CN101657217B - 确定癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的抗性的方法 - Google Patents
确定癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的抗性的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本文描述的是确定特定癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂是否有抗性或者敏感的方法和组合物。所述方法包括分析与对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的反应相关的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平。本文还描述了增加在患者中进行有效治疗性治疗的可能性的方法和组合物,包括分析与对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的反应相关的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平。本文还描述了来自对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂敏感或者有抗性的癌症的分离的核酸群体。还描述了与前述方法和组合物一起使用的试剂盒和指示。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2007年1月30日提交、标题为“确定癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的抗性的方法”的美国临时专利申请第60/887,318号,和2007年4月13日提交、标题为“确定癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂的抗性的方法”的美国临时专利申请第60/911,855号的权益,这两个申请的内容都在此引入其全部作为参考。
发明背景
在不同患者中,相同类型的癌症(如结肠癌)对给定抗癌化合物的高度异质性反应是最使人烦恼和可悲的现代医学问题之一。广泛地认为,人类遗传和外遗传多样性引起对化学治疗反应的多种变化。因此,一直在进行努力以便在人类群体中识别癌症对特定治疗剂的抗性和敏感性的分子遗传相关物(也就是分子标签)。期望这种努力会最终使医生能够预先确定患者的癌症可以用特定的抗癌化合物有效治疗的可能性。
发明概述
在本文中描述了将患者中的癌症分类为对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂(HDACi)化合物具有抗性或敏感性的方法和组合物,所述分类如下实施:(i)将至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与在已知对HDACi化合物有抗性的癌细胞中被确定的第一组生物标志基因表达水平值相比较,或者将所述表达水平与在已知对HDACi化合物敏感的癌细胞中被确定的第二组生物标志基因表达水平值相比较,和(ii)如果所述生物标志基因表达水平明显低于所述第一组表达水平值,则表明癌症对HDACi化合物是敏感的,或者如果所述生物标志基因表达水平高于所述第二组表达水平值,则表明癌症对HDACi化合物具有抗性。所涉及 的生物标志基因包括PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。
因此,一方面,本文提供了对患者中的癌症进行分类的方法,包括将所述癌症中的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述生物标志基因的第一或者第二组表达水平阈值相比较;以及如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平低于第一组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂是敏感的,或者如果所述表达水平高于第二组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂具有抗性,其中所述至少四种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4或IL18中的至少一种。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF3、SYK、PPAP2C和RAB25。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述表达水平中的一种或者更多种是mRNA表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述表达水平中的一种或者更多种是多肽表达水平。在一些实施方式中,患者的癌症是结肠癌。在一些实施方式中,对癌症分类的方法还包括在所述比较步骤之前,确定在癌症中所述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方 式中,所涉及的HDAC抑制剂是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,将所述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述第一组和所述第二组生物标志基因表达水平阈值水平相比较。
另一方面,本文提供了对患者中的癌症进行分类的方法,包括:确定癌症中至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平;将所述癌症中的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述生物标志基因的第一或者第二组表达水平阈值相比较;和如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平低于第一组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂是敏感的,或者如果所述表达水平高于第二组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂具有抗性,其中所述至少四种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。
在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种标志基因中的至少一种选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4或IL18中的至少一种。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF3、SYK、PPAP2C和RAB25。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,其中所涉及生物标志基因的表达水平中的一种或更多种是mRNA表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述表达水平中的一种或更多种是多肽表达水平。在一些实施方式中,患者的癌症是结肠癌。在一些实施方式中,所述HDAC抑制剂是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括根据生物标志基因表达水平的比较,为患者开出HDAC抑制剂的处方或给予HDAC抑制剂。在一些实施方式中,将所 述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述第一组和所述第二组生物标志基因表达水平阈值水平相比较。
另一方面,本文提供了包括来自癌细胞的多数核酸的分离的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDAC抑制剂化合物敏感的癌细胞类型。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体包含RNAs。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体包含cDNAs。在一些实施方式中,所涉及的HDAC抑制剂是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,所涉及的癌细胞从体外生长的细胞群中分离。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞是结肠癌细胞。在一些实施方式中,所述结肠癌细胞来自结肠癌R1059261097、R4498160614、R5456781761、R7424107588或R0948311023。在一些实施方式中,DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1中的至少四种的核苷酸序列在分离的核酸群体中被表现。
在一个相关方面,本文提供了包括来自癌细胞的多数核酸的分离的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性的癌细胞类型。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体含有RNAs。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体含有cDNAs。在一些实施方式中,所涉及的HDAC抑制剂是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,所涉及的癌细胞从体外生长的细胞群中分离。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞是结肠癌细胞。在一些实施方式中,所述结肠癌细胞来自结肠癌R1059261097、R4498160614、R5456781761、R7424107588或R0948311023。在一些实施方式中,DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1中的至少四种的核苷酸序列在分离的核酸群体中被表现。
在一些实施方式中,本文提供了试剂盒,其包括:上述分离的核酸群体;以及表明所述群体中生物标志基因核酸水平与所述群体中内表达对照基因核酸水平的比值的插入物。
在一些实施方式中,本文提供了试剂盒,其包括:上述分离的核酸群体;以及表明所述群体中生物标志基因核酸水平与来自癌细 胞的核酸群体中所述生物标志基因的核酸水平的比值的插入物,其中所述癌细胞是对HDAC抑制剂化合物敏感的癌细胞类型。
在另一方面,本文提供用于生成核酸的表达水平参考群体以进行表达型分析的方法,其包括从癌细胞获得分离的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDAC抑制剂化合物敏感的癌细胞类型。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体包含RNAs。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体包含cDNAs。在一些实施方式中,刚刚提及的HDAC抑制剂化合物是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞在活组织检查样品中存在。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞在体外生长的细胞群中存在。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞是结肠癌细胞。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞来自结肠癌R1059261097、R4498160614、R5456781761、R7424107588或R0948311023。在一些实施方式中,DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1中的至少四种的核苷酸序列在上述分离的核酸群体中被表现。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括在所述分离步骤之前确定所述癌细胞类型对HDAC抑制剂化合物敏感。在一些实施方式中,在体外确定所述癌细胞类型对HDAC抑制剂化合物敏感。在一些实施方式中,所述HDAC抑制剂化合物是PCI-24781。
在一个相关方面,本文提供用于生成表达水平参考样品以进行表达型分析的方法,其包括从癌细胞获得分离的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性的癌细胞类型。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体含有RNAs。在一些实施方式中,所述分离群体含有cDNAs。在一些实施方式中,刚刚提及的HDAC抑制剂化合物是PCI-24781。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞在活组织检查样品中存在。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞在体外生长的细胞群中存在。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞是结肠癌细胞。在一些实施方式中,所述癌细胞来自结肠癌R1059261097、R4498160614、R5456781761、R7424107588或R0948311023。在一些实施方式中,DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1中的至少四种的 核苷酸序列在上述分离的核酸群体中被表现。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括在所述分离步骤之前确定所述癌细胞类型对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性。在一些实施方式中,在体外确定所述癌细胞类型对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性。在一些实施方式中,所述HDAC抑制剂化合物是PCI-24781。
在另一方面,本文提供了在体外对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性的人癌细胞系。在一些实施方式中,所述人细胞系表达DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述人癌细胞系对其具有抗性的HDAC抑制剂化合物是PCI 24781。在一些实施方式中,所述PCI 24781-抗性人癌细胞系对至少大约1μM的PCI24781浓度有抗性。在一些实施方式中,所述人癌细胞系是结肠癌细胞系。在一些实施方式中,所述结肠癌细胞系是R5247682266、R9866135153、R1078103114或R4712781606。
在另一方面,本文提供了增加用HDAC抑制剂进行治疗有效的癌症治疗的可能性的方法,包括:如果来自患者癌症的样品中的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平低于所述四种生物标志基因的表达水平阈值,则提供所述患者中的癌症对HDAC抑制剂治疗敏感的指示;或者如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平高于所述表达水平阈值,则提供所述癌症对HDAC抑制剂治疗有抗性的指示,其中所述至少四种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2,由此用HDAC抑制剂进行治疗有效的癌症治疗的可能性增加。在一些实施方式中,所述指示以数字媒体提供。在一些实施方式中,所述指示以硬拷贝媒体提供。在一些实施方式中,所述指示是生物医学公开参考资料(publication reference)。在一些实施方式中,所述指示是指至少两种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种 生物标志基因包括DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4或IL18。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF3、SYK、PPAP2C和RAB25。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述癌症是结肠癌。在一些实施方式中,所述HDAC抑制剂是PCI-24781。
在又一方面,本文提供了与HDAC抑制剂化合物联合治疗癌症的抗癌剂的优化选择方法,其如下实施:(i)比较其表达与癌症对抗癌剂的抗性或者敏感性相关的第一组生物标志基因和其表达与对HDAC抑制剂化合物的抗性相关的第二组生物标志基因;和(ii)如果所述第一组中的生物标志基因不同于所述第二组中的生物标志基因,则选择所述抗癌剂,以便与HDAC抑制剂联合治疗癌症,其中所述第二组中的生物标志基因是DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括比较用HDAC抑制剂连同第二抗癌剂治疗的多数癌细胞中所述第二组生物标志基因的表达水平。
在另一方面,本文提供了用HDAC抑制剂化合物进行治疗有效的癌症治疗的可能性的指示,包括传送至少四种生物标志基因表达水平的解释的工具,所述至少四种生物标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP。在一些实施方式中,所述指示还包括所述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述传送工具是纸文档或者电子文档。在一些实施方式中,所述解释包括生物医学公开参考资料。在一些实施方式中,所述解释包括图表。在一些实施方式中,所述解释包括:表明患者中的癌症对HDAC抑制剂治疗敏感的信息——如果来自患者癌症的样品中生物标志基因的表达水平低于所述四种生物标志基因的表达水平阈值;或表明所述癌症对HDAC抑制剂治疗有抗性的信息——如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平高于所述表达水平阈值。
在另一方面,本文提供了确定用HDAC抑制剂化合物有效治疗患者中的癌症的可能性的方法,包括:(i)确定在所述癌症中至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平,所述至少四种生物标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP;和(ii)将所述癌症中该至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与来自之前被确定对HDAC抑制剂化合物有抗性的癌细胞的表达水平参考样品中所述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平相比较,其中如果来自所述患者的癌中所述至少四种生物标志的表达水平低于所述表达水平参考样品中所述生物标志基因的表达水平,则有效治疗癌症的可能性较高。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括选择除HDAC抑制剂化合物之外的抗癌剂来治疗癌症。
在另一方面,本文提供了对患者中的癌症进行分类的方法,其包括比较癌症中至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述生物标志基因的第一或第二组表达水平值,并且对每种比较,为所述生物标志基因表达水平指定所述患者中的癌症对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂化合物有抗性的概率,其中:(i)所述第一组表达水平值在确定对所述组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂化合物有抗性的癌细胞中测量;(ii)所述第二组表达水平值在确定对所述组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂化合物敏感的癌细胞中测量;(iii)所述指定概率与所述生物标志基因表达水平与所述第一组表达水平值的负偏差成反比,并与所述生物标志基因表达水平与所述第二组表达水平值的正偏差成正比;和 (iv)所述至少四种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。
在另一方面,本文提供了对细胞群进行分类的方法,其包括:比较所述细胞群中至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与所述生物标志 基因的第一或第二组表达水平阈值;以及如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平低于第一组表达水平阈值,则表明所述细胞群对HDAC抑制剂敏感,或如果所述表达水平高于第二组表达水平阈值,则表明所述细胞群对HDAC抑制剂有抗性,其中所述至少四种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。
在另一方面,本文提供了确定体内HDAC抑制的方法,其包括在受试者被给予HDAC抑制剂化合物后,在从受试者获得的生物样品中确定HDAC抑制剂-反应性生物标志基因的表达水平,其中所述HDAC抑制剂-反应性生物标志基因是表5中列出的任何基因。
在另一方面,本文提供了确定对HDAC抑制剂最具反应性的组织和源自其的肿瘤的方法,其包括:(i)在第一时间点提供所述组织类型(包括血液)的第一组织和在第一时间点通过任何可用路径给予HDAC抑制剂化合物到所述第一组织,(ii)在第二时间点提供所述组织类型(包括血液)的第二组织和在第二时间点通过任何可用路径给予HDAC抑制剂化合物到所述第二组织,和(iii)确定表5中所列任意基因在所述第一和第二组织中的表达模式/表达图谱(expression profiles)。
在另一方面,本文提供了对一种或更多种细胞进行分类的方法,其包括确定在所述一种或更多种细胞中仅仅(no more than)4种到50种生物标志基因的表达水平,其中所述生物标志基因中的至少4种选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括:比较所述4到50种的生物标志基因的表达水 平与所述生物标志基因的第一或第二组表达水平阈值;并且如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平低于第一组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂敏感,或如果所述表达水平高于第二组表达水平阈值,则表明癌症对HDAC抑制剂有抗性。在一些实施方式中,所述一种或更多种细胞是癌细胞。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP。在一些实施方式中,所述方法还包括确定仅仅4种到20种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述方法包括确定仅仅4种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,所述4种生物标志基因由DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4和IL18组成。
在又一方面,本文提供了核酸杂交阵列,其包括在高严格杂交条件下与仅仅4种到50种生物标志基因杂交的核酸探针,其中所述生物标志基因中的至少4种选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。在一些实施方式中,所述核酸杂交阵列包括至少四种生物标志基因,所述至少四种生物标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因由DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4和IL18组成。
应当理解的是,本文描述的方法和组合物不限于本文描述的具体方法、方案、细胞系、成分和试剂,并且因此可以改变。也应当理解的是,本文使用的术语仅仅是为了描述特定实施方式的目的,而不是意欲限制本文描述的方法和组合物的范围,所述范围仅被所附权利要求所限制。
如在本文和所附权利要求中使用,单数形式“一(a)”、“一(an)”和“该(the)”包括复数指代物,除非上下文清楚地另外表明。
术语“生物标志基因(biomarker gene)”指的是基因,其表达或者活性产生至少一种表达产物,所述表达产物的水平与感兴趣的表型状态(如药物抗性、病理学)是数量上相关的。
术语“可检测标记(detectable label)”指的是使用分析技术能够观察的标记,所述技术包括但不限于荧光、化学发光、电子自旋共振、紫外/可见吸收光谱、质谱、核磁共振、磁共振和电化学方法。
可交换使用的术语“差别表达的基因”、″差别基因表达(differential gene expression)″和它们的同义词指的是,相对于在二细胞群中的基因表达,在第一细胞群中相同基因的表达被上调或者下调。这样的差异通过如mRNA水平、表面表达、多肽的分泌或者其它划分(partitioning)的变化而证明。在一些实施方式中,差别基因表达包括两个或者更多个基因或者它们的基因产物之间的表达比较,或两个或者更多个基因或者它们的基因产物之间的表达比的比较,或者甚至相同基因的两种差别加工产物的比较,所述产物在两个细胞群之间是不同的。差别表达包括基因或其表达产物在时间表达模式或者细胞表达模式方面的定量或定性差异,例如,在正常和患病细胞之间,或者在经历了不同疾病事件或者疾病阶段的细胞之间,或者在对某些治疗药明显敏感或者有抗性的细胞之间。
术语“荧光团”指的是在激发时发射光子和因而产生荧光的分子。
短语″基因扩增″指的是方法,通过所述方法,在特定细胞或者细胞系中形成多拷贝的基因或者基因片段。复制区域(扩增DNA的序列)通常称为“扩增子”。通常,产生的信使RNA(mRNA)的量,也就是基因表达水平,也与特定基因形成的拷贝数量成比例地增加。
除非另有说明,术语“基因表达型分析(gene expressionprofiling)”以最广泛的含义使用,并且包括基因的mRNA或者源于其的核酸、和/或蛋白水平或源于其的肽、和/或生物样品中的蛋白功能的定量方法。
术语“高严格杂交”指的是如下杂交条件:68℃下温育1小时,随后在2X SSC和0.1%SDS中室温清洗3次,每次20分钟,并在0.1X SSC和0.1%SDS中50℃清洗2次;或任何本领域中公认的等价杂交条件。
术语“内表达对照基因(internal expression control gene)”指的是这样的基因:在一种或者更多种表型不同的细胞中或经受了不同实验处理的细胞中,已知或预期其表达水平是非常相似的。例如,在对HDACi化合物处理有抗性或敏感的结肠癌细胞中,基因HDAC3的表达表现得非常相似。
术语″分离的″指的是从不感兴趣的成分中分开和除去感兴趣的成分。分离的物质任选地处于干燥状态或者半干燥状态,或溶液形式,包括但不限于水溶液。分离的成分任选地处于均质状态,或者分离的成分任选地是包括另外的药学可接受的载体和/或赋形剂的药物组合物的一部分。例如,用分析化学技术来确定纯度和均匀性,所述分析化学技术包括但不限于聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳或高效液相色谱法。另外,当感兴趣的成分被分离并且是配制物中存在的主要种类时,该成分在本文中被描述为基本纯的。本文中使用的术语“纯的”指的是感兴趣的成分至少是85%纯、至少90%纯、至少95%纯、至少99%纯或者更纯。仅通过例子的方式,当核酸或者蛋白不含有在天然状态下与其相关的至少一些细胞成分、或者核酸或蛋白已被浓缩到大于它在体内或者在体外产生的浓度时,这种核酸或者蛋白是“分离的”。
术语“标记(lable)”指的是掺入化合物中并容易被检测的物质,借此其物理分布被检测和/或监测。
术语“微阵列(microarray)”指的是可杂交阵列成分在基底上的有序布置,所述成分优选地是多核苷酸探针。
术语“核酸”或“核酸探针”在单个或复数使用时,一般是指任何多核糖核苷酸或多脱氧核糖核苷酸,其包括未修饰的RNA或DNA,或修饰的RNA或DNA。因此,例如,如本文所定义的核酸没有限制地包括:单链和双链DNA,包括单链和双链区域的DNA,单链和双链RNA,以及包括单链和双链区域的RNA,包括DNA和RNA的杂交分子——所述DNA和RNA任选地是单链、或更典型地是双链、或包括单链和双链区域。另外,如本文使用的术语“核酸”指的是包含RNA或者DNA或者RNA和DNA两者的三链区域。这些区域中的链任选地 来自相同的分子或者来自不同的分子。所述区域任选地包括所有的一种或者更多种分子,但是更典型地只涉及一些分子的区域。三螺旋区域分子之一通常是寡核苷酸。术语“核酸”具体地包括cDNAs。所述术语包括含有一种或者更多种修饰碱基的DNAs(包括cDNAs)和RNAs。因此,具有出于稳定性或者其它原因而被修饰的骨架的DNAs或RNAs是如本文中所指的“核酸”。包含稀有碱基例如次黄苷或者修饰碱基如氚标记碱基的DNAs或者RNAs包括在本文所定义的术语“核酸”之内。一般而言,术语“核酸”包括未修饰多核苷酸的所有化学、酶学和/或者代谢修饰形式,以及表征病毒和细胞的DNA和RNA的化学形式,所述细胞包括简单细胞和复杂细胞。
术语″寡核苷酸″指的是相对短的多核苷酸,其没有限制地包括;单链脱氧核糖核苷酸、单链或者双链核糖核苷酸、RNA:DNA杂交体和双链DNAs。寡核苷酸如单链DNA探针寡核苷酸通常通过化学方法合成,例如使用商业上可得到的自动寡核苷酸合成仪。然而,寡核苷酸任选地通过各种其它方法制备,包括体外重组DNA介导技术,和通过在细胞和生物体中的DNAs表达制备。
在本文中使用的术语“预测”、“预言”、“预示”或者“预后”指的是患者会对一种药物(如抗癌化合物)或者一组药物有利地或者不利地反应的可能性,也指这些反应的程度。在预测遭受癌症的患者是否可能对单独的HDAC抑制剂化合物治疗方案或者与另一治疗剂(如第二种抗癌化合物)联合有利地反应中,本文描述的预测方法是有价值的手段。
术语“受试者(subject)”或者“患者”指的是作为治疗、观察或实验的对象的动物。仅通过举例的方式,受试者包括但不限于哺乳动物,包括但不限于人。
术语“基本纯的”指的是感兴趣的成分基本上或者实质上不含在纯化之前通常伴随感兴趣的成分或与感兴趣的成分相互作用的其它成分。仅通过举例的方式,当感兴趣的成分的制备物包含小于大约30%、小于大约25%、小于大约20%、小于大约15%、小于大约10%、小于大约5%、小于大约4%、小于大约3%、小于大约2%或小于大约1%(干重)的污染成分时,所述感兴趣的成分是“基本纯的”。因此, “基本纯的”感兴趣成分任选地具有大约70%、大约75%、大约80%、大约85%、大约90%、大约95%、大约96%、大约97%、大约98%、大约99%或更高的纯度水平。
术语“治疗有效量”是指给予已遭受疾病、病或者病症的患者的量,其足以治愈或者至少部分地阻止或者一定程度地减轻被治疗的疾病、病或者病症的一种或者更多种症状。这种组合物的有效性取决于下列情况,包括但不限于:疾病、病或者病症的严重性和进程,先前的治疗,病人的健康状况和对药物的反应,以及治疗医生的判断。仅通过举例的方式,通过包括但不限于剂量递增临床试验的方法来确定治疗有效量。
术语“治疗(treat)”、“治疗(treating)”或“治疗/处理(treatment)”包括缓解、减轻或者改善疾病或者病的症状,预防另外的症状,改善或者预防症状的潜在代谢原因,抑制疾病或者病,如阻止疾病或者病的发展,缓解疾病或者病,引起疾病或者病的退化,减轻疾病或者病引起的病症,或者终止疾病或者病的症状。术语“治疗(treat)”、“治疗(treating)”或“治疗/处理(treatment)”包括但不限于预防和/或治疗性处理。
术语″肿瘤″或“症”指的是所有瘤细胞生长和增殖,不论是恶性或是良性,和所有的癌前细胞和组织以及癌性细胞和组织。
除非另有说明,应用细胞培养、蛋白质化学、生物化学、包括基因扩增和杂交技术的重组DNA技术、质谱和药物学的常规方法。
附图简述
图1是根据基因表达型分析识别癌细胞中HDACi化合物抗性的生物标志基因的方法以及识别的生物标志基因的表达型分析的临床应用的说明性示意流程图。
图2是显示一系列结肠癌细胞系的体外细胞增殖抑制对HDACi化合物PCI-24781浓度的说明性曲线图。
图3是说明用于分析微阵列数据的统计学方法的说明性流程图,所述方法用于识别在对HDACi化合物有抗性的癌细胞与对该化合物敏感的癌细胞的群体中的差别表达基因。
图4是说明在HDACi化合物处理和未处理的癌细胞以及敏感和抗性癌细胞中、基因表达微阵列数据的主成分分析的说明性散点图。
图5是比较微阵列方法与 定量RT-PCR方法的结果的说明性柱状图,所述方法用于确定PCI-24781-抗性与PCI-24781结肠癌细胞中一系列识别的HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因的mRNA表达水平的比值。
图6是说明性柱状图,其比较了对HDAC抑制剂化合物(PCI-24781)有抗性的癌细胞中四种HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因的相对表达水平与对该化合物敏感的癌细胞中该生物标志基因的表达情况。
图7(A)是说明性柱状图,其显示在来自HDAC抑制剂化合物PCI-24781处理的小鼠的外周血单核细胞中微管蛋白乙酰化作用的时间进程;图7(B)是其mRNA水平与微管蛋白乙酰化作用的变化相关的基因的表达模式的时间进程。
图8是说明性的两个线图组,其说明通过微阵列分析、定量RT-PCR和免疫印迹测定的两种HDAC抑制剂-反应性生物标志基因的表达模式。
图9是说明性柱状图,其显示在HDAC抑制剂处理后3和8小时、5种HDAC抑制剂-反应性生物标志基因在各种组织中的体内平均mRNA水平。
图10是说明性的一系列剂量反应曲线,其说明HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781对源于所示肿瘤的肿瘤的作用。
图11(A)是一系列线图,其说明HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781对源于新诊断的、初次接受治疗的(naive)结肠癌患者的原发性结肠肿瘤细胞的体外生长抑制量;图11(B)是一系列线图,其说明HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781对源于患有晚期、转移性结肠肿瘤的结肠癌细胞的体外生长抑制量;图11(C)是柱状图,其说明在对HDAC抑制剂的体外肿瘤细胞抗性和HDAC抗性生物标志基因DEFA6的mRNA表达水平之间的相关性。发明详述
本文描述的方法包括将患者中的癌症分类为对组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂(HDACi)化合物有抗性或敏感,其通过如本文所述比较所述癌症中表达的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平与生物标志基因表达水平阈值而实施。在至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平高于表达水平阈值的情况下,表明所述癌症对HDACi化合物有抗性。相反地,如果所述至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平低于表达水平阈值,则表明所述癌对HDACi化合物是敏感的。
在本文中也描述了源于癌细胞的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDACi化合物有抗性的癌细胞类型。本文进一步描述了源于癌细胞的核酸群体,其中所述癌细胞是对HDACi化合物敏感的癌细胞类型。本文还描述了产生这些核酸群体的方法。这些核酸群体任选地用作设定如本文所述的生物标志基因表达阀值的表达水平参考标准。本文进一步描述了被确定对HDACi化合物有抗性的细胞系。本文还描述了被确定对HDACi化合物敏感的细胞系。
本文也描述了增加用HDACi化合物进行治疗有效的癌症治疗的可能性的方法,所述方法如下实施:如果本文描述的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平低于这些生物标志基因的表达水平阈值,则提供癌症对HDACi化合物治疗敏感的指示;或者如果本文描述的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平高于这些生物标志基因的表达水平阈值,则提供癌症对HDACi化合物治疗有抗性的指示。
本文进一步描述了与HDACi化合物联合治疗癌症的抗癌剂的优化选择方法,其如下实施:比较其表达与癌症对抗癌剂的抗性或者敏感性相关的第一组生物标志基因和其表达与对HDACi化合物的抗性相关的第二组生物标志基因;并且然后,仅在所述第一组中的所有生物标志基因都不同于所述第二组中的生物标志基因的情况下,选择所述抗癌剂,以便与HDAC抑制剂联合治疗癌症。
HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因(HDACiR-BGs)的识别
本文描述了识别基因的方法,所述基因在癌细胞中的表达水平明显和一致地与细胞对HDACi化合物的抗性相关。这样的基因被称 为HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因(HDACiR-BGs)。在示例性实施方式中,如下识别HDACiR-BGs。
来自不同患者的原发肿瘤细胞(如结肠癌细胞)对HDAC抑制剂的离体反应通过在各种浓度的HDACi化合物存在的情况下培养所述细胞来确定。
在确定来自每个患者的癌细胞的HDACi化合物敏感性之后,对HDACi-抗性和敏感性肿瘤确定mRNA表达模式。分离总RNA和制备荧光探针,并依照制造商的说明书与全基因组cDNA微阵列(如含有~55,000个独特探针的Codelink人全基因组寡核苷酸微阵列;GEHealthcare Bio-Sciences Corp.,Piscataway,NJ)杂交。杂交之后,对微阵列进行扫描(如在GenePix 4000B扫描仪中;Molecular DevicesCorporation,Sunnyvale CA)。随后用Codelink软件处理图像和将数据针对中位数标准化(normalized to the median)。
将中位数标准化的微阵列数据输入到微阵列数据分析程序中进行主成分分析(PCA)和分级聚类分析(hierarchical clustering analysis)(如Agilent的Genespring软件)。在mRNA表达分析中,使用多种分析方法以便提供额外的置信度。对于多假设校正,任选地使用用于假发现率(FDR)的q值方法,如在Storey等(2003),Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA,100:9440-9445中所描述。作为第二种分析方法,任选地使用在Ishwaran 等(2003),J.Amer.Stat.Assoc.,98:438-455中描述的Bayesian方差分析(Bayesian ANOVA)方法。
在Bayesian方差分析方法中,不相关基因对ANOVA模型的贡献选择性减小以便平衡全假检测(total false detections)和全假非检测(total false non-detections)。输出是Zcut分数,其识别对ANOVA模型的贡献比标准Z-分数大的基因。参见前述Ishwaran等和网站bamarray.Com.
刚描述的方法和其变型任选地用于识别其它特定表型状态的生物标志基因,所述表型状态例如,对除HDACi化合物之外的抗癌剂有抗性。
个体癌症患者分类为对HDACi化合物有抗性或者敏感
在一些实施方式中,对从患有癌症(如结肠癌肿瘤)的个体患者得到的生物样品进行基因表达型分析,以便将患者中的癌分类为对HDACi化合物有抗性或者敏感。基因表达型分析包括分析表1中列出的HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因(HDACiR-BGs)中的至少一个的表达,其如本文所述进行识别。
在一些实施方式中,HDACiR-BG选自DEFA6、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、EPHA2、TNFRSF2、TM4SF3、IL18、TMPRSS2和CCL15。
在一些实施方式中,HDACiR-BGs中的至少四种被进行表达型分析。在一些实施方式中,所述四种HDACiR-BGs中的至少之一选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种HDACiR-BGs全部选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1。 【0072】在一些实施方式中,HDACiR-BGs中的至少十六种的表达被分析。在一些实施方式中,所述至少十六种HDACiR-BGs包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1中的一种或者更多种。在一些实施方式中,所述至少16种HDACiR-BGs包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18或DPEP1。
在各种实施方式中,针对对HDACi化合物有抗性或者敏感而被任选分类的癌和肿瘤的类型(来自个体患者)包括但不限于:结肠直肠癌;卵巢癌;胰腺癌;胆道癌;膀胱癌;骨癌;脑和中枢神经系统癌;乳腺癌;宫颈癌;绒毛膜癌;结缔组织癌;消化系统癌;子宫内膜癌;食管癌;眼癌;头颈癌;胃癌;上皮内肿瘤;肾癌;喉癌;白血病;肝癌;肺癌(如小细胞和非小细胞);包括霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤的淋巴瘤;黑色素瘤;骨髓瘤;神经母细胞瘤;口腔癌(如唇、舌、口和咽);前列腺癌;视网膜母细胞瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;直肠癌;肾癌;呼吸系统癌;肉瘤;皮肤癌;胃癌;睾丸癌;甲状腺癌;子宫癌;泌尿系统癌;以及其他癌和肉瘤。
在各种实施方式中,被任选分类的癌细胞类型包括但不限于:鳞状细胞乳头状瘤、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞瘤、基底细胞癌、移行细胞乳头状瘤、移行细胞癌、腺上皮腺瘤、黑素细胞血管球瘤、黑素细胞痣、恶性黑色素瘤、纤维瘤、纤维肉瘤、腺癌、胃泌素瘤、恶性胃泌素瘤、嗜酸细胞瘤、胆管细胞腺瘤、胆管细胞癌、肝细胞腺瘤、肝细胞癌、肾小管腺瘤、肾细胞癌(Grawitz瘤)、粘液瘤、粘液肉瘤、脂肪瘤、脂肪肉瘤、平滑肌瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、 良性畸胎瘤、恶性畸胎瘤、血管瘤、血管肉瘤、卡波西肉瘤、淋巴管瘤、淋巴管肉瘤、骨瘤、骨肉瘤、骨源性肉瘤、软骨软骨瘤、软骨肉瘤、脑膜脑膜瘤、恶性脑膜瘤、少突星状胶质细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、星形细胞瘤、毛细胞性星形细胞瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、少突胶质细胞瘤、神经母细胞瘤、神经鞘瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤或神经纤维瘤。其他类型的癌和肿瘤包括在参考来源中所描述的那些,如“InternationalClassification of Diseases for Oncology,”3rd Edition,InternationalAssociation of Cancer Registries.
生物样品是包括DNA、RNA或蛋白质从中被任选分离的细胞材料的任何生物样品,例如,实体组织样品,如活检样品或从中得到的组织培养物或细胞或它们的子代,血液和生物起源的其它液体样品,如痰(包括唾液,口腔清洗液或支气管刷片)、便、精液、尿液、腹水、脑脊液、膀胱冲洗液或胸水。术语“生物样品”还包括在它们获得之后以任何方式操作的样品,如通过试剂、溶解或某些成分的富集进行处理。该术语包括临床样本,并且还包括细胞培养中的细胞、细胞上清液、细胞裂解液、血清、血浆、生物流体和组织样本,例如新鲜收集的组织、冰冻组织、存档组织或者生物流体。
在一些实施方式中,生物样品是含有一个或者更多个癌细胞的肿瘤活组织检查样品(如,组织芯活检、针吸活检或切除活组织检查)。在一种实施方式中,生物样品是通过激光捕获切割(laser capturedissection)从肿瘤组织部分获得的癌细胞群体,如在美国专利6,040,139中所描述。优化组织样品制备和处理而进行表达型分析的方法包括如Bova等(2005),Methods Mol.Med.,103:15-66。
在一些实施方式中,通过确定本文描述的仅仅4种到50种生物标志基因的表达水平,对一种或更多种细胞(如,来自培养癌细胞系)进行分类,例如,5、6、7、8、9、10、12、16、18、20、24、30、32、35、40、44、45、47或从4到50的任何其它数目的生物标志基因。在一些实施方式中,生物标志基因中的4到44种选自表3,例如,5、6、7、8、9、10、12、16、18、20、24、30、32、35、40或从4到44的任何其它数目的生物标志基因选自表3。在一些实施方式中,生物标志基因中的至少4种选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、 CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。在一些实施方式中,所述4到50种生物标志包括选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP的一种或者更多种基因。在一些实施方式中,细胞的分类包括:比较确定的表达水平与第一或第二组生物标志基因的表达水平阈值;以及如果生物标志基因的表达水平比第一组表达水平阈值低,则表明一种或者更多种细胞对HDAC抑制剂敏感,或如果所述表达水平比第二组表达水平阈值高,则表明一种或者多种细胞对HDAC抑制剂有抗性。在一些实施方式中,确定仅4种到20种生物标志基因的表达。在一些实施方式中,确定仅4种生物标志基因的表达水平。在一些实施方式中,被确定表达水平的4种生物标志基因是:DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4和IL18。
HDACiR-BG表达型分析方法
通过确定两个样品之间差别基因表达的任何常规方法任选地产生HDACiR-BG表达图谱,例如,mRNA、标记mRNA、扩增mRNA、cRNA等的定量杂交,定量PCR,蛋白定量的ELISA等。
在一些实施方式中,HDACiR-BG mRNA水平(包括cDNA拷贝或者aRNA拷贝)被定量。使用任何常规方案从最初的核酸样品任选地产生表达图谱。虽然已知产生表达图谱的各种不同方式,例如在差别基因表达分析领域中所使用的那些方式,但是一类有代表性和方便的产生表达图谱的方案是根据基因表达图谱产生方案的阵列。这种应用是杂交试验,其中使用对于待产生图谱中的每一种待检验/分析的基因显示为“探针”核酸的核酸。在这些试验中,目标核酸样品首先从被检验的最初核酸样品中制备,其中制备任选地包括用标记物如信号产生系统的成员来标记目标核酸。目标核酸样品制备后,样品与阵列在 杂交条件下接触,从而与连接到阵列表面的探针序列互补的目标核酸之间形成复合物。随后检测和定量HDACiR-BG杂交复合物。
产生本文描述方法中使用的HDACiR-BG表达图谱的任选实施的具体杂交技术包括:美国专利5,143,854;5,288,644;5,324,633;5,432,049;5,470,710;5,492,806;5,503,980;5,510,270;5,525,464;5,547,839;5,580,732;5,661,028;5,800,992;以及WO 95/21265;WO96/31622;WO 97/10365;WO 97/27317;EP 373203;和EP 785280中描述的技术。在这些方法中,包括其表达被检验的每种表型决定基因的探针的“探针”核酸阵列与如上述的目标核酸接触。接触在杂交条件下进行,如严格杂交条件,如本领域中实践的那些条件;并且未结合的核酸然后被除去。得到的杂交核酸模式提供了关于每种已用探针探查的HDACiR-BGs的表达的定量信息。
表达值差别的评估使用任何常规方法学任选地进行,例如,通过比较表达谱的数字图像、通过比较表达数据的数据库等。描述比较表达图谱方式的专利包括但不限于美国专利第6,308,170和6,228,575号,以及美国申请专利申请序列第10/858,867号。
在一些实施方式中,本文描述的方法在包含核酸探针的核酸杂交阵列上进行,所述核酸探针在高严格杂交条件下与仅四种到五十种生物标志基因的核酸杂交,如5、6、7、8、9、10、12、16、18、20、24、30、32、35、40、44、45、47或从四到五十种中的任何其它数目的生物标志基因。在一些实施方式中,所述生物标志基因中的四到四十种选自表3,例如,5、6、7、8、9、10、12、16、18、20、24、30、32、35、40或从四到四十四种中的任何其它数目的生物标志基因选自表3。在一些实施方式中,用于阵列探针的生物标志基因中的至少四种选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、 PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP。在一些实施方式中,所述至少四种生物标志基因是DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4和IL18。
可替代地,使用不基于阵列的方法来定量样品中一种或者更多种核酸水平,包括定量PCR等。
在一些实施方式中,生物样品(如肿瘤活组织检查)中表达的HDACiR-BGs的表达型分析通过定量反转录PCR分析(qRT-PCR)进行。在这个方法中,来自生物样品的RNA被反转录以便产生cDNA片段,其随后通过基因特异性定量PCR进行扩增。特定PCR产物的积累速度任选地与原始样品中相应RNA种类的丰度相关,并因而提供了基因表达水平的指示。
在一个实施方式中,qPCR分析是TaqManTM分析。简单地说,PCR一般利用Taq或者Tth聚合酶的5′核酸外切酶活性来水解结合到其目标扩增子上的荧光标记的杂交探针,但是任选应用具有等价5′核酸外切酶活性的任何酶。使用两条寡核苷酸引物产生PCR反应典型的扩增子。设计第三种寡核苷酸或探针以便杂交到位于两条引物之间的核苷酸序列。探针不可通过Taq DNA聚合酶延伸,并且用报告荧光染料进行5′标记和用猝灭荧光染料进行3′标记。当两种染料在探针上时,当它们的位置靠近在一起时,来自报告染料的任何激光诱导的发射都被猝灭染料猝灭。在扩增反应期间,Taq DNA聚合酶以温度依赖性方式剪切探针。生成的探针片段在溶液中解离,并且来自释放的报告染料的信号免于第二种发色团的猝灭作用。对于每个合成的新分子,一分子的报告染料被释放,并且未猝灭报告染料的检测提供了数据定量说明的基础。
使用商业可得到的设备任选地进行qRT-PCR,例如,诸如ABIPRISM 7900TM Sequence Detection SystemTM(Perkin-Elmer-AppliedBiosystems,Foster City,CA)或LightCyclerTM。(Roche MolecularBiochemicals,Mannheim,Germany)。在一个实施方式中,5′核酸外切酶步骤在实时定量PCR设备上运行,例如在ABI PRISM 7900TM SequenceDetection SystemTM或者在这个仪器家族中一个类似系统上运行。所述系统由热循环仪、激光、电荷耦合器件(CCD)、照相机和计算机组成。 所述系统在热循环仪上以96孔或者384孔形式扩增样品。在扩增期间,所有反应孔的激光诱导的荧光信号通过光导纤维电缆实时收集,并在CCD中检测。所述系统包括用于运行仪器和分析数据的软件。
核酸外切酶阵列数据最初表示为CT值,即,其中荧光信号被首次记录为有统计学意义的PCR循环。
为了最小化误差和样品-样品变化的影响以及过程可变性,mRNA水平测量值通常针对内表达对照基因的表达水平进行标准化。标准化qPCR分析的方法包括:参见,如网址normalisation.gene-quantification.info.理想的内表达对照基因是在不同患者或者受试者中以相对恒定水平表达和不被实验处理所影响的基因。
在一些实施方式中,内表达对照基因是RNA聚合酶II(GenBank登录号X74870)。
在其它实施方式中,内表达对照基因是HDAC3(NM_003883)。
在进一步的实施方式中,内表达对照基因是ZNF217(NM_006526)。
在一些实施方式中,每个样品的HDAiR-BG mRNA表达水平通过每个样品中的RNA总量进行标准化。任选地确定样品中的RNA量,如通过UV-光谱、或者通过使用RNA检测试剂如来自于Invitrogen(Carl sbad,CA)的
在待确定的HDACiR-BG表达谱是蛋白表达谱的情况下,任何方便的蛋白定量方案被任选地应用,其中被检测样品中的一种或者更多种蛋白的水平被检测。代表性的方法包括但不限于:蛋白质组阵列、质谱或者标准的免疫测定(如RIA或ELISA)。参见例如,在下列文献中列出的方法:R.Scopes,Protein Purification,Springer-Verlag,N.Y.(1982);Sandana(1997)Bioseparation of Proteins,Academic Press,Inc.;Bollag等(1996)Protein Methods.2nd Edition Wiley-Liss,NY;Walker(1996)The Protein Protocols Handbook Humana Press,NJ,Harris andAngal(1990)Protein Purification:Principles and Practice 3rd EditionSpringer Verlag,NY;Janson and Ryden(1998)Protein Purification:Principles,High Resolution Methods and Applications,Second Edition Wiley-VCH,NY;和Satinder Ahuja ed.,Handbook of Bioseparations,Academic Press(2000);Harlow等,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,Cold Spring Harbor,NY,353-355(1988)。
蛋白质组表达型分析法检测方法包括各种多维电泳的方法(如2-维凝胶电泳)、基于质谱的方法如SELDI、MALDI、电喷射等)或表面等离子体共振的方法。例,如在MALDI中,样品通常与适当的基质混合,放置在探针表面和通过激光解吸/电离来检查。参见例如,美国专利5,045,694、5,202,561和6,111,251。类似地,对于SELDI,第一等分试样与固体支持物结合(例如基底结合)的吸附剂接触。基底通常是探针(如生物芯片),其任选地放置在与气相离子光谱仪的可询问关联中。SELDI已经应用于诊断蛋白质组学。参见例如,Issaq等(2003),Anal.Chem.75:149A-155A。
在一个实施方式中,使用刚描述的任何蛋白质检测方法来确定已知是分泌性蛋白的一种或者更多种HDACiR-BG蛋白的表达水平,如DEFA6、TM4SF4、TM4SF3、TGFA、FGFBP1、EPHA2、TNFRSF2、IL18、CCL15或TMPRSS2。
表达水平参考样品
在一些实施方式中,将感兴趣生物样品(如结肠癌活组织检查)中的HDACiR-BGs的表达图谱与表达水平参考样品中的HDACiR-BG表达图谱进行比较。表达水平参考样品是源于确定患有特定癌症或者肿瘤的一个或更多个癌症患者的生物样品,所述特定癌症或者肿瘤对于用HDACi化合物(如PCI-24781)治疗的敏感性或者抗性已被确定。换句话说,表达水平参考样品用作比较检测样品中每种HDACiR-BG的表达水平值的标准。HDACiR-BG表达水平与参考样品中表达水平值的偏差表明,患者——所述生物样品源于所述患者——中的癌症对于HDACi化合物治疗是否敏感或者有抗性。在一些实施方式中,HDACiR-BG阈值表达水平值根据一种或者更多种统计标准而任选地设定,所述统计标准针对与表达水平参考样品中HDACiR-BG表达水平值的偏差,例如,与参考样品HDACiR-BG表达水平偏离2个或更多个SDs。
在一些实施方式中,表达水平参考样品是是“阴性”参考样品,也就是,源于确定对HDACi化合物敏感的癌或肿瘤的患者的样品。因此,在多个HDACiR-BGs(例如至少4、5、6、8、10、12或16)的表达水平比根据阴性参考样品的阈值表达水平值明显高的情况下,表明患者的癌对HDACi化合物有抗性。
在一些实施方式中,表达水平参考样品是“阳性”参考样品,也就是,源于确定对HDACi化合物有抗性的癌或肿瘤的患者的样品。因此,在多个HDACiR-BGs(例如至少4、5、6、8、10、12或16)的表达水平比根据阴性参考样品的阈值表达水平值明显低的情况下,表明患者的癌对HDACi化合物是敏感的。
在一些实施方式中,将HDACiR-BG表达图谱与在阳性和阴性参考样品中的表达图谱进行比较。
在一些实施方式中,对感兴趣的生物样品和(阳性或阴性)表达水平参考平行地进行HDACiR-BGs表达水平测量。例如,在使用阵列杂交方法时,任选地同时测量感兴趣的生物样品和表达水平参考样品中的HDACiR-BG mRNA水平,其通过用可检测区分的荧光团单独标记来自每一样品的核酸群体(如mRNA、cDNA、aRNA群体)并且然后使荧光标记核酸杂交于同一阵列而实施。
在一些实施方式中,表达水平参考样品是源于癌活组织检查样品的核酸群体(如mRNAs、aRNAs、cDNAs或aRNAs),其中至少四种HDACiR-BGs的序列被示出,并且已确定其对HDACi化合物的敏感性。在一些实施方式中,核酸群体源自培养物中培养的患者肿瘤细胞。在其它实施方式中,群体直接源自活组织检查而不经细胞培养步骤。
在一些实施方式中,用作表达水平参考样品的核酸群体如下产生。如上所述从患者获得癌活组织检查样品,然后分离存活肿瘤细胞,并且如Kern等(1990),J.Natl.Cancer Inst.,82:582-588中所述培养生长。为了确定癌细胞是否对HDACi化合物敏感,它们随后在一定浓度范围例如(0-10μM)的HDACi化合物存在的情况下生长,和通过许多方法如氚化胸腺嘧啶掺入测量细胞增殖。测量相对于没有HDACi化合物存在情况下的肿瘤细胞增殖(也就是没有抑制),HDACi化合物对肿 瘤细胞增殖的抑制。根据多个细胞增殖标准,任选地确定癌症为敏感或者有抗性的指定。例如,如果测试癌细胞中的HDACi化合物的IC50明显低于已知对该化合物敏感的细胞中所观察的该值(如2SDs),则该癌症被表征为有抗性。因此,源于所述抗性癌的细胞(如直接地或者培养传代之后)任选地用于产生作为表达水平(阳性)参考样品的核酸群体,用于设定上述HDACiR-BG表达水平阈值。相反地,发现对HDACi化合物敏感的肿瘤细胞用于产生作为表达水平(阴性)参考样品的核酸群体。
获得来自于生物样品(如组织或者细胞)的RNA的方法包括,如Luzzi等(2005),Methods Mol Biol.,293:187-207,包括从单个细胞的线性aRNA扩增。此外,用于高质量RNA纯化的各种试剂盒是商业可获得的,如从Qiagen(Valencia,CA)、Invitrogen(Carlsbad,CA)、Clontech(Palo Alto,CA)和Stratagene(La Jolla,CA)获得。
在一些实施方式中,表达水平参考样品是从一种或者更多种HDACi化合物-抗性结肠癌细胞中分离的RNA样品。在一个实施方式中,细胞源于本文描述的直肠癌活组织检查R5247682266、R9866135153、R1078103114或R4712781606。
HDACi抑制剂化合物
在另一实施方式中,癌症对其有抗性或者敏感的HDACi抑制剂肿瘤化合物包括但不限于:羧酸酯、短链脂肪酸、异羟肟酸、亲电子酮、环氧化物、环肽和苯甲酰胺。在另外的实施方式中,癌症对其有抗性或者敏感的HDACi抑制剂肿瘤化合物包括但不限于具有式(A)结构的异羟肟酸: 式(A)其中:Q是任选取代的C5-12芳基或者任选取代的C5-12杂芳基;L是具有至少4个原子的接头(linker); R1是H或者烷基;
和其药学可接受的盐、药学可接受的N-氧化物、药学活性代谢物、药学可接受的前药、药学可接受的溶剂化物。
癌症对其有抗性或者敏感的HDACi抑制剂肿瘤化合物包括但不限于具有式(I)结构的化合物:
其中:
R1是氢或者烷基;
X是-O-、-NR2-或-S(O)n,其中n是0-2和R2是氢或者烷基;
Y是亚烷基,其被环烷基、任选取代的苯基、烷硫基、烷基亚硫酰基、烷基磺酰基、任选取代的苯基烷硫基、任选取代的苯基烷基磺酰基、羟基或任选取代的苯氧基任选取代;
Ar1是亚苯基或杂亚芳基,其中所述Ar1被一个或两个独立选自下列的基团任选取代:烷基、卤、羟基、烷氧基、卤烷氧基或卤烷基;
R3是氢、烷基、羟烷基或任选取代的苯基;和
Ar2是芳基、芳烷基、芳烯基、杂芳基、杂芳烷基、杂芳烯基、环烷基、环烷基烷基、杂环烷基或杂环烷基烷基;
及各个立体异构体、各个几何异构体或它们的混合物;或其药学上可接受的盐。
在另一实施方式中,癌症对其有抗性或者敏感的HDACi抑制剂肿瘤化合物包括但不限于PCI-24781。
在一些实施方式中,根据基于本文描述方法进行的、患者的癌症为对HDAC抑制剂敏感或者有抗性的分类,为患者开出HDAC抑制剂的处方或给予患者HDAC抑制剂。
在一些实施方式中,本文描述的方法用于优化与HDACi化合物联合应用的抗癌剂的选择。在一些实施方式中,通过首先比较一组对HDACi化合物有抗性的已知生物标志基因与数组针对其它抗癌剂识别的生物标志基因,进行第二抗癌剂的优化选择。根据各组抗性生物标志基因的最小重叠,随后选择第二抗癌剂,以便与HDACi化合物联合使用。
任选地与HDACi化合物联合应用的抗癌剂的实例包括但不限于下列任一:棉子酚(gossyphol)、根纳三思(genasense)、多酚E、复杂环肽(Chlorofusin)、全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、苔藓抑素、肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)、5氮杂2′-脱氧胞苷、全反式维甲酸、阿霉素、长春新碱、依托泊苷、吉西他滨、伊马替尼 格尔德霉素、17-N-烷胺基-17-脱甲氧基格尔德霉素(17-AAG)、夫拉平度、LY294002、硼替佐米、曲妥珠单抗、BAY 11-7082、PKC412、或PD184352、TaxolTM——也被称为“紫杉醇”,是通过增强和稳定微管形成起作用的抗癌药、和Taxol紫杉醇TM的类似物如TaxotereTM。具有基本紫杉烷骨架作为共同结构特征的化合物也已显示由于稳定的微管而具有将细胞阻止在G2-M期的能力,并且任选地用于与本文描述的化合物联合来治疗癌症。
与HDACi化合物联合应用的抗癌剂的另外实例包括促分裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导抑制剂,如U0126、PD98059、PD184352、PD0325901、ARRY-142886、SB239063、SP600125、BAY43-9006、渥曼青霉素或LY294002。
任选地与HDACi化合物联合使用的其它抗癌剂包括阿霉素、更生霉素、博莱霉素、长春花碱、顺铂、阿西维辛;阿柔比星;阿考达唑盐酸盐;阿克罗宁;阿多来新;阿地白介素;六甲蜜胺;二霉素;阿美蒽醌醋酸;氨鲁米特;安吖啶;阿纳托唑;安曲霉素;天冬酰胺酶;曲林菌素;阿扎胞苷;氮替派;阿佐霉素;巴马司他;苯佐替派;比卡鲁胺;比生群盐酸盐;双奈法德二甲磺酸盐;比折来新;博莱霉素硫酸盐;布喹那钠;溴匹立明;白消安;放线菌素C;卡普睾酮;卡醋胺;卡贝替姆;卡铂;卡氮芥;卡柔比星盐酸盐;卡折来新;西地芬戈;苯丁酸氮芥;西罗里霉素;克拉屈滨;克立那托甲磺酸;环磷酰胺;阿糖胞苷;达卡巴嗪;柔红霉素盐酸盐;地西他滨;右奥马铂;地扎呱宁;地扎呱宁甲磺酸;地吖醌;阿霉素;盐酸阿霉素;屈洛昔芬;柠檬酸屈洛昔芬;屈他雄酮丙酸;偶氮霉素;依达曲沙;依 氟鸟氨酸盐酸盐;依沙芦星;恩洛铂;苯环丙炔酯;依匹哌啶;表柔比星盐酸盐;厄布洛唑;依索比星盐酸盐;雌莫司汀;雌莫司汀磷酸钠;依他硝唑;依托泊苷;磷酸依托泊苷;氯苯乙嘧胺;法倔唑盐酸盐;法扎拉滨;芬维A胺;氟尿苷;磷酸氟达拉滨;氟尿嘧啶;氟环胞苷;磷喹酮;福司曲星钠;吉西他滨;吉西他滨盐酸盐;羟基脲;盐酸伊达比星;异磷酰胺;异伊莫福新(iimofosine);白细胞介素II(包括重组白细胞介素II或rIL2);干扰素α-2A;干扰素α-2b;干扰素α-n1;干扰素α-n3;干扰素β-1a;干扰素γ-1b;异丙铂;依立替康盐酸盐;兰瑞肽醋酸;来曲唑;醋酸亮丙瑞林;利阿唑盐酸盐;洛美曲索钠;洛莫司汀;洛索蒽醌盐酸盐;马索罗酚;美登素;氮芥盐酸盐;醋酸甲地孕酮;醋酸美伦孕酮;美法兰;美诺立尔;巯嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;甲氨蝶呤钠;氯苯氨啶;美妥替哌;米丁度胺;米托克星(mitocromin);丝裂红素;米托洁林;丝裂马菌素;丝裂霉素;米托司培;米托坦;盐酸米托蒽醌;麦考酚酸;诺考达唑;诺加霉素;奥马铂;奥昔舒仑;培门冬酶;佩里霉素;戊氮芥;培洛霉素硫酸盐;过磷酰胺;哌泊溴烷;哌泊舒凡;吡罗蒽醌盐酸盐;普卡霉素;普洛美坦;卟吩姆钠;泊非霉素;泼尼莫司汀;盐酸甲基苄肼;嘌呤霉素;盐酸嘌呤霉素;吡唑呋喃菌素;异戊烯腺苷;洛太米特;沙芬戈;沙芬戈盐酸盐;甲基环己亚硝脲;辛曲秦;磷乙酰天冬氨酸钠;稀疏霉素;稀疏霉素盐酸盐;螺莫司汀;螺铂;链黑菌素;链佐星;磺氯苯脲;他利霉素;替可加兰钠;替加氟;替洛蒽醌盐酸盐;替莫泊芬;替尼泊苷;替罗昔隆;睾内酯;硫咪嘌呤;硫鸟嘌呤;塞替派;噻唑呋啉;替拉扎明;枸橼酸托瑞米芬;曲托龙醋酸盐;曲西立滨磷酸盐;三甲曲沙;葡醛酸三甲曲沙;曲普瑞林;妥布氯唑盐酸盐;尿嘧啶芥;乌瑞替派;伐普肽;维替泊芬;长春碱硫酸盐;长春新碱硫酸盐;长春地辛;硫酸长春地辛;长春匹定硫酸盐;长春甘酯硫酸盐;长春罗辛硫酸盐;酒石酸长春瑞滨;长春罗定硫酸盐;长春利定硫酸盐;伏氯唑;折尼铂;净司他丁;佐柔比星盐酸盐。
任选地与HDACi化合物联合使用的其它抗癌剂包括:20-表-1,25二羟维生素D3;5-乙炔基尿嘧啶;阿比特龙;阿柔比星;酰基亚甲基环戊二烯;艾迪烯醇(adecypenol);阿多来新;阿地白介素;ALL-TK 拮抗剂;六甲蜜胺;氨莫司汀;胺氯杀螨(amidox);阿米福汀;氨基乙酰丙酸;氨柔比星;安吖啶;阿那格雷;阿纳托唑;穿心莲内酯;血管生成抑制剂;拮抗剂D;拮抗剂G;安雷利克斯;抗背部化形态发生蛋白1;抗雄激素;前列腺癌;抗雌激素;抗恶性肿瘤物质;反义寡核苷酸;阿非科林甘氨酸;凋亡基因调节剂;凋亡调节剂;无嘌呤酸;ara-CDP-DL-PTBA;精氨酸脱氨酶;艾色艾克瑞(asulacrine)阿他美坦;阿莫司汀;海洋环肽(axinastatin)1海洋环肽2;海洋环肽3;阿扎司琼;阿扎毒素;重氮酪氨酸;巴卡亭III衍生物;巴纳醇(balanol);巴马司他(batimastat);BCR/ABL拮抗剂;苯并叶酚(benzochlorins);苯甲酰星孢菌素(benzoylstaurosporine);β内酰胺衍生物;β-阿拉乙烯(β-alethine);β卡拉霉素B(βclamycin B);桦木酸;碱性成纤维细胞生长因子抑制剂;比卡鲁胺;比山群;双撒紫瑞迪尼精胺(bisaziridinylspermine);双奈法德;双枸橼酸环己噻卓酯A(bistratene A);比折来新;比瑞福拉(breflate);溴匹立明(bropirimine);布多替钛;丁硫氨酸亚砜胺;钙泊三醇;钙感光蛋白C;喜树碱衍生物;金丝雀白细胞介素2;卡培他滨;甲酰胺-氨基三唑;羧基酰胺三唑;CaRest M3;CARN 700;软骨源性抑制剂;卡折来新;酪蛋白激酶抑制剂(ICOS);澳粟精胺;抗菌肽B;西曲瑞克;卡罗瑞林(chlorlns);氯喹喔啉磺酰胺;西卡前列素;顺式卟啉;克拉屈滨;氯米芬类似物(clomifene analogues);克霉唑;克里斯霉素A(collismycin A);克里斯霉素B;考布他汀A4;考布他汀类似物;克纳格尼(conagenin)crambescidin 816;克立那托;自念珠藻环肽8(cryptophycin 8);自念珠藻环肽A衍生物;司可林A;五环蒽醌(cyclopentanthraquinones)环铂(cycloplatam);次帕霉素(cypemycin);阿糖胞苷ocfosfate;溶细胞因子;磷酸己烷雌酚;达昔单抗;地西他滨;去氢代代宁B(dehydrodidemnin B);地洛瑞林;地塞米松;右异环磷酰胺;右丙亚胺;右维拉帕米;地吖醌;代代宁B(didemnin B);双地噢新(didox);二乙基降精胺(diethylnorspermine)二氢-5-氮胞苷;9-二草霉素(dioxamycin);二苯基螺莫司汀;二十二醇;多拉司琼;去氧氟尿苷;洛昔芬;屈大麻酚;duocarmycin SA;依布硒;依考莫司汀;依地福新;依决可单抗;依氟鸟氨酸;榄香烯;乙嘧替氟;表阿霉素;爱普列特; 雌莫司汀类似物;雌激素激动剂;雌激素拮抗剂;依他硝唑;磷酸依托泊苷;依西美坦;法倔唑;法扎拉滨;芬维A胺;惠尔血;非那司提;夫拉平度;氟卓斯汀;氟海星酮(fluasterone);氟达拉滨;氟多润尼茨盐酸盐(fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride);福酚美克;福美坦;福司曲星;福莫司汀;钆texaphyrin;硝酸镓;加洛他滨;加尼瑞克;明胶酶抑制剂;吉西他滨;谷胱甘肽抑制剂;肝素氨基酸(hepsulfam);合热古琳(heregulin);六亚甲基二乙酰胺;金丝桃素;伊班膦酸;去甲氧柔红霉素;碘昔芬;伊决孟酮;伊莫福新;伊洛马司他;咪唑并吖啶酮(imidazoacridones);咪喹莫特;免疫刺激剂肽;胰岛素样生长因子-1受体抑制剂;干扰素激动剂;干扰素;白细胞介素;碘苄胍;碘阿霉素;甘薯苦醇;4-伊罗普拉;伊索格拉定;异本吡咯(isobengazole);异同卤葡萄糖醛酸B(isohomohalicondrin B);伊他司琼;jasplakinolide;kahalalide F;片螺素氮甘油酯;兰瑞肽;雷恩新生霉素(leinamycin);来诺拉提(lenograstim);香菇多糖硫酸酯;乐普他汀(leptolstatin);来曲唑;白血病抑制因子;白细胞α干扰素;亮丙瑞林+雌激素+孕激素;亮丙瑞林;左旋咪唑;利阿唑;线性多胺类似物;亲脂二糖肽;亲脂铂化合物;利索次酰胺7(lissoclinamide 7);乐铂;蚯蚓氨酸;洛美曲索;氯尼达明;洛索蒽醌;洛伐他汀;洛索立宾;勒托替康;镥化合物lutetium texaphyrin;利索发琳(lysofylline);裂解肽;美坦辛;美坦辛A;马马司他;马丙考;马斯品(maspin);基质溶解素抑制剂;基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂;美诺立尔;美巴龙;美替瑞林;甲硫氨;灭吐灵;MIF抑制剂;米非司酮;米替福新;米立司亭;错配双链RNA;丙米腙;二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);丝裂霉素C类似物;胺硝萘酞胺;mitotoxin成纤维细胞生长因子-皂草素;米托蒽醌;莫法罗汀;莫拉司亭;单克隆抗体;人绒毛膜促性腺激素;单磷酰脂A+分支杆菌细胞壁sk(monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk);莫哌达醇;多药耐药基因抑制剂;基于多肿瘤抑制物1的治疗;芥抗癌剂;mycaperoxide B;分枝杆菌细胞壁提取物;米瑞阿泊瑞(myriaporone);N-乙酰地那林(N-acetyldinaline);N-取代苯甲酰胺类;纳发阮林;纳格瑞斯匹(nagrestip);纳洛酮+戊唑辛;纳帕威恩(napavin);纳匹特瑞平恩(naphterpin);那托司亭;奈达铂;奈莫柔比星;奈立膦酸;中 性肽链内切酶;尼鲁米特;纳他霉素(nisamycin)氧化氮调节剂;氧化亚氮抗氧化剂;尼曲了恩(nitrullyn);O6-苄基鸟嘌呤;奥曲肽;奥康斯恩(okicenone);寡核苷酸类;奥那司酮;恩丹西酮;恩丹西酮;奥瑞斯恩(oracin);口腔细胞因子诱导剂;奥马铂;奥沙特隆;奥沙利铂;oxaunomycin;palauamine;棕榈酰根霉素;帕米膦酸;人参炔三醇;帕诺米芬parabactin;帕折普汀;培门冬酶;培得星;戊聚硫钠;喷司他丁;泮托拉唑(pentrozole);全氟溴烷;磷酰胺;紫苏醇;phenazinomycin;苯乙酸;磷酸酶抑制剂类;溶链菌;匹鲁卡品盐酸盐;吡喃阿霉素;吡曲克辛;帕斯婷A(placetinA);帕斯婷B;纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂;铂配合;物铂化合物;铂三胺复合物;卟吩姆钠;紫菜霉素;泼尼松;丙基二吖啶酮;前列腺素J2;蛋白酶体抑制剂类;基于蛋白A的免疫调节剂;蛋白激酶C抑制剂;蛋白激酶C抑制剂类;微藻;蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂类;嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶抑制剂类;红紫素类;吡唑啉吖啶;吡醇羟乙酯化血红蛋白聚氧化乙烯偶联物(pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylerie conjugate);raf拮抗剂类;雷替曲塞;雷莫司琼;ras法尼基蛋白转移酶抑制剂类;ras抑制剂类;ras-GAP抑制剂;脱甲基瑞替普汀(retelliptine demethylated);铼Re 186依替膦酸钠;根霉素;核酶;RII维酰胺(RII retinamide);罗谷亚胺;日灰图抗(rohitukine);罗莫肽;罗喹美克;瑞比格恩B1(rubiginone B1);ruboxyl;沙芬戈;塞特品(saintopin);SarCNU;萨克非脱A(sarcophytolA);沙莫司亭;Sdi 1模拟物;司莫司汀;衰老源性抑制剂1;正义寡核苷酸类;信号转导抑制剂类;信号转导调节剂类;单链抗原结合蛋白;西索菲兰;苏比新安(sobuzoxane);普罗比妥钠;苯乙酸钠;斯洛喔拉(solverol);生长调节素结合蛋白;索纳明;膦门冬酸;斯匹米林D(spicamycin D);螺莫司汀;脾脏五肽(splenopentin);spongistatin 1;角鲨胺;干细胞抑制剂;干细胞分裂抑制剂类;stipiamide;基质降解酶抑制剂类;苏菲斯恩(sulfinosine);强效的血管活性肠肽拮抗剂类;苏芮斯塔(suradista);舒拉明;苦马豆素;合成糖胺聚糖类;他莫司汀;三苯氧胺甲碘化物;牛碘莫司汀;他扎罗汀;替可加兰钠;替加氟;tellurapyrylium;端粒酶抑制剂类;替莫泊芬;替莫唑胺;替尼泊苷;四氯去氧卡氧化物(tetrachlorodecaoxide);四氮敏(tetrazomine); 塔比斯听(thaliblastine);噻可拉林;血小板生成素;血小板生成素模拟物(thrombopoietin mimetic);胸腺法新;胸腺生成素受体激动剂;胸腺曲南;促甲状腺激素;锡乙基初卟啉(tin ethyl etiopurpurin);替拉扎明;环戊二烯钛二氯化物;图匹森听(topsentin);托瑞米芬;全能干细胞因子;翻译抑制剂;维甲酸;三乙酰基尿嘧啶核苷(triacetyluridine);曲西立滨;曲美沙特;曲普瑞林;托吡西隆;妥罗雄脲;酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类;酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂类(tyrphostins);UBC抑制剂类;乌苯美司;泌尿生殖窦衍生生长抑制因子;尿激酶受体拮抗剂类;伐普肽;维林B(variolin B);载体系统,红细胞基因治疗;维拉雷琐;藜芦明;喔地斯(verdins);维替泊芬;长春瑞滨;维尼听(vinxaltine);维他信(vitaxin);伏氯唑;扎诺特隆(zanoterone);折尼铂;亚苄维(zilascorb)和净司他丁斯酯。
而任选地与HDACi化合物联合使用的其它抗癌剂包括烷基化剂类、抗代谢物类、天然产物类或激素类,如氮芥(如双氯乙基甲胺、环磷酰胺、苯丁酸氮芥等)、烷基磺酸盐类(如马利兰)、亚硝脲类(如卡氮芥、环己亚硝脲等)或三氮烯类(氨烯咪胺等)。抗代谢物的例子包括但不限于叶酸类似物(如甲氨蝶呤)或嘧啶类似物(如阿糖胞苷)、嘌呤类似物(如巯基嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、喷司他丁)。
用于与HDACi化合物联合的天然产物的例子包括但不限于长春花生物碱类(如长春堿、长春新碱)、鬼臼素类(如依托泊苷)、抗生素类(如红霉素、阿霉素、博莱霉素)、酶类(如L-天冬酰胺酶)或生物反应调节剂(如干扰素α)。
任选地与HDACi化合物联合使用的烷基化剂类的例子包括但不限于氮芥(如双氯乙基甲胺、环磷酰胺、苯丁酸氮芥、美法仑等)、氮丙啶和甲基蜜胺类(六甲蜜胺、塞替派)、烷基磺酸盐类(如马利兰)、亚硝脲类(如卡氮芥、环己亚硝脲、司莫司汀、链佐星等)或三氮烯类(氨烯咪胺等)。抗代谢物类的例子包括但不限于叶酸类似物(如甲氨蝶呤)或嘧啶类似物(如氟尿嘧啶、芬洛尿苷(floxouridine)、阿糖胞苷)、嘌呤类似物(如巯基嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、喷司他丁)。
用于与HDACi化合物联合的激素类和拮抗剂类的例子包括但不限于肾上腺皮质类固醇类(如强的松)、孕激素类(如己酸羟孕 酮、甲地孕酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮)、雌激素类(如己烯雌酚、炔雌醇)、抗雌激素(如他莫昔芬)、雄激素(如丙酸睾丸酮、氟羚甲基睾丸素)、抗雄激素类(如氟他胺)、促性腺激素释放激素类似物(如醋酸亮丙瑞林)。在本文描述方法和组合物中任选使用的治疗或者预防癌症的其他药剂包括铂配位复合物(如顺铂、卡铂)、蒽二酮(如米托蒽醌)、取代脲(如羟基脲)、甲基肼衍生物(如甲苄肼)、肾上腺皮质抑制剂(如米托坦、氨鲁米特)。
通过由于稳定的微管将细胞阻止在G2-M阶段而起作用、并且任选地与HDACi化合物联合应用的抗癌剂的例子包括但不限制于以下市售的药物和在研发中的药物:厄布洛唑(也称为R-55104)、多拉司他汀10(也已知为DLS-10和NSC-376128)、米伏布林羟乙基磺酸盐(也已知为CI-980)、长春新碱、NSC-639829、Discodermolide(也已知为NVP-XX-A-296)、ABT-751(Abbott、也已知为E-7010)、Altorhyrtins(例如Altorhyrtin A和Altorhyrtin C)、Spongistatins(例如Spongistatin 1、Spongistatin 2、Spongistatin 3、Spongistatin 4、Spongistatin 5、Spongistatin6、Spongistatin 7、Spongistatin 8和Spongistatin 9)、西马多丁盐酸盐(也已知为LU-103793和NSC-D-669356)、埃博霉素类(如埃博霉素A、埃博霉素B、埃博霉素C(也已知为脱氧埃博霉素A或者dEpoA)、埃博霉素D(也称为KOS-862、dEpoB和脱氧埃博霉素B)、埃博霉素E、埃博霉素F、埃博霉素B N-氧化物、埃博霉素A N-氧化物、16-氮杂-埃博霉素B、21-氨基埃博霉素B(也已知为BMS-310705)、21-羟基埃博霉素D(也已知为脱氧埃博霉素F和dEpoF)、26-氟埃博霉素)、Auristatin PE(也已知为NSC-654663)、斯堡地汀(Soblidotin)(也已知为TZT-1027)、LS-4559-P(Pharmacia,也已知为LS-4577)、LS-4578(Pharmacia,也已知为LS-477-P)、LS-4477(Pharmacia)、LS-4559(Pharmacia)、RPR-112378(Aventis)、硫酸长春新碱、DZ-3358(Daiichi)、FR-182877(Fujisawa,也已知为WS-9885B)、GS-164(Takeda)、GS-198(Takeda)、KAR-2(匈牙利科学院)、BSF-223651(BASF,也已知为ILX-651和LU-223651)、SAH-49960(Lilly/Novartis)、SDZ-268970(Lilly/Novartis)、AM-97(Armad/Kyowa Hakko)、AM-132(Armad)、AM-138(Armad/Kyowa Hakko)、IDN-5005(Indena)、自念珠藻环肽52 (也已知为LY-355703)、AC-7739(Ajinomoto,也已知为AVE-8063A和CS-39.HCI)、AC-7700(Ajinomoto,也已知为AVE-8062、AVE-8062A、CS-39-L-Ser.HCI和RPR-258062A)、维替乐维酰胺(Vitilevuamide)、图步斯恩A(Tubulysin A)、卡得斯尔(Canadensol)、矢车菊黄素(也已知为NSC-106969)、T-138067(Tularik,也已知为T-67、TL-138067和TI-138067)、COBRA-1(Parker Hughes Institute,也已知为DDE-261和WHI-261)、H10(Kansas State University)、H16(Kansas StateUniversity)、Oncocidin A1(也已知为BTO-956和DIME)、DDE-313(Parker Hughes Institute)、非加安得B(Fijianolide B)、拉力马得(Laulimalide)、SPA-2(Parker Hughes Institute)、SPA-1(Parker HughesInstitute,也已知为SPIKET-P)、3-IAABU(Cytoskeleton/Mt.Sinai Schoolof Medicine,也已知为MF-569)、那可丁(也已知为NSC-5366)、那撒卡品(Nascapine)、D-24851(Asta Medica)、A-105972(Abbott)、Hemiasterlin、3-BAABU(Cytoskeleton/Mt.Sinai School of Medicine,也已知为MF-191)、TMPN(Arizona State University)、瓦地斯恩乙酰丙酮化物(Vanadocene acetylacetonate)、T-138026(Tularik)、莫那撒尔(Monsatrol)、依那斯纳(lnanocine)(也已知为NSC-698666)、3-1AABE(Cytoskeleton/Mt.Sinai School of Medicine)、A-204197(Abbott)、T-607(Tuiarik,也已知为T-900607)、RPR-115781(Aventis)、刺五加苷类(Eleutherobins)(如去甲基刺五加苷、去乙酰刺五加苷、异刺五加苷A和Z-刺五加苷)、Caribaeoside、Caribaeolin、软海绵素B、D-64131(AstaMedica)、D-68144(Asta Medica)、Diazonamide A、A-293620(Abbott)、NPI-2350(Nereus)、塔卡那得A(Taccalonolide A)、TUB-245(Aventis)、A-259754(Abbott)、第在斯汀(Diozostatin)、(-)-苯基阿斯汀((-)-Phenylahistin)(也已知为NSCL-96F037)、D-68838(Asta Medica)、D-68836(Asta Medica)、米色维B(Myoseverin B)、D-43411(Zentaris,也已知为D-81862)、A-289099(Abbott)、A-318315(Abbott)、HTI-286(也已知为SPA-110,三氟醋酸盐(Wyeth)、D-82317(Zentaris)、D-82318(Zentaris)、SC-12983(NCI)、Resverastatin磷酸钠(Resverastatin phosphatesodium)、BPR-OY-007(National Health Research Institutes)和SSR-250411(Sanofi)。
HDACiR-BGs的应用
本文描述的方法和组合物任选地用于增加用HDACi化合物对患者的癌症进行治疗有效的治疗的可能性,其通过提供下列指示(例如,通过任何模拟或者数字媒体方式的口头或书面传送)实施:哪些基因是HDACiR-BGs;以及HDACiR-BG表达水平参考值(如表达水平阈值)——高于所述参考值则可能具有HDACi化合物抗性(也就是,大于偶然概率)或者低于所述参考值则可能具有HDACi化合物敏感性。
在一些实施方式中,所述指示包括带有选自表1的至少四种生物标志基因的表达水平的说明的文档,所述说明是关于患者的癌症对用HDACi化合物治疗有抗性或者敏感的可能性。
在一些实施方式中,所述文档包括至少一种HDACiR-BG的表达水平的说明,所述至少一种HDACiR-BG选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF4、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。
在一些实施方式中,以含有关于一种或者更多种HDACiR-BGs的信息的一个或者更多个数据库来提供指示,其包括一个或者更多个表达水平阈值,依照本文描述的任何方法,所述阈值允许解释HDACiR-BG表达水平对癌症对HDACi化合物的抗性或者敏感性的影响。这种表达水平阈值包括根据例如测试样品中HDACiR-BG表达水平与如本文描述的表达水平(阳性或阴性)参考样品中相应的HDACiR-BG表达水平的偏差所设定的哪些阈值。可替换地或者附加地,表达水平阈值根据HDACiR-BGs与一种或者更多种内表达对照基因(如RNA聚合酶II、HDAC3或ZNF217)的表达比的偏差任选地设定。例如,如本文描述,HDACiR-BG DEFA6与内表达对照基因ZNF217的平均表达比(根据TaqMan荧光强度)在HDACi-抗性结肠癌细胞中是5.83,而在HDACi敏感的结肠癌细胞中是0.24。
在一些实施方式中,数据库包括HDACiR-BG表达水平图谱或者阈值——其与一种或者更多种类型癌症对一种或者更多种HDACi化合物的抗性有关。
任选地包括在数据库中或者在其它类型的指示中的其它信息包括但不限制于:HDACiR-BG序列信息、在特定癌群体中的HDACiR-BG表达水平频率分布、关于进行HDACiR-BG表达谱分析的生物样品的临床状态或者从其中获得样品的患者的临床状态的描述性信息。数据库任选地设计为包括不同部分,例如HDACiR-BG列表数据库和信息性HDACiR-BG表达谱数据库,例如,与每种HDACiR-BG表达谱有关的数据库记录该表达谱与HDACi化合物抗性相关的可能性。数据库的构造和构建方法是可以广泛获得的,例如参见美国专利第5,953,727号。
本文描述的数据库任选地与外面或者外部数据库连接。在一些实施方式中,数据库任选地与外部数据源连接,例如,通过互联网与国立癌症研究所或国立生物技术信息中心的发展治疗计划数据库连接。
通过本文描述的方法,任何适当的计算机平台用于进行说明一种或者更多种HDACiR-BG表达图谱的方法。在一些实施方式中,计算机平台从数据库接受直接输入,如本文描述的数据库之一。例如,大量的计算机工作站可以从多个制造商获得,例如从Silicon Graphics能够获得的哪些。客户-服务器环境、数据库服务器和网络也可以广泛地获得,并且是本文描述数据库的适当平台。
本文描述的数据库任选地用于显示识别个体中的一组HDACiR-BG表达图谱的信息,并且根据个体的表达谱与如本文描述的HDACiR-BG表达水平阈值的统计学比较,这种显示任选地用于预测或者诊断个体的癌症用特定HDACi化合物进行治疗有效性治疗的可能性。因此,在测量的HDACiR-BG表达的任何阈值下,人们选择将癌症患者分配到亚组中,其中表达值高于所述阈值的所有患者有较高的风险,和表达值低于所述阈值的所有患者有较低的风险,所述风险是化合物-抗性癌症的风险,反之亦然,这取决于表达水平阈值是基于被确定对HDACi化合物治疗敏感(即阳性参考样品)还是对HDACi化合物治疗有抗性(即阴性参考样品)的癌症中的表达水平。可替代地,HDACiR-BG表达图谱以概率连续方式分级(ranked on probabilitycontinuum),其中HDACiR-BG表达水平负向地偏离(即小于)表达水平 阳性参考值越多,癌症对HDACi化合物治疗敏感的可能性越高。相反地,HDACiR-BG表达水平正向地偏离(即大于)表达水平阴性参考值越多,癌症对HDACi化合物治疗有抗性的可能性越高。
实施例
下面的具体实施例被解释为仅仅是说明性的,并绝不以任何方式限制其余公开内容。无需进一步阐述,认为本领域技术人员根据本文描述可以最大程度地利用本发明。 实施例1:HDACi敏感对抗性结肠直肠肿瘤细胞的离体mRNA表达型分析 【00127】我们和其他人先前开发了DACi化合物的几种药效标记物(例如微管蛋白或者组蛋白乙酰化、p21表达等)。然而,目前没有可用的对这些药剂的反应的临床预测性生物标志。在这项工作中,我们开发了识别原发性人结肠直肠肿瘤中针对HDACi化合物PCI-24781的这种生物标志的策略。
该方法使用软琼脂化学敏感性测定,其中原发性人肿瘤在培养中暴露于PCI-24781。随后使用氚化胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷或者阿尔玛蓝测定来估计对PCI-24781有抗性的百分比。例如,在氚化胸苷测定中,被药物影响的敏感肿瘤细胞分裂较差并且因而掺入较少的胸苷,而抗性肿瘤细胞继续生长和分裂并且因而在它们的DNA中掺入较多的胸苷。历史上已表明,在这种测定的优化条件下,肿瘤被分类为对给定药物有抗性的患者在临床上对该药物反应的概率<1%(在公布的与临床结果相关性中,这些测定预测抗性的准确率在实体癌中是99%,在血癌中是92%)。例如,最近的一篇文章将B细胞CLL患者在DiSC测定中对氟达拉滨的体外敏感性或者抗性与临床结果关联起来(抗性患者的存活中值是7.9个月,敏感患者是41.7个月)。对实体瘤也公开了类似数据:如,在卵巢肿瘤中对Pt的敏感性或者抗性,以及在乳腺肿瘤中对CPX和DOX的敏感性或者抗性。
测定每种肿瘤对PCI-24781的离体敏感性或者抗性后,随后在微阵列上分析从肿瘤细胞中分离的RNA,并且通过数据的统计分析 来识别标记设定。通过RT-PCR(TaqManTM)分析来验证这种标记设定。这种在临床上用于患者分层的药物基因组学生物标志在PCI-24781的开发中提供了竞争优势。在图1中说明了该方法的图解概要和它的临床应用。
我们检测来自各个病人的原发性结肠直肠肿瘤对HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781的离体反应,并随后在HDACi处理之前确定在敏感性与抗性肿瘤细胞的mRNA表达图谱中是否有稳定的(robust)不同。
原发性结肠直肠癌(CRC)样品从患者活组织检查(表2)获得。存活肿瘤细胞被铺板,并在软琼脂中如Kern等(1990),J.Natl.CancerInst.,82:582-588所描述而培养,并用一定范围的PCI-24781浓度(0.01-2μM)进行处理。在暴露于药物3天后,将氚化胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷加入到培养物中,并在又2天之后定量掺入细胞中的放射活性量。通过比较处理的细胞与对照细胞来计算细胞生长抑制百分比(%GI),并根据这些生长模式、基于与中值的偏离,将肿瘤分类为敏感的或者有抗性的。如在图2中显示,在测试的PCI-24781浓度(多达2μM)下,原发性肿瘤相对于对照显示了从100%到0%的生长抑制表型范围。表2
确定肿瘤对PCI-24781的敏感性后,确定用PCI-24781(2μM)处理或者未处理的抗性的和敏感的肿瘤的基因表达图。使用Qiagen步骤(Qiagen,Inc.,Valencia,CA)分离总RNA和制备荧光探针,并依照制造商的操作指南杂交到含有~55,000个独特探针的Codelink人全基因组寡核苷酸微阵列(GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp.,Piscataway,NJ)。在GenePix 4000B扫描仪(Molecular Devices Corporation,Sunnyvale CA)中扫描这些微阵列。使用Codelink软件处理图像并如下分析输出的数据。
将中位数标准化的微阵列数据输入Genespring软件(Agilent),并进行主成分分析(PCA)和等级聚类分析。我们从多种分析方法中寻找一致的结果,以便在我们的结果中提供额外的置信度。对于多假设校正,我们使用用于假发现率(FDR)的q值方法,如在Storey等(2003),Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA,100:9440-9445中所描述。作为第二分析方法,我们采用在Ishwaran等(2003),J.Amer.Stat.Assoc.,98:438-455中描述的Bayesian ANOVA方法。
在Bayesian ANOVA方法中,不相关基因对ANOVA模型的贡献选择性减小以便平衡全假检测和全假非检测。输出是Zcut分数,其识别对ANOVA模型的贡献大于标准Z-分数的基因。参见前述Ishwaran等和网址bamarray.Com.。对于预测PCI-24781抗性的生物标志的识别,我们仅使用未处理的对照样品,所述样品根据以上描述的测定中的敏感性或者抗性分类被分为群(pools)。这种分析方法在图3中总结。
如在图4中所示,主成分分析清楚地区分了未处理细胞表达谱与处理细胞表达谱。对照(箭头所示)彼此更相似,并且与处理样品充分分开。主要成分PCA1清楚地分辨了处理与对照样品。令人感兴趣 地,在处理之前和之后,抗性细胞表达图谱(在处理和未处理的样品中都圈出)簇集在一起,而敏感样品在用PCI-24781处理后其图谱广泛地不同。这提示,识别具有最有抗性的肿瘤的患者和将他们从临床试验中排除是较容易的,而不是识别具有敏感性肿瘤的患者。
根据微阵列分析,我们识别了在PCI-24781抗性细胞中表达水平明显高于(z分数大于3.5)PCI-24781敏感细胞(数据没有显示)的总共44个基因(参见表3)。值得注意地,识别的生物标志基因的表达没有被PCI-24781处理改变。
与这些基因相关的生物通路的分析表明,同源重组、核苷酸切除修复、细胞周期和凋亡在影响对PCI-24781的敏感性的因素之中。
选择基因的 基因表达测定从Applied Biosystems(Foster City,CA)获得。在ABI 7900HT序列检测系统上,对来自于每个基因的25ng总RNA进行一步RT-PCR,一式三份。每个基因的mRNA水平针对孔中的RNA量进行标准化,如使用Ribogreen(Invitrogen,Inc.,Carlsbad,CA)平行测量的。我们随后计算抗 性和敏感样品中(R/S)的生物标志基因的表达水平的比,并将它们与从微阵列分析中得到的相应比值进行比较。对表3中列出的生物标志基因中的16个进行的比较分析显示在表4中。作为我们的微阵列分析的进一步确证,我们对三个基因进行TaqMan测定,如通过微阵列杂交所测定,没有发现所述三种基因的表达与PCI-24781抗性相关(参见表3中的最后三个基因)。
微阵列与结果的比较在图2中进行了图示总结。如在表4和图2中显示,通过微阵列方法发现明显上调的基因通过TaqMan方法也发现被上调,虽然后者一般产生较高的R/S比。类似地,在微阵列分 析中没有明显不同表达的3个基因在TaqMan测定中也没有显示出明显差异。
令人感兴趣地,数个识别生物标志基因在之前已经针对癌症进行了研究,如DEFA6、RAB25小GTP酶、MRP3(ABCC3)和TM4SF4。另外,许多识别基因编码分泌蛋白或者露出它们细胞外区域的跨膜蛋白。编码可分泌蛋白的基因包括,如,DEFA6(NM_001926)、TM4SF4(NM_004617)、TGFA(NM_003236)、FGFBP1(NM_005130)、EPHA2(NM_004431)、TNFRSF21(NM_014452)、TMF4SF3(NM_004616)、IL18(NM_001562)、TMPRSS2(NM_005656)和CCL15(NM_032965)。
根据这些数据,我们的结论是,识别生物标志基因的子集(例如,四种或者多种)的表达模式提供“抗性标记(resistance signatures)”,其任选地用于可靠地识别对HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781有抗性或者敏感的结肠直肠肿瘤。
在确证实验中,我们发现,来自12个新诊断的、初次接受治疗的患者的离体培养原发性结肠肿瘤细胞对HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781引起的生长抑制都是敏感的(图11A)。相比之下,我们发现,在许多情况下,晚期转移性结肠肿瘤细胞对HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781引起的生长抑制有抗性(图11B),并且DEFA6 mRNA表达水平在HDAC-抗性细胞中比HDAC-敏感细胞中高(图11C)。
实施例2:HDAC抑制剂化合物的功能生物标志的识别和交叉确认以及临床指示的选择
为了确定相关肿瘤类型和识别在临床中有用的药效(PD)标志物,我们首先在小鼠中识别HDAC抑制的生物标志,并且应用它们来识别HDACi-“敏感的”组织。此过程这样进行:在HDACi处理小鼠中识别外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中的基因,所述基因的mRNA水平显示出与乙酰化微管蛋白水平相同的时程,乙酰化微管蛋白水平是HDAC抑制的标志。随后使用这些生物标志基因识别HDACi反应性小鼠组织。对应于敏感组织的原发性人肿瘤随后在离体情况下用PCI-24781进行测试,发现来自显示较高水平活性的组织的肿瘤对PCI-24781抑制是敏感的,因此确证,这种技术确实预测了敏感的肿瘤类型。
简单地说,雌性BALB/c小鼠被静脉注射50mg/kg的PCI-24781或者载体。在给药后0.25、0.5、1、2、3和8小时,收集血液和各种组织。对于乙酰化的组蛋白和微管蛋白的检测,对每一载体和药物处理的器官组收集器官/组织。用PARIS蛋白和RNA分离系统(Ambion)从样品中提取RNA和蛋白。乙酰化的和总的a-微管蛋白和组蛋白的水平通过免疫印迹来评估。
使用GE-Codelink Mouse Uniset1 10K寡核苷酸阵列测定RNA表达图谱,一式二份。针对相应的载体对照对每一处理样品进行标准化。为了确证通过基因表达阵列分析识别的HDADi-反应性基因的表达谱,使用Applied Biosystems Inc.测定进行Taqman基因表达测定。在ABIPRISM 7700仪器上,对来自于每个样品的25ng总RNA进行一步RT-PCR,一式三份。每个基因的mRNA水平针对孔中的RNA量进行标准化,例如使用Ribogreen(Molecular Probes)平行测量的。处理的样品随后针对该时间点的载体对照进行标准化。
随后,我们通过定量RT-PCR和免疫印迹确证两种HDACi-反应性基因Fgf15与Syngr2的表达模式。如在图8中显示,三种不同方法获得的表达模式彼此之间紧密匹配,这提示微阵列分析可靠地识别HDACi-反应性基因。
给予PCI-24781(50mg/kg)后3小时或者8小时之后,我们随后测定各种组织中五种HDACi-反应性生物标记基因的体内表达水平。进行Taqman测定,确定在脑、结肠、肾、肝、胃、卵巢、子宫、乳腺、肌肉、心脏、肺、脾和胰腺中的mRNA表达水平。在每种组织中、在每个时间点的所有5种基因的mRNA表达水平的均值和SD在图9中显示。在生物标记组之间,组织分布模式非常有再现性。卵巢显示最高水平的诱导,接下来是子宫。
随后,获得原发性人肿瘤样品,并将活肿瘤细胞铺板在软琼脂中和用HDAC抑制剂PCI-24781处理。3天后加入氚化胸苷,2天后定量掺入DNA中的放射活性。随后根据与中值图谱(median profile)(Oncotech,Inc.Tustin,CA)的偏离将肿瘤分类为有抗性的(EDR:极度耐药)、敏感的(LDR)或者中间的(IDR)。如根据HDACi反应性生物标志基因图谱所预测,造血系统肿瘤的抗性(EDR)肿瘤比例最低,而结肠最高(38%)。参见图10和表6。在实体瘤中,卵巢有最低比例的抗性肿瘤,这与该组织的高HDACi生物标志反应性一致。
根据以上结果,我们的结论是,直向同源人生物标记的表达谱会反映人血液中的PCI-24781活性,并且作为临床中的PD标记。另外,识别的HDACi-反应性生物标记基因组准确地预测肿瘤对HDAC抑制剂处理的敏感性。 附录HDACi化合物抗性生物标志基因的核苷酸序列
Claims (11)
1.核酸探针在制备用于将患者中的癌症分类为对3-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-(2-(4-羟基氨甲酰基)苯氧基)乙基)苯并呋喃-2-甲酰胺敏感的核酸杂交阵列中的用途,其中所述核酸杂交阵列中包含的所述核酸探针在高严格杂交条件下与4-44种生物标志基因杂交,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因选自PTPN3、ABCC3、SARG、PPAP2C、NPDC1、CTEN、RAB25、HEPH、TPMT、PKP3、GALNT5、CALML4、GALNT12、TPK1、DEFA6、EPLIN、CLIC5、PERP、SYK、SLC12A2、GUCY2C、TM4SF4、TGFA、FGFBP1、PTK6、EVA1、EPHA2、ITGA6、TNFRSF21、TM4SF3、IL18、BMP4、SMPDL3B、TMPRSS2、GDA、MST1R、ITGB4、ANXA3、CCL15、DPEP1、NOXO1、IFI27、CYP3A43和PKP2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因中的至少一种选自DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF4、SYK、PPAP2C、RAB25、HEPH、NOXO1、TM4SF3、PTPN3、EPHA2、FGFBP1、ABCC3、TPMT、IL18和DPEP1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4或IL18中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因包括DEFA6、ITGB4、TM4SF3、SYK、PPAP2C和RAB25。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述4-44种生物标志基因是DEFA6、RAB25、TM4SF4和IL18。
7.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述癌症是结肠癌。
8.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中该用途包括:
(a)测定所述癌症中的所述生物标志基因的表达水平;
(b)将所述癌症中的所述生物标志基因的表达水平与所述生物标志基因的一组表达水平阈值相比较;和
(c)如果所述生物标志基因的表达水平低于所述一组表达水平阈值,则表明所述癌症对3-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-(2-(4-羟基氨甲酰基)苯氧基)乙基)苯并呋喃-2-甲酰胺是敏感的。
9.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中该用途增加用3-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-(2-(4-(羟基氨甲酰基)苯氧基)乙基)苯并呋喃-2-甲酰胺进行治疗有效的癌症治疗的可能性。
10.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中该用途包括将所述癌症中的所述4-44种生物标志基因的表达水平与一组源于先前已被确定对3-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-(2-(4-(羟基氨甲酰基)苯氧基)乙基)苯并呋喃-2-甲酰胺有抗性的癌细胞的所述生物标志基因的表达水平阈值相比较。
11.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中该用途包括将所述癌症中的所述4-44种生物标志基因的表达水平与一组源于先前已被确定对3-((二甲基氨基)甲基)-N-(2-(4-(羟基氨甲酰基)苯氧基)乙基)苯并呋喃-2-甲酰胺敏感的癌细胞的所述生物标志基因的表达水平阈值相比较。
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EA017985B1 (ru) | 2013-04-30 |
US20160160286A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
KR101483805B1 (ko) | 2015-01-16 |
EA201201640A1 (ru) | 2013-09-30 |
JP2010518811A (ja) | 2010-06-03 |
WO2008095050A1 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
AU2014203224A1 (en) | 2014-07-10 |
EP2107911A1 (en) | 2009-10-14 |
US7838234B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
JP2014221049A (ja) | 2014-11-27 |
JP5670055B2 (ja) | 2015-02-18 |
US20090123374A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
NZ579048A (en) | 2012-05-25 |
KR20090106417A (ko) | 2009-10-08 |
EP2993473A1 (en) | 2016-03-09 |
US20110053164A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
AU2008210421A1 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
CN101657217A (zh) | 2010-02-24 |
AU2008210421B2 (en) | 2014-03-13 |
CA2677000A1 (en) | 2008-08-07 |
EP2107911A4 (en) | 2010-09-22 |
EA200900927A1 (ru) | 2010-04-30 |
US9128096B2 (en) | 2015-09-08 |
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