斑块在深视网膜层和脉络膜的沉积;在神经节细胞层(GCL)和IPL到OPL层明显占优势(图1k-1m)。而在非Tg(野生型)同胎小鼠中没有人Aβ斑块(图1j和1n),偶尔检测到小的姜黄阳性斑块。为了确定这些野生型小鼠中姜黄染色所检测到的小且稀疏的斑块的性质,我们采用姜黄和小鼠Aβ特异性抗体对10月龄野生型小鼠的整体视网膜进行了双染色实验。的确,发现在野生型视网膜中由姜黄检测到的小斑块也被抗小鼠Aβ抗体共标记,从而证实它们的身份是内源形成的小鼠Aβ沉积(图8a-8d)。
实施例2
结果
Aβ斑块在AD患者的视网膜中形成并可由姜黄可视化
其后我们检测了确诊为AD的患者(n=9;年龄范围48至94岁;根据他们的神经病理报告分类为不同的疾病严重度)眼部尸检中以及年龄匹配的正常对照的眼部尸检中(n=4;66至92岁;参见表1的人眼捐献记录)Aβ斑块的存在情况。通过苏丹黑B染色来消除固定人眼的自发荧光和非特异信号(图2),其在激发范围360-710nm下观察到,并与脂褐素/脂质沉积和/或长期福尔马林固定有关[21,22]。对于姜黄染色,我们首先将人整体视网膜浸没在苏丹黑B中(图2a和2c;未观察到斑块),而后暴露在姜黄中(图2b和2d;代表性图像显示相同组织位置处的斑块)。在所检测的所有AD患者的眼中都在对应于GCL、IPL和INL视网膜层的多个焦距深度通过姜黄检测到了斑块,大小为1至10μm(通常约5μm)(图2a和2g),并且与报告的脑中的斑块病理明显相关。我们也采用针对人Aβ的抗体分析了人视网膜。我们在AD患者中鉴定了Aβ斑块并且发现它们的结构与在小鼠视网膜和脑中所发现的类似[图2h和2i代表容易检测到斑块的最里层视网膜层(即GCL);图2i是更高放大倍数的视网膜Aβ斑块结构;图2j代表更深的连续焦平面(即IPL)]。当只使用二抗时不能检测到斑块(数据未显示)。在Aβ免疫标记后将人视网膜暴露在姜黄中,确定了它们的共定位(图2k-2m)。在非AD人眼中,未检测到Aβ斑块(图2n)。
表1
1性别:F=女,M=男
2AD-阿尔兹海默病
3神经炎斑块(NP)和4神经纤维缠结(NFT)由以下CNS位点的银染(Gallyas或Bielschowsky)和硫磺素染色确定:海马CA-1、内嗅皮层、额中部、前/中颞、下顶骨、主要视觉、视觉相关区域。
5CVA-脑血管事故或中风
6AD确诊-根据CERAD标准
实施例3
结果
AD小鼠中用姜黄体内染色的Aβ斑块在视网膜中比在脑中更早地检测到,并且在疾病发展时累积
为了确定姜黄在视网膜斑块成像中的应用,我们检测了其全身注射时对眼的生物利用度。为此,将小鼠静脉注射姜黄。在使用姜黄后,在AD-Tg小鼠的视网膜和脑中可检测到标记的斑块,但在非Tg(野生型)对照中检测不到(图3)。这些发现证实姜黄穿越了血脑屏障,并且提示其也穿过了血-视网膜屏障,并在体内对Aβ斑块有高亲和力。重要的是,在单次姜黄注射或多次注射后均可检测到姜黄标记的斑块。2.5、5、9和17月龄AD-Tg小鼠视网膜和脑海马的代表性z轴投射和皮质成像证明,视网膜和脑中的斑块沉积之间具有年龄依赖的相关性,并且在疾病发展过程中累积提高(图3a-n)。重要的是,在体内施用姜黄后,在早在2.5月龄的AD-Tg小鼠中,在视网膜中发现斑块(图3a和3b),而非脑中(图3c和3d),这提示视网膜中的Aβ斑块早于脑病理。我们还证实了这些姜黄标记的斑块与离体抗人Aβ抗体染色共定位(图3b和3f)。Aβ斑块在5月龄时第一次在脑中检测到(图3g和3h),这与之前在此品系的AD-Tg小鼠中疾病发生和发展的描述一致[23]。在野生型小鼠中,晚至9月龄,在视网膜(图3o)和脑中(图3p和3q)均未检测到Aβ斑块。
实施例4
结果
在疫苗接种治疗后视网膜中的Aβ斑块负荷降低
我们还检测了在AD-Tg小鼠中观察到的视网膜斑块在同一治疗下的命运是否与脑Aβ斑块相似。已经显示,髓磷脂衍生肽或髓磷脂衍生肽的弱激动剂有效诱导神经保护并降低斑块形成[24-26]。为了确保疫苗接种的有益效果并确保没有诱导自身免疫性脑髓炎的风险,我们选择用改变的髓磷脂衍生肽(MOG45D,源自MOG 35-5527,28)来接种AD-Tg小鼠,用树突细胞(DC)作为载体和佐剂。使用姜黄和抗Aβ抗体对用装载MOG45D的DC或PBS注射的10月龄AD-Tg小鼠以及同胎野生型小鼠的整体视网膜(4只小鼠/每组8个视网膜)中的Aβ斑块进行离体标记(图4)。代表性轴(z轴)投射图像证明,接种的AD-Tg小鼠与PBS处理的对照相比在Aβ斑块数目上有显著降低(分别为图4a-4c和图4d和4f;图4b和4c以及图4e和4f为独立通道)。在野生型小鼠中没有检测到Aβ斑块(用姜黄和抗人Aβ抗体双染)(图4g)。在高分辨率图像中,我们偶尔检测到小视网膜斑块(大部分直径<1μm),已发现它们源自内源性小鼠APP基因(图8)。在所有3个实验组中,这些小斑块被姜黄染色但不被抗人Aβ抗体染色(图4a、4d和4g)。我们还通过捕获视神经盘周围的12个区域的图像(总体约0.45mm2)来定量斑块数量和大小,在每个区域中以60μm的扫描深度对斑块进行定量(图4h;每个区域由长方形1-12指示)。发现在接种的AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中通过姜黄染色检测的斑块数与PBS处理的对照相比显著降低(图4i;p=0.0028)。与PBS处理的相比,还观察到在接种的AD-Tg小鼠中视网膜斑块覆盖的平均面积有显著减少(图3j;p=0.0002)。值得注意的是,也在相同的接种小鼠的脑海马和皮质中观察到了相对于PBS处理小鼠的总斑块面积的显著降低(图4k;p=0.0085)。
实施例5
结果
采用全身姜黄注射进行眼Aβ斑块的体内成像
为了进一步研究通过姜黄将活个体眼中Aβ斑块可视化的可能性,我们首先测试了我们在小鼠整体视网膜中鉴定Aβ斑块的能力,所述小鼠在它们的眼球摘除前未进行输注,这是更具生理性的实验设置。代表性的轴投射图像证明,即使在这些包括了毛细血管中红细胞背景信号的条件下,也可在预先静脉注射姜黄的AD-Tg小鼠中鉴定到视网膜中的斑块(图5a)。重要的是,在无姜黄时,在静脉注射PBS的AD-Tg小鼠中检测不到斑块(图5b),这提示当采用这些成像模式时,在视网膜中仅靠其自发荧光信号几乎不能检测到斑块。如预计的,在注射姜黄的非Tg(野生型)小鼠中检测不到斑块(图5c)。另外用抗人Aβ抗体离体标记斑块证实了姜黄染色的Aβ特异性(数据未显示)。AD-Tg小鼠整体视网膜中被抗Aβ抗体标记的Aβ斑块可见于血管内及其附近的实质中(图5d;共聚焦虚拟横截面)。我们还评估了能否在降低从血管中发出的背景信号的同时检测Aβ斑块。为此目的,我们采用荧光显微镜(Nikon TE2000)监测了特异性光学标记,所述荧光显微镜包含多波段成像技术,包括具有声光可调滤光器(acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)[29]用进行波段成像和采用门控照相机(gated camera)进行荧光寿命成像;图像采集后采用我们之前开发的软件进行后分析图像分割和分类[30]。在AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中观察到了用装备有AOTF的显微镜在单波长通道成像的姜黄标记斑块(图5e)。通过应用基于AOTF的成像、获取姜黄标记斑块的波段标记以及后转换成颜色分类的数字图像,我们成功地将Aβ斑块的特异光学标记鉴定为“真实”信号,而消除了血管产生的自发荧光噪音(图5f)。为了研究我们的方法在非介入性斑块检测中的可行性,我们进行了活体小鼠视网膜的体内成像,其中使用了改造的立体显微镜(Leica S6E)以及波长可控光源和数字照相机。在成像2小时前单次注射姜黄(7.5mg/kg)后,在AD-Tg小鼠视网膜中可见姜黄标记的斑块,尤其是在激发波长为546/15nm时(图5g-5j)。斑块大部分在靠近视神经盘的区域中被检测到。平均斑块大小与在视网膜整体(离体)中观察到的相当。在静脉注射姜黄的非Tg(野生型)小鼠(图5k)或未注射姜黄的AD-Tg小鼠(数据未显示)中未检测到斑块。为了确定被改造的立体显微镜捕获的信号是来自于斑块的,将小鼠处死,并在整体视网膜中确定了姜黄标记斑块的存在(数据未显示)。
实施例6
小鼠
从Jackson Laboratories(Bar Harbour,ME,strain #4462)购买了携带嵌合小鼠/人APP(APPswe)和突变人早老素1(presenilin 1)(外显子9缺失-PSEN1ΔE9)基因的双转基因小鼠(雌性和雄性等量)及其年龄匹配的非Tg同胎小鼠,并将它们饲养并保存在Cedars-Sinai医学中心(Los Angeles,CA)比较医学动物中心。所有实验已被批准并根据Cedars-Sinai研究所动物保护和使用协会制定的规定实施。
实施例7
基因分型
按照制造商的方案用DNA提取试剂盒(Qiagen,Valencia,CA)从0.5cm的尾尖提取基因组DNA。按照之前所述(Jankowsky,2004,Ref.#120)通过PCR对本研究所用小鼠进行基因分型以确定转基因的存在。
实施例8
疫苗接种制剂
修饰的髓磷脂衍生肽(MOG45D)源自致脑炎肽MOG(35-55)(Koehler,2002,Ref.#285;Shao,2002,Ref.#283;Zhong,2002,Ref.#284;Hauben,2001,Ref.#28;和Hauben,2001,Ref.#35)。为进行疫苗接种,将MOG45D(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)加入来自非Tg同胎供体小鼠的骨髓源性树细胞中。用于疫苗接种的树突细胞制备物在之前已有描述(Hauben,2003,Ref.#34)。
实施例9
用于疫苗接种的实验方案
每月1次对7月龄的AD-Tg小鼠注射DC-MOG45(每只动物0.5×106个细胞/200ml 1×PBS),持续3个月。根据对应的方案向7月龄的AD-Tg小鼠对照组注射1×PBS。在实验结束时,在麻醉下对所有小鼠灌注1×PBS,其后为2.5%多聚甲醛(“PFA”),并收集它们的脑和眼以备进一步分析。
实施例10
动物组织
麻醉小鼠并用4%冰冷的缓冲PFA灌注,一组小鼠未被灌注。摘除它们的眼并用4%新鲜PFA立即固定过夜。对于整体视网膜,切开眼球并移出前部。将洗眼杯在透明质酸酶(I-S型)(0.07mg/ml)(Sigma)中浸泡10分钟,以溶解并去除玻璃体残留,而后在PBS中清洗10分钟,共3次,并收集视网膜整体。对于整眼切片,将眼放入含有30%蔗糖的4%PFA中2小时,然后用PBS清洗15分钟,共3次。将眼包埋在O.C.T中并在干冰上缓慢冰冻,而后用恒冷切片机进行纵向切片(7μm)。收集脑并在4%新鲜PFA中立即固定过夜。将脑放入30%蔗糖(在4%PFA中)梯度中。用PBS清洗脑15分钟,共3次,而后将其包埋在O.C.T中并在干冰上缓慢冰冻而后用恒冷切片机进行冠状切片(30μm)。
实施例11
人尸检眼
根据IRB方案99491和3201从南加州大学病理系阿尔兹海默病研究中心(LosAngeles,CA)获得阿尔兹海默患者的尸检眼。从National Disease Research Interchange(NDRI,Philadelphia,PA)购得健康供体的眼。NDRI有经管理委员会批准并呈交国立卫生院监督的人组织收集方案。在10%中性缓冲的福尔马林中固定并保存患病和正常的眼。此外,我们采用了2个未经固定而冰冻并在-80℃保存的健康眼。从眼中制备视网膜整体并用免疫组织化学进一步研究。
实施例12
姜黄的尾静脉注射
对于体内Aβ斑块成像,用PBS中的姜黄或PBS对AD-Tg和非Tg野生型小鼠尾静脉进行静脉注射(7.5mg/kg/天,持续7天)。随后,将脑和眼冰冻切片,或制备整体视网膜。在另一个实施方案中,可将姜黄口服施用给患者。
实施例13
免疫组织化学
用含有20%马血清(Invitrogen)和0.01-0.1%Triton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)的透化/封闭液处理脑冰冻切片(厚30μm)、视网膜横切片(冰冻切片)(厚7μm)以及整体视网膜。用以下一抗(在含有10%封闭液的PBS中)的特定组合在4℃将切片染色过夜:小鼠抗Aβ[人1-17位氨基酸残基;克隆6E10(1∶100;Milipore,Temecula,CA)]。用二抗在室温下孵育切片1小时,然后用1×PBS清洗3次,并用含有或不含4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐(DAPI,Vector Laboratories,Peterborough,UK)的Vectorshield包埋。二抗溶液为含有缀合有Cy-5的驴抗小鼠抗体(1∶200;Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories,WestGrove,PA)的1×PBS。阴性对照用相同的方案处理,只是省略一抗以评估非特异性标记。多于显微分析,我们使用了Zeiss ApoTome荧光。
实施例14
姜黄染色
通过将姜黄(Sigma-Aldrich)溶解在pH=7.9的0.5M NaOH中,随后立刻稀释在1×PBS中,来制备0.1mg/ml的姜黄溶液。在室温下用姜黄溶液对脑和视网膜组织冷冻切片(分别为30μm和7μm厚)以及整体视网膜染色10分钟,然后用1×PBS润洗3次,每次15分钟。用GVA包埋基质(Zymed)覆盖样本。
可对淀粉样蛋白斑进行体内染色/标记的其他化合物为本领域公知,包括硫磺素S和T及一些衍生物、刚果红及衍生物、甲氧基-X04、匹兹堡化合物B(Pittsburgh Compound-B,PiB)、DDNP、重氮黄G(Chrysamine-G)等。然而,由于以下优点,姜黄及其衍生物非常适于在动物模型和人中对淀粉样蛋白斑的进行体内光学成像。姜黄在常用的光谱中产生特异且非常亮的信号,并且其可购得,价格非常低廉。与姜黄相关的安全性问题是极小(甚至在高剂量时),并且甚至认为其作为抗氧化剂而对患者的健康有益。姜黄是高效的配体,在体外和体内对Aβ的结合特性非常好,并提供良好的初始脑摄取以及脑清除率(体内成像剂的重要特点)。
实施例15
定量
在装备Axio Imager Z1 ApoTome的显微镜(带有有动力的Z驱动)上用AxioCamMRm单色照相机第3.0版(分辨率为1388×1040像素,6.45μm×6.45μm像素大小,动态范围>1∶2200,其由于Peltier-cooled传感器可获取低噪图像)获取染色组织的显微照片。用每只小鼠的两个整体视网膜(每组小鼠n=4)进行Aβ斑块数量和面积(βm2)的定量分析。每个图像(用40×物镜获取,分辨率0.28βm)包含0.04mm2的区域以及视神经盘周围总共12个扫描深度为60μm(使用有动力的扫描平台在连续焦平面处的多个虚拟切片影像)的长方形区域。对于每个动物组完成平均斑块半径(在姜黄染色后)的测量,而后计算每个动物组的平均斑块面积。对于图像采集,我们对所有图像采用了相似的曝光时间(约75ms)以及相同的增益值(0)。没有进行图像后处理。将用姜黄染色的Aβ斑块的发射信号与视网膜组织的背景信号比较,以确定信噪比。计算出的图像的信噪比非常高,在3∶1至10∶1的范围内。在每只小鼠覆盖海马和皮质区的450μm间隔的三个冠状切片(各2个海马)进行脑中Aβ斑块数量和面积(βm2)的定量分析。将样本每个视野的光学切片输入NIH Image J程序(National Institutesof Health)。转换成灰度图以区分免疫反应区和背景。采用标准化定制的基于柱状图的域值技术以及随后的粒子分析来确定免疫反应性的总面积和量化水平。
实施例16
光谱和多光谱成像
光谱成像以大量连续波长数提供物体的数字图像,在每个像素产生精确的光学标记。通过我们的光谱成像系统捕获了用姜黄体内标记的Aβ斑块的荧光光谱标记,所述成像系统利用了以下设备:Nikon荧光显微镜(E800和TE2000),水银灯和氙灯,CCD照相机,基于AOTF(声光可调滤光器)的光谱图像采集系统(ChromoDynamics,Inc)[29]以及后分析成像软件,由我们的Minimally Invasive Surgical Technologies Institute开发[30]。最终的图像提供了从原始图像提取的光谱标记的伪彩视觉展示,其代表所分析物体的大小和位置。在多光谱成像中,通过脉冲激光器和LaVision PicoStar HR门控照相机进行的荧光寿命成像为光谱采集提供了补充。
图6显示了本发明一个实施方案中用于体内诊断、预后和分析Aβ斑块的光谱成像系统100的流程图。客体视网膜110用荧光标记物染色以标记Aβ斑块。稍后,用成像装置120对染色的视网膜110进行成像,装置120被调整以更高的分辨率使荧光和分散信号可视。成像装置120可配备Polychrome V多光谱光源130。在另外的实施方案中,光谱成像系统100可整合有彩色数字照相机140(例如,MicroFire)以及一个或更多个放大镜片以增加放大倍数和图像细节。通过用成像软件160进行后分析图像分段和分类来进行图像采集170。
图7显示了本发明一个实施方案中用于诊断、预后和分析Aβ斑块的光谱成像系统200的流程图。客体视网膜210用荧光标记物染色以标记Aβ斑块。稍后,用成像装置220对染色的视网膜210进行成像。成像装置220可装备有多光谱成像技术,其由声光可调滤光器(AOTF)230进行的光谱成像和数字照相机240进行的荧光寿命成像组成。通过用成像软件250进行后分析图像分段和分类来进行图像采集260。
实施例17
小鼠视网膜的体内成像
在静脉注射姜黄后2小时对AD-Tg和野生型小鼠进行视网膜成像。用100mg/ml/kg氯胺酮和20mg/ml/kg甲苯噻嗪麻醉小鼠。用0.5%的盐酸脱羟肾上腺素眼用溶液(Bausch &Lomb)与0.5%托吡卡胺眼用溶液(Mydral;Bausch & Lomb)组合将小鼠瞳孔放大到直径2mm。在成像过程中,将小鼠放置在立体显微镜的载物台上,用补充有钙和镁的一滴PBS覆盖眼睛,其作为眼表面和成像透镜之间的光耦合基质。将改造的立体显微镜(Leica S6E)调整为在高分辨率下观察荧光和分散信号,以用于捕获图像(曝光时间750ms,增益4)。组装改造的立体显微镜以使其包含Polychrome V(Till Photonics)波长可变光源,MicroFire彩色数字照相机(Optronics),额外的焦距为10cm的6×(双凸)放大透镜。在几个不同的角度重复获取图像,以观察更大的视野并消除非特异的反射信号。
实施例18
统计学分析
结果用单尾非配对Student’s t检验进行分析,获得两组比较的p值。结果表示为平均值±标准差。
在以上详细描述中描述了本发明主题的多个实施方案。尽管这些描述直接描述了以上实施方案,但应理解,本领域技术人员可设想出本文显示和描述的具体实施方案的修改和/或变化。属于本描述范围内的任何这些修改或变化也都包含在本文中。除非另外指明,否则本发明人的意图是说明书和权利要求中的字和词对应用领域普通技术人员给出普通和惯常的意义。
上文已经呈现了在提交本申请时申请人已知的本发明主题的多个实施方案,其的目的是说明和描述。本描述并不是穷举性的,也不将本主题限制为所公开的精确形式,并且在以上教导的启发下可以做出多种修改和变化。描述的实施方案是为了解释本发明主题的原理以及其实际应用,并使其他本领域技术人员能够在多个实施方案中利用本发明的主题,并为适合实施特定应用而进行多种修改。因此,目的是本发明主题不受为实施主题所公开的具体实施方案的限制。
尽管已经显示和描述了本发明主题的具体实施方案,但对本领域技术人员显而易见的是,根据本文的教导,可进行变化和修改而不背离本主题及其更广泛的方面,并且因此,所附的权利要求将所有这些在本主题真实精神和范围内变化和修改包含其中。本领域技术人员应理解,通常,本文所用术语通常意为“开放性”术语(例如,术语“包括”应理解为“包括但不限于”,术语“具有”应理解为“具有至少”,术语“包含”应理解为“包含但不限于”等)。
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Claims (24)
1.用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物在制备用于诊断哺乳动物中阿尔兹海默病的药物中的用途,
其中所述荧光标记物是姜黄,并且所述药物用于全身性施用从而对视网膜中的Aβ肽进行染色。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中所述诊断包括:
向所述哺乳动物施用用于染色视网膜中Aβ肽的荧光标记物;
用光学成像系统对该哺乳动物的视网膜进行成像;
检查所述图像中被染色的Aβ肽;和
如果视网膜中存在被染色的Aβ肽,则诊断该哺乳动物为患阿尔兹海默病。
3.权利要求2的用途,其中所述光学成像在体内进行。
4.权利要求2的用途,其中所述光学成像系统选自光谱仪、荧光显微镜、立体显微镜、水银灯、可变波长光源、氙灯、CCD门控照相机、彩色数字照相机、基于声光可调滤光器的光谱图像采集系统、自适应光学仪器、成像软件,及其组合。
5.权利要求1的用途,其中施用的姜黄量小于12.0克并大于7.5mg。
6.用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物在制备用于对哺乳动物的阿尔兹海默病进行预后的药物中的用途,
其中所述荧光标记物是姜黄,并且所述药物用于全身性施用,并且
其中所述预后包括:
向对象施用用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物;
用光学成像系统对该对象的视网膜进行成像;
检查所述图像中被染色的Aβ肽;
与之前诊断相比,对该对象的视网膜中被染色的Aβ肽的增加/减少进行定量;和
根据在所述对象视网膜中染色的Aβ肽的水平进行预后。
7.权利要求6的用途,其中所述光学成像在体内进行。
8.权利要求6的用途,其中所述光学成像系统选自光谱仪、荧光显微镜、立体显微镜、水银灯、可变波长光源、氙灯、CCD门控照相机、彩色数字照相机、基于声光可调滤光器的光谱图像采集系统、自适应光学仪器、成像软件及其组合。
9.权利要求6的用途,其中施用的姜黄量小于12.0克并大于7.5mg。
10.用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物在制备用于鉴定哺乳动物视网膜中的Aβ肽之药物中的用途,所述鉴定包括:
向所述哺乳动物施用用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物;
用光学成像系统对该哺乳动物的视网膜进行成像;和
检查所述图像中被染色的Aβ肽,
其中所述荧光标记物是姜黄,并且所述施用是全身性施用。
11.权利要求10的用途,其中所述光学成像在体内进行。
12.权利要求10的用途,其中所述光学成像系统选自光谱仪、荧光显微镜、立体显微镜、水银灯、可变波长光源、氙灯、CCD门控照相机、彩色数字照相机、基于声光可调滤光器的光谱图像采集系统、自适应光学仪器、成像软件及其组合。
13.权利要求10的用途,其中施用的姜黄量小于12.0克并大于7.5mg。
14.用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物在制备用于评价哺乳动物中阿尔兹海默病治疗的有效性的药物中的用途,
其中所述荧光标记物是姜黄,并且所述药物用于全身性施用从而对视网膜中的Aβ肽进行染色。
15.权利要求14的用途,其中所述评价包括
向所述哺乳动物施用用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物;
用光学成像系统对哺乳动物的视网膜进行成像;
检查所述图像中被染色的Aβ肽;并且
根据在所述哺乳动物视网膜中染色的Aβ肽的水平来评价所述阿尔兹海默病治疗的有效性。
16.权利要求15的用途,其中所述光学成像在体内进行。
17.权利要求15的用途,其中所述光学成像系统选自光谱仪、荧光显微镜、立体显微镜、水银灯、可变波长光源、氙灯、CCD门控照相机、彩色数字照相机、基于声光可调滤光器的光谱图像采集系统、自适应光学仪器、成像软件及其组合。
18.权利要求14的用途,其中施用的姜黄量小于12.0克并大于7.5mg。
19.用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物在制备用于评价哺乳动物中Aβ肽相关视网膜疾病治疗的有效性的药物中的用途,
其中所述荧光标记物是姜黄,并且所述药物用于全身性施用从而对视网膜中的Aβ肽进行染色。
20.权利要求19的用途,其中所述评价包括
向所述哺乳动物施用用于染色Aβ肽的荧光标记物;
用光学成像系统对哺乳动物的视网膜进行成像;
检查所述图像中被染色的Aβ肽;和
根据在所述哺乳动物视网膜中染色的Aβ肽的水平来评价所述Aβ肽相关视网膜疾病治疗的有效性。
21.权利要求19的用途,其中所述视网膜疾病选自视力丧失、白内障、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、其中有淀粉样蛋白斑的视网膜累积的神经退行性病症,及其组合。
22.权利要求20的用途,其中所述光学成像在体内进行。
23.权利要求20的用途,其中所述光学成像系统选自光谱仪、荧光显微镜、立体显微镜、水银灯、可变波长光源、氙灯、CCD门控照相机、彩色数字照相机、基于声光可调滤光器的光谱图像采集系统、自适应光学仪器、成像软件及其组合。
24.权利要求19的用途,其中施用的姜黄量小于12.0克并大于7.5mg。
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