CN101668586A - 制备微胶囊的酶催方法 - Google Patents
制备微胶囊的酶催方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101668586A CN101668586A CN200880013461A CN200880013461A CN101668586A CN 101668586 A CN101668586 A CN 101668586A CN 200880013461 A CN200880013461 A CN 200880013461A CN 200880013461 A CN200880013461 A CN 200880013461A CN 101668586 A CN101668586 A CN 101668586A
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- microcapsules
- acid
- enzyme
- agent
- capsule
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Abstract
本发明涉及制备包含含有效物质的胶囊芯和含聚合物的胶囊包封的微胶囊的方法,其包括通过存在于反相细乳液中的单体的酶催聚合形成胶囊包封,以及微胶囊和分散体。本发明涉及所述微胶囊和包含微胶囊的分散体在着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革或洗涤剂和清洁剂中作为组分的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备包含含聚合物的胶囊包封和含有效物质的胶囊芯的微胶囊的方法。它进一步涉及包含可通过本发明方法得到的微胶囊和包含微胶囊的分散体。
本发明进一步涉及所述微胶囊和包含微胶囊的分散体在着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革、涂料或洗涤剂和清洁剂中作为组分的用途。
本发明包括优选特征与其他优选特征的组合。
微胶囊为非常广泛的实施方案中已知的并且取决于胶囊壁的不透性而用于各种目的。例如,它们用于保护仅通过胶囊包封的目标性机械破坏而释放的芯材料,例如用于复印纸或胶囊化芳香剂的染料前体。在这种应用领域中,已知基于白明胶、聚氨酯树脂、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂和聚丙烯酸酯的胶囊包封材料。对于用于植物或药物活性化合物,对壁材料存在与芯材料不同的要求,而不管胶囊包封的渗透性,这允许活性化合物的可控释放和目标性输送。就这一点而言,除通过化学方法制备的胶囊外,还已知机械物理制备方法。
通常已知化学或物理方法用于制备微胶囊。在物理方法的情况下,通常将溶解的聚合物施涂在待胶囊化的材料上并通过物理方法如喷雾干燥或溶剂提取转化成固体胶囊壁。在化学方法的情况下,固体胶囊壁由于化学反应,例如通过单体聚合而在待胶囊化的原料上形成。不需要形成固体微胶囊的其他物理步骤。
包含含聚合物的胶囊包封和含有效物质的胶囊芯的微胶囊和它们的制备方法通常已知。这种类型的微胶囊可起始于用于胶囊包封的聚合进料制备。
例如EP 1421990涉及一种制备微胶囊的方法,其中将分散在多元醇中的聚酯用分散在多元醇中的酶作为有效物质乳化。
US 4,637,905涉及一种制备1-2000μm的微胶囊的方法,其中制备用蛋白质作为有效物质的聚乳酸分散体,一些溶剂蒸发掉,并且最终将浓缩分散体加入用于有效物质胶囊化的第三种溶剂中。
WO 2002/069922涉及具有含氧化还原酶的含水芯和含聚酯包封的微胶囊。制备通过用溶于有机溶剂中的聚酯将酶水溶液乳化,随后将初级乳液引入含水溶剂中,然后除去有机溶剂而进行。
EP 1275378涉及一种制备粒状结构的物理方法,其中制备合成酶与烷基辅酶A的乳液,然后聚合,最后通过除去溶剂制备粒状结构。
US 6,022,500涉及制备聚合微球的物理方法,其中首先在单体乳液中制备聚合微球并分离,然后使其与物质溶液接触使得微球因此装填由此物质。
酶用于单体在水乳溶液中聚合通常,例如由WO 2004/035801、WO2006/058697或WO 2006/058696已知。这里,每种情况下形成具有大块聚合物基质的聚合物粒子。
DE 102005007374涉及芯-壳类型的纳米粒子。壳定义为疏水且生物相容的聚合物。聚合物例如为聚丙烯酸酯、聚环氧化物、聚氨酯或聚酯。芯定义为由壳的聚合物包住的活性物质。制备通过自由基聚合、加聚、缩聚或酶催或阴离子聚合进行。没有说明方法或实例的详细情况。
本发明的目的是提供一种制备包含含聚合物的胶囊包封和含有效物质的胶囊芯的微胶囊的新方法。特别是,本发明的目的是提供其中含聚合物的胶囊包封基本上由仅胶囊化期间的单体组成的方法。其他方面的目的是在温和反应条件下制备含聚合物的胶囊包封,使得甚至敏感的有效物质可胶囊化。
此目的通过一种制备包含含有效物质的胶囊芯和含聚合物的胶囊包封的微胶囊的方法实现,其包括通过存在于反相细乳液中的单体酶催聚合形成胶囊包封。
通过本发明方法,通常制备微胶囊组。本发明方法通常导致相同或近似的成型微胶囊。本发明制备的微胶囊可呈现任何所需形状。它们在形状上优选基本球形,例如理想球形。
本发明制备的微胶囊包含胶囊包封和胶囊芯。根据本发明,目的还有得到包含至少一个胶囊包封和至少一个胶囊芯的微胶囊。因此,微胶囊可例如具有一个胶囊芯和两个胶囊包封。同样,微胶囊可例如具有相互相邻或一个在另一个中的多个胶囊芯,例如两个胶囊芯,和相互相邻或一个在另一个中的多个胶囊包封,例如两个胶囊包封。优选,微胶囊包含一个胶囊包封和一个胶囊芯。本发明方法通常导致相同或近似组成的微胶囊。由于本发明方法制备微胶囊集,几个独立的微胶囊可在它们组成方面变化,并且可例如甚至不包含胶囊芯。
微胶囊的平均直径(可通过1重量%浓度微胶囊水分散体光散射作为数均测定,其可通过将微胶囊用水稀释并且如果合适的话分离有机相而得到)可在宽范围内变化。它通常大于0.1μm,优选大于0.6μm,特别优选大于0.8μm。直径优选0.1-2000μm,优选0.6-1000μm,特别是0.8-800μm。当需要较高的微胶囊机械稳定性时,优选较低范围内的胶囊直径。优选较高范围的直径以将尽可能多的胶囊内容物包入很少的壁材料中。
胶囊包封的厚度可在宽范围内变化。它通常为胶囊半径的0.1-90%,优选0.5-20%(可借助光/电子显微镜或光散射测定)。
微胶囊表面可具有官能团。它优选很少官能化,特别是未官能化,以防止在储存或使用期间共价或离子相互作用。如果表面很小官能化,则优选小于0.02个官能团位于每nm2面积上(可例如通过借助滴定、通过用着色试剂标记或如果基团具有电荷,则通过测量电泳迁移率或电势来量化官能团而测定)。根据本发明,表面上的官能团应当理解意指以既定方式由特定单体引入聚合物表面的那些。自然存在包封聚合物的末端醇、酸或酯基团。
胶囊芯包含至少一种有效物质。这里,有效物质通常以固体、溶解、乳化或分散形式存在于芯中。在一个优选实施方案中,胶囊芯包含至少一种有效物质和至少一种惰性物质,其优选液体。适合的多项物质例如为存在于本发明方法中的所有化合物:分散剂、极性和/或非极性液体、水或催化有效酶。特别是,胶囊芯包含至少一种有效物质和至少一种极性溶剂。胶囊芯也可包含不完全聚合的单体。根据一个实施方案,胶囊芯包含至少一种形成反相细乳液分散相的极性液体。
根据本发明,在制备微胶囊的方法中,使用催化存在于反相细乳液中的单体聚合,同时形成胶囊包封的酶。
对于酶的说明,使用“Nomenclature Committee of the InternationalUnion of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology(NC-IUBMB)”开发的EC类。
适合的酶为所有酶类,优选水解酶和氧化还原酶,特别优选水解酶。不同酶类的混合物也适合。
适合的水解酶[EC3.x.x.x]例如为酯酶[EC 3.1.x.x]、蛋白酶[EC 3.4.x.x]、与不同于肽键的C-N键反应的水解酶[EC 3.5.x.x]或与酸酐反应的水解酶[EC 3.6.x.x]。根据本发明,特别有利地使用羧酯酯酶[EC 3.1.1.1]、脂肪酶[EC 3.1.1.3]或角质酶[EC 3.1.1.47]。其实例为来自无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)、假丝酵母(Candida sp.)、南极假丝酵母(Candida antarctica)、毛霉属(Mucor sp.)、青霉菌(Peniciliumsp.)、地霉属(Geotricum sp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus sp.)、伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、洋葱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas cepacia)、嗜热真菌属(Thermomyces sp.)的脂肪酶、猪胰腺或小麦胚芽以及来自芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)、伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.)、毛霉属(Mucorsp.)、酵母菌属(Saccharomyces sp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus sp.)、热厌氧菌属(Thermoanaerobium sp.)的羧酯酯酶、猪肝脏或马肝脏。
当然可使用单一水解酶或不同水解酶的混合物。也可使用游离和/或固定形式的水解酶。
优选使用游离或固定形式的来自洋葱假单胞菌(Pseudomonascepacia)、Burkholderia platarii或南极假丝酵母(Candida Antarctica)类型B的脂肪酶(例如Novozymes A/S,Denmark的435)。
适合的氧化还原酶[EC 1.x.x.x]优选游离或固定形式的过氧化物酶[EC1.11.1.x]和漆酶[EC 1.10.3.2]。酶特异性助剂如铁盐、乙酰丙酮或过氧化氢通常为本领域技术人员已知的。
酶的总用量通常为0.001-40重量%,常常为0.1-15重量%,通常为0.5-10重量%,每种情况下基于单体总量。量取决于所用酶的纯度。工业级或固定酶通常比提纯的酶以更高量使用。本领域技术人员还将根据如何快速进行反应调整催化剂的量。
单体的酶催聚合通常,例如由Kobayashi等,Chem.Rev 2001,101,3793-3818已知。为此,本领域技术人员取决于单体类型选择催化聚合的酶。氧化还原酶例如催化酚、苯胺或乙烯属单体的聚合。水解酶例如催化二醇与二酸和二酯、二胺与二酸或二酯、内酯或碳酸酯的聚合。
酶催聚合的使用可在催化聚合的其他化合物的存在下进行。酶催聚合的使用也可在非酶催化聚合以前或以后进行。
适于与水解酶反应的单体为羟基羧酸化合物、二醇化合物或二酸化合物,特别是羟基羧酸化合物。以上单体的组合同样可能,优选二醇化合物与二酸化合物的组合。
在一个优选实施方案中,单体与为羟基羧酸化合物、二醇化合物或二酸化合物的起动剂单体组合。优选,起动剂单体为如下所述二醇化合物,特别是乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、甘油、山梨糖醇、单糖、二糖、多糖或基于2,2-二羟甲基丙酸的羟基官能树型聚酯(品级,从Perstorp市购)。
可使用的羟基羧酸化合物为具有至少一个游离醇基团和至少一个游离羧酸基团的游离羟基羧酸,它们的C1-C5烷基酯和/或它们的内酯。例如可提到羟基乙酸、D-、L-、D,L-乳酸、6-羟基己酸(6-羟基己酸)、3-羟基丁酸、3-羟基戊酸、3-羟基己酸、其环状衍生物如乙交酯(1,4-二噁烷-2,5-二酮)、D-、L-、D,L-二丙交酯(3,6-二甲基-1,4-二噁烷-2,5-二酮)、ε-己内酯、β-丁内酯、γ-丁内酯、ω-十二交酯(氧杂环十三-2-酮)、ω-十一交酯(氧杂环十二-2-酮)或ω-十五交酯(氧杂环十六-2-酮)。
适合的内酯还有分别包含两个或三个内酯基团的双-或三内酯。例如可使用(2,2’-双(ε-己内酯-4-基)丙烷。双内酯可例如根据Palmgren等,Journalof Polymer Science A,1997,35,1635-1649合成。
同样适合的有碳酸的酯,特别是线性和环状脂族碳酸酯,优选碳酸的C1-C8烷基酯,特别是碳酸三亚甲基酯。不与相应酶反应的碳酸酯如碳酸亚丙酯不适合作为单体。
可使用的羟基羧酸化合物还有类似于上述羟基羧酸化合物的硫代羧酸和它的酯和硫内酯。
当然也可使用不同羟基羧酸化合物的混合物。
优选的羟基羧酸化合物为内酯,特别是C2-C18亚烷基内酯,非常特别优选ε-己内酯。
可使用的二羧酸化合物原则上为具有至少两个羧酸基团(羧基;-COOH)的所有C2-C40脂族、C3-C20脂环族、芳族或杂芳族化合物或其衍生物。所用衍生物特别是上述二羧酸的C1-C10烷基,优选甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基、单-或二酯,以及相应的二羧酸酐。
二羧酸化合物的实例为乙二酸(草酸)、丙二酸(丙二酸)、丁二酸(琥珀酸)、戊二酸(戊二酸)、己二酸(己二酸)、庚二酸(庚二酸)、辛二酸(辛二酸)、壬二酸(壬二酸)、癸二酸(癸二酸)、十一烷二酸、十二烷二酸、十三烷二酸(巴西基酸)、C32-二聚脂肪酸、苯-1,2-二羧酸(邻苯二甲酸)、苯-1,3-二羧酸(间苯二甲酸)或苯-1,4-二羧酸(对苯二甲酸),其甲基酯,例如乙二酸二甲酯、丙二酸二甲酯、丁二酸二甲酯、戊二酸二甲酯、己二酸二甲酯、庚二酸二甲酯、辛二酸二甲酯、壬二酸二甲酯、癸二酸二甲酯、十一烷二酸二甲酯、十二烷二酸二甲酯、十三烷二酸二甲酯、C32-二聚脂肪酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸二甲酯或对苯二甲酸二甲酯,及其酐,例如丁二羧酸酐、戊二羧酸酐或邻苯二甲酸酐。当然也可使用上述二羧酸化合物的混合物。具有至少两个游离羧基的低聚酯和聚酯,特别是羧基封端的低聚-和聚酯同样可用作二羧酸组分。同样,也可使用多羧酸如柠檬酸和丁四羧酸的酯。
优选使用游离二羧酸,特别是C4-C36脂族二羧酸,特别是丁二酸、己二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸和它们相应的二甲基和二乙基酯。
可使用的二醇化合物为具有2-18个碳原子,优选4-14个碳原子的支化或线性链烷烃,具有5-20个碳原子的环烷烃或包含至少两个醇基团的芳族化合物。
适合的链烷二醇的实例为乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,2-丁二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,7-庚二醇、1,8-辛二醇、1,9-壬二醇、1,10-癸二醇、1,11-十一烷二醇、1,12-十二烷二醇、1,13-十三烷二醇、2,4-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇(新戊二醇)、2-乙基-2-丁基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-2-异丁基-1,3-丙二醇或2,2,4-三甲基-1,6-己二醇。特别适合的有乙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇和2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、1,6-己二醇或1,12-十二烷二醇。
环烷二醇的实例为1,2-环戊二醇、1,3-环戊二醇、1,2-环己二醇、1,3-环己二醇、1,4-环己二醇、1,2-环己烷二甲醇(1,2-二羟甲基环己烷)、1,3-环己烷二甲醇(1,3-二羟甲基环己烷)、1,4-环己烷二甲醇(1,4-二羟甲基环己烷)或2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇。
适合的芳族二醇的实例为1,4-二羟基苯、1,3-二羟基苯、1,2-二羟基苯、双酚A(2,2-双(4-羟基苯基)丙烷)、1,3-二羟基萘、1,5-二羟基萘或1,7-二羟基萘。
然而,可使用的二醇化合物还有聚醚二醇,例如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、聚乙二醇(具有大于4个氧化乙烯单元)、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、聚丙二醇(具有大于4个氧化丙烯单元)和聚四氢呋喃(聚THF),特别是二乙二醇、三乙二醇和聚乙二醇(具有大于4个氧化乙烯单元)。数均分子量(Mn)通常为200-10000,优选600-5000g/摩尔的化合物用作聚THF、聚乙二醇或聚丙二醇。
具有至少两个游离醇基团的低聚酯和聚酯,优选二羟基封端的低聚-和聚酯同样适合。
适合的具有大于两个醇基团的二醇化合物的其他实例为甘油、山梨糖醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、单糖如果糖、葡糖或甘露糖、二糖如蔗糖、低聚糖及其取代产物,或纤维素衍生物如乙酸酯。
可使用的二醇化合物还有类似于上述二醇化合物的二硫醇。
当然也可使用上述二醇化合物或二硫醇的混合物。
优选脂族链烷二醇和聚醚二醇,特别优选具有2-18个碳原子的线性和支化脂族链烷二醇,特别是乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、山梨糖醇和新戊二醇。
取决于使用二官能单体还是更高官能单体,上述单体可产生线性、支化或交联聚酯。
用于与氧化还原酶反应的适合单体为酚、苯胺和乙烯属单体。适合的酚为苯酚和单-和多取代苯酚。取代基可例如为卤素、C1-C18烷基、单-或多核芳基或胺。适合的苯胺为苯胺和单-和多取代苯胺。取代基可例如为卤素、C1-C18烷基、单-或多核芳基或羟基。适合的乙烯属单体为具有至少一个非芳族双键的化合物。实例为(甲基)丙烯酸和它的C1-C30脂族烷基酯、衣康酸和它的C1-C30脂族烷基酯或苯乙烯。适合的苯乙烯为苯乙烯和单-或多取代苯乙烯。取代基可例如为卤素、C1-C18烷基、单-或多核芳基、胺或羟基。
优选乙烯属单体,特别是(甲基)丙烯酸和它的C1-C30脂族烷基酯或苯乙烯。
单体通常以基于总混合物0.1-20重量%,优选0.5-10重量%,特别是1-5重量%存在于反应混合物中。在优选实施方案中,至少一种内酯以基于总混合物0.1-20重量%,优选0.5-10重量%,特别是1-5重量%存在。
根据本发明方法,可使用分散剂。这些原则上可以为保护胶体、乳化剂或其混合物。就这一点而言,不言而喻乳化剂和/或保护胶体的选择使得它们尤其与所用酶相容并且不使它们去活化。
聚合可在保护胶体,如果合适的话还有乳化剂的存在下进行。它们的平均摩尔质量Mw通常为500以上,优选大于1000g/摩尔。保护胶体的实例为聚乙烯醇、纤维素衍生物如羧甲基纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇、乙酸乙烯酯和/或丙酸乙烯酯在聚乙二醇上的接枝聚合物、在一端或两端用烷基、羧基或氨基封住的聚乙二醇、聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵和/或多糖,特别例如水溶性淀粉或淀粉衍生物。
所用分散剂通常仅为乳化剂。通常使用与保护胶体相反,其相对分子量通常为1000g/摩尔以下的乳化剂。它们可以为阴离子、阳离子或非离子性质。当使用界面活性物质的混合物时,单独的组分当然必须彼此相容,在有疑问的情况下可通过几个预备实验核查。通常,阴离子乳化剂彼此相容并与非离子乳化剂相容。对于阳离子乳化剂也是如此,然而大多情况下阴离子乳化剂和阳离子乳化剂彼此并不相容。
如果合适的话,聚合也可在细碎水不溶性无机乳化剂(所谓皮克林乳化剂)如硫酸钡的存在下进行。
常规非离子乳化剂例如为乙氧基化单-、二-和三烷基苯酚(乙氧基化度3-50,烷基:C4-C12)以及乙氧基化脂肪醇(乙氧基化度3-80;烷基:C8-C36)。其实例为来自BASF SE的A商标(C12-C14脂肪醇乙氧基化物,乙氧基化度3-8)、AO商标(C13-C15羰基合成醇乙氧基化物,乙氧基化度3-30)、AT商标(C16-C18脂肪醇乙氧基化物,乙氧基化度11-80)、ON商标(C10羰基合成醇乙氧基化物,乙氧基化度3-11)和TO商标(C13羰基合成醇乙氧基化物,乙氧基化度3-20)。
常规阴离子乳化剂例如为烷基硫酸盐(烷基:C8-C12)、乙氧基化链烷醇的硫酸半酯(乙氧基化度4-30,烷基:C12-C18)和乙氧基化烷基苯酚(乙氧基化度3-50,烷基:C4-C12)、烷基磺酸(烷基:C12-C18)和烷基芳基磺酸(烷基:C9-C18)的碱金属盐和铵盐。
已证明有用的其他阴离子乳化剂还有通式(I)的化合物:
其中R1和R2为H原子或C4-C24烷基并且不同时为H原子,M1和M2可以为碱金属离子和/或铵离子。在通式(I)中,R1和R2优选具有6-18个碳原子,特别是具有6、12和16个碳原子的线性或支化烷基,或氢,其中R1和R2不同时都为H原子。M1和M2优选钠、钾或铵,其中特别优选钠。其中M1和M2为钠,R1为具有12个碳原子的支化烷基且R2为H原子或R1的化合物(I)特别有利。通常使用单烷基化产物含量为50-90重量%的工业级混合物如2A1(Dow Chemical Company的商标)。
适合的阳离子乳化剂通常为具有C6-C18烷基-、-烷基芳基或杂环基的阳离子盐,例如伯、仲、叔、季铵盐、链烷醇铵盐、吡啶鎓盐、咪唑啉鎓盐、噁唑啉鎓盐、吗啉鎓盐、噻唑啉鎓盐,和胺氧化物的盐、喹啉鎓盐、异喹啉鎓盐、鎓盐、锍盐和鏻盐。例如可提到十二烷基乙酸铵或相应硫酸盐、各种2-(N,N,N-三甲基铵)乙基链烷酸酯的硫酸盐或乙酸盐、N-鲸蜡基吡啶鎓硫酸盐、N-月桂基吡啶鎓硫酸盐,以及N-鲸蜡基-N,N,N-三甲基硫酸铵、N-十二烷基-N,N,N-三甲基硫酸铵、N-辛基-N,N,N-三甲基硫酸铵、N,N-二硬脂基-N,N-二甲基硫酸铵,以及Gemini表面活性剂N,N’-(月桂基二甲基)乙二胺二硫酸盐、乙氧基化牛油脂肪烷基-N-甲基硫酸铵和乙氧基化油基胺(例如来自BASF Aktiengesellschaft的AC,约12个氧化乙烯单元)。基本上阴离子抗衡基团为尽可能少亲核的,例如高氯酸根、硫酸根、磷酸根、硝酸根和羧酸根,例如乙酸根、三氟乙酸根、三氯乙酸根、丙酸根、草酸根、柠檬酸根、苯甲酸根,以及有机磺酸的共轭阴离子如甲基磺酸根、三氟甲基磺酸根和对甲苯磺酸根,还有四氟硼酸根、四苯基硼酸根、四(五氟苯基)硼酸根、四-[双(3,5-三氟甲基)苯基]硼酸根、六氟磷酸根、六氟砷酸根或六氟锑酸根。
优选的乳化剂为非离子乳化剂,特别是乙氧基化醇和脱水山梨糖醇酯,特别优选乙氧基化脂肪醇和脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯。非常特别优选的混合物包含乙氧基化醇和脱水山梨糖醇酯。在一个优选实施方案中,混合物包含乙氧基化醇和脱水山梨糖醇酯。
在其他优选实施方案中,基于聚异丁烯与马来酸酐的最终反应产物(PIBSA)和二(烷基)乙醇胺的聚合物适合。在其他优选实施方案中,适合的有嵌段共聚物,如Macromolecules 38(16),6882-6887所述,基于异戊二烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的嵌段共聚物,如WO 2008/009424所述,或聚((乙烯-共-丁烯)-嵌段-氧化乙烯)。
优选用作分散剂的乳化剂有利地以0.005-20重量%,优选0.01-15重量%,特别是0.1-10重量%的总量使用,每种情况下基于总混合物。
除乳化剂外或代替乳化剂,用作分散剂的保护胶体的总量通常为0.1-10重量%,常常为0.2-7重量%,每种情况下基于总混合物。
其中存在单体的本发明反相细乳液包含连续非极性相和不连续极性相。极性相包含极性液体,非极性相包含非极性液体。
有效物质主要以固体、溶解、乳化或分散形式存在于不连续相中。单体、分散剂或酶可以以分布形式存在或仅存在于两个相之一中或存在于两相中,或存在于两个相的界面上。在一个优选实施方案中,单体以至少50重量%,优选至少60重量%,特别是至少80重量%存在于极性相中。
在其他优选实施方案中,极性液体由至少一种单体和至少一种有效物质组成。
本发明反相细乳液的不连续相的滴平均大小可优选通过在1重量%细乳液上准弹性动态光散射原理测定,其可通过将反相细乳液用相应连续相稀释,并且如果合适的话分离有机相得到(所谓自关联函数的单峰分析的数均滴直径dz)。其他测定方法为光或电子显微镜以及场流分馏法。根据本发明这样确定的反相细乳液的dz值通常为10000nm以下,常常为1000nm以下,在大多情况下为500nm以下。根据本发明,2000-1000nm的dz范围有利。通常,本发明待用的反相细乳液的dz为40nm以上。
适合的极性液体为在反应条件下在连续非极性相中溶解度为40重量%以下,优选10重量%以下,特别是1重量%以下(每种情况下基于连续相的总量),使得存在分开的不连续极性相的那些。在一个优选实施方案中,极性液体在20℃下溶解胶囊包封的聚合物至多至10重量%,优选至多至3重量%,特别是至多至0.5重量%,每种情况下基于聚合物的总质量。
适合的极性液体例如为单醇,例如C3-C6链烷醇,特别是叔丁醇和叔戊醇、吡啶,聚-C1-C4亚烷基二醇二-C1-C4烷基醚,特别是聚乙二醇二-C1-C4烷基醚,例如二甲氧基乙烷、二乙二醇二甲基醚、聚乙二醇二甲基醚500,C2-C4亚烷基碳酸酯,特别是碳酸亚丙酯,C3-C6烷基乙酸酯,特别是乙酸叔丁酯,丙酮,1,4-二噁烷,1,3-二氧戊环,四氢呋喃,二甲氧基甲烷,二甲氧基乙烷,含水缓冲剂或水。当然也可使用上述溶剂的混合物。适合的极性液体还有上述单体或其混合物。
极性液体也可例如包含所用有效物质,或可由它组成。优选的极性液体为碳酸亚丙酯和含碳酸亚丙酯的混合物。
在一个优选实施方案中,极性液体为一种或多种单体。
如果所用单体为内酯,则极性液体包含小于5重量%,优选小于1重量%,特别是小于0.1重量%水。
如果极性液体包含水,则如果含水反应介质在室温(20-25℃)下的pH为2-11,常常为3-9,通常为6-8的话有利。特别是,在含水反应介质中,pH的确定使在该pH下酶具有高催化活性和长使用寿命。适于调整pH的措施,即加入相应量的酸如硫酸,碱如碱金属氢氧化物,特别是氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾的水溶液,或缓冲物质如磷酸二氢钾/磷酸氢二钠、乙酸/乙酸钠、氢氧化铵/氯化铵、磷酸二氢钾/氢氧化钠、硼砂/盐酸、硼砂/氢氧化钠或三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷/盐酸为本领域技术人员所熟知。
为进一步提高极性相的极性,它可额外包含所谓亲水剂。适合的亲水剂例如为有机或无机盐或不带电荷的非常极性的化合物。无机盐的实例为亚硝酸钠、氯化钠、氯化钾、氯化锂、氯化铷。有机盐的实例为三烷基铵盐、离子性液体如乙基甲基咪唑鎓盐,或在主链或侧链中具有化学计量的阴离子和阳离子基团比例的低聚物。优选不降低酶的催化活性的亲水剂。
适合的非极性液体为在反应条件下在不连续相中的溶解度为10重量%以下,优选1重量%以下,特别是0.1重量%以下(每种情况下基于连续相的总量),使得存在分开的连续极性相的那些。
适合的非极性液体例如为具有5-30个碳原子的液体脂族或芳族烃,例如正戊烷和异构体、环戊烷、正己烷和异构体、环己烷、正庚烷和异构体、正辛烷和异构体、正壬烷和异构体、正癸烷和异构体、正十二烷和异构体、正十四烷和异构体、正十六烷和异构体、正十八烷和异构体、苯、甲苯、乙苯、异丙基苯、邻-、间-或对二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯。
适合的还有沸点为30-250℃的烃混合物,例如部分氢化矿物油馏分(例如商标,Exxon Mobil)。适合的还有烯烃如异聚丁烯或C6-C30α烯烃。同样可使用羟基化合物,例如具有10-28个碳原子的饱和和不饱和脂肪醇,例如正十二醇、正十四醇、正十六醇及其异构体或鲸蜡醇,酯,例如酸结构部分具有10-28个碳原子且醇结构部分具有1-10个碳原子的脂肪酸酯或羧酸结构部分具有1-10个碳原子且醇结构部分具有10-28个碳原子的羧酸与脂肪醇的酯。其他适合的非极性液体为石蜡油(线性烃混合物)、硅油(聚硅氧烷)、全氟烃、氟硅油、全氟化聚醚、氟硅烷或硅氧烷如二甲基硅氧烷。
优选的非极性液体为具有5-30个碳原子的液体脂族和芳族烃,特别是部分氢化矿物油馏分。在其他优选实施方案中,非极性液体为石蜡油。
当然也可使用上述溶剂的混合物。
极性和非极性液体总量的选择使得总混合物达到100重量%。它基于总混合物通常为10-90重量%,优选40-70重量%。
这里,极性与非极性液体的定量比的选择使得形成基本包含极性液体的不连续相。在一个优选实施方案中,使用20-80重量%,优选40-70重量%非极性液体,每种情况下基于总混合物。在其他优选实施方案中,使用20-80重量%,优选30-60重量%极性液体,每种情况下基于总混合物。在其他优选实施方案中,使用20-80重量%,优选35-55重量%烃混合物和20-70重量%,优选30-60重量%碳酸亚丙酯,每种情况下基于总混合物。这里必须确保细乳液不经受转相,即疏水性连续相不转变成分散相。
在本发明上下文中,有效物质应当理解意指在本发明产物的商业用途中带来使用者所需效果的物质。
有效物质例如为着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革或洗涤剂和清洁剂。
着色剂的实例为染料、印刷油墨、颜料、UV吸收剂、荧光增白剂或IR染料。而有机染料在400-850nm的波长范围内具有吸收最大值,荧光增白剂在250-400nm内具有1个或多个吸收最大值。如已知,荧光增白剂经UV光照射,发出可见范围内的荧光光束。荧光增白剂的实例为来自双苯乙烯基苯、芪、苯并噁唑、香豆素、芘和萘类的化合物。适合的还有液体标记剂,例如矿物油标记剂。通常,UV吸收剂应当理解意指吸收UV射线的化合物,其以非照射方式将吸收的射线去活化。这种化合物例如用于防晒组合物中和用于稳定有机聚合物。
其他适合的有效物质为化妆品。化妆品为仅仅或者主要意欲外部施用至人体或他/她的口腔以清洁、护理、保护、保持良好状态、散发香味、改变外观或影响体味的物质或物质的制剂。适合的还例如有昆虫趋避剂如icaridin或N,N-二乙基-间-甲苯酰胺(DEET)。
此外,所有药物可用作有效物质。
作物保护剂和肥料也可用作有效物质。适合的作物保护剂为杀螨剂、除海藻剂、杀蚜虫剂、杀菌剂、杀真菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂、软体动物杀灭剂、杀线虫剂、发芽抑制剂、安全剂或生长调节剂。杀真菌剂为杀灭真菌和它们的孢子或抑制它们生长的化合物。杀虫剂为其效果特别针对昆虫和它们的发展形式的化合物。除草剂应当理解意指通常为在它们特定地方为不想要的所有野生和栽培植物(有害植物)具有活性的化合物。
肥料的实例为矿物单-或多营养肥料、有机和有机-矿物肥料或具有痕量营养的肥料。
在优选实施方案中,有效物质为作物保护剂或作物保护剂的混合物。在其他优选实施方案中,作物保护剂优选除草剂、杀虫剂或杀真菌剂。
下列作物保护剂显示可能的活性化合物,但不意欲限于这些。
杀真菌剂选自:
A)嗜球果伞素类(strobilurins):
腈嘧菌酯(azoxystrobin)、醚菌胺(dimoxystrobin)、烯肟菌酯(enestroburin)、氟嘧菌酯(fluoxastrobin)、亚胺菌(kresoxim-methyl)、叉氨苯酰胺(metominostrobin)、肟醚菌胺(orysastrobin)、啶氧菌酯(picoxystrobin)、唑菌胺酯(pyraclostrobin)、pyribencarb、肟菌酯(trifloxystrobin)、2-(2-(6-(3-氯-2-甲基苯氧基)-5-氟-嘧啶-4-基氧基)-苯基)-2-甲氧基亚氨基-N-甲基乙酰胺、2-(邻(2,5-二甲基苯基氧基亚甲基)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯、3-甲氧基-2-(2-(N-(4-甲氧基苯基)-环丙烷羧酰胺基硫甲基)苯基)丙烯酸甲基酯、2-(2-(3-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1-甲基亚烯丙基氨基氧基甲基)苯基)-2-甲氧基亚氨基-N-甲基乙酰胺;
B)羧酰胺类:
-羧酰苯胺类:苯霜灵(benalaxyl)、精苯霜灵(benalaxyl-M)、麦锈灵(benodanil)、bixafen、啶酰菌胺(boscalid)、萎锈灵(carboxin)、呋菌胺(fenfuram)、环酰菌胺(fenhexamid)、氟酰胺(flutolanil)、呋吡唑灵(furametpyr)、isopyrazam、异噻菌胺(isotianil)、kiralaxyl、丙氧灭绣胺(mepronil)、甲霜灵(metalaxyl)、精甲霜灵(metalaxyl-M)、甲呋酰胺(ofurace)、噁霜灵(oxadixyl)、氧化萎锈灵(oxycarboxin)、吡噻菌胺(penthiopyrad)、叶枯酞(tecloftalam)、溴氟唑菌(thifluzamide)、噻酰菌胺(tiadinil)、2-氨基-4-甲基噻唑-5-羧酰苯胺、2-氯-N-(1,1,3-三甲基茚满-4-基)烟碱、(2′,4′-二氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′,4′-二氯联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′,5′-二氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′,5′-二氯联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(3′,5′-二氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(3′,5′-二氯联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(3′-氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(3′-氯联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′-氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′-氯联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(3′,4′,5′-三氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(2′,4′,5′-三氟联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、[2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-六氟丙氧基)苯基]3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、[2-(1,1,2,2-四氟乙氧基)苯基]3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、(4′-三氟甲硫基联苯-2-基)3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(3’,4’-二氯-5-氟联苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(2-(1,3-二甲基丁基)苯基)-1,3,3-三甲基-5-氟-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(4’-氯-3’,5′-二氟联苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(4’-氯-3’,5′-二氟联苯-2-基)-3-三氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(3’,4’-二氯-5′-氟联苯-2-基)-3-三氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(3’,5′-二氟-4’-甲基联苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(3’,5′-二氟-4’-甲基-联苯-2-基)-3-三氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(2-双环丙基-2-基苯基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(顺-2-双环丙基-2-基苯基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺、N-(反-2-双环丙基-2-基苯基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-羧酰胺;
-羧酸吗啉化物:烯酰吗啉(dimethomorph)、氟吗啉(flumorph);
-苯甲酰胺类:氟联苯菌(flumetover)、fluopicolide、氟吡菌酰胺(fluopyram)、苯酰菌胺(zoxamide)、N-(3-乙基-3,5,5-三甲基环己基)-3-甲酰基氨基-2-羟基苯甲酰胺;
-其他羧酰胺:氯环丙酰胺(carpropamid)、双氯氰菌胺(diclocymet)、双炔酰菌胺(mandipropamid)、土霉素(oxytetracyclin)、硅噻菌胺(silthiofam)、N-(6-甲氧基吡啶-3-基)环丙烷羧酰胺;
C)唑类:
-三唑类:azaconazole、双苯三唑醇(bitertanol)、糠菌唑(bromuconazole)、环唑醇(cyproconazole)、噁醚唑(difenoconazole)、烯唑醇(diniconazole)、烯唑醇(diniconazole-M)、氧唑菌(epoxiconazole)、腈苯唑(fenbuconazole)、喹唑菌酮(fluquinconazole)、氟硅唑(flusilazol)、粉唑醇(flutriafol)、己唑醇(hexaconazole)、酰胺唑(imibenconazole)、环戊唑醇(ipconazole)、环戊唑菌(metconazole)、腈菌唑(myclobutanil)、噁咪唑(oxpoconazole)、多效唑(paclobutrazol)、戊菌唑(penconazole)、丙环唑(propiconazole)、丙硫菌唑(prothioconazole)、硅氟唑(simeconazole)、戊唑醇(tebuconazole)、氟醚唑(tetraconazole)、唑菌醇(triadimenol)、戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)、烯效唑(uniconazole)、1-(4-氯苯基)-2-([1,2,4]噻唑-1-基)环庚醇;
-咪唑类:氰霜唑(cyazofamid)、烯菌灵(imazalil)、硫酸烯菌灵(imazalilsulfate)、稻瘟酯(pefurazoate)、丙氯灵(prochloraz)、氟菌唑(triflumizole);
-苯并咪唑类:苯菌灵(benomyl)、多菌灵(carbendazim)、麦穗宁(fuberidazole)、涕必灵(thiabendazole);
-其他:噻唑菌胺(ethaboxam)、氯唑灵(etridiazole)、土菌消(hymexazole)、2-(4-氯苯基)-N-[4-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)异噁唑-5-基]-2-丙-2-炔氧基乙酰胺;
D)含氮杂环基化合物:
-吡啶类:氟啶胺(fluazinam)、啶斑肟(pyrifenox)、3-[5-(4-氯苯基)-2,3-二甲基异噁唑烷-3-基]吡啶、3-[5-(4-甲基苯基)-2,3-二甲基异噁唑烷-3-基]吡啶、2,3,5,6-四氯-4-甲烷磺酰基吡啶、3,4,5-三氯吡啶-2,6-二腈、N-(1-(5-溴-3-氯吡啶-2-基)乙基)-2,4-二氯烟碱、N-((5-溴-3-氯吡啶-2-基)甲基)-2,4-二氯烟碱;
-嘧啶类:磺嘧菌灵(bupirimate)、环丙嘧啶(cyprodinil)、氟嘧菌胺(diflumetorim)、异嘧菌醇(fenarimol)、嘧菌腙(ferimzone)、嘧菌胺(mepanipyrim)、氯定(nitrapyrin)、氟苯嘧啶醇(nuarimol)、二甲嘧菌胺(pyrimethanil);
-哌嗪类:嗪氨灵(triforine);
-吡咯类:氟噁菌(fludioxonil)、拌种咯(fenpiclonil);
-吗啉类:4-十二烷基-2,6-二甲基吗啉(aldimorph)、吗菌灵(dodemorph)、吗菌灵乙酸盐(dodemorph acetate)、丁苯吗啉(fenpropimorph)、克啉菌(tridemorph);
-哌啶:苯锈啶(fenpropidin);
-二羧酰亚胺类:fluorimid、异丙定(iprodione)、杀菌利(procymidone)、烯菌酮(vinclozolin);
-非芳族5环杂环:噁唑酮菌(famoxadone)、咪唑菌酮(fenamidon)、异噻菌酮(octhilinone)、噻菌灵(probenazole)、S-烯丙基5-氨基-2-异丙基-3-氧代-4-邻-甲苯基-2,3-二氢吡唑-1-硫代羧酸盐;
-其他:噻二唑素(acibenzolar-S-methyl)、吲唑磺菌胺(amisulbrom)、敌菌灵(anilazin)、灭瘟素(blasticidin-S)、敌菌丹(captafol)、克菌丹(captan)、灭螨猛(quinomethionate)、棉隆(dazomet)、双乙氧咪菌威(debacarb)、哒菌清(diclomezine)、苯敌快(difenzoquat)、苯敌快(difenzoquat methylsulphat)、氰菌胺(fenoxanil)、灭菌丹(folpet)、喹菌酮(oxolinic acid)、粉病灵(piperalin)、丙氧喹啉(proquinazid)、丙氧喹啉(proquinazid)、喹氧灵(quinoxyfen)、三环唑(tricyclazole)、2-丁氧基-6-碘-3-丙基苯并吡喃-4-酮、5-氯-1-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-基)-2-甲基-1H-苯并咪唑、5-氯-7-(4-甲基哌啶-1-基)-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶、6-(3,4-二氯苯基)-5-甲基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-(4-叔丁基苯基)-5-甲基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基己基)[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲基-6-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-甲基-5-辛基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-乙基-5-辛基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-乙基-6-辛基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-乙基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基己基)[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-辛基-5-丙基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲氧基甲基-6-辛基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-辛基-5-三氟甲基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺和5-三氟甲基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基己基)[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺;
E)氨基甲酸盐和二硫代氨基甲酸盐:
-硫代-和二硫代氨基甲酸盐类:福美铁(ferbam)、代森锰锌(mancozeb)、代森锰(maneb)、威百亩(metam)、磺菌威(methasulphocarb)、代森联(metiram)、甲基代森锌(propineb)、福美双(thiram)、代森锌(zineb)、福美锌(ziram);
-氨基甲酸盐类:乙霉威(diethofencarb)、flubenthiavalicarb、异丙菌胺(iprovalicarb)、百维灵(propamocarb)、百维灵盐酸盐(propamocarbhydrochloride)、valiphenal、N-(1-(1-(4-氰基苯基)乙烷磺酰基)丁-2-基)氨基甲酸4-氟苯基酯;
F)其他杀真菌剂:
-胍类:多果定(dodine)、多果定游离碱、双胍盐(guazatine)、双胍醋酸盐(guazatine acetate)、双胍辛醋酸盐(iminoctadine)、双胍辛醋酸盐(iminoctadine-triacetate)、双八胍盐(iminoctadine-tris(albesilate));
-抗菌素:春雷素(kasugamycin)、春雷素水合物(kasugamycinhydrochlorid hydrate)、多氧霉素(polyoxins)、链霉素(streptomycin)、井冈霉素(validamycin A);
-硝基苯基衍生物:乐杀螨(binapacryl)、氯硝胺(dicloran)、敌螨通(dinobuton)、敌螨普(dinocap)、异丙消(nitrothalisopropyl)、四氯硝基苯(tecnazene);
-有机金属化合物类:三苯基锡盐如薯瘟锡(fentin acetate)、三苯基锡氯(fentin chloride)、毒菌锡(fentin hydroxide);
-含硫的杂环基化合物:二噻农(dithianon)、稻瘟灵(isoprothiolane);
-有机磷化合物:克瘟散(edifenphos)、藻菌磷(fosetyl)、乙膦铝(fosetyl-aluminum)、异稻瘟净(iprobenfos)、磷酸及其盐、定菌磷(pyrazophos)、甲基立枯磷(tolclofos-methyl);
-有机氯化合物:百菌清(chlorothalonil)、抑菌灵(dichlofluanid)、菌霉净(dichlorophen)、磺菌胺(flusulfamide)、六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)、戊菌隆(pencycuron)、五氯苯酚及其盐、四氯苯酞(phthalide)、五氯硝基苯(quintozene)、甲基托布津(thiophanate-methyl)、对甲抑菌灵(tolylfluanid)、N-(4-氯-2-硝基-苯基)-N-乙基-4-甲基苯磺酰胺;
-无机活性化合物:磷酸及其盐、波尔多混合液(Bordeaux mixture)、铜盐如乙酸铜、氢氧化铜、氯氧化铜、碱式硫酸铜、硫;
-其他:联二苯、溴硝丙二醇(bronopol)、环氟菌胺(cyflufenamid)、清菌脲(cymoxanil)、二苯胺、苯菌酮(metrafenon)、米多霉素(mildiomycin)、喹啉铜(oxine-copper)、调环酸钙(prohexadione-calcium)、螺噁茂胺(spiroxamine)、对甲抑菌灵(tolylfluanid)、N-(环丙基甲氧基亚氨基-(6-二氟甲氧基-2,3-二氟-苯基)-甲基)-2-苯基乙酰胺、N’-(4-(4-氯-3-三氟甲基-苯氧基)-2,5-二甲基-苯基)-N-乙基-N-甲基甲脒、N’-(4-(4-氟-3-三氟甲基-苯氧基)-2,5-二甲基-苯基)-N-乙基-N-甲基甲脒、N’-(2-甲基-5-三氟甲基-4-(3-三甲基硅烷基-丙氧基)-苯基)-N-乙基-N-甲基甲脒、N’-(5-二氟甲基-2-甲基-4-(3-三甲基硅烷基-丙氧基)-苯基)-N-乙基-N-甲基甲脒;
G)生长调节剂:脱落酸、先甲草胺(amidochlor)、嘧啶醇(ancymidol)、6-苄基氨基嘌呤、油菜素内酯(brassinolide)、地乐胺(butralin)、矮壮素(chlormequat)(chlormequat chloride)、氯化胆碱(choline chloride)、环丙酸酰胺(cyclanilide)、丁酰肼(daminozide)、敌草克(dikegulac)、噻节因(dimethipin)、2,6-二甲基吡啶、乙烯利(ethephon)、氟节胺(flumetralin)、调嘧醇(flurprimidol)、达草氟(fluthiacet)、调吡脲(forchlorfenuron)、赤霉酸、抗倒胺(inabenfide)、吲哚-3-乙酸、抑芽丹(maleic hydrazide)、氟草磺(mefluidide)、助状素(mepiquat)(甲哌鎓(mepiquat chloride))、环戊唑菌(metconazole)、萘乙酸、N-6-苄基腺嘌呤、多效唑(paclobutrazole)、调环酸(prohexadione)(调环酸钙(prohexadione-calcium))、prohydrojasmone、赛二唑素(thidiazuron)、、抑芽唑(triapenthenol)、三硫代磷酸三丁基酯、2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸、、抗倒酯(trinexapac-ethyl)和烯效唑(uniconazole);
除草剂选自:
-乙酰胺:乙草胺(acetochlor)、甲草胺(alachlor)、丁草胺(butachlor)、克草胺(dimethachlor)、噻吩草胺(dimethenamid)、氟噻草胺(flufenacet)、苯噻草胺(mefenacet)、异丙甲草胺(metolachlor)、吡草胺(metazachlor)、草萘胺(napropamid)、萘丙胺(naproanilid)、烯草胺(pethoxamid)、丙草胺(pretilachlor)、扑草胺(propachlor)、噻醚草胺(thenylchlor);
-氨基酸类似物:双丙氨酰膦(bilanafos)、草甘膦(glyphosate)、草铵膦(glufosinate)、草硫膦(sulfosate);
-芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯:炔草酯(clodinafop)、氰氟草酯(cyhalofop-butyl)、噁唑禾草灵(fenoxaprop)、吡氟禾草灵(fluazifop)、吡氟氯禾灵(haloxyfop)、噁唑酰草胺(metamifop)、喔草酯(propaquizafop)、喹禾灵(quizalofop)、精喹禾灵(quizalofop-P-tefuryl);
-联吡啶类:敌草快(diquat)、对草快(paraquat);
-氨基甲酸盐和二硫代氨基甲酸盐:黄草灵(asulam)、苏达灭(butylate)、长杀草(carbetamide)、异苯敌草(desmedipham)、哌草丹(Dimepiperate)、扑草灭(EPTC)、禾草畏(Esprocarb)、草达灭(Molinate)、坪草丹(Orbencarb)、苯敌草(phenmedipham)、苄草丹(Prosulfocarb)、稗草畏(pyributicarb)、杀草丹(Thiobencarb)、野麦畏(Tri-allate);
-环己二酮类:丁氧环酮(Butroxydim)、烯草酮(clethodim)、环己烯草酮(cloproxydim)、环苯草酮(Profoxydim)、稀禾定(Sethoxydim)、醌肟草(Tepraloxydim)、肟草酮(Tralkoxydim);
-二硝基苯胺:氟草胺(Benfluralin)、丁氟消草(Ethalfluralin)、黄草消(Oryzalin)、胺硝草(Pendimethalin)、氨基丙氟灵(Prodiamine)、氟乐灵(Trifluralin);
-二苯基醚:氟锁草醚(Acifluorfen)、苯草醚(aclonifen)、治草醚(bifenox)、氯甲草(diclofop)、氯氟草醚(ethoxyfen)、氟黄胺草醚(fomesafen)、乳氟禾草灵(lactofen)、乙氧氟草醚(Oxyfluorfen);
-羟基苄腈:溴苯腈(bromoxynil)、敌草腈(dichlobenil)、碘苯腈(ioxynil);
-咪唑啉酮类:咪草酯(imazamethabenz)、咪草啶酸(imazamox)、甲咪唑烟酸(imazapic)、灭草烟(imazapyr)、灭草喹(Imazaquin)、咪草烟(imazethapyr);
-苯氧基乙酸类:稗草胺(clomeprop)、2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)、2,4-滴丁酸(2,4-DB)、2,4-滴丙酸(dichlorprop)、2甲4氯(MCPA)、酚硫杀(MCPA-thioethyl)、2甲4氯丁酸(MCPB)、2甲4氯丙酸(mecoprop);
-吡嗪类:杀草敏(chloridazon)、氟哒嗪草酯(flufenpyr-ethyl)、达草氟(fluthiacet)、达草灭(norflurazon)、达草止(pyridate);
-吡啶类:氯氨基吡啶酸(aminopyralid)、二氯皮考啉酸(clopyralid)、吡氟草胺(diflufenican)、氟硫草定(dithiopyr)、氟草同(fluridone)、氟草烟(fluroxypyr)、毒莠定(picloram)、氟吡酰草胺(picolinafen)、噻氟啶草(thiazopyr);
-磺酰脲类:磺氨黄隆(Amidosulfuron)、四唑黄隆(azimsulfuron)、苄嘧黄隆(bensulfuron)、氯嘧黄隆(chlorimuron-ethyl)、绿黄隆(chlorsulfuron)、醚黄隆(cinosulfuron)、环丙黄隆(cyclosulfamuron)、乙氧嘧黄隆(ethoxysulfuron)、啶嘧黄隆(flazasulfuron)、氟啶乙磺隆(flucetosulfuron)、氟啶黄隆(flupyrsulfuron)、甲酰胺黄隆(foramsulfuron)、吡氯黄隆(halosulfuron)、啶咪黄隆(imazosulfuron)、碘黄隆(iodosulfuron)、甲基二黄隆(mesosulfuron)、甲黄隆(metsulfuron-methyl)、烟嘧黄隆(nicosulfuron)、环丙氧黄隆(oxasulfuron)、氟嘧黄隆(primisulfuron)、氟丙黄隆(prosulfuron)、吡嘧黄隆(pyrazosulfuron)、玉嘧黄隆(rimsulfuron)、嘧黄隆(sulfometuron)、乙黄黄隆(sulfosulfuron)、噻黄隆(thifensulfuron)、醚苯黄隆(triasulfuron)、苯黄隆(tribenuron)、三氟啶黄隆(trifloxysulfuron)、氟胺磺隆(triflusulfuron)、三氟甲磺隆(tritosulfuron)、1-((2-氯-6-丙基咪唑[1,2-b]哒嗪-3-基)磺酰基)-3-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-基)脲;
-三嗪类:莠灭净(ametryn)、莠去津(atrazine)、草净津(cyanazine)、戊草津(dimethametryn)、乙嗪草酮(ethiozine)、六嗪同(hexazinon)、苯嗪草(metamitron)、赛克津(metribuzin)、扑草净(prometryn)、西玛津(simazine)、特丁津(terbuthylazine)、去草净(terbutryn)、苯氧丙胺津(triaziflam);
-脲类:绿麦隆(chlortoluron)、香草隆(daimuron)、敌草隆(diuron)、伏草隆(fluometuron)、异丙隆(isoproturon)、利谷隆(linuron)、噻唑隆(methabenzthiazuron)、丁唑隆(tebuthiuron);
-其他乙酰乙酸合成酶抑制剂:双嘧苯甲酸钠(bispyribae-sodium)、氯酯磺草胺(cloransulam-methyl)、唑嘧磺胺(diclosulam)、双氟磺草胺(florasulam)、氟酮黄隆(fluearbazone)、氟唑啶草(flumetsulam)、唑草磺胺(metosulam)、磺酰脲(ortho-sulfamuron)、五氟磺草胺(penoxsulam)、丙苯磺隆(propoxyearbazone)、丙酯草醚(pyribambenz-propyl)、嘧苯草肟(pyribenzoxim)、pyriftalide、肟啶草(pyriminobac-methyl)、pyrimisulfan、嘧硫苯甲酸(pyrithiobac)、pyroxasulfone、甲氧磺草胺(pyroxsulam);
-其他:氨唑草酮(amicarbazone)、氨基三唑、莎稗磷(anilofos)、氟丁酰草胺(beflubutamid)、草除灵(benazolin)、bencarbazone、呋草黄(benfuresate)、吡草酮(benzofenap)、噻草平(bentazone)、苯并双环酮(benzobicyclon)、除草定(bromacil)、溴丁酰草胺(bromobutide)、氟丙嘧草酯(butafenacil)、草胺磷(butamifos)、唑草胺(cafenstrole)、氟酮唑草(carfentrazone)、吲哚酮草酯(cinidon-ethyl)、敌草索(chlorthal)、环庚草醚(cinmethylin)、异恶草酮(clomazone)、卡草隆(cumyluron)、cyprosulfamide、麦草畏(dieamba)、苯敌快(difenzoquat)、二氟吡隆(diflufenzopyr)、内脐孢菌(Drechslera monoceras)、草藻灭(endothall)、乙呋草黄(ethofumesate)、乙苯酰草(etobenzanid)、四唑草胺(fentrazamide)、酰亚胺苯氧乙酸戊酯(flumiclorac-pentyl)、氟噁嗪酮(flumioxazin)、胺草唑(flupoxam)、氟咯草酮(fluorochloridone)、呋草酮(flurtamone)、茚草酮(indanofan)、异恶草胺(isoxaben)、异噁氟草(isoxaflutole)、环草定(lenacil)、敌稗(propanil)、拿草特(propyzamide)、二氯喹啉酸(quinclorac)、喹草酸(quinmerac)、硝磺酮(mesotrione)、甲基胂酸(methylarsonic acid)、抑草生(naptalam)、炔丙噁唑草(oxadiargyl)、恶草灵(oxadiazon)、氯噁嗪草(oxaziclomefone)、戊噁唑草(Pentoxazone)、唑啉草酯(pinoxaden)、双唑草腈(pyraclonil)、氟吡草酯(pyraflufen-ethyl)、pyrasulfotol、苄草唑(Pyrazoxyfen)、吡唑特(pyrazolynate)、灭藻醌(quinoclamine)、嘧啶肟草醚(saflufenacil)、磺草酮(sulcotrion)、磺胺草唑(sulfentrazone)、特草定(terbacil)、tefuryltrione、tembotrione、thiencarbazone、topramezon、4-羟基-3-[2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基甲基)-6-三氟甲基吡啶-3-羰基]双环[3.2.1]辛-3-烯-2-酮、(3-[2-氯-4-氟-5-(3-甲基-2,6-二氧代-4-三氟甲基-3,6-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基)苯氧基]吡啶-2-基氧基)乙酸乙酯、6-氨基-5-氯-2-环丙基嘧啶-4-羧酸甲酯、6-氯-3-(2-环丙基-6-甲基苯氧基)哒嗪-4-醇、4-氨基-3-氯-6-(4-氯苯基)-5-氟吡啶-2-羧酸、4-氨基-3-氯-6-(4-氯-2-氟-3-甲氧基苯基)-吡啶-2-羧酸甲酯和4-氨基-3-氯-6-(4-氯-3-二甲基氨基-2-氟苯基)吡啶-2-羧酸甲酯。
杀虫剂/杀线虫剂选自:
-有机(硫代)磷酸酯类:高灭磷(acephate)、唑啶磷(azamethiphos)、谷硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、毒虫畏(chlorfenvinphos)、二嗪农(diazinon)、敌敌畏(dichlorvos)、百治磷(dicrotophos)、乐果(dimethoate)、乙拌磷(disulfoton)、乙硫磷(ethion)、杀螟松(fenitrothion)、倍硫磷(fenthion)、异噁唑磷(isoxathion)、马拉硫磷(malathion)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、杀扑磷(methidathion)、甲基一六零五(methyl-parathion)、速灭磷(mevinphos)、久效磷(monocrotophos)、砜吸磷(oxydematon-methyl)、对氧磷(paraoxon)、一六零五(parathion)、稻丰散(phenthoate)、伏杀磷(phosalone)、亚胺硫磷(phosmet)、磷胺(phosphamidon)、甲拌磷(phorate)、辛硫磷(phoxim)、虫螨磷(pirimiphos-methyl)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、丙硫磷(prothiofos)、乙丙硫磷(sulprophos)、杀虫畏(tetrachlorvinphos)、特丁磷(terbufos)、三唑磷(triazophos)、敌百虫(trichlorfon);
-氨基甲酸酯类:棉铃威(alanyearb)、涕灭威(aldicarb)、噁虫威(bendiocarb)、丙硫克百威(benfuracarb)、甲萘威(carbaryl)、虫螨威(carbofuran)、丁硫克百威(carbosulfan)、双氧威(fenoxycarb)、呋线威(furathiocarb)、灭虫威(methioearb)、灭多虫(methomyl)、甲氨叉威(oxamyl)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、残杀成(propoxur)、硫双威(thiodicarb)、唑蚜威(triazamate);
-合成除虫菊酯类:丙烯除虫菊(allethrin)、氟氯菊酯(bifenthrin)、氟氯氰菊酯(cyfluthrin)、(RS)氯氟氰菊酯(cyhalothrin)、苯醚氰菊酯(cyphenothrin)、氯氰菊酯(cypermethrin)、甲体氯氰菊酯(alpha-cypermethrin)、乙体氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin)、己体氯氰菊酯(zeta-cypermethrin)、溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin)、高氰戊菊酯(esfenvalerate)、醚菊酯(etofenprox)、甲氰菊酯(fenpropathrin)、杀灭菊酯(fenvalerate)、咪炔菊酯(imiprothrin)、氯氟氰菊酯(lambda-cyhalothrin)、氯菊酯(permethrin)、炔酮菊酯(prallethrin)、除虫菊酯(pyrethrin)I和II、灭虫菊(resmethrin)、灭虫硅醚(silafluofen)、氟胺氰菊酯(tau-fluvalinat)、七氟菊酯(teflutbrin)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、四溴菊酯(tralomethrin)、四氟菊酯(transfluthrin)、丙氟菊酯(profluthrin)、四氟甲醚菊酯(dimefluthrin),
-昆虫生长调节剂:a)几丁质合成抑制剂:苯甲酰脲类(benzoylureas):定虫隆(chlorfluazuron)、灭蝇胺(cyromazine)、氟脲杀(diflubenzuron)、氟螨脲(flucycloxuron)、氟虫脲(flufenoxuron)、氟铃脲(hexaflumuron)、氟丙氧脲(lufenuron)、双苯氟脲(novaluron)、伏虫隆(teflubenzuron)、杀虫隆(triflumuron);噻嗪酮(buprofezin)、噁茂醚(diofenolan)、噻螨酮(hexythiazox)、特苯噁唑(etoxazole)、四螨嗪(clofentezine);b)蜕皮激素拮抗剂:特丁苯酰肼(halofenozide)、甲氧苯酰肼(methoxyfenozide)、双苯酰肼(tebufenozide)、艾扎丁(azadirachtin);c)保幼激素类似物:蚊蝇醚(pyriproxyfen)、蒙五一五(methoprene)、双氧威(fenoxycarb);d)类脂生物合成抑制剂:螺螨酯(spirodiclofen)、螺甲螨酯(spiromesifen)、spirotetramate;
-烟碱受体激动剂/拮抗剂:噻虫胺(clothianidin)、呋虫胺(dinotefuran)、吡虫啉(imidacloprid)、噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam)、硝胺烯啶(nitenpyram)、吡虫清(acetamiprid)、噻虫啉(thiacloprid)、1-(2-氯噻唑-5-基甲基)2-硝亚氨基-3,5-二甲基[1,3,5]三嗪;
-GABA拮抗剂:硫丹(endosulfan)、乙虫清(ethiprole)、锐劲特(fipronil)、氟吡唑虫(vaniliprole)、pyrafluprole、pyriprole、5-氨基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-甲基苯基)-4-亚磺酰基-1H-吡唑-3-硫代羧酰胺;
-大环内酯类:齐墩螨素(abamectin)、埃玛菌素(emamectin)、米尔螨素(milbemectin)、lepimectin、艾克敌105(spinosad)、spinetoram;
-线粒体链转移抑制剂(METI I)杀螨剂:喹螨醚(fenazaquin)、哒螨酮(pyridaben)、吡螨胺(tebufenpyrad)、唑虫酰胺(tolfenpyrad)、啼虫胺(flufenerim);
-METI II和III物质:灭螨醌(acequinocyl)、嘧螨酯(fluacrypyrim)、灭蚁腙(hydramethylnon);
-分离剂:氟唑虫清(chlorfenapyr);
-氧化磷酸化抑制剂化合物:三环锡(cyhexatin)、杀螨硫隆(diafenthiuron)、杀螨锡(fenbutatin oxide)、克螨特(propargite);
-昆虫蜕皮干扰剂:灭蝇胺(cyromazine);
-混合功能氧化酶抑制剂:增效醚(piperonyl butoxide);
-钠通道阻断剂:噁二唑虫(indoxacarb)、氰氟虫腙(metaflumizone);
-其他:benclothiaz、联苯肼酯(bifenazate)、杀螟丹(cartap)、氟啶虫酰胺(flonicamid)、啶虫丙醚(pyridalyl)、拒嗪酮(pymetrozin)、硫、硫环杀(thiocyclam)、氟虫酰胺(flubendiamid)、氯虫酰胺(chlorantraniliprole)、cyazypyr(HGW86);cyenopyrafen、吡氟硫磷(flupyrazofos)、丁氟螨酯(cyflumetofen)、磺胺蜻酯(amidoflumet)、新烟碱类(imicyafos)、双三氟虫脲(bistrifluron)和pyrifluquinazon。
在其他优选实施方案中,作物保护剂优选除草剂。在其他优选实施方案中,作物保护剂优选杀虫剂。在其他实施方案中,作物保护剂优选杀真菌剂。在其他实施方案中,杀真菌剂优选唑类。在其他实施方案中,唑类优选氧唑菌(epoxiconazole)、喹唑菌酮(fluquinconazole)或环戊唑菌(metconazole)。
其他适合的有效物质为食品或动物饲料添加剂,例如食品染料、氨基酸、维生素、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、芳香剂或调味剂。
聚合物助剂的实例为阻燃剂、粘度改进剂或极性液体,如可以用于不连续相中的。纸的助剂实例为链烯基琥珀酸酐或二烷基二烯酮。洗涤剂和清洁剂的助剂为表面活性剂或乳化剂,如也可以在反相细乳液中用作分散剂的。酶如水解酶或酰胺酶同样可用作助剂。
优选的有效物质为作物保护剂和肥料,特别是作物保护剂。
有效物质可以以纯形式、工业级质量、作为提取物或以与其他有效物质的混合物使用。有效物质可以以溶解形式或以固体形式存在于分散相中。有效物质的总量基于总混合物为0.1-90重量%,优选5-50重量%。
有效物质可以通过通过胶囊壁或通过胶囊壁降解扩散而从微胶囊中释放出来。释放率可以以既定方式通过影响扩散或降解的内部和外部影响因素控制。
控制有效物质释放的内部影响因素例如为微胶囊的生物降解能力、化学、机械和物理稳定性和胶囊壁的极性、厚度和均匀性(孔或裂缝)。另外,根据本发明,化合物可优选存在于胶囊内或胶囊壁中,其影响释放,所谓释放剂。适合的释放剂例如为酶,优选聚酯水解脂肪酶。酶可以与用于单体酶催聚合的那些相同。适合的释放剂还有酸、碱、自由基形成剂或产生渗透压的盐。释放剂的混合物同样可能。
释放剂的总量通常基于总混合物为0.01-20重量%。该量由所需释放速率和盛行条件控制。本领域技术人员将通过在所需释放条件下改变该量而确定有效物质的释放率。
控制有效物质释放的外部影响因素例如胶囊壁的酸性或碱性条件、微生物或酶催降解、机械压力或辐射如UV或电子照射。
如也可用于本发明方法中的其他添加剂如防腐剂、增稠剂、释放剂或保护胶体和乳化剂为本领域技术人员已知并且取决于所需意欲用途在微胶囊制备后以常规量加入。
本发明方法有利地以这种方式进行:每种情况下将至少一种分散剂、至少一种非极性液体、至少一种极性液体、至少一种单体、至少一种催化聚合的酶和至少一种有效物质以任何所需顺序混在一起并由其制备反相细乳液。同样可制备预混物。优选将至少一种催化聚合的酶引入预先制备的反相细乳液中。
本发明方法优选以这样的方式进行:将至少一种分散剂引入至少一部分量的液体和一部分量的单体中。将有效物质和一部分量的单体分别引入至少一部分量的液体中。将两种混合物混在一起并制备反相细乳液。然后将部分量的单体以及酶引入细乳液中。就这点而言,“部分量的单体”意指存在于反应混合物中的总单体的0-100%。“至少一部分量”意指大于存在于总混合物中的量的1%。
在一个优选实施方案中,将一部分量的单体引入细乳液中,其中该部分量为大于1%,优选大于10%。
本发明方法通常在5-100℃,通常为20-80℃,常常为30-65℃的反应温度下进行。通常,方法在通常为0.8-10巴,优选0.9-2巴,特别是在1巴的压力(绝对值)下(大气压力)进行。本领域技术人员根据所需微胶囊的性能如聚合度或胶囊包封的厚度,确定反应时间。在所需反应时间以后,可破坏或再利用酶,可分离微胶囊或可分离或以其他方式进一步处理反应混合物。
通常,固体胶囊包封在反应时间期间在反相细乳液中用酶催化而由单体形成。由于固体胶囊包封的形成,具有固体胶囊包封的微胶囊的微胶囊悬浮液由细乳液形成。
释放剂可以在任何所需工艺步骤中引入。如果释放剂包含酶,则它优选在乳化以后加入。
其他添加剂如防腐剂可在任何所需工艺步骤中引入。
根据本发明必须存在的反相细乳液的制备可根据现有技术进行。为此,大乳液可通过通过摇动、敲打、搅拌、强力混合;通过将一种液体注入另一种中;通过在混合物中振动和气蚀(例如超声);通过乳化离心机;通过胶体磨和均化器;或例如如WO 2006/053712所述借助喷嘴将能量引入相的混合物中而制备。将大乳液通过均化转化成滴大小为1000nm以下的细乳液。均化优选在0-100℃下通过使用超声、高压均化器或其他高能均化设备如喷嘴进行。
胶囊包封的聚合物可通过已知方法后交联。适合的通常为自由基方法,例如通过自由基引发剂或通过UV-引发交联或加成方法,例如用二异氰酸酯或碳化酰亚胺,或游离OH基团酯交换的方法,例如酶催酯交换方法,或例如柠檬酸三酯的酯交换。后交联可在胶囊包封完成以后或与本发明胶囊包封制备同时进行。
本发明制备的微胶囊可通过已知方法,例如通过有机金属催化自由基聚合、通过酶催聚合、通过制备作为第二种包封的聚氨酯或环氧树脂的加聚,或通过用于制备聚酯或聚酰胺的缩聚而提供有第二种胶囊包封。
胶囊不进一步后处理而进一步使用也可能。根据本发明微胶囊的制备,它们可按需要分离,即不含溶剂。适合的方法例如为蒸发、喷雾干燥、冻干、离心、过滤或真空干燥。在优选实施方案中,微胶囊在制备后不分离。
此外,根据本发明,微胶囊可通过通过相转移方法或类似冲洗的转移方法将微胶囊分散在水或水溶液中而转化成分散体。
本发明制备的包含微胶囊的分散体或其他后处理产物可在着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革、涂料或洗涤剂和清洁剂中用作组分。有利的是有效物质可以以既定方式,特别是在到处存在降解聚酯的酶的生物圈中再次释放。
在优选实施方案中,本发明涉及一种包含本发明微胶囊或根据本发明制备的微胶囊的农用化学配制剂。
农用化学配制剂可包含其他配制助剂。在本发明上下文中,表述“配制助剂”为适于配制农用化学活性化合物的助剂,例如溶剂、载体、表面活性剂(离子或非离子表面活性剂、辅助剂、分散剂)、防腐剂、消泡剂和/或防冻剂。种子材料处理的助剂还可任选为染料、粘合剂、胶凝剂和/或增稠剂。
通常,农用化学配制剂可包含0-90重量%,优选1-85重量%,特别优选5-80重量%,特别是5-65重量%配制助剂。
在其他优选实施方案中,本发明涉及防治不想要的植物生长的方法,其中将不想要的植物、不想要的植物生长的土壤,或它们的种子材料用本发明农用化学配制剂处理。
在其他优选实施方案中,本发明涉及防治植物上不想要的昆虫或螨侵染和/或防治植物病原性真菌的方法,其中将真菌/昆虫、它们的栖息地或待保护以防真菌或昆虫侵染的植物或土壤或植物、植物生长的土壤,或它们的种子材料用本发明农用化学配制剂处理。
在其他优选实施方案中,本发明涉及用本发明农用化学配制剂处理种子材料的方法以及用本发明农用化学配制剂处理的种子材料。
具体而言,本发明农用化学配制剂适于防治如下植物病害:
观赏植物、蔬菜作物(例如:A.candida)和向日葵(例如A.tragopogonis)中的Albugo spp.(白锈病);蔬菜、油菜籽油菜(例如A.brassicola或A.brassicae)、糖用甜菜(例如A.tenuis)、水果、稻、大豆和土豆(例如早疫链格孢(A.solani)或链格孢(A.alternata))和西红柿(例如早疫链格孢(A.solani)或链格孢(A.alternata))中的链格孢(Alternaria)属(黑斑、褐腐)和小麦上的链格孢(Alternaria)属(叶枯病);糖用甜菜和蔬菜上的丝囊霉(Aphanomyces)属;禾谷类和蔬菜上的壳二孢属(Ascochyta)属,例如小麦中的A.tritici(叶斑病)和大麦中的A.hordei;玉米(例如玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(D.maydis))、禾谷类(例如B.sorokiniana:通常称根腐病)、稻(例如B.oryzae)和草坪中的平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris)属和内脐蠕孢(Drechslera)属(有性型:Cochliobolus spp.);禾谷类(例如小麦或大麦)中的禾白粉菌(Blumeria(以前称:Erysiphe)graminis)(白粉病);葡萄(例如B.obtusa)中的葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria)属(black dead arm disease);无核小水果和仁果类水果(尤其是草莓)、蔬菜(尤其是莴苣、胡萝卜、芹菜和卷心菜)、油菜籽油菜、花卉、葡萄、林业作物和小麦(头腐病)中的灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)(有性型:Botryotiniafuckeliana:灰霉病);莴苣上的莴苣盘梗霉(Bremia lactucae)(霜霉病);落叶和针叶木属中的长喙壳菌属(Ceratocystis(同义Ophiostoma)spp.)(发蓝真菌),例如榆树中的C.ulmi(榆树荷兰病);玉米、稻、糖用甜菜(例如C.beticola)、甘蔗、蔬菜、咖啡、大豆(例如大豆灰斑病菌(C.sojina)或大豆紫斑病菌(C.kikuchii))和稻中的尾孢(Cercospora)属;西红柿(例如C.fulvum:叶腐病)和禾谷类中的枝孢属(Cladosporium spp.),例如小麦中的小麦上的多主枝孢菌(C.herbarum)(黑穗病);禾谷类中的Clavicepspurpurea(麦角病);玉米(例如C.carbonum)、禾谷类(例如C.sativus,无性型:B.sorokiniana,常用名根腐病)和稻(例如C.miyabeanus,无性型:H.oryzae)中的旋孢腔菌(Cochliobolus)(无性型:Helminthosporium或Bipolaris)(叶斑病);棉花(例如C.gossypii)、玉米(例如C.graminicola:红茎腐病和叶斑病)、无核小水果、土豆(例如C.coccodes:根腐病)、扁豆(例如C.lindemuthianum)和大豆(例如C.truncatum)上的剌盘孢(Colletotricum)(有性型:Glomerella)属(叶斑病,炭疽病);Corticium spp.,例如稻中的笹木伏革菌(C.sasakii)(bordered sheath spot);大豆和观赏植物中的主棒孢菌(Corynespora cassiicola);橄榄中的Cycloconium spp.,例如C.oleaginum;木质水果属、葡萄(例如C.liriodendri,有性型:Neonectrialiriodendri,black foot disease)和许多木质观赏植物中的Cylindrocarponspp.(例如果树癌肿病或black foot disease,有性型:Nectria或Neonectriaspp.);大豆中的白纹羽束丝菌(Dematophora(有性型:Rosellinia)necatrix)(根/茎腐病);大豆中的Diaporthe spp.,例如D.phaseolorum(大豆茎癌肿病);玉米、禾谷类如大麦(例如D.teres,net blotch)和小麦(例如D.tritici-repentis:DTR)、稻和草皮中的内脐蠕孢(Drechslera)(同义词Helminthosporium,有性型:Pyrenophora)属;由Formitipora同义词斑孔木层孔菌(Phellinus))punctata、F.mediterranea、Phaeomoniellachlamydospora(以前称Phaeoacremonium chlamydosporum)、Phaeoacremonium aleophilum和/或Botryosphaeria obtusa引起的葡萄藤上的埃斯卡(Esca);仁果类水果(E.pyri)和无核小水果(E.veneta:藤斑病)和葡萄藤(E.ampelina:葡萄藤炭疽病)中的Elsinoe spp.;稻中的稻叶黑粉菌(Entyloma oryzae);小麦上的附球菌属(Epicoccum ssp.)(黑穗病);糖用甜菜(E.betae)、蔬菜(例如E.pisi)如葫芦(例如二孢白粉菌(E.cichoracearum))和芸苔如油菜籽油菜(例如E.cruciferarum)中的Erysiphespp.(白粉病);木质水果属、葡萄藤和许多木质观赏植物中的Eutypa lata(葡萄癌肿病或葡萄黑死病,无性型:Cytosporina lata,同义词Libertellablepharis);玉米(例如E.turcicum)上的突脐蠕孢(Exserohilum)(同义词长蠕孢(Helminthosporium))属;各种植物上的镰孢霉(Fusarium)(有性型:Gibberella)属(枯萎,根腐和茎腐病),例如禾谷类(如小麦或大麦)中的F.graminearum或F.culmorum(根腐病,部分穗不育性)、西红柿中的F.oxysporum、大豆上的F.solani和玉米上的F.verticillioides;禾谷类(如小麦或大麦)和玉米上的禾顶囊壳(Gaeumanomyces graminis)属(take-all);禾谷类(例如G.zeae)和稻(例如藤仓赤霉(G.Fujikuroi:bakanae disease))上的赤霉(Gibberella)属;葡萄藤、仁果类水果和其他植物上的围小丛壳菌(Glomerella cingulata)和棉花上的G.gossypii;稻中的谷物染色配合物;葡萄藤中的Guignardia bidwellii(黑腐病);蔷薇和刺柏中的Gymnosporangium spp.,例如梨中的G.sabinae(pear rust);玉米、禾谷类和稻中的长蠕孢(Helminthosporium)属(同义词Drechslera,有性型:Cochliobolus);咖啡中的Hemileia spp.,例如H.vastatrix(咖啡叶锈病);葡萄藤中的褐斑拟棒束孢(Isariopsis clavispora)(同义词Cladosporiumvitis);大豆和棉花中的菜豆壳球孢(Macrophomina phaseolina)(同义词phaseoli)(根腐病/charcoal rot);禾谷类(例如小麦或大麦)中的Microdochium(同义词Fusarium)nivale(雪霉病);大豆中的大豆白粉病菌(Microsphaera diffusa)(白粉病);核果类水果和其他蔷薇中的Moniliniaspp.,例如M.laxa,M.fructicola和M.fructigena(blossom blight和距癌肿病);禾谷类、香蕉、无核小水果和花生中的Mycosphaerella spp.,例如小麦中的M.graminicola(无性型:Septoria tritici,septoria leaf blotch)或香蕉中的M.fijiensis(black Sigatoka disease);卷心菜(例如P.brassicae)、油菜籽油菜(例如P.parasitica)、葱(例如P.destructor)、烟草(P.tabacina)和大豆(例如霜霉病菌(P.manshurica))中的霜霉(Peronospora)属(霜霉病);大豆中的豆薯层锈菌(Phakopsora pachyrhizi)和山马蟥层锈菌(P.meibomiae)(大豆锈病);例如葡萄藤(例如P.tracheiphila和P.tetraspora)和大豆(例如P.gregata:褐茎腐病)中的Phialophora spp.;油菜籽油菜和卷心菜中的Phoma lingam(phoma茎癌肿病)和甘蔗中的P.betae(叶斑病);向日葵、葡萄藤(例如P.viticola:phomopsis cane和叶斑病)和大豆(例如茎癌肿病:P.phaseoli,有性型:Diaporthe phaseolorum)中的Phomopsis spp.;玉米中的Physoderma maydis(褐斑病);各种植物如柿子椒和和葫芦(例如P.capsici)、大豆(例如P.megasperma,同义词P.sojae)、土豆和西红柿(例如致病疫霉(P.infestans):晚枯病)和落叶木质属(例如P.ramorum:橡树骤死病)中的Phytophthora spp.(枯萎、根腐病、叶腐病、茎腐病和果实腐病);卷心菜、油菜籽油菜、萝卜和其他植物中的Plasmodiophorabrassicae(根瘤病);Plasmopara spp.,例如葡萄藤中的P.viticola(霜霉病)和向日葵中的P.halstedii;蔷薇、啤酒花、仁果类水果和无核小水果中的Podosphaera spp.(白粉病),例如苹果中的苹果白粉病菌(P.leucotricha);例如禾谷类如大麦和小麦(P.graminis)和甘蔗(P.betae)中的Polymyxa spp.和由其传播的病毒病害;禾谷类,例如小麦或大麦中的小麦基腐病菌(Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides)(眼点,有性型:Tapesia yallundae);各种植物中的假霜霉(Pseudoperonospora)属(霜霉病),例如葫芦中的P.cubensis或啤酒花中的P.humuli;葡萄藤中的Pseudopeziculatracheiphila(red fire disease,无性型:Phialophora);各种植物中的柄锈菌(Puccinia)属(锈病),例如禾谷类如小麦、大麦或黑麦中的小麦柄锈菌(P.triticina)(小麦叶锈病)、条形柄锈病(P.striformis)(黄锈病)、大麦柄锈病(P.hordei)(褐锈病)、禾柄锈菌(P.graminis)(茎锈病)或P.recondita(黑麦的褐色叶锈病),和芦笋(例如天门冬属柄锈病(P.asparagi));小麦中的Pyrenophora(无性型:Drechslera)tritici-repentis(tan spot)或大麦中的P.teres(net blotch);Pyricularia spp.,例如稻中的P.oryzae(有性型:Magnaporthe grisea,稻枯病)和草皮和禾谷类中的P.grisea;草皮、稻、玉米、小麦、棉花、油菜籽油菜、向日葵、甘蔗、蔬菜和其他植物(例如P.ultimum或P.aphanidermatum)中的腐霉(Pythium)属(damping-off);Ramularia spp.,例如大麦中的R.collo-cygni(ramularia叶斑病/physiological叶斑病)和甘蔗中的R.beticola;棉花、稻、土豆、草皮、玉米、油菜籽油菜、甘蔗、蔬菜和各种其他植物中的丝核菌(Rhizoctonia)属例如大豆中的立枯丝核病菌(R.solani)(rhizoctonia root/茎腐病)、稻中的立枯丝核病菌(R.solani)(bordered sheath spot)或小麦或大麦中的R.cerealis(sharp eyespot);草莓、胡萝卜、卷心菜、葡萄藤和西红柿中的Rhizopus stolonifer(black bread mold);大麦、黑麦和黑小麦中的黑麦喙孢(Rhynchosporium secalis)(叶斑病);稻中的帚梗柱孢属(Sarocladium oryzae)和稻叶鞘腐败病(S.attenuatum)(鞘腐病);蔬菜作物和耕种作物如油菜籽油菜、向日葵(例如核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum))和大豆(例如齐整小菌核菌(S.rolfsii))中的核盘菌(Sclerotinia)属(茎腐病,核盘霉病);各种植物中的Septoria spp.,例如大豆中的S.glycines(septoria blight)、小麦中的小麦壳针孢(S.tritici)(小麦壳针孢(Septoria tritici)斑)和禾谷类中的颖枯壳多孢(S.(同义词Stagonospora)nodorum)(颖枯壳多孢(Stagonospora nodorum)叶和颖苞斑);葡萄藤中的葡萄钩丝壳(Uncinula(同义词Erysiphe)necator)(白粉病,无性型:Oidium tuckeri);玉米(例如S.turcicum,同义词Helminthosporium turcicum)和草皮中的Setospaeria属(玉米叶枯病);玉米(例如丝轴黑粉菌(S.reilinia):head smut)、粟/高粱和甘蔗中的Sphacelotheca spp.;葫芦中的单丝壳白粉菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea)(白粉病);土豆中的Spongospora subterranea(粉痂病)和由其传播的病毒病害;禾谷类中的Stagonospora spp.,例如小麦中的颖枯壳多孢(S.nodorum)(Stagonospora nodorum leaf和glume blotch,有性型:Leptosphaeria[同义词Phaeosphaeria]nodorum);土豆中的Synchytriumendobioticum(potato wart disease);Taphrina spp.,例如桃中的T.deformans(缩叶病)和李子中的T.pruni(plum pocket disease);烟草、仁果类水果、蔬菜作物、大豆和棉花中的Thielaviopsis spp.(黑根腐病),例如T.basicola(同义词Chalara elegans);禾谷类中的腥黑粉菌(Tilletia)属(stinking smut或smooth-spored bunt),例如小麦中的T.tritici(同义词T.caries,wheat bunt)和T.controversa(dwarf bunt);大麦或小麦中的Typhula incarnata(snow blight);Urocystis spp.,例如黑麦中的U.occulta(梗黑粉病);蔬菜植物如扁豆(例如U.appendiculatus,同义词U.phaseoli)和甘蔗(例如U.betae)中的Uromyces spp.(锈病);禾谷类(例如U.nuda和U.avaenae)、玉米(例如玉蜀黍黑粉菌(U.maydis):玉米疱状黑粉病)和甘蔗中的黑粉菌(Ustilago)属(loose smut);苹果(例如黑星病菌(V.inaequalis))和梨中的黑星菌(Venturia)属(疤);和各种植物如木质水果和观赏属、葡萄藤、无核小水果、蔬菜作物和耕种作物中的轮枝孢(Verticillium)属(verticillium wilt,尖腐病),例如草莓、油菜籽油菜、土豆和西红柿中的V.dahliae。
此外,本发明农用化学配制剂适于在材料和建筑物(例如木料、纸、油漆分散体、纤维或机织物)保护和储存产品保护中防治有害真菌。在木料和建筑物保护中特别重要的有害真菌为:线嘴壳属(Ophiostoma spp.)、长喙壳菌属(Ceratocystis spp.)、出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)、Sclerophoma spp.、毛壳属(Chaetomium spp.)、腐质霉属(Humicola spp.)、彼得壳属(Petriella spp.)、毛束霉属(Trichurus spp.);担子菌纲(Basidiomycetes),例如粉孢革菌属(Coniophora spp.)、革盖菌属(Coriolusspp.)、粘褶菌属(Gloeophyllum spp.)、香菇属(Lentinus spp.)、侧耳属(Pleurotus spp.)、卧孔菌属(Poria spp.)、干朽菌属(Serpula spp.)和干酪菌属(Tyromyces spp.),半知菌纲(Deuteromycetes),例如曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、枝孢属(Cladosporium spp.)、青霉菌(Penicillium spp.)、木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)、链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)、拟青霉菌属(Paecilomycesspp.)和接合菌纲(zygomycetes)如毛霉属(Mucor spp.),另外在材料保护中如下酵母:假丝酵母属(Candida spp.)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisae)。
此外,本发明农用化学配制剂适于防治不想要的植物生长。防治不想要的植物生长应当理解意指破坏杂草。杂草在最广泛意义上应当理解为生长在不想要它们的地方的所有那些植物,例如:
双子叶杂草:白芥属(Sinapis)、独行菜属(Lepidium)、拉拉藤属(Galium)、繁缕属(Stellaria)、母菊属(Matricaria)、春黄菊属(Anthemis)、牛膝菊属(Galinsoga)、藜属(Chenopodium)、荨麻属(Urtica)、千里光属(Senecio)、苋属(Amaranthus)、马齿苋属(Portulaca)、苍耳属(Xanthium)、旋花属(Convolvulus)、番薯属(Ipomoea)、蓼属(Polygonum)、田菁属(Sesbania)、豚草属(Ambrosia)、蓟属(Cirsium)、飞廉属(Carduus)、苦苣菜属(Sonchus)、茄属(Solanum)、蔊菜属(Rorippa)、节节菜属(Rotala)、母草属(Lindernia)、野芝麻属(Lamium)、婆婆纳属(Veronica)、苘麻属(Abutilon)、刺酸模属(Emex)、曼陀罗属(Datura)、堇菜属(Viola)、鼬瓣花属(Galeopsis)、罂粟属(Papaver)、矢车菊属(Centaurea)、车轴草属(Trifolium)、毛莨属(Ranunculus)、蒲公英属(Taraxacum)。
单子叶杂草:稗属(Echinochloa)、狗尾草属(Setaria)、黍属(Panicum)、马唐属(Digitaria)、梯牧草属(Phleum)、早熟禾属(Poa)、羊茅属(Festuca)、穇属(Eleusine)、臂形草属(Brachiaria)、黑麦草属(Lolium)、雀麦属(Bromus)、燕麦属(Avena)、莎草属(Cyperus)、高梁属(Sorghum)、冰草属(Agropyron)、狗牙根属(Cynodon)、雨久花属(Monochoria)、Fimbristyslis、慈姑属(Sagittaria)、荸荠属(Eleocharis)、藨草属(Scirpus)、雀稗属(Paspalum)、鸭嘴草属(Ischaemum)、尖瓣花属(Sphenoclea)、龙爪茅属(Dactyloctenium)、剪股颖属(Agrostis)、看麦娘属(Alopecurus)、阿披拉草属(Apera)。
总之,本发明方法提供与制备微胶囊的常规方法相比许多优点:低反应温度和极大中和的pH值允许温度-和pH敏感性有效物质胶囊化;用于胶囊包封的聚合物可直接就地制备而不需要昂贵的储存;聚合物在低温下通过酶并且不通过几乎需要完全无水条件的能量集约度高的、经典聚合方法制备;与有机金属聚合催化剂相比,聚合催化剂非常易于生物相容并且可再利用。
本发明制备的微胶囊以及包含微胶囊的分散体同样提供优点:微胶囊的胶囊包封比在其他制备方法中的更厚,它可更易于改变厚度或提供有其他胶囊包封,如果需要的话,它可以以指定方式再次降解以释放有效物质。微胶囊的胶囊芯可包含热稳定或在一些方面敏感性的有效物质,它也可包含溶于极性液体中的有效物质。分散体的其他优点是它们可直接从制备方法中得到。
以下实施例解释本发明而不限制它。
实施例
进料:
所用非极性相为沸点为260-280℃的部分氢化矿物油馏分,例如来自Exxon Mobil Chemical的或石蜡油(白色,CAS 8012-95-1)。
用于单体聚合的酶为来自南极假丝酵母(Candida antarctica)类型B的固定脂肪酶,例如为在球形聚合物珠上固定的南极假丝酵母(Candidaantarctica)类型B的脂肪酶的酶,其由Novozymes,Denmark可得。
所用分散剂A为包含乙氧基化脂肪醇和脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯,例如51.72重量%P134(聚乙二醇-30二聚羟基硬脂酸酯,Uniqema)、34.48重量%85(脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯,Uniqema)和6.90重量%A6(鲸蜡硬脂醇聚醚(ceteareth)-6和硬脂醇,BASF)和6.9重量%80(脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯,Uniqema)的乳化剂的混合物,其中重量%基于分散剂的总量。
所用单体为用于制备含聚合物的胶囊包封的ε-己内酯,例如含量为>99%的Fluka。
所用有效物质为杀真菌作物保护剂,例如戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)。作为选择,着色剂如Blue 756(C.I.Acid Blue 9,三苯基甲烷染料,例如由BASF SE可得)用作有效物质。Basacid Blue 756不溶于V中,而它溶于碳酸亚丙酯和己内酯中。作为其他选择,碳酸亚丙酯用作有效物质。
对于用于光学显微镜的着色,使用染料Blue(蒽醌染料,C.I.溶剂蓝(Solvent Blue)79,例如由BASF SE可得)。它仅溶于非常疏水的介质,例如V和聚己内酯。然而,它弱溶于水或碳酸亚丙酯中。
实施例1
如下量用于制备80.0g反相细乳液:
38.00g部分氢化矿物油馏分
2.00g分散剂A
0.80gε-己内酯
39.20g碳酸亚丙酯
0-10μl水
将分散剂在试样容器中称重并溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。将己内酯和碳酸亚丙酯借助磁力搅拌器强烈搅拌加入油相中,然后加入水并使混合物预乳化。使用Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S,随着冰冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液。使用光学显微镜(1000×放大倍率),测定细乳液的滴大小分布为200-1000nm。在超声乳化以后,将20mg酶加入每个混合物中,并将细乳液在40℃下聚合24小时。微胶囊的粒径为5-20μm(见图1;为净化,将胶囊包封和非极性相用Sudan Blue染色)。
加入的水:
混合物A)0μl水
混合物B)1μl水
混合物C)2μl水
混合物D)10μl水
实施例2
如下量用于制备20.0g反相细乳液:
9.50g部分氢化矿物油馏分
0.50g分散剂A
0.20gε-己内酯
9.80g碳酸亚丙酯
2μl水
将分散剂在试样容器中称重并溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。将碳酸亚丙酯使用磁力搅拌器强烈搅拌加入油相中,然后加入水并使混合物预乳化。使用Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S,随着冰冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液。使用光学显微镜(1000×放大倍率),测定细乳液的滴大小分布为200-1000nm。在超声乳化以后,将己内酯加入混合物中并小心搅入。加入20mg酶,并将细乳液在40℃下聚合24小时。微胶囊的粒径为5-20μm。图2显示已用Sudan Blue染色的在部分氢化矿物油馏分的连续相中具有聚己内酯包封的胶囊。聚己内酯的各个本体粒子也用Sudan Blue染为蓝色。
实施例3
如下量用于制备20.0g反相细乳液:
9.50g部分氢化矿物油馏分
0.50g分散剂A
0.20g ε-己内酯
9.80g碳酸亚丙酯
50mg Basacid Blue 756
2μl水
将分散剂在试样容器中称重并溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。将BasacidBlue使用磁力搅拌器强烈搅拌溶于碳酸亚丙酯中,然后加入水。将碳酸亚丙酯相加入油相中并预乳化。使用Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S,随着冰冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液。使用光学显微镜(1000×放大倍率),测定细乳液的滴大小分布为200-1000nm。在超声乳化以后,加入20mg酶,并将细乳液在40℃下聚合24小时。
微胶囊的粒径为5-20μm。图3显示胶囊芯已用有效物质Basacid Blue染色的微胶囊。连续相为无色的。此外,可见大小为约10μm的未溶解Basacid Blue晶体和长度为约30μm的聚己内酯粒子。
实施例4
如下量用于制备20.0g反相细乳液:
9.50g部分氢化矿物油馏分
0.50g分散剂A
1.0gε-己内酯
8.55g碳酸亚丙酯
0.45g戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)
将分散剂在试样容器中称重并溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。将有效物质戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)溶于碳酸亚丙酯和己内酯中。将碳酸亚丙酯相加入油相中并预乳化。使用Hielseher的超声处理器UP 400S,随着冰冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液。
在超声乳化以后,加入100mg酶,并将细乳液在60℃下搅拌24小时。
在聚合以后,将试样用石蜡油稀释并用Sudan Blue染色。在400×放大倍率显微镜下,可清楚地看到微胶囊(包括破裂那些)。微胶囊的粒径为<1μm至10μm。不能识别本体聚合物。通过加入水,可将微胶囊转化成水相。
实施例5
如下量用于制备反相细乳液:
22.8g部分氢化矿物油馏分
6.0g ε-己内酯
19.2mgD-山梨糖醇
329mg戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)
1.20g分散剂B
首先将分散剂引入试样容器中并搅拌溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。在其他容器中,将戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)溶于己内酯与山梨糖醇的混合物中。然后将均匀溶液一起混合并通过用磁力搅拌器搅拌而预乳化(在室温下60分钟)。借助超声(Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S),随着借助冰浴冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液,并且在加入100mg酶以后在60℃下聚合48小时。电子显微图显示粒度为1-10μm的产生的球形粒子。
实施例6
如下量用于制备反相细乳液:
45.60g石蜡油
11.34g ε-己内酯
18.3mg甘油
60mg分散剂C
658mg戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)
2.40g分散剂B
首先将分散剂引入试样容器中并搅拌溶于石蜡油中。在其他容器中,将戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)和甘油溶于己内酯中。然后将均匀溶液一起混合并通过在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌60分钟而预乳化。借助超声(Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S),随着借助冰浴冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液,并且在加入100mg酶以后在60℃下聚合48小时。电子显微镜研究显示粒度为1-10μm的球形粒子。
实施例7
如下量用于制备反相细乳液:
120g部分氢化矿物油馏分
24.0g碳酸亚丙酯
6.0gε-己内酯
19.2mgD-山梨糖醇
1.65g戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)
3.0g分散剂B
首先将分散剂引入试样容器中并搅拌溶于部分氢化矿物油馏分中。在其他容器中,将戊叉唑菌(triticonazole)和D-山梨糖醇溶于己内酯与碳酸亚丙酯的混合物中。然后将均匀溶液一起混合并通过在室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌60分钟而预乳化。借助超声(Hielscher的超声处理器UP 400S),随着借助冰浴冷却(5min,100%,Sonotrode H7)由其制备反相细乳液,并且在加入100mg酶以后在60℃下聚合48小时。依据显微镜照片(1000×放大倍率),显示产生的胶囊的粒度为1-10μm。
Claims (18)
1.一种制备包含含有效物质的胶囊芯和含聚合物的胶囊包封的微胶囊的方法,其包括通过存在于反相细乳液中的单体的酶催聚合形成所述胶囊包封。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述反相细乳液的分散相包含极性液体。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述酶包含水解酶。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的方法,其中所述酶包含脂肪酶或酯酶。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的方法,其中所述单体包含内酯。
6.根据权利要求1-2中任一项的方法,其中所述酶包含氧化还原酶。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其中所述有效物质为着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革或洗涤剂和清洁剂。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的方法,其中所述有效物质为作物保护剂或肥料。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的方法,其中存在至少一种影响至少一种有效物质从本发明微胶囊中释放的速率的释放剂。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中所述释放剂包含至少一种酶。
11.一种可通过根据权利要求1-10中任一项的方法得到的微胶囊。
12.一种包含根据权利要求11的微胶囊的分散体。
13.可通过根据权利要求1-10中任一项得到的微胶囊在着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革或洗涤剂和清洁剂中作为组分的用途。
14.可通过根据权利要求1-10中任一项得到的包含微胶囊的分散体在着色剂、化妆品、药物、作物保护剂、肥料、食品或动物饲料添加剂、聚合物助剂、纸、织物、皮革、涂料或洗涤剂和清洁剂中作为组分的用途。
15.一种包含根据权利要求11或根据权利要求1-10中任一项的方法制备的微胶囊的农用化学配制剂。
16.一种防治不想要的植物生长的方法,其中将不想要的植物、不要的植物生长的土壤,或它们的种子材料用根据权利要求15的配制剂处理。
17.一种防治不想要的昆虫或螨侵染植物和/或防治植物病原性真菌的方法,其中将所述真菌/昆虫、它们的栖息地或待保护以防真菌或昆虫侵染的植物或土壤和/或植物、植物生长的土壤,或它们的种子材料用根据权利要求15的配制剂处理。
18.一种用根据权利要求15的配制剂处理的种子材料。
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EP (1) | EP2142293A2 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2010524675A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101668586A (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0810016A2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2682017A1 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL201174A0 (zh) |
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WO (1) | WO2008132067A2 (zh) |
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CN104877790A (zh) * | 2015-04-01 | 2015-09-02 | 四川大学 | 制革用高效复配脂肪酶 |
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-
2008
- 2008-04-18 RU RU2009143560/05A patent/RU2009143560A/ru unknown
- 2008-04-18 EP EP08736352A patent/EP2142293A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-04-18 CA CA002682017A patent/CA2682017A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-04-18 WO PCT/EP2008/054702 patent/WO2008132067A2/de active Application Filing
- 2008-04-18 JP JP2010504643A patent/JP2010524675A/ja active Pending
- 2008-04-18 CN CN200880013461A patent/CN101668586A/zh active Pending
- 2008-04-18 BR BRPI0810016-0A2A patent/BRPI0810016A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2008-04-18 US US12/597,074 patent/US8263327B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104418971A (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2015-03-18 | 同济大学 | 葡萄糖氧化酶介导自由基引发体系及其制备水凝胶的方法 |
CN104418971B (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2016-07-13 | 同济大学 | 葡萄糖氧化酶介导自由基引发体系及其制备水凝胶的方法 |
CN104877790A (zh) * | 2015-04-01 | 2015-09-02 | 四川大学 | 制革用高效复配脂肪酶 |
CN113727605A (zh) * | 2019-01-25 | 2021-11-30 | 艾姆瓦克香港有限公司 | 包含作为流变改性剂的mfc的杀虫剂制剂 |
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WO2008132067A3 (de) | 2008-12-31 |
BRPI0810016A2 (pt) | 2014-10-14 |
US8263327B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
IL201174A0 (en) | 2010-05-17 |
EP2142293A2 (de) | 2010-01-13 |
RU2009143560A (ru) | 2011-06-10 |
WO2008132067A2 (de) | 2008-11-06 |
CA2682017A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
JP2010524675A (ja) | 2010-07-22 |
US20100120617A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
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