CN101333467A - Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion - Google Patents
Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion Download PDFInfo
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
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- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/12—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the cetane number
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
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Abstract
A fuel composition contains a liquid fuel and nano-sized metal particles or nano-sized metal oxide particles or combinations thereof. The nano-sized metal particles and nano-sized metal oxide particles can be used to either improve combustion or increase catalytic chemical oxidation of fuel.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to promote the nano-metal particle and the nano-metal-oxide particle of fuel combustion, and the method that improves fuel combustion.
Background technology
Manufacturers of engines continues to seek the saving of fuel measure of improvement by engine design.The method of improvement fuel comprises allotment fresh fuel and engine oil.Usually, burning type engine for example motor car engine requires stop bracket gasoline, carries out effective operation.In the past, lead was added into gasoline increases octane value.Yet for health and environmental consideration, gasoline has no longer added plumbous.Lead is equally also harmful to catalyst, has reduced its life-span.Can add oxygenatedchemicals in gasoline, for example methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethanol increase octane value.In the time of littler than plumbous hazardous property, some propose MTBE can cause groundwater pollution.Equally, also need to lower some high-octane number components, for example benzene, aromatic hydrocarbons and alkene.
Summary of the invention
At above problem, the invention provides nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle, this nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle promote burning, reduce discharge of poisonous waste, increase the catalyzed oxidation of fuel.
An aspect of of the present present invention relates to a kind of fuel composition, and this fuel composition comprises liquid fuel and at least a nano-metal particle or nano-metal-oxide particle, or both combinations.The present invention relates to a kind of fuel additive composition on the other hand, and this fuel additive composition comprises carrier/organic solvent and at least a nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle.Other aspects of the present invention comprise the method for preparing fuel composition, the method that improves the incendiary method and promote the fuel catalytic oxidation.
To achieve these goals, the present invention includes the detailed description feature of claim.The following description and drawings will be described embodiments of the present invention in detail.These detailed descriptions are illustrative, just several in the whole bag of tricks of the principle of the invention.Other purposes of the present invention, advantage and feature will be described in detail with embodiment in conjunction with the following drawings.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the histogram of hydrocarbon emission of the various fuel of various engines;
Fig. 2 is the histogram of octane value of the various fuel of various engines.
Embodiment
Nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle and fuel-bound promote fuel combustion.
In the fuel dope nano-metal particle can be arranged, this fuel dope and fuel-bound (suspending or dispersion) form fuel composition or are present in the fuel composition.
When having nano-metal particle in will be in the combustion processes oxidized liquid fuel, propulsion source can increase.Nano-metal particle promotes the burning of catalyzed oxidation or hydrocarbon fuel.Thereby, improve engine power.Have nano metal or nano-metal-oxide particle or both combinations in the liquid fuel, catalytic surface is provided, when combustion processes caused that instantaneous normal atmosphere reduces, this catalytic surface can provide oxygen for combustion processes.Because combustion processes is more thorough, and more eco-friendly automotive fuel is provided.
Nano metal or nano-metal-oxide or both are in conjunction with also relating to other reactions, to promote burning.For example, the nano-metal-oxide particle can absorb the less water of possibility pollution feul, especially contains the fuel of oxygenatedchemicals, for example contains alcohols.This provides another advantage: absorb the ethanol that exists, reduce difference or susceptibility between alcoholic acid research octane number (RON) (RON) and the horse play octane value (MON).The reduction of susceptibility has improved the performance of fuel when engine is underload, and can increase the octane value of fuel.Nano metal particles or nano-metal-oxide particle can play and form tectal effect outside the metal parts of internal combustion engines, when therefore increasing oilness, have also prevented the carbon distribution of internal combustion engine part.This has reduced the maintenance of engine.
Nano-metal particle or nano-metal-oxide particle or both combinations can be added in the hydrocarbon fuel, to increase the power output in the combustion processes.
Combustion processes (oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel) is faster than the same oxidising process in the homogeneous reaction that is not having metallic particles and metal oxide particle in the inhomogeneous reaction of solid catalysis surface (being provided by nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle).Therefore, the invention provides the nano-solid catalyzer, this catalyzer has obviously increased the required surface area of perfect combustion.
Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle have the size of suitable catalytic fuel combustion reactions, also have: the 1) ability by fuel filter; 2) self can be burnt or distil at least substantially or otherwise consume, thereby reduce and/or the elimination particulate emission.In one embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 90% particulate size range is about 1nm to 990nm.About this point, size relates to particulate average cross-section, for example diameter.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 90% particulate size range is about 1nm to 75nm.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 90% particulate size range is about 1.5nm to 40nm.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 90% particulate size range is about 2nm to 20nm.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 90% particulate size range is about 1nm to 10nm.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate size are as follows: by weight, 100% particulate size is less than about 20nm.
Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are fit to the combustion reactions of catalytic fuel, and improve rate of combustion, as having used a large amount of catalyzer.Usually, more can make the increase of surface-area by high porous particle by littleization particle ratio.In one embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are approximately 50m
2/ g to 1,000m
2/ g.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are about 100m
2/ g to 750m
2/ g.In another embodiment, nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are about 150m
2/ g to 600m
2/ g.
Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate form are fit to the combustion reactions of catalytic fuel, improve rate of combustion, as having used a large amount of catalyzer, also can pass through fuel filter simultaneously.Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particulate form comprise: sphere, class sphere, ellipse, puffed rice shape, plate shape, cubes, cone, cylindrical and analogous shape.Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle can be crystal, hemihedral crystal or amorphous substance.
But nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle comprise any material of catalytic fuel combustion reactions.Usually, metallic particles and/or metal oxide particle comprise one or more following materials (family that relates to the periodic table of elements): IIa family metal, IIa family metal oxide, IIIa family metal, IIIa family metal oxide, IVa family metal, the IVa family metal oxide, VIII family metal, VIII family metal oxide, Ib family metal, the Ib family metal oxide, IIb family metal, IIb family metal oxide, IIIb family metal, the IIIb family metal oxide.Concrete metallic particles and/or metal oxide particle comprise one or more materials once: magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, aluminium, mixed metal particles, alloyed metal particle, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, ba oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, Zirconium oxide, ferriferous oxide, ru oxide, osmium oxide compound, cobalt/cobalt oxide, the rhodium oxide compound, iridium oxide, nickel oxide, palladium oxide, platinum oxide, copper oxide, silver oxide, golden oxide compound, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, mixed metal oxide particle, hybrid metal-metal oxide particle.
In one embodiment, nano-metal particle and/or metal oxide particle do not contain insalubrity with environment unfriendly (according to existing or later standard) metal and metal oxide.For example, in one embodiment, nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle do not contain lead and/or plumbous oxide.
In one embodiment, nano-metal particle contains mixed metal particles and/or mixed metal oxide particle, this mixed metal oxide particle contains at least two kinds of metal/metal oxides, perhaps contain at least three kinds of metal/metal oxides, perhaps contain at least four kinds of metal/metal oxides.Mixed metal particles and mixed metal oxide particle comprise one or more following particles: aluminium-magnesium, aluminium-iron, aluminium-zinc, zinc-magnesium, zinc-magnesium-iron, calcium-magnesium, calcium-magnesium-zinc, calcium-magnesium-iron, nickel-magnesium, aluminium-nickel, nickel-magnesium-aluminium, aluminium-cerium, aluminum oxide-magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide-ferriferous oxide, aluminum oxide-zinc oxide, zinc oxide-magnesium oxide, zinc oxide-magnesium oxide-ferriferous oxide, calcium oxide-magnesium oxide, calcium oxide-magnesium oxide-zinc oxide, calcium oxide-magnesium oxide-ferriferous oxide, nickel oxide-magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide-nickel oxide, nickel oxide-magnesium oxide-aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide-cerium oxide, or the like.
A lot of nano-metal particles and/or metal oxide particle can obtain from commercial, for example by Sigma-AldrichInc company.As selection, metal oxide can be converted into metal with metal-salt or metal oxide prepares by art methods.Described conversion occurs in inert atmosphere or the air heats, and for example calcines in inert atmosphere or air, or heats in solution.
In one embodiment, metal-salt is dissolved in the liquid, and carries out the ultrasonic wave radiation after being transferred to metal or metal oxide.Metal-salt comprises metal carboxylate, metal halide, metal acetylacetonates.In other words, can make metal oxide with metal carboxylate, metal halide, metal acetylacetonates.Metal carboxylate comprises metal acetate salt, thylhexoic acid metal-salt, metal gluconate, metal oxalate, the metal propionic salt, metal pantothenate, metal ring hexane butyrates, two (DL-Lactic acid ammonium salt) dihydroxyl metallic compound, metal citrate, metal methacrylate.Specifically comprising of metal carboxylate: Aluctyl, lime acetate, ethylhexyl calcium, calglucon, caoxalate, calcium propionate, calcium pantothenate, cyclohexane butyric acid calcium, cerous acetate, Sedemesis, cesium acetate, cesium formate, Iron diacetate, ironic citrate, ironic oxalate, magnesium acetate, carbonic acid first magnesium, Menesia, nickel acetate, thylhexoic acid nickel, nickel octoate, tin acetate, tin oxalate, two (DL-Lactic acid ammonium salt) titanium dihydroxide, zinc acetate, zinc methacrylate, Zinc Stearate, using cyclohexane zine butyrate, acetic acid zirconium, citric acid zirconium.
Two or more metal-salts can be used to form mixed metal oxide.Mixed metal oxide comprises at least two kinds of different metal oxides.As selection, mixed metal oxide comprises at least three kinds of different oxide compounds.As selection, mixed metal oxide comprises at least four kinds of metal oxides.
Any suitable liquid may be used to metal-salt for example metal carboxylate be converted into metal oxide.These liquid comprise water and organic solvent, and organic solvent comprises alcohol, ether, and ester, ketone, alkane, aromatic hydrocarbons, or the like.When utilizing raw spirit for example dehydrated alcohol is as liquid, the mixture of alcohol and water will disengage in conversion process.
The preparation method of metallic particles and metal oxide particle is at United States Patent (USP) 5,039, and 509,5,106,608,5,654,456 and 6,179, description is arranged in 897,, add the thermosetting transition metal carbide metal and graphite combination, further heating is decomposed metallic carbide and is discharged metal with vapor form, makes it oxidation subsequently and forms the pure metal oxides powder; PCT International Application No. WO/2007/000014 also discloses the preparation method of metallic particles and metal oxide particle; These methods at this as a reference.
Nano-metal particle and/or metal oxide particle (or fuel or fuel dope) can comprise or have and cover one or more top tensio-active agents.Tensio-active agent can promote one or more particle suspensions in the fuel, prevents caking, and promotes the compatibility between particle and the liquid fuel, or the like.Any suitable tensio-active agent all can adopt, for example ionogenic surfactant, anion surfactant, cats product, amphoterics and nonionogenic tenside.Tensio-active agent is that prior art exists, a lot of tensio-active agents are described in " the Volume I:Emulsifiers and Detergents " of McCutcheon, 1995, North America version (North American Edition), McCutcheon ' s DivisionMCP Publishing Corp., Glen Rock, N.J. publish, specifically be pp.1-232, it has described many anion surfactants, cats product, nonionogenic tenside and amphoterics, at this as a reference.
Negatively charged ion (usually based on sulfate anion, sulfonate anionic or carboxylate anion) tensio-active agent comprises sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS), ammonium lauryl sulfate and other alkyl-sulphates, sodium lauryl tri(oxyethyl) sulfate (sodiumlauryl ether sulfate), the metal-salt of alkylbenzene sulfonate, lipid acid or soap (seeing acid salt).
Positively charged ion (usually based on quaternary ammonium salt cationic) tensio-active agent comprises: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) [claiming hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) again]; other alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts; cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC); polyethoxye aliphatic amide [polyethoxylated tallow amine; (POEA)]; benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride [benzethonium chloride (BZT)].
Zwitterionics or amphoterics comprise: empgen BB, dimethyl dodecyl amine oxide, AMONYL 380LC, cocoyl both sexes base glycinate (coco ampho glycinate).
Ionic surfactant pack is drawn together: alkyl polyoxyethylene; Alkyl polyglycoside, for example many glycosides of octyl group and Lauryl.beta.-maltoside; Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18), for example cetyl alcohol and oleyl alcohol; Oleum Cocois one glycollic amide (cocamide MEA), coconut oil diethanol amide (cocamide DEA) and Oleum Cocois triglycolyl amine (cocamide TEA).
In one embodiment, fuel contains one or more tensio-active agents of weight percent about 0.001% to 1%.In another embodiment, fuel contains one or more tensio-active agents of weight percent about 0.01% to 0.1%.
Nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle can be suspended in the fuel at least in part.The nano-metal particle of reduced size and nano-metal-oxide the particle relatively retainable suspension time of large-size particle (greater than a micron) are longer, even the density of nano particle and/or proportion are the density of liquid fuel and/or the several times of proportion.Long suspension time means that along with the time goes over the liquid fuel that contains nano particle that enters engine contains more even and/or consistent nano particle and distributes.
Suspension contain nano-metal particle and/or metal oxide particle and can with the carrier fluid of fuel compatibility.For example, when nano particle was in spirit solvent, perhaps when toluene or dimethylbenzene during as carrier fluid, the suspension of generation can be added directly to petrol-feed pump.Similarly, for diesel oil fuel, can adopt another kind of carrier fluid with cetane number improver.One or more tensio-active agents and can promote the suspension of nano particle with the use of the carrier fluid of fuel compatibility.
Nano-metal particle and metal oxide particle can be the dry powder shape.The preparation of powder can be by the suspension of spraying drying nano-metal particle and nano-metal particle.Rare gas element for example nitrogen can be used to spray-dried granules.Covering powder can be added into fuel or engine or make the paste of fuel compatibility subsequently with powder type.Powder can directly add the blast inlet of engine, rather than powder is added fuel.
The use of the tensio-active agent that one or more are suitable also can promote the distributing homogeneity and/or the time length of suspension.Tensio-active agent comprises amphoterics, ionogenic surfactant and nonionogenic tenside.Yet in one embodiment, tensio-active agent does not comprise sulphur atom.In another embodiment, tensio-active agent does not comprise halide atoms.If the use tensio-active agent, so this tensio-active agent can be before nano particle and fuel-bound, during or be added in the liquid fuel afterwards.As selection, nano particle can contact or cover with tensio-active agent before add fuel.The preparation of powder can contain the nano-metal particle or the nano-metal-oxide particle of one or more suitable tensio-active agents by spraying drying.As selection, can adopt oven drying or vacuum-drying, be coated with the particle of tensio-active agent with formation.For spraying drying safely, can adopt for example nitrogen of rare gas element, have the particle of tensio-active agent with spraying drying.Subsequently, the powder that is coated with tensio-active agent can be added in the fuel.
The dispersing uniformity and/or the time length that suspends determine or promote also can by mix, mix, mix, ultrasonic degradation or alternate manner shake the liquid fuel that contains nano particle and realize.
Liquid fuel contains an amount of nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle to the small part suspension, with the combustion reactions of catalytic fuel.In one embodiment, liquid fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of liquid fuel and about 0.01ppm-500ppm.In another embodiment, liquid fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of liquid fuel and about 0.05ppm-250ppm.In another embodiment, liquid fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of liquid fuel and about 0.1ppm-100ppm.In another embodiment, liquid fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of liquid fuel and about 1ppm-75ppm.
Fuel dope provides nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particulate effective means before storage and transportation are added into liquid fuel.In one embodiment, fuel dope is the dried powder that is coated with one or more tensio-active agents.In another embodiment, do not adopt tensio-active agent.In another embodiment, fuel dope is a mashed prod, the nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle that contain the about 10%-95% of weight percentage, and the compatible organic solvent of the fuel of the about 5%-90% of weight percentage, and one or more suitable tensio-active agents of the about 5%-10% of weight percentage.In another embodiment, fuel dope is made up of carrier fluid, nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle and one or more suitable tensio-active agents.
Fuel or fuel dope can contain the di pah compound.The di pah compound comprises naphthalene, replaces naphthalene, biphenyl derivatives and these mixture.In one embodiment, fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of the 0.01ppm-1000ppm that has an appointment, and fuel dope contains one or more di pah compounds of the about 1%-10% of weight percentage simultaneously.In another embodiment, fuel contains suspension metallic particles and/or the metal oxide particle of the 500ppm that has an appointment, and fuel dope contains one or more di pah compounds of the about 0.5%-5% of weight percentage simultaneously.
Nano-metal particle in the fuel dope/nano-metal-oxide particle and di pah compound can be dispersed in the carrier fluid, form fuel dope.The flash-point of carrier fluid is at least 100EF, and spontaneous ignition temperature is at least 400EF, and perhaps carrier fluid is a C1-C3 alcohol.The example of carrier fluid comprises: one or more toluene, dimethylbenzene, kerosene, C1-C3 unitary fatty alcohol, binary aliphatic alcohol or multi-alcohol.The example of Fatty Alcohol(C12-C14 and C12-C18) comprises: methyl alcohol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, Virahol, ethylene glycol, or the like.In one embodiment, fuel dope comprises the carrier fluid of weight percentage at least 90% and is no more than nano-metal particle/nano-metal-oxide particle of 10%.
Some fuel and fuel dope contain relatively large amount or a spot of ketone, for example acetone, perhaps ether, for example methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE).Relatively large or more a spot of ketone or ether are not essential for fuel and fuel dope.In one embodiment, relatively large (per-cent calculation by volume that fuel and/or fuel dope do not exist, more than 5%) ketone or ether because ketone and ether may reduce nano metal and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate solvability, and the flash-point that undesirably reduces fuel.
Fuel composition is by nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle and liquid fuel be combined into.The example of liquid fuel comprises: hydrocarbon fuel is gasoline for example, reformulated gasoline (reformulated gasoline), and diesel oil, rocket engine fuel (jetfuel), bunker fuel, biofuel biological example diesel oil fuel, biological pure biological example ethanol, or the like.Gasoline contains one or more following compositions of forming liquid fuel: straight run (straight-run products), reformate, pyrolysis gasoline, high-octane rating stock oil (high octant stock), isomery oil (isomerate), stand oil (polymerization stock), alkylate oil (alkylate stock), hydrotreated feed oil (hydrotreated feedstocks), desulfurization material oil (desulfurization feedstocks), alcohol, or the like.
In one embodiment, be added in the liquid fuel within and cover fuel dope or nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle be with or without one or more tensio-active agents, its addition is enough to make blowdown system and does not add nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate situation and compare and be reduced by at least 10% hydrocarbon and/or CO (carbon monoxide converter) emission.In another embodiment, be added in the liquid fuel within and cover fuel dope or nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle be with or without one or more tensio-active agents, its addition is enough to make blowdown system and does not add nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate situation and compare and be reduced by at least 25% hydrocarbon polymer and/or carbon monoxide and/or nitrogen oxide emission.
In one embodiment, be added in the liquid fuel within and cover fuel dope or nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle be with or without one or more tensio-active agents, its addition is enough to make engine consumable liquid fuel quantity and does not add nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate situation and compare and be reduced by at least 5%.In another embodiment, be added in the liquid fuel within and cover fuel dope or nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle be with or without one or more tensio-active agents, its addition is enough to make engine consumable liquid fuel quantity and does not add nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate situation and compare and be reduced by at least 10%.
Fuel for example quality of gasoline can be determined by octane.Octane is to measure with respect to the mixture of octane-iso (pure isooctane, the isomer of octane) and normal heptane (n-heptane).For example, the mixture of the octane-iso of No. 87 gasoline and volumetric concentration 87% and 13% normal heptane has same octane value.The most frequently used in the world octane grade type is research octane number (RON) (RON).RON is by making the test engine of fuel by controlled condition and various compression ratios, and its result and octane-iso and normal heptane mixture are made comparisons.RON can utilize the program of the D of American Society for testing and materials 2699 (ASTM D 2699) to measure, at this as a reference.Another kind of octane grade type is motor-method octane number (MON), in some cases when can measure fuel better under load.The MON test is adopted and test engine like the RON test class, but fuel mixture heats in advance, and engine speed is higher, and indefinite burning time is with further compressing fuel knock resistance.Cetane value (CN) is to measure the burning quality of diesel oil fuel under compression, is a kind of standard of measurement of fuel mass.CN is actually the standard of measurement of the ignition delay of diesel oil fuel; Fuel combustion begin and inject the beginning between the timed interval.
In one embodiment, the fuel composition that other composition is identical with not containing nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle is compared, and contains liquid fuel and nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate fuel composition and has higher research octane number (RON) (RON), motor-method octane number (MON) and/or cetane value (CN).In another embodiment, the fuel composition that other composition is identical with not containing nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle is compared, and contains liquid fuel and nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate fuel composition and has research octane number (RON) (RON), motor-method octane number (MON) and/or the cetane value (CN) that exceeds below 5%.In another embodiment, the fuel composition that other composition is identical with not containing nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle is compared, and contains liquid fuel and nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate fuel composition and has research octane number (RON) (RON), motor-method octane number (MON) and/or the cetane value (CN) that exceeds below 10%.
Fuel can be used for spray site combustion engine and non-spray site combustion engine effectively.Fuel can be used for two-stroke engine effectively, Otto cycle engine, vehicles engine for example motor car engine, motorcycle engine, jet engine, ship engine, truck/bus engine, or the like.Fuel can be used for the oil engine of any kind effectively, comprises Otto engine (Otto-cycle engine), diesel motor, Wankel engine, and gas turbine engine.Fuel can be used for intermittent type oil engine or continous way oil engine effectively.
In the fuel, liquid fuel and nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle can be used as mixture and provide to the combustion chamber, and perhaps liquid fuel and nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle can provide to the combustion chamber respectively.
Fuel is made as the ratio that reduces hydrocarbon polymer, carbon monoxide, oxynitride, molecular oxygen in the discharging.The use of fuel also can cause the suitable increase of the ratio of oxycarbide in the burning and exhausting.Therefore when as automotive fuel, fuel forms effective running, and its discharging meets or be better than Environmental Protection Agency standard (E.P.A. standard).Fuel also can be made as has more effective combustionproperty, thereby reduces the precipitation of the carbon remnants of combustion chambers of internal combustion engines.
Below be of the present invention giving an example.Unless specifically stated otherwise, in following example and specification sheets and claims, all umbers and per-cent all by weight, all temperature are centigradetemperature, pressure is about normal atmosphere.
What table 1 reflected is not contain and contain under nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle situation at the fuel that uses, the hydrocarbon emission (unit ppm) of three kinds of engines under idle running and 2000 revolutions per.Basic fuel is a white gasoline, and contains zinc alkane grade 87.The level that nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle exist is about 50ppm, and is Zinc oxide particles, and its size is at 1nm～20nm.Engine 1 is 2002Ford F-150 pick up (pick-up) V-8; Engine 2 is 2000Dodge Ram pick up (pick-up) V-8; And engine 3 is 1999Audi A8 V-8.Utilization has the five gas analyzer (five gas analyzer) of tail pipe hydrocarbon emission is measured (the Model 5002 Exhaust Gas Analyzer that Emission Systems Inc. company makes).
Table 1
| Engine | Idle running (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | Idle running (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) |
| 1 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 1 |
| 2 | 69 | 6 | 8 | 2 |
| 3 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 2 |
Fig. 1 is the histogram of the hydrocarbon emission that table 1 reflected.In Fig. 1, first group of post is illustrated in idle running and do not have under nano metal and/or the metal oxide particle state hydrocarbon emission of three engines.Second group of post is illustrated in idle running and contains under nano metal and/or the metal oxide particle state hydrocarbon emission of three engines.Last two groups of posts are illustrated in 2000 rev/mins (typical rotating speeds on the highway), contain or do not contain under nano metal and/or the metal oxide particle state, the hydrocarbon emission of three same engines.For idle running and cruising engine rotating speed, the reduction of hydrocarbon emission is significant.
Table 2 has reflected that two different engines under idle running and 2000 rev/mins of situations, adopt the fuel that contains and/or do not contain nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide, and oxynitride (NOx) discharges (ppm of unit).For idle running and cruising speed, the discharging of oxynitride significantly reduces.Basic fuel is common white gasoline, and octane grade 87.The level that nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle exist is about 50ppm, and is Zinc oxide particles, is of a size of 1nm～20nm.Engine 1 is 2002Ford F-150 pick up (pick-up) V-8, and engine 3 is 1999Audi A8V-8.Utilization has the five gas analyzer (five gas analyzer) of tail pipe discharged nitrous oxides is measured (the Model 5002Exhaust Gas Analyzer that EmissionSystems Inc. company makes).
Table 2
| Engine | Idle running (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | Idle running (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) |
| 1 | 10 | 1 | 207 | 31 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 37 | 2 |
Table 3 has reflected that two different engines under idle running and 2000 rev/mins of situations, adopt the fuel that contains and/or do not contain nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide, and oxycarbide discharges (ppm of unit).For idle running and cruising speed, the discharging of oxynitride significantly reduces.Basic fuel is common white gasoline, and octane grade 87.The level that nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle exist is about 50ppm, and is Zinc oxide particles, is of a size of 1nm～20nm.Engine 1 is 2002Ford F-150 pick up (pick-up) V-8, and engine 2 is 2000Dodge Ram pick up (pick-up) V-8.The five gas analyzer (five gas analyzer) that utilization has a tail pipe to oxycarbide discharging measure (the Model 5002Exhaust Gas Analyzer that EmissionSystems Inc. company makes).
Table 3
| Engine | Idle running (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | Idle running (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (no nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) | 2000 rev/mins (containing nano metal and/or metal oxide particle) |
| 1 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 17.7 | 15 |
| 2 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 14.8 |
Table 4 has reflected the octane grade of five kinds of different fuels; Wherein a kind of fuel does not contain nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide additive, and other four kinds of fuel contain the nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide additive of different content.For idle running and cruising speed, the discharging of oxynitride significantly reduces.Basic fuel is common white gasoline, and octane grade 87.Five kinds of different fuels all contain the conventional white gasoline (Murphy ' s USA regular unleadedfuel) of the Mo Fei U.S., and the octane grade is 87, contain or do not contain additive.Additive is the Zinc oxide particles of the 1nm～20nm of different content.Utilize infrared rays (IR) scanner that octane value is measured (portable octane of ModelZX-101XL and fuel analysis instrument that Zeltex Inc. company makes).
Table 4
| Fuel | Octane value |
| Contain additive | 87.1 |
| Contain the 50ppm additive | 87.8 |
| Contain the 100ppm additive | 88.2 |
| Contain the 150ppm additive | 88.6 |
| Contain the 200ppm additive | 88.8 |
Fig. 2 is the octane value histogram of the fuel of table 4 reflection.In the histogram of Fig. 2, first post is not for containing the octane value of nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate fuel, and second post to the, five posts are the octane value that contains the fuel of the nano-metal particle of different content and/or metal oxide particle.All octane values that contain the fuel of the nano-metal particle of different content and/or metal oxide particle are higher than the fuel that does not contain nano-metal particle and/or metal oxide particle.
Table 5 is that the emitting nitride that contains the diesel oil fuel of catalyzer is reduced to 58ppm from 125ppm: reduce nearly 53%.Two kinds of different diesel oil material components contain the Philips U.S. diesel oil fuel (Phillips ' s USA dieselfuel) with or without additive.Additive is the Zinc oxide particles of 1nm～20nm.Utilize the five gas analyzer (five gas analyzer) of magnetic tape trailer pipe that discharged nitrous oxides is measured (the Model 5002 Exhaust GasAnalyzer that Emission Systems Inc. company makes).
Table 5
The data of table 5 are according to 1) idle running and 2) read under 2,000 rev/mins the motor speed.As shown in table 5, two kinds of fuel are: the diesel oil that 1) does not contain catalyzer; 2) contain the diesel oil of catalyzer.These two kinds of fuel are tested the diesel oil that contains catalyzer behind the pure diesel oil of test earlier.
About any numerical range of given feature, numeral or parameter that scope obtains can combine with the numeral or the parameter that obtain from another scope of same characteristic features, thereby produce a numerical range.
Though more than combine some specific embodiments the present invention is described, those skilled in the art will know that to have various variants.Therefore, these variants also will fall into the scope of claim of the present invention.
Claims (25)
1. fuel composition comprises:
Liquid fuel;
0.01ppm the nano-metal particle of～500ppm and/or nano-metal-oxide particle, wherein at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 1nm～990nm by weight.
2. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are 50m
2/ g～1,000m
2/ g.
3. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: by weight, at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 1nm～75nm.
4. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle are selected from: IIa family metal, IIa family metal oxide, IIIa family metal, IIIa family metal oxide, IVa family metal, IVa family metal oxide, VIII family metal, VIII family metal oxide, Ib family metal, Ib family metal oxide, IIb family metal, IIb family metal oxide, IIIb family metal and IIIb family metal oxide.
5. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle are selected from: magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, aluminium and mixed metal particles thereof, alloyed metal particle; Calcium oxide, strontium oxide, ba oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, Zirconium oxide, ferriferous oxide, ru oxide, osmium oxide compound, cobalt/cobalt oxide, rhodium oxide compound, iridium oxide, nickel oxide, palladium oxide, platinum oxide, copper oxide, silver oxide, golden oxide compound, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide and mixed metal oxide particle and hybrid metal-metal oxide particle thereof.
6. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the described nano-metal particle of spheric and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle that comprise 0.01ppm～500ppm.
7. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: by weight, also comprise 0.001%～0.5% tensio-active agent.
8. fuel composition according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the research octane number (RON) of described fuel composition, motor-method octane number and/or cetane value are higher than second fuel composition, this second fuel composition comprises described liquid fuel, but does not comprise described nano-metal particle and nano-metal-oxide particle.
9. fuel composition according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described liquid fuel is selected from: gasoline, reformulated gasoline, oxygenated gasoline, diesel oil, rocket engine fuel, bunker fuel, biodiesel fuel, biological alcohol, alcohol, and kerosene.
10. promote the incendiary method for one kind, comprise: to oil engine fueling composition, this fuel composition comprises nano-metal particle and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle of liquid fuel and 0.01ppm～500ppm, wherein by weight, at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 1nm～990nm.
11. method according to claim 10 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are 50m
2/ g～1,000m
2/ g.
12. method according to claim 10 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate surface-area are 100m
2/ g～750m
2/ g.
13. method according to claim 10 is characterized in that: wherein by weight, at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 2nm～250nm.
14. method according to claim 10 is characterized in that: described oil engine is Otto engine, diesel motor, Wankel engine or gas turbine engine
15. method according to claim 10 is characterized in that: promote burning and comprises at least with the next item down: with do not contain described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate second fuel composition is compared, improved output rating;
Catalyticcombustion;
Increase the surface-area of burning nidus.
16. a method of promoting the catalyzed oxidation of fuel composition comprises:
The fuel composition that contains 0.01ppm～500ppm nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle and liquid fuel is provided, wherein by weight, at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 1nm～990nm.
17. method according to claim 16 is characterized in that: also comprise: mix, stir, mix, shake and the described fuel composition of ultrasonic degradation at least with the next item down.
18. method according to claim 16, it is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle combine with described liquid fuel, are fuel dope and described liquid fuel be combined into by being made up of described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle and carrier.
19. method according to claim 16 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle are selected from: IIa family metal, IIa family metal oxide, IIIa family metal, IIIa family metal oxide, IVa family metal, IVa family metal oxide, VIII family metal, VIII family metal oxide, Ib family metal, Ib family metal oxide, IIb family metal, IIb family metal oxide, IIIb family metal and IIIb family metal oxide.
20. method according to claim 16 is characterized in that: also comprise making described fuel composition contain tensio-active agent.
21. method for preparing fuel composition, comprise: make in the nano-metal particle of 0.01ppm～500ppm and/or the nano-metal-oxide particle liquid fuel within to suspend, wherein by weight, at least 90% described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate are of a size of 1nm～990nm.
22. method according to claim 21 is characterized in that: described nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle are coated with tensio-active agent in advance.
23. method according to claim 22, it is characterized in that: the preparation of the nano-metal particle that described quilt covers in advance and/or nano-metal-oxide particulate is by nano-metal particle and/or nano-metal-oxide particle are mixed subsequent drying with tensio-active agent in the solvent.
24. method according to claim 23 is characterized in that: described mixing comprises stirring, mixes, shakes, ultrasonic degradation or stir.
25. method according to claim 23 is characterized in that: described drying comprises baking box oven dry, vacuum-drying or sprays mould drying.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/770,281 US20090000186A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2007-06-28 | Nano-sized metal and metal oxide particles for more complete fuel combustion |
| US11/770,281 | 2007-06-28 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101333467A true CN101333467A (en) | 2008-12-31 |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20090000186A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2164932A4 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20090004601A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101333467A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2691890A1 (en) |
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| WO (1) | WO2009005944A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2691890A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
| WO2009005944A1 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
| MX2010000215A (en) | 2010-07-06 |
| US20090000186A1 (en) | 2009-01-01 |
| EP2164932A1 (en) | 2010-03-24 |
| KR20090004601A (en) | 2009-01-12 |
| EP2164932A4 (en) | 2012-01-04 |
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