CN101213389A - 比率限制装置 - Google Patents

比率限制装置 Download PDF

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CN101213389A
CN101213389A CNA2006800243416A CN200680024341A CN101213389A CN 101213389 A CN101213389 A CN 101213389A CN A2006800243416 A CNA2006800243416 A CN A2006800243416A CN 200680024341 A CN200680024341 A CN 200680024341A CN 101213389 A CN101213389 A CN 101213389A
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ratio
clutch
gearbox
speed changer
input end
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CN101213389B (zh
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S·W·默里
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Allison Transmission Inc
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Torotrak Development Ltd
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H37/086CVT using two coaxial friction members cooperating with at least one intermediate friction member
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H15/00Gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio, or for reversing rotary motion, by friction between rotary members
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H9/00Gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio, or for reversing rotary motion, by endless flexible members
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/088Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft
    • F16H2037/0886Power split variators with summing differentials, with the input of the CVT connected or connectable to the input shaft with switching means, e.g. to change ranges

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Abstract

公开了一种在无级变速箱中为变速器提供最终停止功能的装置。该变速器(8)需要某一装置来防止它自己的传动比率超过一定的比率限值。根据本发明这通过单向离合器(22或24)来提供。该单向离合器与变速器的输入端和输出端都联接,并当变速器达到它的比率限值时就会接合(锁定),使得防止了该变速器超过限值。该发明特别适用于提供了两种模式及此两种模式间的同步变换的变速箱。

Description

比率限制装置
本发明涉及一种用于限制无级变速箱中变速器传动比率的装置。
在任何无级变速箱(continuously variable transmission)中,例如机动车变速箱中,存在本文称之为“变速器”(variator)的装置,它负责提供传动比率的连续变动。变速器有许多不同的形式。例如一些现有的汽车变速箱使用皮带滑轮型变速器。在这种变速器中,皮带在膨胀皮带轮或者滑轮上运转。另一种众所周知的变速器具有一对或多对同轴安装的座圈(race),它们被共同加工并形成环形空腔。通过安置在空腔中并在座圈上滚动的一组辊筒,驱动力从一个座圈传递到另一个座圈。辊筒的倾角是可变的,以改变变速器的传动比率。
典型地,该变速器需要某些在这里称为“最终停止”(end stop)的机构,以确保变速器不会被驱动到超过比率范围而造成损坏。例如在环形座圈型变速器中,假如传动比率以及相应的辊筒倾角变化到超出可接受的范围,则可能使辊筒完全地离开环形座圈,导致灾难性的故障。对于允许比率在变速箱输入端与输出端扭矩的影响下而变动的扭矩受控型变速器,该最终停止功能显得特别重要。
可能有人设想在相关部件的运转中(例如在辊筒的倾斜和皮带的扩张中),简单的机械停止件可以达到这个目的。然而典型地,这并不是一个理想的方法。要想理解原因,就必须认识到,在变速器中,变速器控制的扭矩和把扭矩传输单元(例如皮带与皮带轮或辊筒和盘(disc))偏置在一起的接触力之间需要平衡。如果该偏置力过大,那么效率就会受损,并且会增加不必要的磨损。假如力不够大则可能会出现滑动,这不仅效率低而且还具有潜在损坏性。所需要的力随着受控的扭矩而改变,所以通常要提供一些手段来使偏置力随扭矩作同步变动。在环形座圈型变速器中,这可以通过液压装置来实现,在此装置中偏置力与作用于辊筒上的反作用力都取决于共同的液压。例如在Torotrak(发展)有限公司的国际公开专利申请PCT/GB2004/002139(公开号码WO2005/015059)中就描述了这种类型的装置。机械停止件造成的问题是,当其起作用时,作用在变速器上的扭矩会产生突变。除非偏置力作进行相应的调节,否则在变速器中会存在滑动的危险。
在刚才提到的液压受控型环形座圈变速器中,该最终停止功能可以如刚刚提到的国际专利申请中所描述的那样通过液压实现。这里反作用力通过活塞/汽缸装置而施加到辊筒上。工作液压液体到汽缸的供给与侧面端口有关,这些侧面端口在活塞达到它的行程尽头时由活塞关闭,而产生液压锁来阻止活塞和与它们相关联的辊筒的移动。由此在汽缸中增加的液压被传到提供偏置力的液压油缸(hydraulic ram)上,而该该偏置力因此自动地根据需要而增加。
尽管效率很高,该最终停止并不是普遍适用的,并且在牵涉到控制液压时会比较复杂。因此需要另一替代形式的最终停止。
在美国专利申请US2003/0083170(Ooyama)中描述了一种变速箱,在此变速箱中链条传动把变速器的输入端联接到单向离合器上,而该离合器的另一部分与变速器的输出端联接。该离合器接合以防止变速箱比率超过选定的最大值。由于该装置使用链条传动来提供从变速箱输入端到单向离合器的所需的比率和传动输送,使其在结构上更加复杂。
发明人认识到在某些变速箱中单向离合器可以用来以更简单的方式提供变速器比率最终停止功能。
根据本发明的第一个方面,提供一种无级变速箱,它包括回转式变速箱输入端和回转式变速箱输出端;带有回转式变速器输入端和输出端的变速器,而且该变速器的输入端与输出端间适于以连续可变的变速器比率传输驱动力;形成第一条通过变速器将变速箱输入端与第一轴联接的第一条传动路径的齿轮装置,其使得在变速箱输入端与该第一轴之间的第一速度比率是变速器比率的函数且随着增大的变速器比率而减小;形成通过变速器将变速箱输入端联接到第二轴的第二条传动路径的齿轮装置,其使得在变速箱输入端与第二轴之间的第二速度比率是变速器比率的函数且随着增大的变速器比率而增大,且存在一定的变速器比率(同步变速器比率),处于该比率时,第一轴与第二轴的速度是相等的。该变速箱还包括选择器装置,其选择性地将第一轴或者第二轴联接到所述回转式变速箱输出端以提供第一变速箱模式和第二变速箱模式;以及单向离合器装置,其防止第一轴的速度超过第二轴以防止变速器传动比率超过同步比率。
根据本发明更广泛的第二个方面,在无级变速箱中提供用来限制变速器比率的装置。该变速器带有输入轴和输出轴,它在这两轴间以连续可变的比率传输驱动。而该装置含有单向离合器,离合器的两个对立的面可驱动地分别联接到变速器的输入端与输出端,该变速器设置成,在变速器的比率处在一定比率限值范围内时置为空转(freewheel),而当需要防止变速器超过它的比率限值就会接合。
因为该单向离合器与变速器的输入端与输出端都联接,一旦接合它就会把变速器的比率锁定在所选择的比率限值上。
结构上并不需要增加很大的复杂性,该发明就可以在提供高模式和低模式并且具有同步比率的多模式变速箱中实现。当变速箱处于该同步比率时,高低模式之间的改变不会引起变速箱比率的改变。这类变速箱是众所周知的。在此背景下,本发明可以通过把单向离合器设置成在同步比率下接合来实现。
分别对应高变速箱模式和低变速箱模式,存在两条通过变速箱传输驱动的路径,单向离合器的相对立的两面通过相应的路径被驱动,使得在同步比率上该单向离合器的两面以相等的速度被驱动,导致其接合。
当变速箱具有至少一个模式离合器以接合某一模式或另一模式时,该单向离合器优选地与该模式离合器并行联接。
更优选地,该变速箱含有两个模式离合器,相应的两个单向离合器分别与此两个模式离合器并行联接并且分别在高模式和低模式下提供最终停止功能。
在特别优选的实施例中,该变速箱具有(i)低模式离合器,其输入侧联接到变速器上,而输出侧联接到变速箱的输出端上,使得低模式离合器的接合提供低变速箱模式;以及(ii)高模式离合器,其输入侧联接到变速器上,而输出侧联接到变速箱的输出端上,使得高模式离合器的接合提供高变速箱模式,该比率限制装置包括(a)与低模式离合器并联以防止其输入速度超过其输出速度(在向前的齿合方向)的第一单向离合器;以及(b)与高模式离合器并联以防止其输出速度超过其输入速度(在向前的齿合方向)的第二单向离合器。
现在参考附图对本发明的具体实施例进行描述。附图仅仅起示范作用,其高度示意性地表示了把本发明具体化的无级变速箱。
在附图中,变速箱输入轴2联接到发动机4上(或某种其它形式的回转式驱动器,例如电动机),而变速箱输出轴6联接到机动车辆的从动轮(未显示)上。该变速箱使用变速器8,其具有变速器输入轴10和变速器输出轴12,且在两轴之间以连续可变的比率传输驱动力。变速器输入轴10联接到变速箱输入轴2上。相对应于两种不同的变速箱模式,变速器输出端轴12可以通过上述两条传输路径中的任一条联接到变速箱输出轴6上(这里就不解释了)。
上述两条路径都结合有扭矩限制离合器14,该离合器的一侧连接到变速器的输出轴12上而另一侧连接到齿轮装置R2上。对应于低变速箱模式的第一条路径还结合有周转圆的分路16。周转齿轮对于本领域的技术人员来说是众所周知的。该分路16具有:
1.通过齿轮装置R1而联接到变速箱输入轴2的行星架C;
2.通过扭矩限制离合器14以及齿轮装置R2可以联接到变速器输出轴12的恒星齿轮S;以及
3.通过低模式离合器18以及齿轮装置R3、Ra而设置成联接到变速箱输出轴6的内齿轮或从动齿轮A。
当选择了变速器的低模式时,通过接合离合器18,分路的内齿轮A因此通过第一轴17和离合器18联接到变速箱的输出端。形成了能量再循环回路,它包括变速器6、恒星齿轮S以及分路16的行星架C,这在本领域中是很好理解的。
把变速器输出轴12联接到变速箱输出端的第二条路径是,通过第二轴19以及高模式离合器,其中高模式离合器在接合时,用来通过限制扭矩离合器14和齿轮装置R2、R3、Ra把变速器输出端联接到变速箱输出轴6。当选择了变速箱的高模式时,通过使高模式离合器20接合以及使低模式离合器18脱离接合,该分路16空转并在通过变速箱传输驱动时不起作用。
低模式提供变速箱比率的低范围段。需要注意,变速箱和变速器比率在此被定义成输出速度除以输入速度。如同在本领域中众所周知的那样,由于使用了分路16,该范围可以包括前进档、倒档以及称为空挡的无限减速(零变速箱比率)。高模式提供更高的前进变速箱比率。需要注意,在高模式中变速器比率的增加增大了变速箱的比率,但是在低模式下变速器比率的增加降低了变速箱的比率。要想扫遍变速箱的整个范围,从倒档到超速传动,低模式在开始时被接合并且变速器比率处于它的最大值。接着变速器扫向它的最小比率值,使变速箱经过空挡移到前进档。在某一个“同步”比率,高模式被接合而变速器接着回扫到它的最大比率值,把变速箱带到其最大挡。在本文中,“同步”指的是某个比率(是变速器的比率也是变速箱的比率),处于该比率时,从低高模式到高模式的变化不会改变变速箱的比率,使得处于该比率下可以从一个模式平滑地过渡到另一个模式。该同步的变速器比率构成了变速器所需的比率范围的下限值。
根据本发明,该变速箱结合有为变速器比率提供限值的单向离合器。具体地,所显示的实施例具有:
1.第一单向离合器22,其与低模式离合器18并行连接(也即并接),并且设置成防止该低模式离合器的输入速度超过其输入速度;以及
2.第二单向离合器24,其与高模式离合器20并行连接,并且设置成防止该高模式离合器的输出速度超过其输入速度。
该单向离合器的概念对于本领域的技术人员来说是众所周知的。其具有第一回转式轴和第二回转式轴并允许与此两轴的相对转动在一个方向上而不在另一个方向上。单向离合器可以通过利用例如棘齿机构或者斜撑(sprag)机构实现。斜撑型离合器是本发明的优选,但是也可以使用其它类型的离合器。
第一单向离合器与第二单向离合器的作用是为了确保变速器的比率不降到同步比率值之下。首先考虑低模式情况。低模式离合器18被接合。第一单向离合器22没有作用,因为它是由低模式离合器锁上的。高模式离合器20脱离接合。第二单向离合器提供最终停止功能。其在输入侧26上通过高模式路径(经过变速器8、限制扭矩离合器14以及齿轮装置R2)而驱动。其输出侧28通过低模式路径(尤其包括变速器8、分路16以及已接合的低模式离合器18)而驱动。当变速箱比率低于同步比率值(对应于大于同步比率值的变速器比率)时,与输出端28相比输入端26将被更快地驱动,使得第二个单向离合器脱离接合。然而假如变速箱的比率升到了它的同步值,那么按定义由高模式路径或低模式路径所创造的速度是相等的。因此第二单向离合器24的两侧以相同的速度驱动。任何变速箱比率的进一步提高将导致第二单向离合器24的输出速度超过它的输入速度,但是离合器的接合阻止它的发生。因此该变速箱比率被防止超过它的同步值,并且相应地该变速器比率不能降到它的同步值以下。
在高模式情况下,该第一单向离合器22提供此最终停止功能。它的输出侧30通过高模式路径(包括变速器8、限制扭矩离合器14、齿轮装置R2和已接合的高模式离合器20)而驱动。其输入侧32通过再循环低模式路径(尤其包括分路16和变速器8)而驱动。当变速箱比率超过了同步比率时,其输出速度超过了其输入速度,使其空转。然而假如变速器比率和变速箱比率降到它们的同步值,那么根据定义,通过高模式路径和低模式路径的速度变成相等的。任何进一步的比率上的降低都将由第一单向离合器22的接合而阻止。
正常操作下,模式离合器18或20两者之一将一直处于接合状态。限制扭矩离合器14具有保护性的熔丝功能,其扭矩容量被调整到能负荷所期望的扭矩。但是在扭矩产生“尖峰值”的时候(例如由于司机突发的刹车)将会降落,使得防止变速器来负荷这种扭矩。
当故障导致状态离合器18、20都脱离接合时,典型地,第一单向离合器22将接合,为变速箱输出端的驱动提供路径(并且提供可能的“跛行(limp home)”便利)。假如比率要到达同步,那么第二单向离合器将会接合从而提供上述最终停止功能。
需要注意,这里所举例说明的装置用来防止变速器比率降到同步比率以下,而不是防止它超过其“超速传动”界限。实际中达到超速驱动限值的可能性很小,并且一般通过变速箱的电子控制来预防此种危险,但是某些机械或液压的超速驱动最终停止可能也是必需的。

Claims (5)

1.一种无级变速箱,其包括:
回转式变速箱输入端及回转式变速箱输出端;
带有回转式变速器输入端和回转式变速器输出端的变速器,且其输入端与输出端之间适于以连续可变的变速器比率传输驱动力;
形成通过所述变速器将所述变速箱输入端与第一轴联接的第一传动路径的齿轮装置,使得在所述变速箱输入端与所述第一轴之间的第一速度比率是变速器比率的函数且随着增大的变速器比率而减小;和
形成通过所述变速器将所述变速箱输入端联接到第二轴的第二传动路径的齿轮装置,使得在所述变速箱输入端与第二轴之间的第二速度比率是变速器比率的函数且随着增大的变速器比率而增大,并且存在一定的变速器比率(“同步变速器比率”),在处于这个比率时,第一轴与第二轴的速度是相等的;
所述变速箱还包括选择器装置,此装置选择性地将所述第一轴或者所述第二轴联接到所述回转式变速箱输出端上,以提供第一变速箱模式和第二变速箱模式;以及
单向离合器装置,所述单向离合器装置防止所述第一轴的速度超过所述第二轴的速度,从而防止变速器传动比率超过同步比率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无级变速箱,其特征在于,所述选择器装置包括至少一个模式离合器,并且所述单向离合器装置包括至少一个与所述模式离合器并联的单向离合器,以防止在其输入端和输出端的相关转动中出现反转现象。
3.根据权利要求1所述的无级变速箱,其特征在于,所述选择器装置包括:
第一模式离合器,以选择性地将所述第一轴联接到所述变速箱输出轴上;以及
第二模式离合器,以选择性地将所述第二轴联接到所述变速箱输出轴上;
而所述单向离合器装置包括与所述第一模式离合器并联的第一单向离合器以及和所述第二模式离合器并联的第二单向离合器。
4.根据任一项前述权利要求所述的无级变速箱,其特征在于,所述第一传动路径结合有周转齿轮。
5.根据任一项前述权利要求所述的无级变速箱,其特征在于,两条传动路径都结合有扭矩限制离合器。
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