CN101528346A - 废气净化用催化剂 - Google Patents
废气净化用催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 46
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
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- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 41
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- WVAKRQOMAINQPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-[5-(2,2-dimethylbutyl)-1h-imidazol-2-yl]ethyl]phenyl]pyridine Chemical compound N1C(CC(C)(C)CC)=CN=C1CCC1=CC=C(C=2N=CC=CC=2)C=C1 WVAKRQOMAINQPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- OENIXTHWZWFYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-[5-(cyclopentylmethyl)-1h-imidazol-2-yl]ethyl]phenyl]benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=C1)=CC=C1CCC(N1)=NC=C1CC1CCCC1 OENIXTHWZWFYIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明可在过渡阶段及冷起动阶段两阶段中降低NOx排放。废气净化用催化剂(1)含有平均粒径在1nm至1000nm的范围内的储氧材料(32)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及废气净化用催化剂,尤其涉及含有储氧材料的废气净化用催化剂。
背景技术
以往,作为处理汽车等的废气的废气净化用催化剂,广泛使用在由氧化铝等无机氧化物构成的多孔载体上负载贵金属的三元催化剂。该在三元催化剂中,贵金属起到促进氮氧化物(NOx)的还原反应以及一氧化碳(CO)和烃(HC)的氧化反应的作用。另外,多孔载体起到增大贵金属的比表面积以及使反应产生的热量消散从而抑制贵金属的烧结的作用。
日本特开平1-281144号公报、日本特开平9-155192号公报以及日本特开平9-221304号公报中,记载了使用氧化铈或含有铈和其它金属元素的氧化物的废气净化用催化剂。所述氧化物是具有储氧能力的储氧材料。在三元催化剂中使用储氧材料时,能使上述还原反应及氧化反应最佳化。
但是,通过使用了储氧材料的三元催化剂,很难在发动机刚起动后的状态和发动机连续运转的状态两种状态中实现良好的性能。
例如,增加储氧材料的含量,能够降低联邦检验法(federal testprocedure)FTP75中规定的排放测试循环的冷起动阶段(cold start phase)中的NOx排放。但是,此时该循环的过渡阶段(transient phase)中的NOx排放增加。
减少储氧材料的含量,能够降低过渡阶段中的NOx排放。但是,此时冷起动阶段中的NOx排放增加。
由此可知,难以在过渡阶段和冷起动阶段两阶段中降低NOx排放。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于在过渡阶段和冷起动阶段两阶段中降低NOx排放。
根据本发明的一个方面,本发明提供一种废气净化用催化剂,其含有平均粒径在1nm至1000nm的范围内的储氧材料。
附图说明
图1是示意性地表示本发明的一个方式的废气净化用催化剂的透视图。
图2是将图1所示的废气净化用催化剂的一部分扩大而表示的剖面图。
图3是表示NOx排放的柱形图。
图4是表示储氧材料的平均粒径与冷起动阶段中NOx排放的关系的图。
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明的方式进行说明。
图1是示意性地表示本发明的一个方式的废气净化用催化剂的透视图。图2是将图1所示的废气净化用催化剂的一部分扩大而表示的剖面图。
图1及图2所示的废气净化用催化剂1是整体式催化剂。该废气净化用催化剂1含有整体式蜂窝状载体等载体基体2。载体基体2典型地由堇青石等陶瓷制成。载体基体2也可由金属制成。
在载体基体2的隔壁上形成有催化剂载体层3。催化剂载体层3含有多孔载体31和储氧材料32。
多孔载体31与储氧材料32相比热稳定性优良。作为多孔载体31的材料,例如可使用氧化铝、氧化锆或二氧化钛。
多孔载体31的平均粒径,例如在1μm至30μm的范围内,典型地在2μm至20μm的范围内。
多孔载体31的平均粒径是通过以下方法得到的值。即,用扫描电子显微镜(以下称SEM)拍摄催化剂载体层3的5个不同的表面。倍率设在1000倍至10000倍的范围内。然后,从各SEM图像中拍到的多孔载体31中随机地选择10个,并求出它们的面积。另外,如果选择的多孔载体31的一部分被其它的多孔载体31遮挡而看不见时,则随机地选择其它的多孔载体31来代替该多孔载体31。如上,求出50个多孔载体31各自的面积,并计算它们的平均值。然后,求出面积等于上述平均值的圆的直径。将该直径作为多孔载体31的平均粒径。
储氧材料32例如为铈氧化物或含有铈及铈以外的稀土元素的氧化物。含有铈及铈以外的稀土元素的氧化物是复合氧化物和/或固溶体。作为含有铈及铈以外的稀土元素的氧化物,可以使用例如含有铈及锆的氧化物。
储氧材料32也可以含有稀土元素以外的金属元素。例如,储氧材料32可以是含有铈的氧化物与碱金属氧化物的固溶体。然而,如果催化剂载体层3除了储氧材料32以外还含有碱金属和/或碱金属化合物,则多孔载体31的耐热性及后述的贵金属4的活性降低,且在载体基体2使用陶瓷时容易产生裂纹。因此,典型地,催化剂载体层3所含的储氧材料32以外的所有成分均是无碱金属的。
储氧材料32的平均粒径在1nm至1000nm的范围内,典型地在5nm至100nm的范围内。当储氧材料32的平均粒径足够小时,废气净化用催化剂1在冷起动阶段及过渡阶段两阶段中可发挥优良的性能。另外,平均粒径过小的储氧材料,其制造本身很难。
储氧材料32的平均粒径是通过以下方法得到的值。即,用SEM拍摄催化剂载体层3的5个不同的表面。倍率设在10000倍至1000000倍的范围内。然后,从各SEM图像中拍到的储氧材料32中随机地选择10个,并求出它们的面积。另外,如果选择的储氧材料32的一部分被其它的储氧材料32遮挡而看不见时,则随机地选择其它储氧材料32来代替该储氧材料32。如上,求出50个储氧材料32各自的面积,并计算它们的平均值。然后,求出面积等于上述平均值的圆的直径。将该直径作为储氧材料32的平均粒径。
多孔载体31的平均粒径相对于储氧材料32的平均粒径的比,例如设为5以上,典型地设为50以上。通常,该比大时,废气净化用催化剂1在冷起动阶段及过渡阶段两阶段中可发挥优良的性能。
储氧材料32占催化剂载体层3的比例,例如设定在1质量%至80质量%的范围内。虽然也依赖于废气净化用催化剂1的使用条件,但是通常该比例在上述范围内时,废气净化用催化剂1在冷起动阶段及过渡阶段两阶段中可发挥优良的性能。
在催化剂载体层3上面和/或下面,可形成1个催化剂载体层,或者,也可层压2个以上的催化剂载体层。采用上述多层结构时,只要与载体基体2最近的催化剂载体层3满足关于多孔载体31及储氧材料32的上述规定即可,其它的催化剂载体层可以满足该规定,或者也可以不满足该规定。
催化剂载体层3负载有贵金属4。贵金属4例如为铂、钯及铑等铂族元素或者它们的混合物。在催化剂载体层3上面和/或下面形成1个以上催化剂载体层时,催化剂载体层3负载的贵金属4与负载在其它的催化剂载体层上的贵金属可以相同,或者也可以不同。
该废气净化用催化剂1能够在过渡阶段及冷起动阶段两阶段中实现充分降低NOx排放。因此,如以下所说明的,该废气净化用催化剂1尤其适合在冷起动阶段中的催化剂性能重要的起动转换器中使用。
在以往的起动转换器中,由于重视在低温条件下的废气净化性能,有时存在高温条件下无法实现充分的废气净化性能的情况。相对于此,使用上述废气净化用催化剂1的起动转换器,不仅在低温条件下,而且在高温条件下也可实现充分的废气净化性能。即,该起动转换器可在广泛的温度范围内发挥优良的废气净化性能。因此,上述废气净化用催化剂1尤其适合在冷起动阶段中的催化剂性能重要的起动转换器中使用。
以下,对本发明的例子进行说明。
(催化剂A的制造)
混合50g的0氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和含有100g铈锆氧化物作为分散粒子的溶胶,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为5nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆A。
然后,将该淤浆A涂布到由堇青石构成且容积为1L的整体式蜂窝状载体上。将该整体式蜂窝状载体在250℃下干燥1小时。
接下来,混合90g的θ氧化铝、含有0.2g铑的硝酸铑水溶液和70g的铈锆氧化物,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为20∶80。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为5000nm。
然后,将该淤浆涂布到上述整体式蜂窝状载体上。将该整体式蜂窝状载体在250℃下干燥1小时,然后在500℃下煅烧1小时。
如上制成废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂A。
(催化剂B的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和含有100g铈锆氧化物作为分散粒子的溶胶,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为20nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆B。
除了使用淤浆B代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂B。
(催化剂C的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g铂的二硝基二氨铂水溶液和100g的铈锆氧化物,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为100nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆C。
除了使用淤浆C代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂C。
(催化剂D的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和含有100g铈锆氧化物作为分散粒子的溶胶,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为300nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆D。
除了使用淤浆D代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂D。
(催化剂E的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和含有100g铈锆氧化物作为分散粒子的溶胶,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为900nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆E。
除了使用淤浆E代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂E。
(催化剂F的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和含有100g铈锆氧化物作为分散粒子的溶胶,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为1200nm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆F。
除了使用淤浆F代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂F。
(催化剂G的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g钯的硝酸钯水溶液和100g的铈锆氧化物,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为5μm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆G。
除了使用淤浆G代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂G。
(催化剂H的制造)
混合50g的θ氧化铝、含有1g铂的二硝基二氨铂水溶液和100g的铈锆氧化物,并调制成淤浆。另外,此处使用的铈锆氧化物是氧化铈与锆的固溶体,该固溶体中的铈与锆的原子比为50∶50。并且,用SEM测定的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径为5μm。以下,称该淤浆为淤浆H。
除了使用淤浆H代替淤浆A以外,通过与催化剂A的说明中所述的方法相同的方法制造废气净化用催化剂。以下,称该废气净化用催化剂为催化剂H。
(试验)
将催化剂A至H分别装载到具有排气量为2.2L的发动机的汽车上。使该汽车在LA # 4模式下行驶,并测定NOx排放。具体地测定Bag1至3中的NOx浓度。另外,“LA #4模式”是FTP75中规定的美国的测试模式。并且,“Bag1”表示在冷起动阶段中采集的废气,“Bag2”表示在过渡阶段中采集的废气,“Bag3”表示在热起动阶段(hot startphase)中采集的废气。
然后,对各催化剂A至H,求出作为储氧材料的铈锆氧化物的平均粒径和作为多孔载体的氧化铝的平均粒径。上述平均粒径通过前面说明的方法、即使用SEM的方法求得。
以上结果总结于下表和图3及图4中。
表1
在上表中,写有“Total”的一列记载了冷起动阶段、过渡阶段以及热起动阶段中的NOx排放的和。
图3是表示NOx排放的柱形图。图4是表示储氧材料的平均粒径与冷起动阶段的NOx排放的关系的图。在图3中,纵轴表示NOx排放。另外,在图4中,横轴表示储氧材料的平均粒径,纵轴表示冷起动阶段、过渡阶段以及热起动阶段中的NOx排放的和。
如上述表及图4所示,与催化剂F至H相比,催化剂A至E在冷起动阶段、过渡阶段以及热起动阶段中的NOx排放的和小。而且,如上表及图3所示,与催化剂F至H相比,催化剂A至E在冷起动阶段中的NOx排放的和小。
进一步的优化及变形对本领域技术人员来说很容易。因此,本发明包括更广阔的范围,并不限于此处所记载的特定内容及代表性的实施方式。因此,在不超出本发明的保护范围及由其等价物规定的本发明概括性概念的含义或范围的范围内,可进行各种变形。
Claims (9)
1.一种废气净化用催化剂,其含有平均粒径在1nm至1000nm的范围内的储氧材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述储氧材料包括铈氧化物或含有铈和铈以外的稀土元素的氧化物。
3.如权利要求1所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述储氧材料的平均粒径在5nm至100nm的范围内。
4.如权利要求1所述的废气净化用催化剂,具有载体基体、由所述载体基体支撑且含有所述储氧材料和多孔载体的催化剂载体层、以及负载在所述催化剂载体层上的贵金属。
5.如权利要求4所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述多孔载体的平均粒径在1μm至30μm的范围内。
6.如权利要求4所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述储氧材料的平均粒径在5nm至100nm的范围内。
7.如权利要求4所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述储氧材料的平均粒径在5nm至100nm的范围内,且所述多孔载体的平均粒径在2μm至20μm的范围内。
8.如权利要求4所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述多孔载体的平均粒径相对于所述储氧材料的平均粒径的比为5以上。
9.如权利要求4所述的废气净化用催化剂,其中,所述催化剂载体层除了所含的所述储氧材料以外的所有成分均为无碱金属的。
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JP3876731B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-26 | 2007-02-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 触媒担体構造体と排気ガス浄化用触媒 |
US7399728B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2008-07-15 | Umicore Ag & Co Kg | Catalyst formulation, exhaust system, and gas treatment device |
JP4465352B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-11 | 2010-05-19 | 株式会社キャタラー | 排ガス浄化触媒 |
-
2006
- 2006-10-20 JP JP2006286993A patent/JP2008100202A/ja active Pending
-
2007
- 2007-10-15 CN CNA2007800391338A patent/CN101528346A/zh active Pending
- 2007-10-15 EP EP07829781.9A patent/EP2075062A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-10-15 KR KR1020097007989A patent/KR101432331B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-15 WO PCT/JP2007/070047 patent/WO2008047742A1/ja active Application Filing
-
2009
- 2009-04-17 US US12/426,163 patent/US20090209416A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102619597A (zh) * | 2011-01-26 | 2012-08-01 | 马自达汽车株式会社 | 尾气净化用催化剂装置 |
CN102619597B (zh) * | 2011-01-26 | 2014-12-24 | 马自达汽车株式会社 | 尾气净化用催化剂装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20090074047A (ko) | 2009-07-03 |
US20090209416A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
WO2008047742A1 (fr) | 2008-04-24 |
KR101432331B1 (ko) | 2014-08-20 |
EP2075062A1 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
JP2008100202A (ja) | 2008-05-01 |
EP2075062A4 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
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