CN101340986A - 从城市固体垃圾处理完整循环中获得生物稳定的林地底土层的方法 - Google Patents
从城市固体垃圾处理完整循环中获得生物稳定的林地底土层的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种从城市固体垃圾处理回收物质的完整循环中获得林地底土层的方法,和林地底土层自身。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种未区分的城市固体垃圾及相似垃圾的自动化和整体化处理方法,目的为了获得:
a)由适当排列的稳定有机成分、中性惰性残留物和玻璃质矿物残留物组成的多层林地底土层(substrate);
b)铁与非铁金属;
c)废物衍生燃料(RDF)的能量。
技术陈述
“垃圾”指人类活动或自然循环产生的被抛弃或将被抛弃的任何物质。
城市固体垃圾(USW)指固体形式垃圾部分,可以是家庭产生的,也可以是分类垃圾收集产生的。它由范围变化相当大的物质组成,因此根据地理区域、经济和社会情况、季节等有不同的化学和物理性质(湿度、比重、发热量、灰分等)。
毫无疑问,发展中国家产生高度密集的有机物质(厨房垃圾),某些情况下占总垃圾重量的70%,而工业化国家丢弃大量的纸张、纸板、塑料、聚偶联的(poly-coupled)和铝包装等,占重量的60%。
人均产生的USW量也很不同,数值在300-400克/居民每天(发展中国家)到2,000克/居民每天(强大的发达国家)之间变化。在特定地理区域,某些垃圾种类分类收集的存在和缺失也会提高组分的变化性。
举例说,组成罗马市USW的废料典型组分如下所列(2005年):
考虑到城市固体垃圾的不同种类和变化的组分,找到一种正确的处理方法尤为重要,既为了物质的回收,也从环保调节的安全性和顺从性考虑。
目前有不同的处理方法,如下所列:
控制处理:
它由地表废物的传播层组成,该层已被事先准备好,以便使其对环境的不希望的影响可忽略不计(如防水处理、废水收集、治理沼气等)。它是一个自主系统,表现出相当可观的优势如实现迅速和廉价。然而,该系统要求准确规划、建设、管理和控制。如果没有正确使用,该系统可能会对土壤、亚土层(subsoil)和大气产生负面影响。在生产阶段,也有必要考虑废物(质量和数量)、垃圾填埋场的地质情况、气候和水文。最大的环境风险由废水和沼气决定:废水包含生物和化学污染物,而沼气是由(厌氧)发酵产生的气体混合物,发酵的形成过程缓慢,先产生有机酸,接着产生二氧化碳和甲烷。该系统的重要之处在于甲烷不会被自由地散开到大气中,因为它会推进温室效应;因而对于环境的保护和作为一个生产要素而言,出于能量目的治理和回收甲烷是基本的。
填埋场的另一个劣势为,在场所被关掉之后一段长期的环境影响监控(在许多国家法律强制执行)的必要性(“事后”管理),在关闭后持续至少30年消耗巨大的额外费用。
最近,必须考虑到,根据欧盟指令1999/31/EC,欧共体实际上已经禁止未分类USW的倾倒,要求成员国处理未分类垃圾以便在所述场所只堆存处理残留物。该政策已被成员国部分采纳,而其它部分的采纳还在进行中。
USW焚化:
未分类USW焚化最初只为了将USW热破坏,但是由于发热量的提高(2000Kcal/Kg),如今也转变为一种以不同方式重获能量的重要方法。
在该系统提供的多项优势中,存在一种巩固而成功的技术。
在多项劣势中,残留物的产量达到引入的USW重量的20-30%,这需要足够的垃圾填埋场、维护和安顿的高额费用及散发的严格控制,这也会在适合实现场地的确认上遭到市民的厌恶和不满。
机械-生物处理:
这涉及一系列处理方法,其中:
a)易燃成分的回收:废物衍生燃料(RDF)由范围广泛的易燃物质产生,该易燃物质的普通命名是他们的起源,即城市固体垃圾(USW)。最普遍的RDF来源于USW,后者经过磨碎和除去金属、玻璃及无机物程序使其成为符合国家法律和标准(DM 05/02/98和UNI 9903/2004)的产物。
RDF的优势是它的同质性、稳定性和高发热量,保存性和可运输性。
RDF可用于产生电能的系统中,如作为垃圾用于具冷却炉的能量装置、气体发生器、流化床,也可用于传统装置与固体燃料共燃。RDF也可用于水泥作业和其它工业活动与传统燃料共燃。在上述过程之后,回收处理是为了将各种纯净或不很纯净的废料组分分类而构想和管理的系统。实际上,它指的是将有机成分分配到堆制肥料,将最高能含量的物质分配到燃烧,剩余的分配到所述场所。
堆肥过程:
这是垃圾中存在的有机成分变为堆肥的生物转化过程。它被细分为:
1)潜伏期,其对于微生物在环境中集群是必要的;
2)快速生长期,该时期涉及温度上升,因受新陈代谢反应产生的热量影响;
3)嗜热期,该时期温度达到高于60℃(持续大约一周或更长),和
4)嗜温或成熟期,该时期温度缓慢下降,有机物质的潮湿成分增加(持续一个月或更长)。
处理后得到的堆肥是一种土壤结构改善剂(corrector),它促进土壤热学性质的再次平衡、储存有机物质、软化和支撑结构(贫瘠土壤)、渗透性和可使用性(粘质土壤)。它还是一种有机改良剂,用于不同种类的农作物(特别是木本作物)和森林。
通过调节若干参数实现了堆肥系统的技术及管理优化:
a)待堆肥的物质的制备、混合、通风;
b)温度、湿度、pH、限制因素和毒性因素;
c)终产品的再生、清洁和表观。
发明范围
上述处理和循环过程的多样性和复杂性表明,从城市固体垃圾开始,接着各种方式如何回收物质是不同的,而且互相独立。然而,每种方法都暗示着最终的残留物的产生或多或少都会对环境有重要的影响。因此,本发明的首要目的是确立在单个完整生产循环(整个循环系统)中物质的处理和回收过程的应用,该循环最终会产生生物稳定的林地底土层和产生能量及金属,而不产生需要被发送到所述场所的任何处理残留物。
本发明的另一目的是从由城市固体垃圾回收的所有物质中产生林地底土层,它具有最优化的地质(geotechnical)稳定性性能,该性能是生物稳定的、中性的,而且不会对产生预过滤和产生沼气带来不便。这种环境影响的缺乏完全避免了填埋场所管理和“事后”的消耗需求。
本发明的进一步目的是多层化林地底土层的实现,在此底土层中不需要额外的防水层以将其与亚土层分开。举例说,一个特别有趣的应用为环境的改善,如贫瘠的采石场、退化土地等的改造。
上述各问题通过根据权利要求1所述的用于获得林地底土层的方法和通过根据权利要求8所述的林地底土层得到了解决。
发明描述
本发明的详述将借助于附图给出。他们显示:
图1:根据本发明用于产生林地底土层、能量和金属的循环,
图2:要求保护的林地底土层的分层实例。
本发明对象的形成过程包括以下阶段:
-将垃圾分为潮湿成分和干燥成分(A),
-处理干燥成分,获得RDF(B)和固体物质(D),
-在气体发生器中处理衍生自所产生的RDF的产物(F),获得电能和/或氢,以及产生玻璃质矿物颗粒形式的惰性残留物,
-潮湿成分的生物稳定化(C),
-精制稳定的物质(E),同时产生:稳定的有机成分(SOF)、有控制尺寸的清洁(hygienised)加工残留物、有待送至气化的RDF。
-将林地底土层(G)分层为:
a)至少一层具有同质基质的稳定有机成分(4);
b)至少一层衍生自阶段(E)的具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性加工残留物(3);
c)至少一层衍生自气化阶段(F)的具有控制尺寸的玻璃质矿物残留物(2);
d)包括泥土和生物稳定堆肥的层(1)。
有必要指出,这种多层的三明治结构,特别是层(2),(3)和(4)的顺序,可能会n次重复。层的重复数量以及他们的精确厚度将取决于待进行的再生操作的具体环境条件。为了获得亚土层防水效果及避免底土层和亚土层自身间因缺乏摩擦而可能导致的滑动,无论如何,总是将清洁惰性加工残留物层作为底层是必须的。
阶段(A)发生的初级分离预期,干燥成分和潮湿成分的初始体积将相同。就这点来说,干燥成分和潮湿成分遵循两个不同且平行的工作过程。干燥部分(phase)被分配来产生RDF(B),其中有5%-15%量的物质仍然组成潮湿部分,因此被重新分配到各自的加工循环,特别是分配到生物稳定阶段(C)。阶段(B)预期通过磨碎、重量分离和干燥一系列处理来减少尺寸。
就这点来说,干燥成分经历了物质的回收(D),从中获得了铁和非铁的金属及硬塑料(PET,HDPE)。此阶段回收的物质占初始垃圾大约3-5%,而产生的RDF占大约35%。所获燃料被送到气化阶段(F),在此阶段,除了产生能量之外,也获得了惰性残留物层,其形式为玻璃质矿物颗粒(3),将被用于实现林地底土层(G)。很明显,上述的回收物质的量与处理的垃圾的品质有关。
经历生物稳定化(C)后,潮湿成分继续进行稳定物质的精制(E),这里,SOF、惰性固体物质(玻璃、石头等)、铁和非铁的金属及与RDF相当的“干燥”成分(主要为小尺寸的塑料、纺织品和聚偶联的物质)被分离出来。这种最终成分,占引入垃圾的大约5-10%,其在阶段(D)某些塑料回收后与剩余的RDF结合送到气化阶段(F)。惰性固体物质,占引入垃圾的大约10-20%,将与SOF和来自气化的矿物颗粒一起被用于林地底土层(G)的制备。
根据本发明,林地底土层由不同层组成,每层都有特定作用。
根据本发明优选的实施方案,如图2所示,它包括:
a)第一层具有控制尺寸0-30mm的清洁惰性残留物(8),其衍生自阶段(E);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在0.3-1米间浮动;
b)第一层SOF(7);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在3-7米间浮动;
c)第二层具有控制尺寸0-30mm的清洁惰性残留物(6),其衍生自阶段(E);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在0.3-1米间浮动;
d)第一层具有控制尺寸0-2mm的玻璃质矿物残留物(5),其衍生自气化阶段(F);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在0.1-0.5米间浮动;
e)第二层SOF(4);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在3-7米间浮动;
f)第三层具有控制尺寸0-30mm的清洁惰性残留物(3),其衍生自阶段(E);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在0.3-1米间浮动;
g)第二层具有控制尺寸0-2mm的玻璃质矿物残留物(2),其衍生自气化阶段(F);根据场所的水文地质特征,该层厚度可在0.1-0.5米间浮动;
h)植物层(1),其包括泥土和堆肥;根据植物种类,该层厚度可在0.4-2米间浮动。
该底土层的最上层(1)适于种植。
在其下,具有控制尺寸小于大约2mm的玻璃质矿物残留物层(2)和在下面的具有控制尺寸小于大约30mm的清洁惰性残留物层(3),作为土壤的地质构造稳定剂,也可以作为排水支持物,用于收集渗透到土壤的降水,防止其向下层浸透。
生物稳定的有机成分代表三明治的主要层(4)。由于经过了处理,它的同质稳定基质作为再生工作的基础。
在该层下,顺序被重复:玻璃质矿物残留物层(5)、在下面的清洁惰性残留物层(6)和稳定有机成分层(7)。
最后一层由清洁惰性残留物(8)组成,它在SOF(7)和底层间作为接触面成分,以避免由于缺乏摩擦而可能造成的滑动。
可能被注意到,这种类型的多层底土层获得的优势很多,因它完全消除了与浸透发展和他们渗入亚土层相关的问题,而不需要使用额外的防水层。而且,本发明消除了填埋场的概念,因此避免了与“事后”管理相关的昂贵费用。
最后,应记住,通过取消填埋场所,本发明避免了在那项特殊活动中,可靠部分的领土“遗失”,而且同时为了公众利益,通过再生退化的场所,将场地重新变成了绿地面积。
Claims (23)
1.从城市固体垃圾处理回收物质的完整循环中获得林地底土层的方法,其包括以下阶段:
(A):将垃圾分为潮湿成分和干燥成分,
(B):处理所述干燥成分,获得废物衍生燃料(RDF),
(D):获得固体物质,
(F):在气体发生器中处理衍生自所生成的RDF的产物,获得电能和/或氢,以及产生玻璃质矿物颗粒形式的惰性残留物,
(C):将所述潮湿成分生物稳定化,
(E):精制稳定的物质,同时产生:稳定的有机成分(SOF)、有控制尺寸的清洁加工残留物和有待送至气化的RDF;
(G):将所述林地底土层分层,包括:
a)至少一层有同质基质的稳定有机成分(4);
b)至少一层衍生自阶段(E)的具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性加工残留物(3);
c)至少一层衍生自气化阶段(F)的具有控制尺寸的玻璃质矿物残留物(2);和
d)包括泥土和生物稳定堆肥的层(1)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述干燥成分和所述潮湿成分的初始体积相同。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在所述阶段(D)和所述堆肥精制阶段(E)回收的所述固体物质包括惰性垃圾、塑料和金属。
4.根据权利要求1到3中任一项所述的方法,其中在用于产生RDF的所述阶段(B)中,所使用的量为5-15%的物质由回收并被发送至生物稳定化阶段(C)的所述有机成分组成。
5.根据权利要求1到4中任一项所述的方法,其中从所述阶段(D)回收的所述固体物质占初始垃圾约3-5%。
6.根据权利要求1到5中任一项所述的方法,其中从所述堆肥精制阶段(E)回收的所述固体物质占初始垃圾约10-20%。
7.根据权利要求1到6中任一项所述的方法,其中产生的RDF占初始垃圾约35%。
8.从城市固体垃圾处理回收物质的完整循环衍生的林地底土层,其包括以下部分:
a)至少一层有同质基质的稳定有机成分(4);
b)至少一层具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性加工残留物(3);
c)至少一层具有控制尺寸的玻璃质矿物残留物(2);和
d)包括泥土和生物稳定堆肥的层(1)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的林地底土层,其中所述稳定的有机成分(4)形成所述林地底土层的基质。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的林地底土层,其中清洁惰性加工残留物层(3)和玻璃质矿物残留物层(2)是土壤的地质稳定剂和排水支持物,其用于收集渗透到所述土壤的降水以避免所述降水向下层浸透。
11.根据权利要求8到10中任一项所述的底土层,其中包括泥土和生物稳定堆肥的层(1)适于种植。
12.根据权利要求8到11中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述玻璃质矿物残留物(2)的尺寸小于2mm。
13.根据权利要求8到12中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述清洁惰性加工残留物(3)的尺寸小于30mm。
14.根据权利要求8到13中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述清洁惰性加工残留物层总是处于底层。
15.根据权利要求8到14中任一项所述的底土层,其包括:
a)第一层具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性残留物(8);
b)第一层SOF(7);
c)第二层具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性残留物(6);
d)第一层具有控制尺寸的玻璃质矿物残留物(5);
e)第二层SOF(4);
f)第三层具有控制尺寸的清洁惰性残留物(3);
g)第二层具有控制尺寸的玻璃质矿物残留物(2);
h)包括泥土和堆肥的植物层(1)。
16.根据权利要求15所述的底土层,其中所述层(8)的厚度在0.3m到1m之间。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的底土层,其中所述层(7)的厚度在3m到7m之间。
18.根据权利要求15到17中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(6)的厚度在0.3m到1m之间。
19.根据权利要求15到18中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(5)的厚度在0.1m到0.5m之间。
20.根据权利要求15到19中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(4)的厚度在3m到7m之间。
21.根据权利要求15到20中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(3)的厚度在0.3m到1m之间。
22.根据权利要求15到21中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(2)的厚度在0.1m到0.5m之间。
23.根据权利要求15到22中任一项所述的底土层,其中所述层(1)的厚度在0.4m到2m之间。
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ES2324119T3 (es) | 2009-07-30 |
EP1968756B1 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
SI1968756T1 (sl) | 2009-10-31 |
CA2633036C (en) | 2015-06-23 |
EP1968756A1 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
AU2006328575B2 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
PT1968756E (pt) | 2009-06-23 |
KR101105636B1 (ko) | 2012-01-18 |
DK1968756T3 (da) | 2009-07-20 |
KR20080082668A (ko) | 2008-09-11 |
ITMI20052430A1 (it) | 2007-06-22 |
DE602006005962D1 (de) | 2009-05-07 |
CA2633036A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
CY1109174T1 (el) | 2014-07-02 |
CN101340986B (zh) | 2010-10-13 |
US20080310921A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
PL1968756T3 (pl) | 2009-08-31 |
AU2006328575A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
WO2007071571A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
ATE426466T1 (de) | 2009-04-15 |
US8187719B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
JP4990292B2 (ja) | 2012-08-01 |
JP2009520481A (ja) | 2009-05-28 |
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