CN101589634A - 向分组流提供动态变化 - Google Patents

向分组流提供动态变化 Download PDF

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CN101589634A
CN101589634A CNA2007800503032A CN200780050303A CN101589634A CN 101589634 A CN101589634 A CN 101589634A CN A2007800503032 A CNA2007800503032 A CN A2007800503032A CN 200780050303 A CN200780050303 A CN 200780050303A CN 101589634 A CN101589634 A CN 101589634A
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CN101589634B (zh
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K·阿加瓦尔
R·盖赫
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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    • H04W4/02—Services making use of location information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
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    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H04L47/2483—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS involving identification of individual flows
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/10—Architectures or entities
    • H04L65/1016—IP multimedia subsystem [IMS]
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    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
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    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/1066—Session management
    • H04L65/1101—Session protocols
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S707/00—Data processing: database and file management or data structures
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及向分组流提供动态变化。描述了向通信网络中的分组流提供动态变化的系统和方法。动态变化可包括升级和降级服务质量(QoS)、使媒体流适合于接收设备、修改媒体流以抵消空中接口的变化、和修改媒体流以适应技术间切换。通过在网关检测分组并建立媒体流分组流的代理，能够提供这些变化。所述代理能够协调转码的发生，从而改变媒体流。网关还能够利用实时控制协议或其它适用的协议，监控在移动节点的条件。

Description

向分组流提供动态变化
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求基于U.S.C§119(e)于2006年12月7日提交的名称为“Apparatus and Method for providing a Call Session ControlFunction”的美国临时专利申请No.60/873,493的权益，该申请在此全部引用作为参考。
技术领域
本公开涉及向通信网络中的分组流提供动态变化的系统和方法。
背景技术
无线通信系统和网络随同许多应用，例如包括卫星通信系统、便携式数字助理(PDA)、膝上型计算机和蜂窝电话一起使用。这种应用的用户获得的一个重要好处是只要用户在这样的无线通信系统的范围内，就能够与网络(例如，因特网)连接。
目前的无线通信系统使用电路交换和分组交换中的任意之一，或者两者的组合向移动节点提供移动数据服务。移动节点可以是蜂窝电话机、PDA、黑莓、具有无线网卡的膝上型计算机、或者任何其它无线设备。一般来说，就基于电路的方案来说，通过利用物理交换路径，由数据的发送者和接收者之间的专用(并且不中断)的连接传送无线数据。一旦建立了直接连接，只要发送者和接收者有数据要交换，所述直接连接就被一直保持。这种直接的专用交换路径的建立导致在连接被关闭之前，固定份额的网络资源一直被占用。当不再需要发送者和接收者之间的物理连接时，该物理连接被终止，网络资源被酌情分配给其它用户。
另一方面，基于分组的方案并不向指定呼叫永久分配传输资源，不要求数据的发送者和接收者之间的物理连接的建立和终止(teardown)。通常，基于分组的方案中的数据流“被打包”，其中数据被分成独立的多段信息，每一段得到“报头”信息，所述报头信息可提供例如源信息、目的地信息、关于分组中的比特数的信息、优先级信息和安全信息。随后根据报头信息，分组被独立地路由给目的地。分组流可包括许多分组或者单个分组。对分组流可应用各种服务，比如合法侦听(搭线侦听(wire tapping))、虚拟专用网络(VPN)和防火墙。
基于分组的通信的部分演进是IP多媒体子系统(IMS)的开发。IMS是向移动节点传送网际协议(IP)多媒体的体系架构。呼叫会话控制功能(CSCF)能够管理在IMS核心中出现的许多信令。逻辑上，CSCF功能可被分成三种功能：代理-CSCF(P-CSCF)、查询-CSCF(I-CSCF)和服务CSCF(S-CSCF)。另外，CSCF功能由两个不同的团体设想，以便包括在以下两种不同的拓扑中：全球移动通信系统(GSM)和CDMA 2000。第三代合作伙伴计划(3GPP)负责与GSM系统合作的IMS，而第三代合作伙伴计划2(3GPP2)负责和CDMA系统一起使用并且基于3GPP IMS概念的多媒体域(MMD)。
另一突出方面是服务质量(QoS)，因为网络正期望向用户保证把诸如VoIP、流媒体、游戏之类的应用运行到移动节点的服务水平。QoS一般是通过在传送过程中的某一时刻，向数据流提供一定水平的带宽而起作用的。这适用于信息的传输相当恒定的有线网络。不过，在传输介质不可靠的情况下，取决于诸如干扰或衰落之类的条件，QoS不能向用户提供实际的服务水平。
发明内容
公开了向通信网络中的分组流提供动态变化的系统和方法。在一些实施例中，实时地向多媒体会话提供自适应的服务质量(QoS)，所述会话可被监控和管理，以提供更好的用户体验。在一些实施例中，通信网络中的网关包括：驻留在网关中的代理实例，用于关于与媒体流的建立有关的信息检测分组；驻留在网关中的在线服务(inlineservice)，用于与移动节点协商会话从而设置媒体流参数，监控从移动节点接收的反馈，和管理转码；以及驻留在网关中的数字信号处理器(DSP)，用于向媒体流提供转码。
在一些实施例中，方法包括：检测分组以探测到移动节点的媒体流的建立，修改建立消息从而通过在线服务传送媒体流，监控从移动节点接收的反馈，以及分析反馈从而确定对媒体流的修改并管理数字信号处理(DSP)引擎。
附图说明
图1是图解说明按照一些实施例的IP多媒体子系统(IMS)体系结构的方框图；
图2是图解说明按照一些实施例的多媒体域(MMD)体系结构的方框图；
图3是图解说明按照一些实施例的向移动节点传送流媒体的方框图；
图4是图解说明按照一些实施例的媒体流的建立和终止的信令流；
图5是图解说明按照一些实施例提供媒体流的动态管理的方框图；
图6是图解说明按照一些实施例，网关内提供媒体流的动态管理的机构；
图7是图解说明按照一些实施例的媒体流的动态管理的信令流；
图8是图解说明按照一些实施例的跨接入网络的媒体流的动态管理的方框图；
图9是图解说明按照一些实施例的在设备切换期间的媒体流的动态管理的方框图；以及
图10是图解说明按照一些实施例，在网关上运行的模块的方框图。
具体实施方式
在一些实施例中公开了对通信网络中的媒体流动态应用变化的系统和方法。网关可被用于对IP多媒体子系统(IMS)和多媒体域(MMS)体系结构的分组流实现服务质量。QoS实施和QoS的动态应用可由硬件和软件的组合提供。一个或多个网络处理单元、线卡、以及分组和语音处理卡可驻留在网关内。QoS一般是通过在传送过程中的某一时刻，向数据流提供一定水平的带宽而起作用的。例如，在分组数据服务节点(PDSN)或者类似的连网设备保证一定的带宽。利用这种方案的QoS的问题在于在到移动节点的空中链路上获得的实际带宽不是一个系数(factor)。如果由于到无线接入网络的距离的缘故，存在干扰或者信号强度的下降，那么由于没有反馈，因此QoS得不到调整。各种标准提供的QoS机制是静态的。在一些实施例中，通过使用反馈，在IMS和MMS拓扑中动态提供QoS。
图1图解说明按照一些实施例的IP多媒体子系统(IMS)，其中示出了网络设置的逻辑组件。图1包括P-CSCF 110、I-CSCF 112、S-CSCF 114、归属订户服务器(HSS)116、订户位置功能(SLF)118、用户设备(UE)120、出口(Breakout)网关控制功能(BGCF)122、媒体网关控制功能(MGCF)124、媒体网关(MGW)126、公共交换电话网络(PSTN)128、多媒体资源控制器(MRFC)130、和多媒体资源功能处理器(MRFP)132。HSS 116是支持S-CSCF或处理呼叫和会话的其它网络实体的主用户数据库。HSS 116保存与预订相关的信息，诸如用户简表，进行用户认证和授权，并且能够提供和用户的物理位置有关的信息。当在网络中使用多个HSS时，SLF 118可被用于把查询引导到保存信息的HSS 116。传统信令网络也可把HSS用于服务。MRFC 130与S-CSCF 114通信，并控制MRFP 132实现与媒体相关的功能。MRFC 130和MRFP 132的组合提供本地网络中的媒体源。BGCF 122是能够根据电话号码路由的服务器，并且当呼叫电路交换网络上的电话机时被使用。MGCF 124和MGW 126用于把来自IMS的信令转换成适合PSTN 128电路交换网络的信令。IP多媒体子系统网络能够包括应用服务器，和向用户设备(或者移动节点)120提供服务的其它网络实体。
图2图解说明更大网络内的多媒体域(MMD)系统210。MMD系统210包括和图1的IMS系统相同的许多功能，不过还包括与接入网络214通信的接入网关/外部代理212，以及向移动站218(或者移动节点)提供移动IP支持的本地代理216。可包括在IMS或MMD网络中的策略决策功能(PDF)保存管理用户的会话的策略。应用服务器，比如开放系统体系结构(OSA)应用服务器222和SIP应用服务器224提供诸如基于位置的服务，视频，电子邮件，聊天，游戏，及其它数据和多媒体内容之类的应用。
如图1和2中所示，许多功能可被包括在IMS和MMD拓扑中。这些功能中的一些被用于提供例如语音IP(VoIP)路由和增强服务，比如增强计费，状态防火墙，流量性能优化(TPO)。在一些实施例中，这些功能中的一个或多个功能可由网络中的单一实体，比如网关提供。IMS和MMS拓扑还允许供给各种应用，比如VoIP，流式视频，流式音乐，多用户游戏，基于位置的服务，和传给移动节点的各种内容。
图3图解说明按照一些实施例对移动节点的流媒体传送。图3包括移动节点310、无线接入网络(RAN)、IP载波接入网络(IPCAN)314、接入网关316、因特网318、web服务器320、和媒体服务器322。接入网关316可以是分组数据服务节点(PDSN)，网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)，或者任何其它适用的网络设备。用户可借助HTTP请求描述消息324在他们的移动节点310上请求内容。Web服务器320能够以消息324进行应答，消息324向移动节点310表示内容位于何处。移动节点310随后能够向媒体服务器322发送实时流传输协议(RTSP)请求326。媒体服务器能够向移动节点310提供响应和实时传输协议流媒体326。
图4图解说明按照一些实施例的涉及提供流媒体的通信的信令图。图4包括移动节点410、因特网接入点名称(APN)412、web服务器414、和媒体服务器416。因特网APN例如是诸如虚拟专用网(VPN)之类的因特网服务器。移动节点410向因特网APN 412发送get消息418，以获得用户指定的内容。因特网APN 412把get消息420转发给适当的web服务器414。web服务器414发送HTTP 200OK消息422。消息422可在消息体中包括实时流传输协议(RTSP)信息。消息422可包括的信息的例子是：
v＝0
o＝-2890 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202
s＝RTSP Session
m＝audio 0 RTP/AVP 0
a＝control:rtsp://audio.com/terminator/audio.en
m＝video 0 RTP/AVP 31
a＝control:rtsp://video.com/terminator/video
因特网APN 412接收消息422，并把消息424转发给移动节点410。
在RTSP消息426中，关于希望的内容产生建立和播放请求。因特网APN转发消息428给适当的媒体服务器416，以实现建立和播放请求消息426。媒体服务器416发送RSTP 200 OK消息430。因特网APN接收消息430，并转发消息432给适当的移动节点410。在434中，进行相同类型的消息接发，以从媒体服务器416取回视频内容。媒体服务器416开始借助分组流436向移动节点410发送RTP视频和音频。实时控制协议(RTCP)消息接发438可被用于提供关于RTP分组流的带外控制信息，以及提供QoS反馈。RTCP消息接发438可由因特网APN监控，因特网APN是一个接入网关，从而在移动节点410获得关于QoS水平的反馈。取决于由RTCP消息接发438获得的QoS水平，因特网APN能够向媒体服务器发送消息，以升级或降级媒体流的QoS。
如果移动节点正在接收100kpbs的服务质量，那么当移动节点发送250kbps时，因特网APN 412例如能够把QoS升高到500kbps，以便克服空中接口干扰。因特网APN 412还能够根据在RTCP消息中接收的QoS反馈，对媒体流进行转码(transcoding)。转码可包括增加冗余，交错，或者取决于移动节点可能还有纠错码。在一些实施例中，因特网APN 412可增大分配给移动节点的带宽，并使用额外的带宽转码从媒体服务器416接收的流媒体。转码还可包括改变流媒体的格式。在某一时刻，移动节点410发送终止消息440，在媒体服务器416发送响应消息442的情况下，会话被终止。
流媒体可由许多参数，比如分辨率、编解码器和帧速率定义。视频的分辨率是水平比特数×垂直比特数(例如，对于移动节点，可使用四分之一通用中间格式(QCIF))。音频编解码器可以是利用AMRNB(自适应多速率窄带)的约8kbps的电话质量，或者利用AAC WB(高级音频编码宽带)的约96kbps的mp3/cd质量。视频的帧速率可以是例如电影质量(30fps)或者视频电话质量(5fps)。通过使用一个或多个基准帧和δ帧，视频的I-Frame(帧内)速率能够压缩视频。δ帧包括自基准帧的变化，而不是发送每帧的信息。视频编解码器可以是利用例如H 26x以约100kbps提供视频电话质量的帧间和/或帧内编解码器，或者以约512kpbs提供电影质量的MPEG-x。网关中的转码特征可被用于改变编解码器、帧速率和其它参数，以便在移动节点提供与订户预期相符的QoS水平。媒体参数选择导致目标比特率，从而调整QoS，在一些实施例中，目标比特率是动态的。
可以使用许多不同的媒体容器来传送流媒体。媒体容器包括关于特定的音频/视频编解码器而被格式化的数据。在一些实施例中，代码转换器能够在容器，比如3GP、MPEG-x、AVI、MOV、WAV、Realmedia、AIFF、XMF、IFF、ASF、DVR-MS、Ogg、OGM、NUT、MXF、ratDVD、SVI、VOB、DIVX和任何其它适当的媒体容器之间切换。网关还能够提供移动节点不能以别的方式访问的内容的访问。由于内容服务器按照少数几种已知格式保存内容，并且由于无线订户和有线订户的特性不同，从而难以向无线订户和有线订户两者提供相同的内容，因此这种情况是会发生的。例如，存在低带宽低分组丢失的xDSL接入网络，而通用分组无线电业务(GPRS)和1x无线网络的类似带宽是高分组丢失的。另外，高带宽的有线网络(例如，电缆和光纤)具有低的分组丢失，而无线网络(例如，3G、WiMAX和WiFi)具有高的分组丢失。
此外，接入设备在音频和视频能力方面不同。例如，桌面监视器能够以1280×720分辨率运行，而移动节点以176×144或者352×288分辨率运行。在一些实施例中，网关能够通过空中(on the fly)转码使内容适合于附属于网络的设备。对于3G移动设备来说，网关能够不管与空中接口相关的干扰和分组丢失，降低分辨率同时改变格式和数据速率以保证希望的QoS。
图5图解说明按照一些实施例，在接入网关提供动态的服务质量调整。图5包括移动节点510、3G网际协议载波接入网络(IPCAN)512、网关514、因特网516、web服务器518、媒体服务器520及策略和计费规则功能(PCRF)522。网关514能够利用深度分组检测来探测RTSP，并在网关创建会话的RTSP背靠背用户代理(B2BUA)实例。RTSP B2BUA能够允许在网关514任意一侧的呼叫线路之间的其它服务的转码和供给。通过与web服务器518传递HTTP消息接发524，移动节点510仍然能够开始会话。通过检测分组，网关514能够探测移动节点510和媒体服务器520之间的RTSP请求/响应消息接发526。
在一些实施例中，网关建立B2BUA实例，该B2BUA实例能够建立与移动节点510的呼叫线路，以及建立与媒体服务器520的呼叫线路。网关514还能够创建一个或多个RTSP代理实例。当深度分组检测探测到内容请求时，可建立代理实例。网关514能够建立代理实例，以协商来自媒体服务器520的内容的传送，和从网关514到移动节点510的内容的传送。就在流媒体会话的中间的网关514来说，该网关能够控制媒体流，重新协商媒体流的供给或参数，并且能够对媒体流进行处理，比如转码。在一些实施例中，RTSP可被用于建立媒体流，RTP可被用于传送内容。网关还能够在不修改媒体流的情况下中继媒体流。即使媒体流被中继给移动节点510，网关514仍然能够基于每个会话引入转码或其它服务。网关还能够接收关于如何和/或何时改变媒体流的指令。这些指令可以来自于PCRF 522。例如，在图5中，PCRF 522降级移动节点510的QoS。网关514重新协商RTP流，以适合降级的QoS。例如，这可以是256kbps到80kbps的降级。在一些实施例中，这是通过在网关中把RTP流从被中继改变成通过数字信号处理(DSP)卡来实现的。DSP卡可包括提供转码的DSP引擎。
当希望的内容是按照不兼容或者不易通过空中接口发送给移动节点的格式保存时，网关还能够提供流媒体代理功能。如果提供给移动节点510的空中链路不具有按照内容的初始格式流式传输内容的带宽时，会发生这种情况。在其它实施例中，移动节点510与媒体服务器520建立会话，网关中继分组，同时检测反馈直到实现变化为止。网关稍后内部重定向会话，从而转码媒体流或者向媒体流提供其它服务。
图6图解说明按照一些实施例流经网关的分组。图6包括移动节点610、无线接入网络(RAN)612、接入网关614、网关616、服务器618、因特网620、和外部或内部在线(in-line)服务622和624。在一些实施例中，接入网关614和网关616可以是相同网关。网关616包括网络处理器(NPU)626、RTSP流628、入口IP数据流630、出口IP数据流632、IPSG管理器634、会话管理器636、其它服务模块638、内容服务指导(CSS)应用程序接口(API)640、和模块通信642。RTSP流628、入口IP数据流630、出口IP数据流632、IPSG管理器634和会话管理器636可用软件实现并可被用于向分组流提供服务。RTSP流628可被IPSG管理器634用于监控预定给媒体服务器618的RTSP消息接发。在一些实施例中，通过对某些信息检查消息，并且如果消息满足某些标准，那么把消息发给IPSG管理器或者另一模块以便进行深度分组检测，RTSP流能够监控消息。
RTSP请求被IPSG管理器634接收以便处理。IPSG管理器634检测消息，以在网关616中启动和停止会话。在IPSG管理器634检测消息期间，还获得可用于建立会话、认证会话、以及使会话与订户简表联系起来的信息。该信息可通过模块通信642被发给会话管理器636，模块通信642可用硬件或软件的任意组合来实现。当与媒体服务器618通信时，IPSG管理器634能够建立与接入网关614使用的端口号对应的一个或多个RTSP流628。
IPSG管理器634至少可按照与从接入设备接收的RTSP消息的处理相关的两种模式起作用。在一些实施例中，IPSG管理器634处于服务器模式。在服务器模式下，RTSP消息被发送给网关616，IPSG管理器634发出RTSP响应644，同时网关616实现B2BUA或代理媒体服务器。在其它实施例中，IPSG管理器634处于检测模式，消息不被发给网关，从而消息被NPU 626引导到IPSG管理器634。在IPSG管理器634，消息被检测，并在消息被转发646之前，提取信息。在两种模式下，消息都被检测以及信息被提取并被发给会话管理器636。IPSG管理器634能够检测RTSP建立和终止消息，从而经由通信模块642启动和停止会话。内部在线服务，比如在线服务622可被用于监控RTSP分组，和确定如何修改媒体流。所述修改可由DSP卡上的DSP引擎提供。
会话管理器636能够创建至少一个IP数据流，所述至少一个IP数据流可包括IP数据流630和632。对于流媒体，出口IP数据流632最可能被实现，因为该媒体流是通过下行链路提供的。不过，当用户在移动节点参与视频电话或游戏时，可使用这两种IP流，因为上行链路和下行链路都被使用。入口IP数据流630向会话管理器636指出分组正来自于移动节点610，以致会话管理器636能够中继分组，或者提供诸如转码之类的服务。当分组到达出口IP数据流632时，发生类似的过程。类似于入口IP数据流630，出IP数据流632基于订户会话识别分组，并把分组转发给会话管理器636，以便中继或提供诸如转码之类的服务。在一些实施例中，当新的会话被启动，并且会话管理器636从IPSG管理器634接收到提取的信息时，会话管理器636能够认证呼叫，从而载入订户简表。认证可涉及NAI，MSID，用户名和口令，或者移动节点610的任何其它认证属性。订户简表包括配置信息，比如订户访问控制列表(ACL)，对应的CSS重定向，和对该订户应用的其它服务。当呼叫被认证或批准时，那么建立基于每个会话的动态QoS，开始数据流。会话管理器还可借助PCRF认证订户，从而PCRF能够发送关于QoS的指令。
CSS API 640是定义网关如何根据分组的内容处理分组流的模块，分组的内容包括分组报头中的信息。内容服务指导(CSS)API 640包括诸如负载均衡，网络地址转换(NAT)，HTTP重定向和DNS重定向之类的特征。在一些实施例中，CSS API 640使用从订户简表获得的信息来选择适当的内容服务提供商(例如，在线服务或者外部内容服务器)和按照负载均衡的方式路由分组流。可用多种算法，比如轮询、最小负载、目标地址散列和标准化响应时间监控实现负载均衡。CSSAPI 640还可通过因特网控制消息协议(ICMP)，超文本传送协议(HTTP)，传输控制协议(TCP)和文件传输协议(FTP)保活机制，监视外部服务器的健康状态。通过监视外部服务器的健康状态，如果外部服务器出故障的话，那么CSS API 640能够重定向分组流。CSS API640还能够通过把媒体流重定向到DSP卡以便处理来实现转码。CSSAPI 640能够把媒体流分组流连同动态服务质量一起引导到增强计费服务(ECS)。
图7图解说明按照一些实施例的支持QoS的动态应用的网络中的信令。图7包括移动节点(MN)710、网关712、媒体服务器714、web服务器716、及策略和计费规则功能(PCRF)718。在720，深度分组检测(DPI)规则被安装在网关712上，以探测实时流传输协议(RTSP)。移动节点向web服务器716发送get消息722。web服务器716发送响应消息724，从而向移动节点710提供信息以取回内容。在726，网关创建RTSP代理实例。在其它实施例中，可为其它流传输协议创建代理实例。移动节点发送RTSP建立消息(RTSP-SETUP)728，该消息被网关712接收。网关向媒体服务器714发送RTSP建立消息(RTSP-SETUP)730。驻留在网关712中的代理实例能够修改RTSP建立消息728，以创建RTSP建立消息730。媒体服务器714发送响应消息732，响应消息732被网关712接收。在向移动节点710发送响应消息734之前，网关712能够修改消息732。消息732可被修改，以便于被在网关中建立的RTSP代理实例截取。
移动节点710向网关712发送RTSP播放消息(RTSP-PLAY)736。在向媒体服务器714发送RTSP播放消息738之前，网关可修改RTSP播放消息736。响应消息740被发给网关712，在向移动节点710发送响应消息742之前，网关712可修改消息740。媒体服务器714借助分组流744开始高保真(HiFi)的RTP流。网关712创建媒体中继746，以把分组流向前传给移动节点710。媒体中继能够把分组流向前路由给移动节点，而不改变基本内容，不过可取决于实施例改变分组报头中的信息，或者封装分组。RTP流传输分组流748被发给移动节点710。PCRF 718发送指令750以降级RTP流的QoS。网关712在752降级QoS，并在754插入转码桥(Transcoding bridge)。转码桥可以是分组流到数字信号处理器(DSP)的内部重新路由，以便在把流发给移动节点710之间进行转码处理。在一些实施例中，转码桥可由会话管理器和把分组流导引到转码桥的CSS API一起实现。网关712把更新会话消息756发给移动节点710。更新会话消息756可包括低保真媒体参数和其它信息。移动节点710利用消息758确认更新。网关开始发送低保真媒体分组流760。可按照类似的方式升级QoS。
和图7相关，作为如何实现一些实施例的例子，提供一个样本消息流。在720，深度分组检测(DPI)规则被启动或者安装，以探测内容流。借助消息722，移动节点710经网关712向web服务器716发送get消息；下面示出一个例子：
GET/terminator.sdp HTTP/1.1
Host：www.example.com
Accept：application/sdp
借助消息724，web服务器716经网关712发送200 OK消息；下面示出一个例子。
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type：application/sdp
v＝0
o＝_2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202
s＝RTSP Session
m＝audio 0 RTP/AVP 0
a＝control:rtsp://mediaserver.com/terminator/audio.en
m＝video 0 RTP/AVP 31
a＝control:rtsp://mediaserver.com/terminator/video
网关712能够探测RTSP分组流，并创建RTSP代理以及内容指导。作为RTSP代理的一部分，消息724可被修改，从而移动节点直接向网关712发送消息；下面示出消息724的一个例子：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type：application/sdp
v＝0
o＝_2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 192.16.24.202
s＝RTSP Session
m＝audio 0 RTP/AVP 0
a＝control:rtsp://ST16.inline.rtsp-service.com/terminator/audio.en
m＝video 0 RTP/AVP 31
a＝control:rtsp://ST16.inline.rtsp-service.com/terminator/video
如上面的例证消息中所示，在保持内容不变的时候，网关能够修改和来自web服务器716的内容有关的信息。
为了建立多媒体流，移动节点710发送RTSP建立消息728；下面示出消息728的一个例子：
SETUP rtsp://ST16.inline.rtsp-service.com/terminator/    audio.en
RTSP/1.0
CSeq：1
Transport:RTP/AVP/UDP；unicast
client_port＝3056-3057
网关能够修改消息728，并向媒体服务器714发送消息730；下面示出消息730的一个例子：
SETUP rtsp://mediaserver.com/terminator/audio.en RTSP/1.0
CSeq：1
Transport:RTP/AVP/UDP；unicast
；client_port＝3056-3057
媒体服务器714向网关发送消息732，下面示出消息732的一个例子：
RTSP/1.0 200 OK
CSeq：1
Session：12345678
Transport:RTP/AVP/UDP；unicast
；client_port＝3056-3057；
；server_port＝5000-5001
网关可修改消息732，之后发送给移动节点710，或者可发送消息734，下面示出消息的一个例子：
RTSP/1.0 200 OK
CSeq：1
Session：12345678
Transport:RTP/AVP/UDP；unicast
；client_port＝3056-3057；
；server_port＝5000-5001
可按照类似的方式产生关于视频流的建立消息接发。
在准备好播放或开始多媒体流时，移动节点710向网关712发送关于视频的RTSP播放消息736；下面示出消息736的一个例子：
PLAY rtsp://st16.inline.rtsp-service.com/terminator/video RTSP/1.0
CSeq：2
Session：23456789
Range:smpte＝0:10:00-
网关能够修改消息736，之后发送消息738；下面示出消息738的一个例子：
PLAY rtsp://mediaserver.com/terminator/video RTSP/1.0
CSeq：2
Session：23456789
Range:smpte＝0:10:00-
媒体服务器714能够用如下举例示出的消息740应答网关：
RTSP/1.0 200 OK
CSeq：2
Session：23456789
Range:smpte＝0:10:00-0:20:00
RTP-Info:url＝rtsp://mediaserver.com/terminator/video
；seq＝12312232；rtptime＝78712811
网关能够修改消息740，并向移动节点710发送消息742；下面示出消息742的一个例子：
RTSP/1.0 200 OK
CSeq：2
Session：23456789
Range:smpte＝0:10:00-0:20:00
RTP-Info:url＝rtsp://st16.inline.rtsp-service.com/terminator/video
；seq＝12312232；rtptime＝78712811
可按照类似的方式产生关于音频流的开始或播放消息接发。如上所述，代理实例能够探测媒体流的建立，修改接收的消息以通过在线服务传递媒体流，和建立在线服务以管理媒体流。
PCRF能够向网关发送消息，以改变会话的QoS。所述改变可包括QoS的升级，QoS的降级，或者内容的格式改变。还可根据从移动节点710获得的反馈，在网关内部触发所述改变。来自PCRF 718的消息可包括(对于音频和视频RTP流，把QoS从512kbps降到80kbps的)指令。这些指令可在策略和计费执行功能(PCEF)接收，PCEF能够把所述指令传给代理实例。代理实例能够分配DSP代码转换器，以便从：CIF，24fps，mpeg-2，AAC音频转码成：QCIF，5fps，H.264，AMR-NB。取决于实施例，关于移动节点能力的信息收集可以是静态的或动态的。在静态实施例中，信息可得自于Ut接口，所述Ut接口由开放移动联盟(OMA)提出。在动态实施例中，通过利用RTSP选项询问客户端能力，能够实时获得客户端能力。
移动节点和网关之间的改变媒体流的重新协商可包括发送带有新的媒体参数的会话描述协议(SDP)消息，在DSP处理转码的情况下发送指向XME卡的新的RTP源端口，和发送指向XME卡的RTCP目的地端口。网关能够发送暂停RTSP消息，重新协商会话，随后发送RTSP播放消息。网关能够监控RTCP流或者其它反馈信号，从而获得和到达移动节点的媒体流有关的信息。可与QoS升级或降级无关地调用对流传输分组流的调整。这些调整可以是当用户遭遇无线电问题，比如衰落、高误码率(BER)和蜂窝边界时，增强用户体验。在一些实施例中，滞后被用于避免过载(thrashing)。通过计算反馈度量的加权平均值，并定期比较所述加权平均值和阈值，能够实现所述滞启。
图8图解说明按照一些实施例，在空中接口约束变化的接入技术之间的切换。图8包括移动节点810、接入点812、网络地址转换器(NAT)/防火墙814、服务提供商网络816、WiMAX/3G无线接入网络(RAN)818、网关820、PCRF 822和包括媒体服务器的分组数据网络(PDN)。网关820包括分组数据互通功能(PDIF)、外部代理/本地代理(FA/HA)、接入网关，和代理实例。这可在用户通过WiFi连接在膝上型计算机上观看电影的情况下使用。该连接可为膝上型计算机提供用于电影的高数据速率。不过，如果用户离开WiFi连接并漫游到宏蜂窝环境，例如，高速分组数据(HRPD)或WiMAX，那么该连接将支持较小的数据速率。网关能够监控订户会话并修改会话，以向用户提供可接受的服务水平，从而使用户能够继续观看电影。
图9图解说明按照一些实施例，在设备要求能够变化的情况下的设备切换。图9包括移动节点910、移动节点912、3G/4G网络914、网关916、PCRF 918和分组数据网络920。如果用户把SIM卡从一个设备转移到另一设备，或者发生用户级注册，那么会发生这种切换。用户级注册是当订户的身份被绑定时，登记用户名和口令，而不是使用SIM卡或其它硬件来识别用户。对用户来说的好处是服务的移动性。例如，用户能够在其膝上型计算机上继续源自PDA的会话。网关916能够监控设备切换，使内容适合于新的设备特性和空中接口。例如，当从PDA改变到膝上型计算机时，电影的分辨率可被改变，以适应更大的屏幕。
图10图解说明按照一些实施例，可用于在网关中实现动态QoS的控制平面体系结构。会话管理器1010为用户设备/移动订户服务和处理用户会话数据流。会话管理器1010(它是如上所述的相同会话管理器)包括诸如系统服务层1012、呼叫处理层1014、和呼叫处理支持服务层1016之类的功能层。系统服务层1012提供用于将传给会话管理器和其它各层的指令的接口。可以设置命令行接口(CLI)1018。网络处理器1020可被用于提供分组流和用于其它处理。呼叫处理层1014包括服务代理/服务控制交互管理器(SCIM)1022，包括I-CSCF 1026、P-CSCF 1028和S-CSCF 1030的CSCF核心1024，统一消息映射接口1032，应用1034和SIP栈1036。应用1034包括寄存器功能。寄存器功能高速缓存与在不必查询外部数据库的情况下，订户和会话促成的信息查询有关的信息。在一些实施例中，CSCF核心包括CSCF功能之一，例如P-CSCF。呼叫处理支持服务层1016包括各种服务，比如路由和地址转换服务1038，订户管理服务1040，改变接口服务1042，媒体接口服务1044，QoS策略接口服务1046，安全接口1048，和管理服务器接口1050。
关注呼叫处理层1014，该层包括信令协议和使用通用SIP作为应用程序接口(API)的呼叫控制。信令协议可以是SIP或者其它协议，比如ISUP、MGCP或H.323。此外，呼叫处理层1014允许SIP变体和其它协议之间通过统一映射接口的互通。统一映射接口能够把协议特有的消息和参数转换成类似API格式的通用SIP。在一些实施例中，使用类似SIP的消息接发，因为SIP具有最大的消息集，能够覆盖SIP和其它协议的可能的消息接发情形。通过把信息放在包络中，呼叫处理层1014还能够向不需要被CSCF核心处理的数据提供透明性。不关心的参数可被放入包络中并保持不变。CSCF核心允许作为呼叫号码和被叫号码的任意文本串，所述号码不必局限于E.164号码。例如，所述号码可以是记录地址(AoR)或者带域名的任意名称串。
分离器管理器1052存在于信号路由层1054中，如图10中所示。具有分离器管理器的信号路由层1054能够确定在什么地方分组流被发送以便处理。分组流可被发送给进程实例，以便进一步处理和/或信号处理。分离器管理器可被用于分析进入网关的分组流或流量。该分析可包含分组探查，从分组报头提取信息，保存提取的信息，深度分组检测，和处理从一个或多个分组获得的信息。分离器管理器分析的消息可包含能够被提取(或者探查)的信息，比如分配给移动节点的IP地址，网络接入标识符(NAI)，国际移动用户识别码(IMSI)，移动用户标识(MSID)，相关ID(用于CDMA实现)，用户数据记录(UDR)，事件数据记录(EDR)，主叫站ID，和/或任何其它适当的信息。在一些实施例中，一种形式的分离器管理器可被用作RTSP代理。
在一些实施例中，提供动态QoS机制。依据标准提供的QoS机制是静态的。诸如CSCF/SIP-AS之类网络设备检查被请求的服务，使之与终端能力相配，并发出QoS简表。这种方案适用于给最终用户的总带宽相当稳定的有线接入。不过，由于“无线电”或空中链路连接的固有动态特性，这种方案不适用于无线接入网络。无线连接在有效数据速率、等待时间和抖动方面易于来回变动(例如，当用户坐车行进时，在微波设备附近走动时，等等)。对于向用户设备/移动订户(或者移动节点)提供服务质量的移动应用来说，这造成未来问题。
在一些实施例中，在QoS机制中引入反馈组件。CSCF能够根据服务的种类发出QoS简表，并监控QoS的应用。CSCF能够被动地接收反馈，即，电话机间隔一定时间发送信息，以提供空中链路信息或者所获得带宽的信息，或者CSCF或其它实体能够请求信息。所请求的信息可以是一组已知数据，所述一组已知数据可被处理，以确定空中链路带宽。在一些实施例中，移动节点发送商定的量度，所述商定的量度允许CSCF确定如何调整分配给移动节点的带宽。在一些实施例中，来自移动节点的反馈被送入能够重新应用QoS参数，以把服务保持在希望的操作参数内的功能。在其它实施例中，可按照其它方式，比如发送冗余分组、采用纠错码、或者对视频或其它流媒体降低帧速率来修改数据流。
按照一些实施例，从移动节点向CSCF中的QoS监控功能回送连续反馈。该功能能够感知服务，并应用反馈调整QoS。例如，就视频点播来说，该功能能够改变1)帧速率；2)I帧间隔；或者3)离散余弦变换(DCT)。DCT是一种有损压缩算法，该算法每隔一定时间对图像采样，分析存在于样本中的频率分量，并丢弃当人眼感知图像时不会影响图像的那些频率。DCT是诸如JPEG、MPEG、H.261和H.263之类标准的基础。
在一些实施例中，在机架中实现上面说明的网关。该机架能够实现多种不同的集成功能。在一些实施例中，在机架上能够实现接入网关，分组数据服务节点(PDSN)，外部代理(FA)或者本地代理(HA)。在其它实施例中，也能够在机架上实现的其它种类的功能是网关通用分组无线服务支持节点(GGSN)、服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)、分组数据互通功能(PDIF)、接入服务网络网关(ASNGW)、基站、接入网络、用户平面实体(UPE)、IP网关、接入网关、会话发起协议(SIP)服务器、代理-呼叫会话控制功能(P-CSCF)、查询-呼叫会话控制功能(I-CSCF)。在一些实施例中，一个或多个上面提及的其它种类的功能被集成在一起，或者由相同的功能提供。例如，接入网络可以与PDSN结合。机架可包括PDSN、FA、HA、GGSN、PDIF、ASNGW、UPE、IP网关、接入网关、或者任何其它适当的接入接口设备。在一些实施例中，机架可按ST16或ST40多媒体平台，由Tewksbury，Massachusetts的Starent Networks，Corps提供。
机架可包括用于装载应用卡和线卡的插槽。在机架中可以使用中间背板来提供各个安装卡之间的机架内通信，电力连接和传输路径。中间背板可包括诸如交换架构、控制总线、系统管理总线、冗余总线、和时分多路复用(TDM)总线之类的总线。交换架构是通过在应用卡和线卡之间建立卡间通信实现的遍及机架的用户数据用IP传输路径。控制总线互连机架内的控制和管理处理器。机架管理总线提供系统功能，比如供电、监控温度、板状态、数据通路错误、卡重置、和其它故障恢复功能的管理。冗余总线在硬件故障的情况下，提供用户数据的传输和冗余链路。TDM总线为系统上的语音服务提供支持。
机架支持至少两种应用卡：交换处理器卡和分组加速器卡。交换处理器卡充当机架的控制器并负责诸如初始化机架和把软件配置装载到机架中的其它卡上之类的事情。分组加速器卡提供分组处理和转发能力。每个分组加速器卡能够支持多个上下文。硬件引擎可以和卡一起部署，以支持用于压缩、分类流量调度、转发、分组过滤、和统计信息编辑的并行分布式处理。
通过使用控制处理器和网络处理器(NPU)，分组加速器卡能够进行分组处理操作。网络处理器确定分组处理要求；往来于各种物理接口接收和传送用户数据帧；做出IP转发决策；实现分组过滤，流插入、删除和修改；进行流量管理和流量工程；修改/增加/剥离分组报头；和管理线卡端口和内部分组传输。同样位于分组加速器卡上的控制处理器提供基于分组的用户服务处理。当被装入机架中时，线卡提供输入/输出连通性，并且还能够提供冗余连接。
操作系统软件可以基于Linux软件内核，并在机架中运行特定的应用程序，比如监控任务和提供协议栈。软件允许为控制通路和数据通路独立分配机架资源。例如，一些分组加速器卡可专用于实现路由或安全控制功能，而其它分组加速器卡专用于处理用户会话流量。在一些实施例中，当网络要求变化时，硬件资源可被动态部署，以满足网络要求。系统可被虚拟化，以支持服务的多个逻辑实例，比如技术功能(例如，PDSN、ASNGW、PDIF、HA、GGSN或IPSG)。
机架的软件可被分成实现特定功能的一系列任务。这些任务酌情相互通信，从而在整个机架内共享控制和数据信息。任务是实现与系统控制或会话处理相关的特定功能的软件进程。在一些实施例中，三种任务在机架内工作：关键任务，控制器任务和管理器任务。关键任务控制与机架的处理呼叫的能力相关的功能，例如机架初始化任务，错误检测任务和恢复任务。控制器任务对用户掩蔽软件的分布性，进行诸如监控从属管理器的状态，在相同子系统内提供管理器内通信，和通过与属于其它子系统的控制器通信实现子系统间通信之类的任务。管理器任务能够控制资源系统，并保持系统资源之间的逻辑映射。
在应用卡中的处理器上运行的各个任务可被分成子系统。子系统是一个软件元件，它或者实现特定任务，或者是多个其它任务的顶点(culmination)。单个子系统可包括关键任务，控制器任务和管理器任务。可在机架上运行的一些子系统包括系统启动任务子系统、高可用性任务子系统、恢复控制任务子系统、共享配置任务子系统、资源管理子系统、虚拟专用网络子系统、网络处理器子系统、卡/槽/端口子系统、和会话子系统。
系统启动任务子系统负责在系统启动时，开始一组初始任务，并酌情提供单独任务。高可用性任务子系统和恢复控制任务子系统一起工作，通过监控机架的各个软件和硬件组件保持机架的工作状态。恢复控制任务子系统负责执行在机架中发生的故障的恢复动作，并接收来自高可用性任务子系统的恢复动作。共享配置任务子系统向机架提供设置、检索和接收机架配置参数变化的通知的能力，并负责保存在机架内运行的应用的配置数据。资源管理子系统负责向任务分配资源(例如，处理器和存储器能力)，和监控任务的资源使用。
虚拟专用网络(VPN)子系统管理机架中的与VPN相关的实体的管理和操作方面，包括创建独立的VPN上下文、在VPN上下文内开始IP服务、管理IP池和订户IP地址、和在VPN上下文内分发IP流信息。在一些实施例中，在机架内，IP操作是在特定的VPN上下文内完成的。网络处理器子系统负责网络处理器的上面列举的许多功能。卡/槽/端口子系统负责协调涉及卡活动发生的事件，比如新插入的卡上的端口的发现和配置，和确定线卡如何映射到应用卡。在一些实施例中，会话子系统负责处理和监控移动订户的数据流。移动数据通信的会话处理任务例如包括：CDMA网络的A10/A11终止、GPRS和/或UMTS网络的GSM隧道协议终止、异步PPP处理、分组过滤、分组调度、Difserv码点标记、统计信息收集、IP转发、和AAA服务。关于这些项目中的每个项目的职责可被分布在从属任务(称为管理器)之间，以提供更有效的处理和更大的冗余。独立的会话控制器任务起管制和监控处理器并与其它有效子系统通信的集成控制节点的作用。会话子系统还管理专门的用户数据处理，比如有效负载变换、过滤、统计信息收集、策略定义和调度。
在一些实施例中，实现进程或数据库所需的软件包括高级程序语言或者面向对象语言，比如C、C++、C#、Java、或Perl。如果需要的话，还可用汇编语言实现软件。在机架中实现的分组处理可包括由上下文确定的任何处理。例如，分组处理可涉及高级数据链路控制(HDLC)成帧、报头压缩、和/或加密。在一些实施例中，软件被保存在可由通用或专用处理器读取以执行在本文中描述的处理的存储介质或设备上，比如只读存储器(ROM)、可编程只读存储器(PROM)、电可擦可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪速存储器、或者磁盘。
尽管在上面的实施例中举例说明了本发明，不过显然可以理解本公开仅仅是对本发明的举例说明，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可做出本发明的实现细节方面的众多变化，本发明的精神和范围只由下面的权利要求限定。

Claims (7)

1、一种通信网络中的网关，包括：
驻留在网关中的代理实例，用于关于与媒体流的建立有关的信息检测分组；
驻留在网关中的在线服务，用于与移动节点协商会话从而设置媒体流参数，监控从移动节点接收的反馈，和管理转码；以及
驻留在网关中的数字信号处理器(DSP)，用于向媒体流提供转码。
2、按照权利要求1所述的网关，其中：
所述代理实例关于会话的建立检测实时流传输协议(RTSP)分组；以及
在线服务关于来自移动节点的反馈检测实时控制协议(RTCP)分组。
3、按照权利要求1所述的网关，还包括：所述代理实例探测媒体流的建立，修改接收的消息，从而通过在线服务传递媒体流，和建立在线服务以管理媒体流。
4、一种方法，包括：
检测分组以探测到移动节点的媒体流的建立；
修改建立消息从而通过在线服务传递媒体流；
监控从移动节点接收的反馈；以及
分析反馈从而确定对媒体流的修改并管理数字信号处理(DSP)引擎。
5、按照权利要求4所述的方法，其中检测实时流传输协议(RTSP)分组以探测媒体流的建立，以及监控实时控制协议(RTCP)分组以从移动节点获得反馈。
6、按照权利要求4所述的方法，还包括：
确定媒体流中接收的内容的参数；以及
对媒体流转码以提供适合于移动节点的能力的内容。
7、按照权利要求4所述的方法，还包括：
从策略和计费规则功能(PCRF)接收指令；以及
动态改变提供给移动节点的服务质量(QoS)。
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