CN101842325B - 包含纳米添加剂的低蠕变锆石及其制备方法 - Google Patents

包含纳米添加剂的低蠕变锆石及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN101842325B
CN101842325B CN200880114001.1A CN200880114001A CN101842325B CN 101842325 B CN101842325 B CN 101842325B CN 200880114001 A CN200880114001 A CN 200880114001A CN 101842325 B CN101842325 B CN 101842325B
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sinter additives
matrix material
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zircon
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CN101842325A (zh
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鲁燕霞
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Corning Inc
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Abstract

一种复合材料,其主要由ZrSiO4以及烧结添加剂组成,所述烧结添加剂选自第I类、第II类和第III类烧结添加剂以及它们的组合,其含量为:第I类0.0重量%-0.1重量%,选自Fe2O3,SnO2,氧化物玻璃,以及它们的混合物和组合;第II类0.1重量%-0.8重量%,选自TiO2,SiO2,VO2,CoO,NiO,NbO,以及它们的混合物和组合;第III类0.0重量%-0.8重量%,选自Y2O3,ZrO2,CaO,MgO,Cr2O3,Al2O3,以及它们的混合物和组合,其中烧结添加剂的量是以氧化物计,基于组合物的总重量的重量百分比。本发明特别适合用来制造大尺寸的耐火体,该耐火体在升高的操作温度下具有抗蠕变性,例如用于熔融拉制玻璃制造工艺的等静槽。

Description

包含纳米添加剂的低蠕变锆石及其制备方法
本申请要求2007年10月26日提交的美国专利临时申请第61/000484号的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及锆石材料,包含该锆石材料的制品,以及该锆石材料的制备方法。具体来说,本发明涉及包含烧结添加剂的低蠕变烧结的锆石材料,包含该锆石材料的制品,以及该锆石材料的制备方法。本发明可以用来例如制备基于低蠕变锆石的等压槽(isopipe),该等压槽用于熔融拉制玻璃制造工艺。
背景技术
某些应用需要使用耐高温的材料,该材料在高工作温度条件下,在其使用寿命内发生的变形程度很低。锆石(ZrSiO4)就是这样一种候选材料。但是,锆石材料的抗变形能力取决于其制造方法和组成。人们发现某些锆石材料在高于1500℃的高工作温度下会发生较高的蠕变。
例如,等压槽是用来制造精密平板玻璃的熔融法中的关键部件。常规的锆石等压槽是由包含一些烧结添加剂的锆石材料(市售锆石)制造的,所述烧结添加剂包括例如氧化钛、氧化铁、玻璃组分等。其具有良好的抗蠕变性。但是,对于大尺寸玻璃板制造来说,因为下弯(与蠕变速率相关)与等压槽的尺寸成正比,所以随着等压槽尺寸的增大,该等压槽的使用寿命会显著缩短。
此前人们提出了使用其它的材料来减小其蠕变和/或变化。但是,对于大尺寸等压槽来说,蠕变速率仍显过大。本发明描述了如何在锆石中使用烧结添加剂,以最大程度增大材料在烧结过程中的致密化,尽可能减小使用过程中的蠕变速率。
发明概述
根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了一种复合材料,该复合材料主要由锆石(ZrSiO4)和烧结添加剂组成,所述烧结添加剂选自以下第I类、第II类和第III类烧结添加剂及其组合,其用量如下所示:
 第I类:   0.0重量%-0.1重量%   选自Fe2O3,SnO2,氧化物玻璃,以及它们的混合物和组合
 第II类:   0.1重量%-0.8重量%   选自TiO2,SiO2,VO2,CoO,NiO,NbO,以及它们的混合物和组合
 第III类:   0.0重量%-0.8重量%   选自Y2O3,ZrO2,CaO,MgO,Cr2O3,Al2O3,以及它们的混合物和组合
其中烧结添加剂的量是以氧化物计,基于组合物的总重量的重量百分比。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料的孔隙率小于15体积%,在一些实施方式中小于10%,在某些另外的实施方式中小于8%。
根据本发明第一方面的某些实施方式,所述复合材料的蠕变速率小于0.5×10-6·小时-1,在一些实施方式中小于0.3×10-6·小时-1,在一些另外的实施方式中小于0.2×10-6·小时-1
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述组合物材料包含TiO2作为烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述组合物材料包含0.0重量%-0.8重量%的Y2O3作为烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述组合物材料包含Y2O3作为单独的第III类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述组合物材料包含TiO2作为单独的第II类烧结添加剂,还包含Y2O3作为单独的第III类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含通过烧结添加剂结合起来的ZrSiO4颗粒,其中所述ZrSiO4颗粒的平均粒度至少为1μm,在一些实施方式中至少为3μm,在一些实施方式中至少为5μm,在一些实施方式中至少为7μm,在一些实施方式中至少为8μm。在一些实施方式中,所述ZrSiO4颗粒的平均粒度不大于10μm。在一些实施方式中,所述ZrSiO4颗粒的平均粒度不大于15μm。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料基本上不含第I类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含熔点不高于1500℃的第I类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含熔点至少比锆石的熔点低100℃的第I类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含熔点高于1800℃的第III类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含熔点高于锆石熔点的第III类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含至少一种第II类烧结添加剂。
根据本发明第一方面的一些实施方式,所述复合材料包含第II类和第III类烧结添加剂的组合。
本发明的第二方面提供一种制造锆石复合制品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(i)提供一种锆石粉末,该锆石粉末的平均粒度至少为1μm,在一些实施方式中至少为3μm,在一些实施方式中至少为5μm,在一些实施方式中至少为7μm;在一些实施方式中至少为8μm;
(ii)提供选自第I类、第II类和第III类的烧结添加剂或者烧结添加剂的前体以及它们的组合,其用量如下所示:
 第I类:   0.0重量%-0.1重量%   选自Fe2O3,SnO2,氧化物玻璃,以及它们的混合物和组合
 第II类:   0.1重量%-0.8重量%   选自TiO2,SiO2,VO2,CoO,NiO,NbO,以及它们的混合物和组合
 第III类:   0.0重量%-0.8重量%   选自Y2O3,ZrO2,CaO,MgO,Cr2O3,Al2O3,以及它们的混合物和组合
(iii)将所述锆石粉末与烧结添加剂或其前体混合起来,制得混合物,在此混合物中,烧结添加剂基本均匀分布;
(iv)对所述混合物进行压制,制备预成形件;
(v)在升高的温度下对预成形件进行烧结,以制得烧结的制品。
根据本发明第二方面的一些实施方式,在步骤(ii)中,所述烧结添加剂或其前体以液态溶液、液态分散体或其混合物的形式提供。
根据本发明第二方面的一些实施方式,在步骤(iv))中,压制步骤包括等压压制。
根据本发明第二方面的一些实施方式,在步骤(i)中,所述锆石颗粒的平均粒度不大于15μm。
根据本发明第二方面的一些实施方式,在步骤(v)中,所述升高的温度约为1400-1800℃,在一些实施方式中为1500-1600℃。
根据本发明的第三个方面,提供了一种能够在约高于1000℃、在一些实施方式中约高于1100℃、在一些实施方式中约高于1200℃、在一些实施方式中约高于1300℃、在一些实施方式中约高于1400℃、在一些实施方式中约高于1500℃的升高的温度下操作的耐火体,所述耐火体由上文中本发明第一方面简述的复合材料组成,将在下文中对其进行详细描述。在本发明第三方面的一些实施方式中,所述耐火体是用来在熔融拉制法中形成玻璃板的等压槽。
本发明的一个或多个实施方式具有以下优点中的一个或多个:通过加入第II类和第III类烧结添加剂,制得的复合材料在高温下具有低的蠕变速率和良好的强度,在烧制过程中具有很低的收缩率。因此,这种材料特别适合用来制造在升高的温度下操作的大型耐火体,例如在熔融拉制技术中用于制造高精度玻璃板的等压槽。
在以下的详细描述中提出了本发明的其它特征和优点,其中的部分特征和优点对本领域的技术人员而言根据所述内容容易理解,或通过按照书面描述和其权利要求书以及附图中所述实施本发明而被认识。
应理解,前面的一般性描述和以下的详细描述都只是本发明的示例,用来为理解本发明的性质和特性而提供总体评述或框架。
包括的附图提供了对本发明的进一步的理解,附图被结合在本说明书中并构成说明书的一部分。
附图简要说明
附图中:
图1是根据本发明的一些实施方式,用来制备复合材料的锆石粉末的锆石粒度分布图。
图2A是根据本发明一个实施方式的复合材料的SEM照片,该复合材料中包含TiO2作为烧结添加剂,但是不含作为烧结添加剂的Fe2O3
图2B是本发明另一个实施方式的另一种复合材料的SEM照片,该复合材料中同时包含TiO2和Fe2O3作为烧结添加剂。
图3A是根据本发明一个实施方式的复合材料的SEM照片,该复合材料中包含TiO2作为烧结添加剂,但是不含作为烧结添加剂的Y2O3
图3B是本发明另一个实施方式的另一种复合材料的SEM照片,该复合材料中同时包含TiO2和Y2O3作为烧结添加剂。
发明详述
除非另有说明,本说明书和权利要求书所用的所有数值,例如成分的重量百分数、尺寸和一些物理特性的值应理解为在所有情况下均被“约”字修饰。还应理解,本发明说明书和权利要求书所用的精确数值构成本发明的另外的实施方式。发明人已尽力保证实施例所披露的数值的准确性。然而,任何测定的数值难免含有各种测定技术的标准偏差所造成的一些误差。
本发明说明书和权利要求书所用的不定冠词“一个”或“一种”指“至少一个/一种”,不应被局限为“仅一个/一种”,除非另有明确的相反说明。因此,例如,“烧结添加剂”这样的说法包括具有两种或更多种烧结添加剂的实施方式,除非文中另有明确的相反说明。
除非另有明确的相反说明,否则,本文所用组分的“重量%”“重量百分数”或“以重量计的百分数”基于包含该组分的组合物或制品的总重量。除非另外指出,否则,如本文所用,所有百分数都是以重量计的。
本发明描述了基于锆石的烧结复合材料中的烧结添加剂的功能,揭示了包含最优化的烧结添加剂的组合物,其蠕变速率减至原来的1/3至1/5。
基于锆石的烧结复合材料中的烧结添加剂具有两个主要功能:1)使得在烧结过程中发生致密化;2)在烧结之后,在升高的温度下提供抗蠕变性。能够提供第一种功能的组分有可能能够为第二种功能做出贡献,也可能不能为之做出贡献。因此,如下表I所示,本发明人将烧结添加剂分为以下三类(第I类,第II类和第III类):
表I
烧结添加剂的分类
  烧结添 加剂种   对致密化的 影响   对抗蠕变性 的影响   对抗蠕变性影响的 机理   材料
  第I类   +   0或-   增加颗粒边界滑动   玻璃;具有低熔点的氧化物
  第II类   +   +   降低扩散蠕变或者增加颗粒边界强度或者颗粒边界锁定   具有中等熔点的氧化物
  第III类   0或-   +   增加颗粒边界强度或者颗粒边界锁定   具有高熔点的氧化物
每类烧结添加剂对最终烧结材料具有各自的影响。如果使用第I类烧结添加剂,其有益于烧结过程中陶瓷颗粒的致密化,制得的烧结材料具有较高的密度。锆石依靠其自身无法很好地烧结,因此可能需要烧结添加剂。但是,由于第I类烧结添加剂可能无法帮助提高抗蠕变性,甚至会减小烧结体的抗蠕变性,因此第I类烧结添加剂的用量应较低,只要其用量足以实现致密化的目的即可。第II类烧结添加剂同时有益于抗蠕变性和致密化。如果第II类添加剂能够以所需的水平提供所需的密度、足够的强度以及低蠕变,可以单独使用此类添加剂作为锆石的烧结添加剂。第III类烧结添加剂经常与第I类或第II类烧结添加剂结合使用,这是因为其通常不会对致密化过程做出积极的贡献。通过将属于多个种类的多种烧结添加剂结合使用,可以获得致密化、强度和抗蠕变性的最佳结合。
因此,本发明一方面涉及一种复合材料,该复合材料主要由锆石和以下表II所示的烧结添加剂组成,其含量为以氧化物计,基于该组合物总重量的重量百分比:
表II
  烧结添加剂的 种类   用量   候选的烧结添加剂
  第I类:   0.0重量%-0.1重量%   选自Fe2O3,SnO2,氧化物玻璃,以及它们的混合物和组合
  第II类:   0.1重量%-0.8重量%   选自TiO2,SiO2,VO2,CoO,NiO,NbO,以及它们的混合物和组合
  第III类:   0.0重量%-0.8重量%   选自Y2O3,ZrO2,CaO,MgO,Cr2O3,Al2O3,以及它们的混合物和组合
因为当此种材料用于等压槽和/或其它的耐火体,用于加工熔融玻璃材料的时候,其通常会与熔融玻璃直接接触,所以希望加入的烧结添加剂应当与熔融玻璃相容。
然后将所述烧结添加剂与锆石粉末颗粒混合起来,制得均质混合物,然后进行烧结。所有的烧结添加剂优选是纳米颗粒,通过将氧化物前体溶解在溶剂中,以液体形式制得,或者当其要接触锆石粉末并与之混合时,以纳米粉末形式制得。所述纳米尺寸的烧结添加剂能够同时在烧结以及颗粒边界锁定方面提供最高效的结果。优选的方法包括将纳米颗粒溶解或分散在液体中,然后通过湿混合将所述混合物涂覆在锆石颗粒上。对涂覆后的锆石颗粒进行喷雾干燥,以形成分散的干燥粉末。可以将少量的有机粘合剂加入所述干燥的锆石粉末中,以提高生坯强度,也可以不加入有机粘合剂。在一些实施方式中,所述加入粘合剂的操作是在对包含烧结添加剂的锆石进行球磨粉碎操作结束时、喷雾干燥操作之前的时候进行的。在一些实施方式中,所述粘合剂是水溶性的,例如购自美国密歇根州米德兰市(Midland Michigan,USA)的陶氏化学公司(DOW Chemical company)的甲基纤维素,或者购自日本的Duramax B1000或B1022。在一些实施方式中,相对于全部无机物的重量,所述粘合剂的用量为0.1重量%-0.5重量%。在一些实施方式中,甲基纤维素用作粘合剂,将其预先溶解在水中,然后再与其它的组分混合。所述粘合剂Duramax是具有约50%的粘合剂加入量的悬浮液。在一个实施方式中,所述生坯体是通过在18000psi的压力下等压压制0.5-5分钟而形成的。
本发明一些实施方式的一些优点包括:(i)在锆石中使用较少量的烧结添加剂,烧结添加剂总量小于1%;(ii)使用高温耐火氧化物锁定颗粒边界,使得最终材料在室温和高温下的强度更高,使得颗粒边界在高温和低应力作用下无法移动;(iii)锆石组合物中的烧结添加剂带来的负面影响被最小化;(iv)纳米添加剂以低浓度提供了最大的影响。
实施例
使用E磨(E-milled)锆石粉末制备了本发明的组合物。
所述E磨锆石粉末是市售产品,其D50为3-10μm。图1显示了7微米E磨锆石粉末的粒度分布,其具有很宽的粒度分布,D50(即50%)为6-7μm。用于1.1和1.2的锆石粉末的更多粒度分布信息参见下表III。
表III
所用锆石粉末的粒度分布
  样品编号  10%(μm)  50%(μm)  90%(μm)  表面积(m2·g-1)
  1.1  0.832  6.62  24.97  2.19
  1.2  0.714  6.35  20.96  2.10
这些锆石粉末具有较高的平均粒度(大于1μm),提供较低的颗粒边界浓度,这将会减小锆石内的颗粒边界蠕变(科布尔蠕变(Coble creep))。人们认为科布尔蠕变是大块的基于锆石的烧结复合材料蠕变时的主要蠕变机理。所述大粒度和宽粒度分布还使得粉末的堆积密度(或振实密度)很高,由此最大程度减小了从压制到烧制过程中的总体收缩。然而,如果没有烧结添加剂的辅助,这些较大的颗粒依靠其本身难以烧结,因此需要使用烧结添加剂。
第I类烧结添加剂专门用于结合锆石粉末颗粒。具有低熔点的氧化物在过去已经经常用于该目的。所述氧化物可以选自Fe2O3,SnO2,玻璃等,以及它们的前体。表IV显示了使用氧化铁和TiO2作为烧结添加剂的结果。将Fe2O3的前体预先溶解在水中,然后与氧化钛溶胶混合。然后通过球磨将这些胶态分散体与锆石粉末混合,涂覆在锆石粉末上,然后喷雾干燥。进行喷雾干燥之后,使用等压压制机,在18000psi的压力下将粉末压制0.5-1分钟。然后,由此形成的生坯体在1580℃烧结48小时,制得最终的材料,然后测定该最终材料的强度、孔隙率、蠕变速率等。结果确实显示氧化铁是极佳的烧结添加剂,孔隙率从13.3%减小到等于或小于4.5%,在环境条件下强度更高。但是,在高温条件下,蠕变速率也更高。当使用氧化铁作为烧结添加剂的时候,相对于不使用氧化铁的情况,前者的蠕变速率也几乎翻倍。因此,Fe2O3是一种典型的第I类烧结添加剂。
对于本发明的基于锆石的复合材料,第II类烧结添加剂具有双重功能:致密化和改进抗蠕变性。第II类烧结添加剂可以选自氧化物(或其前体,例如TiO2,SiO2,VO2,CoO,NiO,NbO等。制备了一系列包含TiO2作为单独的烧结添加剂的样品材料。样品中的TiO2的量列于表V。用来制备样品材料的方法与表IV所示的样品类似。以液态形式将纳米添加剂(胶态或透明的溶液)与锆石预先混合,然后喷雾干燥。成形条件是在18000psi的压力下压制0.5-1分钟。使用TiO2作为单独的烧结添加剂的结果列于表V。
氧化钛表现出一定的使锆石致密化的效果,但是其效果没有氧化铁那么大。但是,氧化钛能够显著降低蠕变速率,如表V所示。在不使用氧化钛烧结添加剂的情况下,蠕变速率高于1.0×10-6/小时。即使当氧化钛烧结添加剂的浓度非常低的时候(例如为0.2重量%),氧化钛烧结添加剂也能将蠕变速率降至低于1.0×10-6/h。结果表明,氧化钛是用于基于锆石的烧结复合材料的第II类烧结添加剂。
第III类烧结添加剂是高温耐火材料。在形成复合材料的过程中,据认为第III类烧结添加剂基本上不会对致密化作出贡献。较佳的是,其不会对致密化带来负面影响。这种氧化物可以选自Y2O3,ZrO2,Y2O3稳定化的ZrO2,CaO,MgO,Cr2O3,Al2O3,或者它们的前体。制备了一系列包含Y2O3和TiO2作为的烧结添加剂的样品材料。样品中的Y2O3和TiO2的量列于表VI。所用的氧化钇是细小粉末(D100<10μm),氧化钛前体是异丙醇钛和氧化钛胶态溶胶。用来制备样品材料的方法与表IV所示的样品类似。这些材料的测试结果也列于表VI中。
通过使用氧化钇烧结添加剂,无论使用何种氧化钛前体,都可以进一步将蠕变速率从0.4-0.6×10-6/h的范围减小到0.1-0.3×10-6/h的范围。蠕变的减小不是由于孔隙率的减小或者致密化造成的,因为对于一些含氧化钇的样品来说,孔隙率反而更高了。使用氧化钇获得的较低的蠕变值表明:氧化钇之类的高温耐火氧化物通过锁定颗粒边界的作用,在高温情况下强化了颗粒边界,所以改进了抗蠕变性。尽管氧化钇不是良好的烧结添加剂,但是由于其能够强化颗粒边界,对于在高温和低应力下保持低蠕变来说具有一定的意义。研究证明,对于本发明的基于锆石的烧结复合材料来说,氧化钇是第III类烧结添加剂的一个良好的例子。
图2A,2B,3A和3B显示了使用第I类、第II类以及第III类烧结添加剂的基于锆石的烧结复合材料的微结构。它们是烧结添加剂影响密度(或孔隙率)的例子。当使用氧化铁的时候,相对于不使用氧化铁的情况,前者的颗粒的堆积密度更高。当使用氧化钇的时候,颗粒堆积密度不变(图3B),孔隙率保持在大约13%。但是,氧化钇会显著影响强度和蠕变性;蠕变速率从0.85×10-6/h减小到0.25×10-6/h,而强度增加超过20%。
总体来说,这三种烧结添加剂以不同的方式有益于基于锆石的烧结复合材料。这些纳米添加剂的最优化组合可以降低蠕变速率,可以使复合材料在工作中保持最低的蠕变速率,在用于玻璃熔融制造的时候延长使用寿命。
对本领域的技术人员而言,明显可以对本发明进行各种修改和变动,只要不偏离本发明的范围和构思。因此,本发明意图涵盖对本发明的修改和变动,只要这些修改和变动在所附权利要求及其等同方案的范围之内即可。

Claims (12)

1.一种复合材料,其主要由锆石以及烧结添加剂组成,所述烧结添加剂是含量如下所示的第II类烧结添加剂和第III类烧结添加剂的组合:
其中烧结添加剂的量是以氧化物计,基于复合材料的总重量的重量百分比。
2.如权利要求1所述的复合材料,其总孔隙率小于15体积%。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其蠕变速率小于0.5×10-6·小时-1
4.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其包含TiO2作为烧结添加剂。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其包含0.0重量%-0.8重量%的Y2O3
6.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其包含TiO2作为唯一的第II类烧结添加剂,并且包含Y2O3作为唯一的第III类烧结添加剂。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,所述复合材料包含通过烧结添加剂结合起来的ZrSiO4颗粒,其中所述ZrSiO4颗粒的平均粒度至少为1μm。
8.如权利要求7所述的复合材料,其特征在于,所述ZrSiO4颗粒的平均粒度不高于10μm。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的复合材料,其特征在于,所述第III类烧结添加剂的熔点高于1800℃。
10.一种制造锆石复合制品的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(i)提供一种锆石粉末,该锆石粉末的平均粒度至少为1μm;
(ii)提供以下的烧结添加剂或烧结添加剂的前体:含量如下所示的第II类烧结添加剂和第III类烧结添加剂的组合,
(iii)将所述锆石粉末与烧结添加剂或烧结添加剂的前体混合起来,制得混合物,在此混合物中,烧结添加剂均匀分布;
(iv)对所述混合物进行压制,制备预成形件;
(v)在升高的温度下对预成形件进行烧结,以制得烧结的制品。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤(i)中,所述锆石粉末的平均粒度不大于10μm。
12.如权利要求10或11的方法,其特征在于,在步骤(v)中,所述升高的温度为1400-1800℃。
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