CN101765530A - 在并联式混合动力车辆中按负载换挡期间起动内燃机的方法 - Google Patents

在并联式混合动力车辆中按负载换挡期间起动内燃机的方法 Download PDF

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CN101765530A
CN101765530A CN200880100697A CN200880100697A CN101765530A CN 101765530 A CN101765530 A CN 101765530A CN 200880100697 A CN200880100697 A CN 200880100697A CN 200880100697 A CN200880100697 A CN 200880100697A CN 101765530 A CN101765530 A CN 101765530A
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motor
shifting element
speed
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J·卡尔滕巴赫
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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Abstract

在并联式混合动力车辆上进行按负载换挡时起动内燃机的方法，其中在单纯的电行驶运行中进行按负载换挡时经由电机起动内燃机。

Description

在并联式混合动力车辆中按负载换挡期间起动内燃机的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的在并联式混合动力车辆中按负载换挡期间起动内燃机的方法。
背景技术
在现有技术中已知的混合式车辆都包含一个混合式变速器(Hybridgetriebe)。这类车辆除包含内燃机之外，还有至少一个电动机或电机。在串联的混合式车辆中，发电机是由内燃机驱动的，发电机向驱动车轮的电动机馈送电能。此外，已知并联式混合动力车辆，在这类车辆上实现了内燃机的转矩和至少一个可与内燃机相连的电机的转矩的相加。在此电机可以与带传动机构或内燃机的曲轴相连。由内燃机和/或所述至少一个电机所产生的转矩经过一个下游的传动机构传递到被驱动的轴。
例如在DE 102006019679A1的范围内介绍一种传动系，配有一个可电控的混合式变速器和一个电液压控制系统、多个电功率单元和多个转矩传递机构。在此转矩传递机构可以通过电液压控制系统而有选择地加以开动，以便提供四个前进挡、一个空挡状态、一个带有低转速和高转速的电运行方式、一个带有低转速和高转速的可电调节的运行方式以及一个山地停车运行方式。
由DE 102005057607B3已知一种用于车辆的混合动力驱动装置，至少包括一个主发动机尤其是内燃机、一个发电机、一个电动机和一个行星齿轮变速器，该行星齿轮变速器具有一个太阳轮、一个空心轮、一个行星齿轮架以及多个行星轮，并且包含至少一个从动轴。在此设定，对于车辆的第一行驶范围，为了实现转矩的相加，主发动机和电动机的驱动轴耦联到行星齿轮变速器的太阳轮上；而对于另一行驶范围，两个发动机之一可以为了转速的机械相加而按照叠加原理力锁合地耦联到行星齿轮变速器的空心轮上。
在配有混合式驱动装置的车辆上，根据现有技术在停车时或直接在停车之前就切断发动机，借以降低内燃机的燃油消耗。
在US 2005/0221947A1中公开了用于混合动力汽车的一种驱动控制系统，它包含：内燃机、具有分立的变速比的变速器、安置在内燃机和变速器之间的电机以及一个第一离合器和一个第二离合器，这两个离合器可以有选择地操作，借以控制电机的转子与变速器或与内燃机的连接。此外，已知的驱动控制系统包含一个控制装置，借以控制内燃机、电机和离合器，该控制装置是如此加以设计的，使它能执行一种起动停止功能，其中在执行停止步骤的过程中，内燃机与电机和与变速器分开，并被断开。
在下一个起动步骤中，作为电动机工作的电机与变速器实现连接；与此同时在变速器中接入一个第一变速比，使得车辆首先被电机驱动。然后，从第一变速比改变到一个较高的第二变速比；在这一换挡过程中，实现内燃机与电机的连接，从而使内燃机被起动。此外还设定：在变速器中接入更高的变速比时，通过相关离合器的打开，中断电机和变速器之间的连接，这导致拉力中断。在下一个步骤中，建立内燃机与变速器的连接，使得当起动步骤结束时，车辆便可由内燃机或选择地由电机驱动。
发明内容
本发明的任务是提供一种在并联式混合动力车辆中起动内燃机的方法，通过该方法的执行使发动机的起动变得让人舒适。此外，通过本发明提出的方法在起动停止功能的范围内可减少传动系中的种种干扰因素，并提高舒适感。
上述任务是通过权利要求1中所述特征加以解决的。本发明的其它发展和优点见各从属权利要求中所述。
由此建议：在单纯的电行驶运行中在按负载换挡期间经由电机起动内燃机。在内燃机可经过一个离合器而与电机连接的车辆中，上述过程则是如此实现的：闭合该离合器。
通过根据本发明将功能“按负载换挡”和“内燃机的起动”合并，提高舒适感，因为这两个功能中的任一个都是传动系中的干扰因素，而根据本发明同时实施这两个功能。
在采用按现有技术执行的按负载换挡的情况下，发动机的对于同步到新挡所需的转速匹配借助于参与的换挡元件和发动机力矩干涉(Momenteingriff)予以实现。
例如在一种拉动式升挡(Zug-Hochschaltung)的情况下，首先提高正在接通的换挡元件的传递能力以承受负载，与此同时降低正在断开的换挡元件的传递能力，在通过正在接通的换挡元件承受负载之后，便利用换挡元件和发动机力矩干涉以实现发动机的转速匹配。在混合式车辆的混合式运行中进行按负载换挡时，发动机是由内燃机和电机形成的，而在单纯的电运行中进行按负载换挡时，则执行电机的转速匹配。然后，将正在断开的换挡元件完全打开并且将正在接通的换挡元件完全闭合。
根据现有技术，内燃机和/或电机在这种按负载换挡的情况下在换挡期间按一种行驶额定转矩的预定值保持力矩引导的状态，并从换挡过程控制方面实现相应的力矩干涉。
根据本发明的一项有利的发展，对于在内燃机和与变速器相连的电机之间安置一个离合器的混合式车辆提出如下建议：在进行按负载换挡时，电机的对于同步到新挡所需的转速匹配通过电机在转速调节模式中的转速匹配实施，该电机经过转速调节之后而被引导到目标转速或新挡的连接转速(同步转速)上，从而使正在接通的换挡元件被同步，并且在转速匹配过程中内燃机通过在内燃机和电机之间设置的离合器的闭合而被起动。
根据本发明，将处于内燃机和电机之间的离合器上的力矩作为预控制力矩引导给电机的转速调节器，在离合器接合之后内燃机力矩便可作为用于转速调节器的预控制力矩。作为用于转速调节的其它预控制力矩，还有参与换挡的离合器的朝向电机作用的那些转矩。
有利的做法是，与升挡的执行方式无关，在升挡时可以将电机的惯性力矩用作为对内燃机的起动力矩。
此外，电机的转速曲线根据本发明如此设计的，就是电机的转速以小的梯度进入目标转速。
当电机的转速达到目标转速或正在接通的挡的同步转速时，将电机再次转移到转矩调节模式中并且正在接通的换挡元件完全闭合。在按负载换挡结束后，内燃机和电机经过新的变速挡而与变速器的从动端相联。
本发明提出的在混合式车辆的单纯电行驶运行中在按负载换挡过程中对内燃机的起动可以有利地在一种起动/停止功能的范围内加以执行。这意味着：该车辆首先在单纯的电运行中行驶，当行驶速度超过一个阈值时或者当驾驶者要求更多转矩时，则实施按负载换挡，与之同时起动内燃机。
由于内燃机在起动，与此同时变速器中的换挡元件处于打滑，所以内燃机可有利地与从动端断开联接，并表现得很舒适，因为这时输出转矩通过变速器中换挡元件的状态确定。
通过本发明提出的在按负载换挡时的电机转速调节概念，缩短了换挡时间，这是因为电机可以精确地和动态地实现转速调节。此外，通过电机的转速平稳地达到目标转速或新挡的同步转速，确保特别高的换挡舒适感，这是因为在正在接通的换挡元件在进入接合的那一瞬间，由于发动机的惯性力矩所造成的内燃机和电机的动力学力矩的变化只经历微小的改变。本发明提出的方法的另一个优点在于：与按现有技术的包含力矩干涉的按负载换挡相比，按负载换挡过程可以更简单地变换和调整。
附图说明
下面将参照附图示例性地对本发明做详细说明。附图表示：
图1并联式混合动力车辆的传动系的简单示意图；
图2在拉动式升挡情况下电动机转速曲线示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，并联式混合动力车辆的传动系包含一个内燃机1和至少一个电机2，电机是依顺序依次接通的，其中内燃机1通过一个离合器K1的打开可以与电机2和从而与传动系脱开联接。
沿着能流方向在电机2之后安置一个负载控制变速器3，如在用以表明本发明的方法的简化示意图中所示，该负载控制变速器包含一个用于待接入的新挡的、正在接通的离合器K_新以及一个用于旧挡的、正在断开的离合器K_旧，为每一个离合器或为每一个挡配属一个具有变速比i_新或i_旧的变速级。在图1中，负载控制变速器3的从动端以附图标记4表示。
如前已述及的，根据本发明，内燃机在单纯电行驶运转中在按负载换挡过程中经由电机被起动，在图1所示的传动系中这一点是通过离合器K1的闭合予以实现的。
按负载换挡可以如此实现：电机2的对于同步到新挡所需的转速匹配通过电机2在转速调节模式中的转速匹配实施，下面还将参照从i_旧向i_新的拉动式升挡来说明这一情况。
根据本发明，换挡如同常规换挡一样开始；首先提高正在接通的离合器K_新的传递能力以承受负载，与此同时降低正在断开的离合器K_旧的传递能力。在通过离合器K_新以实现承受负载之后，便可将电机2从力矩引导的模式转移到一种转速调节模式，从而可在这一转速调节模式中实行电机2的转速匹配；电机2经过转速调节之后而被引导到目标转速上或者说被引导到新挡的同步转速上；与此同时，将正在断开的换挡元件K_旧完全打开。在电机的这一转速调节阶段，离合器K1被闭合，从而使内燃机被起动。
在此离合器K1上的力矩作为预控制力矩引导给电机2的转速调节器，在离合器K1接合(Haften)之后，将内燃机1的力矩作为用于转速调节器的预控制力矩；参与换挡的离合器K_旧和K_新的朝向电机2作用的力矩也可作为其它的用于转速调节的预控制力矩。此外，还可做如下设定：将电机2的惯性力矩用作用于内燃机的起动力矩。
在电机2在转速调节模式中的转速匹配方面，转速曲线最好如此设计，使得转速以一个小的梯度进入目标转速、即进入到新挡的连接转速。电机2的额定转速的示例性曲线n_EM作为时间t的函数，见图2所示。n_旧挡表示在接入旧挡(即在闭合离合器K_旧)时电机2的转速；n_新挡表示在需要执行的拉动式升挡时新挡的同步转速。
当接着转速达到同步转速n_新挡时，将电机2转移到力矩调节模式中，而离合器K_新完全闭合，从而使这时已起动的内燃机1和电机2则经过新的变速器挡而与变速器的从动端相联。
在拉动式降挡(Zug-Rückschaltung)情况下，优选首先减小正在断开的离合器K_旧的传递能力，一旦在离合器K_旧上识别到打滑，那么将电机2从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式。然后提高电机2的转速，直到一个超过正在接通的离合器K_新上的同步转速的转速，因为在离合器K_新上需要一个正的转速差，以使该离合器能够传递拉动力矩。
在下一步骤中，提高正在接通的离合器K_新的传递能力，并进一步减小正在断开的离合器K_旧的传递能力，使得通过离合器K_新实现连续的负载承受。在通过正在接通的离合器K_新而实现承受负载之后，将正在断开的离合器K_旧完全打开，并将电机的转速导引到正在接通的离合器K_新上的同步转速。如已述及的，在电机的转速调节阶段中将离合器K1闭合，从而使内燃机被起动。
当达到同步转速时，再次将电机转移到力矩调节模式中并将正在接通的离合器K_新完全闭合。
针对推动式降挡(Schub-Rückschaltung)的情况，首先提高正在接通的离合器K_新的传递能力以承受负载；与此同时降低正在断开的离合器K_旧的传递能力。在通过离合器K_新承受负载之后，便将电机从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式，并将正在断开的离合器K_旧完全打开。然后将电机经过转速调节后导引到同步转速，其中转速优选以小的梯度进入目标转速。当达到同步转速时，便再次将电机转移到力矩调节模式中，并将正在接通的离合器K_新完全闭合。
推动式升挡(Schub-Hochschaltung)和一种拉动式降挡在原理性过程中是相似的，不同之处在于：转矩的符号不同，转速曲线朝不同的方向行进。在推动式升挡时首先连续地降低正在断开的离合器K_旧的传递能力，其中一旦在离合器K_旧上识别到打滑，便将电机从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式，在此转速调节模式中转速降低到一个低于正在接通的换挡元件K_新上的同步转速的转速，因为需要一个负的转速差，以使正在接通的换挡元件能够传递力矩。接着提高正在接通的换挡元件K_新的传递能力并且降低正在断开的换挡元件K_旧的传递能力，从而通过换挡元件K_新实现连续的负载承受。
在通过正在接通的离合器K_新执行承受负载后，将正在断开的离合器K_旧完全打开，并将电机的转速在转速调节模式中导引到正在接通的离合器K_新上的同步转速。当达到同步转速时，将电机再次转移到力矩调节模式中，并将正在接通的离合器K_新完全闭合。
附图标记清单
1内燃机
2电机
3负载控制变速器
4负载控制变速器的从动端
K1离合器
K_新离合器
K_旧离合器
n_EM电机的转速
n_旧挡在接入旧挡的情况下电机的转速
n_新挡新挡的同步转速
i-旧变速比
i_新变速比

Claims (11)

1.在并联式混合动力车辆中起动内燃机的方法，其特征在于：
在单纯的电行驶运行中在按负载换挡期间，经由电机(2)起动内燃机(1)。
2.按权利要求1所述的在并联式混合动力车辆中起动内燃机的方法，其特征在于：对于这种情况，即内燃机(1)能够经过离合器(K1)与已与变速器(3)相连的电机(2)相连，在按负载换挡过程中闭合离合器(K1)。
3.按权利要求2所述的在并联式混合动力车辆中起动内燃机的方法，其特征在于：
在按负载换挡时，电机(2)的对于同步到新挡所需的转速匹配通过电机(2)在转速调节模式中的转速匹配实施，并且在电机(2)的转速匹配过程中通过离合器(K1)的闭合来起动内燃机(1)。
4.按权利要求3所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：
转速曲线是如此设计的，使电机(2)的转速(n_EM)以小的梯度进入目标转速(n_新挡)。
5.按权利要求3或4所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：
将离合器(K1)上的力矩作为预控制力矩引导给电机(2)的转速调节器，在离合器(K1)接合之后将内燃机(1)的力矩用作用于转速调节器的预控制力矩，并且参与换挡的离合器(K_旧)和(K_新)的朝向电机(2)作用的力矩也作为其它的用于转速调节的预控制力矩。
6.按权利要求3、4或5所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：
当电机(2)的转速(n_EM)达到目标转速或正在接通的挡的同步转速(n_新挡)时，将电机(2)转移到力矩调节模式并且将正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)完全闭合。
7.按以上权利要求中任一项所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：在升挡时电机(2)的惯性力矩用作对内燃机(1)的起动力矩。
8.按以上权利要求3至7中任一项所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：针对拉动式升挡的情况，提高正在接通的离合器(K_新)的传递能力以承受负载，同时降低正在断开的离合器(K_旧)的传递能力；在通过正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)实现承受负载之后，将电机(2)转移到转速调节模式中并且实施电机(2)的转速匹配，以便达到正在接通的挡的同步转速，从而将电机(2)经过转速调节后引导到目标转速或新挡的同步转速，同时将正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)完全打开。
9.按以上权利要求3至7中任一项所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：针对拉动式降挡的情况，降低正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)的传递能力，一旦在正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)上识别到打滑，便将电机(2)从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式，然后将电机(2)的转速一直提高到正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)上的同步转速以上的一个转速；在下一步骤中，提高正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)的传递能力，并进一步降低正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)的传递能力，从而通过正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)实现连续的负载承受；在通过正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)实现负载承受之后，将正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)完全打开，并将电机(2)的转速引导到正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)上的同步转速。
10.按以上权利要求3至7中任一项所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：针对推动式降挡的情况，提高正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)的传递能力，与此同时降低正在断开的离合器(K_旧)的传递能力，在通过正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)承受负载之后，将电机(2)从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式并且将正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)完全打开，然后将电机(2)经过转速调节后引导到同步转速，与此同时将正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)完全打开。
11.按以上权利要求3至7中任一项所述的执行按负载换挡的方法，其特征在于：针对推动式升挡的情况，首先连续降低正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)的传递能力，一旦在正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)上识别到打滑，便将电机(2)从力矩引导的模式转移到转速调节模式，在此转速调节模式中将转速一直降低到一个低于正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)上的同步转速的转速，然后提高正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)的传递能力并且降低正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)的传递能力，从而通过(K_新)实现连续的负载承受，并且在通过正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)实现负载承受之后，将正在断开的换挡元件(K_旧)完全打开，将电机(2)的转速在转速调节模式中引导到正在接通的换挡元件(K_新)上的同步转速。
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CN104696130A (zh) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-10 大众汽车有限公司 用于启动汽车的内燃机的方法和汽车
CN104696130B (zh) * 2013-12-06 2017-05-24 大众汽车有限公司 用于启动汽车的内燃机的方法和汽车
CN110691922A (zh) * 2017-06-01 2020-01-14 舍弗勒技术股份两合公司 识别车辆的自动化的在未操作的情况下闭合的离合器、优选混动车的混动分离离合器的已执行的自我再调节的方法
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CN108437973A (zh) * 2018-02-11 2018-08-24 中国第汽车股份有限公司 混合动力商用车行车起机控制方法
CN113928301A (zh) * 2021-03-31 2022-01-14 长城汽车股份有限公司 P2架构混合动力车辆的控制方法和装置、车辆
CN113928301B (zh) * 2021-03-31 2024-01-05 长城汽车股份有限公司 P2架构混合动力车辆的控制方法和装置、车辆

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