CN101454281A - 前列腺素ep4激动剂 - Google Patents
前列腺素ep4激动剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101454281A CN101454281A CNA200780019585XA CN200780019585A CN101454281A CN 101454281 A CN101454281 A CN 101454281A CN A200780019585X A CNA200780019585X A CN A200780019585XA CN 200780019585 A CN200780019585 A CN 200780019585A CN 101454281 A CN101454281 A CN 101454281A
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- Prior art keywords
- compound
- prodrug
- pge
- amino acid
- agonist
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C405/00—Compounds containing a five-membered ring having two side-chains in ortho position to each other, and having oxygen atoms directly attached to the ring in ortho position to one of the side-chains, one side-chain containing, not directly attached to the ring, a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, and the other side-chain having oxygen atoms attached in gamma-position to the ring, e.g. prostaglandins ; Analogues or derivatives thereof
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- C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
- C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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Abstract
本文公开了一种包括前列腺素EP4激动剂的前药的化合物,其中所述前药为一种氨基酸的酯、醚或酰胺。本文还公开了通过包括将治疗有效量的前列腺素EP4激动剂给予到哺乳动物结肠的方法来保持结肠粘膜屏障。还公开了有关的剂型、药剂和组合物。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据35 U.S.C.§120,以2006年4月4日提交的流水号为60/744,234的美国临时专利申请为基础要求其优先权,所述临时专利申请通过引用的方式纳入本说明书。
技术领域
本发明涉及治疗上的活性化合物及其送递和使用。具体而言,本发明涉及前列腺素EP4激动剂的送递和使用。
背景技术
相关技术的说明
前列腺素可以被描述为具有如下结构式的前列腺烷酸的衍生物:
基于结构和前列腺烷酸骨架的脂肪环上的取代基,已知有多种类型的前列腺素。进一步的分类是基于侧链中的不饱和键的数目——它由前列腺素通式后的数字下标表示(例如前列腺素E1(PGE1)和前列腺素E2(PGE2))——以及基于脂肪环上的取代基的构型,它以α或β表示(例如前列腺素F2α(PGF2β))。
某些10,10-二甲基前列腺素是已知的。这些前列腺素在例如以下的文献中有描述:
Donde的美国专利申请公布文本20040157901;
Pernet等人的美国专利4,117,014;
Pernet,Andre G.et al.,Prostaglandin analogs modified at the 10 and 11positions,Tetrahedron Letters,(41),1979,pp.3933-3936;
Plantema,Otto G.et al.,Synthesis of(.+-.)-10.10-dimethylprostaglandin E1methyl ester and its 15-epimer,Journal of the Chemical Society,PerkinTransactions 1:Organic and Bio-organic Chemistry(1972-1999),(3),1978,pp.304-308;
Plantema,O.G.et al.,Synthesis of 10,10-dimethylprostaglandin E1,Tetrahedron Letters,(51),1975,4039;
Hamon,A.,et al.,Synthesis of(+-)-and
15-EPI(+-)-10,10-Dimethylprostaglandin E1,Tetrahedron Letters,ElsevierScience Publishers,Amsterdam,NL,no.3,January 1976,pp.211-214;以及Patent Abstracts of Japan,Vol.0082,no.18(C-503),June 10,1988 & JP 63002972A(Nippon Iyakuhin Kogyo KK),7 January 1988;
这些文献的公开内容通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书。
美国专利申请公布文本2004/0142969 A1——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——公开了具有下面结构式的化合物
所述申请公开了如下的基团定义。
m为1到4;n为0到4;A是烷基、芳基、杂芳基、芳基烷基、芳基环烷基、环烷基烷基或芳氧烷基;E是-CHOH-或-C(O)-;X是X-(CH2)2-或-CH=CH-;Y是-CH2-、亚芳基、杂亚芳基、-CH=CH-、-O-、-S(O)p-(其中p为0到2)或-NRa-(其中Ra为氢或烷基);
Z是-CH2OH、-CHO、四唑-5-基或者-COORb(其中Rb为氢或烷基);且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9和R10各自独立地为氢或烷基。
美国专利No.6,747,037——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——公开了前列腺素EP4激动剂,例如
美国专利No.6,610,719——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——公开了具有以下结构的EP4选择激动剂
该专利描述基团的定义如下:
Q是COOR3、CONHR4或四唑-5-基;
A是单键或顺式双键;
B是单键或反式双键;
U是
R2是α-噻吩基、苯基、苯氧基、单取代的苯基或单取代的苯氧基,所述取代基选自氯、氟、苯基、甲氧基、三氟甲基和(C1-C3)烷基;
R3是氢、(C1-C5)烷基、苯基或p-联苯基;
R4是COR5或SO2R5;以及
R5是苯基或(C1-C5)烷基。
10-羟基前列腺素类似物是一种天然前列腺素E化合物,其中羟基位于碳10而非碳11上,它在多篇专利文献中均为已知,包括美国专利No.4,171,375、美国专利No.3,931,297、FR 2408567、DE 2752523、JP53065854、DE 2701455、SE 7700257、DK 7700272、NL 7700272、JP52087144、BE 850348、FR 2338244、FR 2162213、GB 1405301和ES409167;这些文献都通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书。
2004年4月9日提交的流水号为821,705的美国专利申请——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——公开了具有下列结构的化合物
其基团定义如下
J是C=O或CHOH;
A是-(CH2)6-或顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O所取代;
B是CO2H或CO2R、CONR2、CONHCH2CH2OH、CON(CH2CH2OH)2、CH2OR、P(O)(OR)2、CONRSO2R、SONR2或
R是H或C1-6烷基;
D是-(CH2)n-、-X(CH2)n或-(CH2)nX-,其中n为0到3且X是S或O;以及
E是一种具有0到4个取代基的芳族或杂芳族部分,所述取代基各含有1-6个非氢原子,如本文所公开。
下述文献公开了其他目的化合物:美国专利6,670,485、美国专利6,410,591、美国专利6,538,018、WO 2004/065365、WO 03/074483、WO03/009872、WO 2004/019938、WO 03/103664、WO 2004/037786、WO2004/037813、WO 03/103604、WO 03/077910、WO 02/42268、WO03/008377、WO 03/053923、WO 2004/078103和WO 2003/035064中,所述参考文献均通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书。
前列腺素EP4选择性激动剂被认为有多种医疗用途。例如,美国专利No.6,552,067 B2——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——教导了前列腺素EP4选择性激动剂在“治疗哺乳动物中伴随低骨量尤其是骨质疏松、骨脆、骨质疏松性骨折、骨质缺损、儿童自发性骨质丢失、牙槽骨吸收、下颌骨吸收、骨折、截骨、牙周炎相关的骨质丢失或假体内向生长(prosthetic ingrowth)的病症的方法”中的治疗用途。
美国专利No.6,586,468 B1——通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——教导了前列腺素EP4选择性激动剂“可用于预防和/或治疗免疫疾病(自身免疫性疾病(肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)、多发性硬化、舍格伦综合征(Sjogren’s syndrome)、关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮等)、移植后移植物排斥等)、哮喘、异常骨形成、神经细胞死亡、肺病、肝病、急性肝炎、肾炎、肾机能不全、高血压、心肌缺血、全身炎症反应综合征、灼伤引起的疼痛、败血症、噬血细胞综合征、巨噬细胞活化综合征、斯蒂尔病(Still’s disease)、川崎病(Kawasaki disease)、烧伤、系统性肉芽肿、溃疡性结肠炎、克隆氏病(Crohn’s disease)、透析时的高细胞因子血症、多器官衰竭、休克等。它们还跟睡眠障碍和血小板凝集有关,并因此被认为对这些疾病有用。”
炎性肠病(IBD)是一类以大肠或小肠发炎为特征的疾病,症状表现为腹泻、疼痛和体重减轻。已经证明非甾类抗炎药物与发生IBD的风险有关,最近Kabashima及同事已经公布了“EP4的作用为保持粘膜完整性、抑制先天免疫以及下调CD4+T细胞的增殖和活化。这些发现不仅解释了NSAIDs引发IBD的机制,还说明了EP4选择性激动剂预防和治疗IBD的治疗潜力”(Kabashima,et.al.,The Journal of Clinical Investigation,April 2002,Vol.9,883-893)。
发明内容
本文公开了一种包括前列腺素EP4激动剂的前药的化合物,其中所述前药是一种碳水化合物的酯、醚或酰胺;或所述前药是一种氨基酸的酯、醚或酰胺。
本文还公开了通过包括将治疗有效量的前列腺素EP4激动剂给予到哺乳动物结肠的方法来保持结肠粘膜屏障。
还公开了有关的剂型、药剂和组合物。
具体实施方式
前列腺素EP4激动剂被广义地定义为这样一种化合物,即本领域的普通技术人员可以根据许多本领域普通技术人员熟知的用于测定EP4活性的测定方法中的任何一种或多种合理地认为其会激动前列腺素EP4受体。并非意在加以限制,下面的实例中给出了这样一种测定方法。
在一个实施方案中,与其他前列腺素受体亚型相比,所述前列腺素EP4激动剂对一种前列腺素EP4受体具有选择性。在另一个实施方案中,所述前列腺素EP4激动剂对所述EP4受体的活性比任何其他前列腺素受体亚型至少高10倍。在另一个实施方案中,所述前列腺素EP4激动剂对所述EP4受体的活性比任何其他前列腺素受体亚型至少高100倍。在另一个实施方案中,所述前列腺素EP4激动剂对所述EP4受体的活性比任何其他前列腺素受体亚型至少高1000倍。并非意在加以限制,下面的实例中也给出了用于其他受体亚型的一般测试方法。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物或者其可药用盐或前药是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例:
其中虚线表示存在或不存在键;
A是-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;或者A是-(CH2)m-Ar-(CH2)o-,其中Ar是内亚芳基(interarylene)或杂内亚芳基(heterointerarylene),m和o的和为1到4,且其中一个CH2可被S或O取代;
X是S或O;
J是C=O、CHOH或CH2CHOH;以及
E是C1-12烷基、R2或-Y-R2,其中Y是CH2、S或O,且R2是芳基或杂芳基。
这些结构中,虚线表示存在或不存在键;因此,像下面这样表示的一个结构
代表三种不同的结构,如下所示:
关于本文中出现的化学结构中公开的A的最广泛的定义,A为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;或者A是-(CH2)n-Ar-(CH2)o-,其中Ar是内亚芳基或杂内亚芳基,m和o的和为1到3,且其中一个CH2可被S或O取代。
并非意在加以限制,A可为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-。
或者,A可为一个与上述三个部分之一相关的基团,其中任何碳可被S和/或O取代。例如,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,A可为如下所示或类似的S取代部分:
或者,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,A可为如下所示或类似的O取代部分:
或者,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,A的链中可既被O又被S取代,例如下述之一或类似的基团:
或者,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,在某些实施方案中A为-(CH2)n-Ar-(CH2)o-,其中Ar是内亚芳基或杂内亚芳基,m和o的和为1到4,且其中一个CH2可被S或O取代。也就是说,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,在一个实施方案中A含有1到4个CH2部分和Ar,例如-CH2-Ar-、-(CH2)2-Ar-、-CH2-ArCH2-、-CH2Ar(CH2)2-、-(CH2)2-Ar(CH2)2-等;或
A含有O、0到3个CH2部分和Ar,例如-O-Ar-、Ar-CH2-O-、-O-Ar-(CH2)2-、-O-CH2-Ar-、-O-CH2-Ar-(CH2)2等;或
A含有S、0到3个CH2部分和Ar,例如-S-Ar-、Ar-CH2-S-、-S-Ar-(CH2)2-、-S-CH2-Ar-、-S-CH2-Ar-(CH2)2等。
内亚芳基或杂内亚芳基是指一个芳环或环系统或者一个杂芳环或环系统,所述环或环系统连接分子的两个其他部分,即所述两个部分连接在该环的两个不同位置上。内亚芳基或杂内亚芳基可被取代或未被取代。因此,一个未被取代的内亚芳基有4个可能连接取代基的位置。在一个实施方案中,Ar为被取代或未被取代的内亚苯基(interphenylene)、内亚噻吩基(interthienylene)、内亚呋喃基(interfurylene)或内亚吡啶基(interpyridinylene)。在另一个实施方案中,Ar为内亚苯基(Ph)。在另一个实施方案中,A为-(CH2)2-Ph-。并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,取代基可具有4个或更少的重原子,或者换言之非氢原子。还将包括具体取代基所需的任意数量的氢原子。因此,该取代基可为具有最高达4个碳原子的烃基,包括最高达C4的烷基、烯基、炔基等;最高达C3的烃氧基;CF3;卤素,如F、Cl或Br;羟基;NH2和最高达C3的烷基胺官能团;其他含N或S的取代基;等等。
在一个实施方案中,A为-(CH2)m-Ar-(CH2)o-,其中Ar为内亚苯基,m和o的和为1到3,且其中一个CH2可被S或O取代。
在另一个实施方案中,A为-CH2-Ar-OCH2-。在另一个实施方案中,A为-CH2-Ar-OCH2-,Ar为内亚苯基。在另一个实施方案中,Ar连接在1和3位,例如当A具有下述结构时:
在另一个实施方案中,A为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;或A为-(CH2)2-Ph-,其中一个CH2可被S或O取代。
在另一个实施方案中,A为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;或A为-(CH2)2-Ph-。
J为C=O、CHOH或CH2CHOH。因此,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,例如下述的化合物可用作前列腺素EP4激动剂:
C1-12烷基为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基,包括:
直链烷基,如甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基等;
支链烷基,如异丙基、异丁基、叔丁基、异戊基等;
环烷基,如环丙基、环丁基、环己基等;包括取代的环烷基,如甲基环己基、乙基环丙基、二甲基环庚基等,以及包括诸如CH2-环己基的基团,其中环状基团不是该分子其他部分的连接点;以及上述烷基的其他类型的任意组合。
因此,E可为这些基团的任一个。特别地,本文考虑到了C1-6的直链烷基,尤其是丁基。其他特别有用的基团是环己基、环戊基,以及少于9个碳原子的取代环己基和环丁基。
E也可为R2或Y-R2,其中Y为CH2、S或O并且R2是芳基或杂芳基。因此,E可为芳基、杂芳基、CH2-芳基、-S-芳基、-O-芳基、-CH2-杂芳基、-S-杂芳基或者-O-杂芳基。
芳基定义为芳环或环系统,以及其中一个或更多取代基取代了氢的取代衍生物。并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,苯基、萘基、联苯基、三联苯基等均为芳基的实例。
杂芳基定义为在芳环或环系统上具有至少一个非碳原子的芳基。并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,在许多情况下存在的是一个或多个氧、硫和/或氮原子。并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,杂芳基的实例为呋喃基、噻吩基、吡啶基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、吲哚基等。
所述芳基或杂芳基的每个取代基可具有最高达12个非氢原子和必要数量的氢。因此,并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,所述取代基可为:
烃基,如烷基、烯基、炔基等,以及它们的组合;
烃氧基,指O-烃基,如OCH3,OCH2CH3、O-环己基等,最多有11个碳原子;
羟基烃基,指烃基-OH,如CH2OH、C(CH3)2OH等,最多有11个碳原子;
氮取代基,如NO2、CN等,包括
氨基,如NH2、NH(CH2CH3OH)、NHCH3等,最多有11个碳原子;羰基取代基,如CO2H、酯、酰胺等;
卤素,如氯、氟、溴等;
氟羰基,如CF3、CF2CF3等;
磷取代基,如PO3 2-等;
硫取代基,包括S-烃基、SH、SO3H、SO2-烃基、SO3-烃基等。
在某些实施方案中,一个取代基中的非氢原子数是6或更少。在其他实施方案中,一个取代基中的非氢原子数是3或更少。在其他实施方案中,一个取代基中的非氢原子数是1。
在某些实施方案中,所述取代基只含有氢、碳、氧、卤素、氮和硫;在其他实施方案中,所述取代基只含有氢、碳、氧和卤素。
在某些实施方案中,A为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;E为C1-6烷基、R2或-Y-R2,其中Y为CH2、S或O,R2是芳基或杂芳基。
在一个实施方案中,R1为H、氯或氟。在另一个实施方案中,R1为H。在另一个实施方案中,R1为氯。
在其他实施方案中,R2为具有0到2个选自F、Cl、Br、甲基、甲氧基和CF3的取代基的苯基、萘基、联苯基、噻吩基或苯并噻吩基。
在其他实施方案中,R2为CH2-萘基、CH2-联苯基、CH2-(2-噻吩基)、CH2-(3-噻吩基)、萘基、联苯基、2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基、CH2-(2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基))、CH2-(3-苯并噻吩基)、2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基)或3-苯并噻吩基。
在其他实施方案中,R2为CH2-(2-噻吩基)、CH2-(3-噻吩基)、2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基、CH2-(2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基))、CH2-(3-苯并噻吩基)、2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基)或3-苯并噻吩基。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例,其中x为0或1并且R1为H、氯、氟、溴、甲基、甲氧基或CF3。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例,其中x为0或1并且R1为H、氯、氟、溴、甲基、甲氧基或CF3。
并非意在以任何方式对本发明的范围加以限制,具有下列结构的化合物也是前列腺素EP4激动剂的实例。
另外,下列美国专利申请或专利——全部通过引用的方式清楚地纳入本说明书——公开了属于前列腺素EP4激动剂的化合物:美国专利No.6,552,067、美国专利No.6,747,054、美国专利申请公布文本No.20030120079和美国专利申请公布文本No.20030207925、美国专利申请公布文本No.20040157901、美国专利No.4,117,014、美国专利申请公布文本No.2004/0142969、美国专利No.6,747,037、美国专利No.6,610,719、美国专利No.4,171,375、美国专利No.3,931,297、2004年4月9号提交的流水号为821,705的美国专利申请、美国专利No.6,670,485、美国专利No.6,410,591和美国专利No.6,538,018。
本文特别考虑到了与所有这些前列腺素EP4激动剂有关的方法和前药。
本文还考虑到了包括下式的前列腺素EP4激动剂的前药:
其中R4为H、卤素或C1-6烷基。
卤素为第7族原子如氟、氯、溴、碘等。
C1-6烷基是含有1到6个碳原子的直链烷基、支链烷基或环烷基,包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基异构体、丁基异构体、戊基异构体、己基异构体、环丙基、环丁基、环己基等。
还考虑到了具有下列结构的前列腺素EP4激动剂的前药:
本文的酯、醚或酰胺前药可能含有一个直接与氨基酸相连的键或者也可能含有一个间隔基团,包括但不限于,
多元醇,如乙二醇、丙三醇等,或它们的低聚物或多聚物;
二羧酸,如丁二酸、顺丁烯二酸、丙二酸、壬二酸等;
羟基羧酸,如乳酸、羟基乙酸、柠檬酸等;
多胺,如乙二胺等;以及
酯、酰胺或醚以形成任何上述物质的组合。
所用的氨基酸可以是天然或非天然的氨基酸。下列结构举例说明了使用天然氨基酸的氨基酸前药,其中R代表天然氨基酸的侧链特征,且其中R和酰胺的氮可如同脯氨酸一样相连。也可以使用具有这些结构的化合物的可药用盐,不管是阴离子、阳离子或两性离子。
在某些实施方案中,R选自H、甲基、异丙基、仲丁基、苄基、吲哚-3-基甲基、羟甲基、CHOHCH3、CH2CONH2、p-羟基苄基、CH2SH、(CH2)4NH2、(CH2)3NHC(NH2)2 +、甲基咪唑-5-基、CH2CO2H或(CH2)2CO2H。
当然也可制备类似的非天然氨基酸前药。假如所述非天然氨基酸也是α-氨基酸,则除了R代表天然氨基酸的侧链以外,所述结构是相同的。对于天然氨基酸来说,可以使用任何立体异构体。事实上,在本文中所述天然氨基酸的对映体被特别地当作非天然氨基酸。
可以使用的非天然氨基酸类型的实例包括但不限于:
苯丙氨酸衍生物,特别是那些环被取代的,如左旋多巴;或者那些苯基被另一个芳香基团(如萘基)或杂环替代的;
β-氨基酸和同型氨基酸;
环状氨基酸;
丙氨酸衍生物;
甘氨酸衍生物;
酪氨酸衍生物,特别是那些环被其他环取代基取代的;那些苯基被另一个芳香基团(如萘基)或杂环替代的;或者酚羟基氧上的醚;
直链核氨基酸(linear core amino acid)
二氨基酸。
具体地,本文考虑到了下列非天然氨基酸:左旋多巴、D-青霉胺、D-2-萘基丙氨酸、D-4-羟苯基甘氨酸、L-同型苯丙氨酸、(2R,3S)-苯基异丝氨酸、噻吩丙氨酸、烯丙基甘氨酸、3-甲基苯丙氨酸、3-吡啶丙氨酸、4-噻唑丙氨酸、4,4’-联苯基丙氨酸、4-氨甲基苯丙氨酸、4-氟苯丙氨酸、3,4-二氯苯丙氨酸、六氢哌啶羧酸、β-同型赖氨酸、β-同型苯丙氨酸、β-高丝氨酸、β-同型色氨酸、3-氨基-3-苯并[1,3]二氧环戊烯-5-基-丙酸(3-amino-3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl propionic acid)、3-氨基-3-(6-甲氧基-吡啶-3-基)丙酸、3-氨基-4-(3,4-二氟苯基)丁酸、3-氨基-4-(4-氟苯基)丁酸、3-氨基-5-己烯酸、2-四氢异喹啉乙酸、3-氨基-5-苯基戊酸和氮杂环丁烷3-羧酸。
EP4激动剂的酯类前药也可基于氨基酸,如下面实例所示。也可以使用具有这些结构的化合物的可药用,不管是阴离子、阳离子或两性离子。
由于诸如丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸的氨基酸,以及许多非天然氨基酸都在侧链上具有羟基官能基团,因此也可存在基于氨基酸的EP4激动剂的醚类前药,如下面的实例所示。也可以使用具有这些结构的化合物的可药用盐,不管是阴离子、阳离子或两性离子。
另外,本文示出的间隔基团可被用于氨基酸以进一步增加可用的氨基酸前药的种类数量。
这些具有羟基官能基团的氨基酸也可用于形成C1氨基酸酯类前药。对于本文来说,C1氨基酸酯类前药是一种酯类前药,所述酯位于通常被认为是前列腺素“C1”位的位置。对于与天然前列腺素具有不同碳骨架的前列腺素,本文中的“C1”酯是指位于与A连接的羧酸上的酯。
本文特别地考虑到了下列化合物的前药,以及所述化合物或者其盐或前药在本文公开的任何方法、组合物或治疗中的用途。
除非用楔形线或虚线标注,否则具有手性中心的碳原子可被解释为包括S异构体、R异构体或包括50:50的R/S混合物在内的任何异构体混合物。特别地,本文考虑到了上面每种结构的纯异构体和任何可能的异构体混合物,包括50:50的R/S混合物。美国专利No.6,747,037和美国专利No.6,875,787中给出了制备这些化合物的方法。
通过许多方法都可容易地获得氨基酸前药。例如,并非意在进行限制,可以改良用于将邻羟基苯甲酸与丙氨酸、甘氨酸、甲硫氨酸或酪氨酸的甲酯偶联起来的几种方法中的一种(Nakamura et.al.J.Pharm.Pharmacol.1992,44,295-299和Nakamura et.al.Int.J.Pharm.1992,87,59-66)以使其适用于前列腺素EP4激动剂。在此方法中,将等摩尔量的二环己基碳二亚胺在0℃或0℃以下加入到一种前列腺素EP4激动剂羧酸中并搅拌约30分钟。然后在室温下加入等摩尔量的所述氨基酸的甲酯并搅拌过夜,以形成酰胺。然后,根据保护基团,可用稀释的酸的水溶液或其他方法进行任何羟基的脱保护。
并非意在受限于理论,本领域的技术人员一般认为结肠粘膜屏障对于保护结肠内层使其免受诸如食物、氧化剂、细菌代谢物和肠道微生物菌丛的刺激物至关重要。并非意在以任何方式受限于理论,人们认为上皮细胞层的损伤和/或泄漏会导致多种结肠炎症,包括免疫原性炎性肠病和随后的继发性炎症。并非意在受限于理论,人们认为前列腺素EP4激动剂受体通过第二信使cAMP或者ERK的磷酸化或磷酸肌醇3激酶和早期生长反应因子-1的激活来介导两个细胞信号传导通路。人们认为后一条通路在上皮细胞中特别重要。
并非意在受限于理论,人们认为信号传导通路的激活可促进细胞增殖、细胞生长、细胞代谢并抑制细胞凋亡。因此,并非意在以任何方式受限于理论,应用于结肠的EP4激动剂会识别前列腺EP4受体并因此激活一个或多个这些信号传导通路。因此,这会促进上皮细胞生长、增殖、抑制细胞凋亡,以及增加粘液分泌、降低肠内抗原和刺激物的通透性。因此,并非意在受限于理论,用前列腺素EP4激动剂增强和保持结肠粘膜屏障可以预防和治疗结肠炎、阿米巴结肠炎、胶原性结肠炎、深层囊性结肠炎、浅层囊性结肠炎、肉芽肿性结肠炎、出血性结肠炎、粘液性结肠炎、克隆氏病和溃疡性结肠炎。
本领域已知通过口服剂型将药物送递到结肠的若干方法,Chourasia和Jain在J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 6(1):33-66,2003中对其做了综述。这些方法包括:1)前药的给药,包括基于偶氮基(azo)的或碳水化合物的前药;2)用设计用于结肠给药的聚合物包被、包囊或浸渍所述药物;3)所述药物的缓释给药;4)使用生物粘附系统;等等。肠内微生物区系能够还原裂解偶氮键,使两个氮原子成为胺官能基团。下消化道的细菌还含有能够消化糖苷、葡糖醛酸苷、环糊精、葡聚糖和其他碳水化合物的酶,并且已经证明由这些碳水化合物形成的酯类前药可将母体活性药物选择性地送递到结肠。这种前药方法已经用于将5-氨基水杨酸送递到人体。用地塞米松、泼尼松龙、氢化可的松和氟氢可的松的前药对大鼠和豚鼠进行的体内和体外研究表明,糖苷缀合物可用于将类固醇送递到人类结肠。其他体内研究已经表明,类固醇或非类固醇抗炎药的葡糖醛酸苷、环糊精和葡聚糖前药可用于将这些药物送递到下消化道。类似地,碳水化合物聚合物(如淀粉酶、阿拉伯半乳聚糖、壳聚糖、硫酸软骨素、葡聚糖、瓜尔胶、果胶、木聚糖等)可用于包被药物化合物,或者药物可被浸渍或包封在所述聚合物中。已经证明水杨酸和谷氨酸的酰胺可用于将水杨酸送递到兔和狗的结肠。口服给药之后,所述聚合物在上消化道中保持稳定,但会被下消化道的微生物区系消化而释放出用于治疗的药物。也可用pH敏感的聚合物,因为结肠的pH比上消化道高。这样的多聚物是市售的。例如,德国达姆施塔特的Rohm Pharmaceuticals公司提供商标名为的pH依赖性的基于异丁烯酸的聚合物和共聚物,它在不同的pH范围内有不同的溶解度,这取决于该聚合物中游离羧酸基团的数量。目前有数种剂型被用于送递柳氮磺吡啶以治疗溃疡性结肠炎和克隆氏病。还已经研究了缓释系统、生物粘附系统和其他给药系统。
本文还考虑到了通过单一组合物或通过分开的剂型进行的前列腺素EP4激动剂的共同给药。并非意在以任何方式限制本发明的范围,可被包括在使用EP4激动剂及其前药进行的联合治疗中的药物包括但不限于:
1.抗炎药,如氨基水杨酸盐及其前药、柳氮磺吡啶等;
2.类固醇,包括皮质类固醇等;
3.免疫调节剂,如硫唑嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤、环孢霉素等;
4.抗致炎细胞因子的人源化单克隆抗体,如英夫利昔单抗、依那西普、奥那西普、阿达木单抗、CDP571、CDP870、那他珠单抗、MLN-02、ISIS2302、cM-T412、BF-5、维西珠单抗(vasilizumab)、达克珠单抗、巴利昔单抗、抗CD40L等。
一种可用于测定前列腺素EP4活性和化合物选择性的测定方法如下所述。
人类重组EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4、FP、TP、IP和DP受体:稳定的转染子。
通过将编码人类EP1、EP2、EP3、EP4、FP、TP、IP和DP受体的编码序列分别克隆至真核表达载体pCEP4(Invitrogen)中来制备编码这些受体的质粒。pCEP4载体含有一个EB病毒(Epstein Barr virus,EBV)的复制起点,所述复制起点允许在表达EBV核抗原(EBNA-1)的灵长类细胞系中进行游离型复制。它还含有一个可用于真核筛选的潮霉素抗性基因。用于稳定转染的细胞是人类胚肾细胞(HEK-293),所述细胞可被EBNA-1蛋白转染并表达该蛋白。用含有遗传霉素(G418)的培养基培养这些HEK-293-EBNA细胞(Invitrogen)以维持EBNA-1蛋白的表达。HEK-293细胞被培养在含有10%胎牛血清(FBS)、250μgml-1的G418(Life Technologies)和200μgml-1的庆大霉素或青霉素/链霉素的DMEM中。用200μgml-1的潮霉素筛选稳定的转染子,最佳浓度通过先前的潮霉素杀灭曲线研究来确定。
为进行转染,使细胞在10cm培养皿中生长至50-60%汇合度。将含有用于所述各人类类前列腺素受体(prostanoid recptor)的cDNA插入片段的pCEP4质粒(20μg)加入到500μl的250mM CaCl2中。然后逐滴加入2倍浓度的HEPES缓冲盐水(2 x HBS、280mM NaCl、20mMHEPES酸、1.5mM Na2HPO4、pH7.05-7.12),使总体积为500μl,同时在室温下连续地涡旋。30分钟后,在所述混合物中加入9ml DMEM。然后将所述DNA/DMEM/磷酸钙混合物加入到预先用10ml PBS漂洗过的细胞中。然后将所述细胞在37℃、潮湿的95%空气/5%CO2的条件下培育5小时。然后除去磷酸钙溶液并用含10%甘油的DMEM处理所述细胞2分钟。然后用含10%FBS的DMEM替换所述甘油溶液。将细胞培育过夜并将培养基替换为含有250μgml-1G418和青霉素/链霉素的DMEM/10%FBS。次日加入潮霉素B使其终浓度达到200μgml-1。
转染后10天,逐个挑出潮霉素B抗性克隆并分别转移至24孔板的不同板孔中。汇合时再将每个克隆转移至6孔板的一个板孔中,然后在10cm培养皿中扩增。在连续的潮霉素筛选条件下培养细胞直到使用。放射配体结合
如下所述,对用细胞制备的质膜级分进行放射配体结合研究。将用TME缓冲液洗过的细胞从烧瓶底部刮出,用Brinkman PT 10/35Polytron匀浆30秒。按需要,在离心管内加入TME缓冲液使体积达到40ml。TME包含50mM TRIS碱、10mM MgCl2、1mM EDTA;通过加入1N HCl使pH达到7.4。用Beckman Ti-60或Tι-70转头将细胞匀浆物在4℃下以19,000rpm离心20-25分钟。然后用TME缓冲液重新悬浮沉淀以使蛋白终浓度为1mg/ml,蛋白浓度由Bio-Rad测定法测得。放射配体结合测定是以100μl或200μl的体积进行的。
两次重复测定[3H]PGE2(比活为165Ci/mmol)的结合,至少进行3次独立实验。在25℃下培育60分钟,通过加入4ml冰冷的50mMTRIS-HCl终止培育,然后用Whatman GF/B滤纸(filter)快速过滤,再用4ml冰冷的50mM TRIS-HCl清洗细胞收集器(Brandel)3次。用终浓度2.5或5nM的[3H]PGE2进行竞争实验,用10-5M未标记的PGE2测定非特异性结合。
对于所有的放射配体结合试验,纳入标准为>50%的特异性结合和500-1000或更佳的位移计数。
Claims (12)
1.一种包括前列腺素EP4激动剂前药的化合物,其中所述前药是一种氨基酸的酯、醚或酰胺。
3.权利要求3的化合物,其中A为-(CH2)6-、顺式-CH2CH=CH-(CH2)3-或-CH2C≡C-(CH2)3-,其中1或2个碳原子可被S或O取代;且E是C1-6烷基、R2或-Y-R2,其中Y是CH2、S或O,且R2是芳基或杂芳基。
4.权利要求4的化合物,其中R2为具有0到2个选自F、Cl、Br、甲基、甲氧基和CF3的取代基的苯基、萘基、联苯基、噻吩基或苯并噻吩基。
5.权利要求5的化合物,其中R2为CH2-萘基、CH2-联苯基、CH2-(2-噻吩基)、CH2-(3-噻吩基)、萘基、联苯基、2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基、CH2-(2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基))、CH2-(3-苯并噻吩基)、2-(3-氯代苯并噻吩基)或3-苯并噻吩基。
10.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述氨基酸是天然氨基酸。
11.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述氨基酸是非天然氨基酸。
12.权利要求1的化合物,其中所述前药是一种C1氨基酸酯。
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