CN100421547C - Bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method - Google Patents
Bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses an artificial induction flowering asexual breeding method of bulbil konjak. In the method of the present invention, the flowering induction of bulbs of bulbil konjak is carried out to inhibit lateral buds on the bulbs from germinating into leaf buds and prevent the wilt of root ends on the bulbs, apical buds of the bulbs of the bulbil konjak are differentiated into flower buds and grow on long leaf plants after artificial flowering suppression after bulb planting, flower bulbs can seed and mature, and a great number of propagative konjak seeds can be harvested. A traditional method for propagating konjak by small konjak bulbs or propagation roots (stems) is totally changed, the seeding propagation of the konjak is realized, and a revolutionary break through of the propagation mode of the konjak is generated. When the method of the present invention is used, a propagation coefficient of the bulbil konjak is obviously increased, konjak obtained from the seeds of the present invention has the advantages of high temperature and high moisture resistance, strong disease resistance, high yield, high glucomannan content, block planting, etc.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to konjaku and cultivate and plant the method and technology field.
Background technology
The konjaku kind of at present domestic and international artificial planting, after through the growth in 3～4 years, the phenomenon that the part konjak corm can occur blooming.Usually, the konjaku process of blossoming and having seeds is sexual propagation, its crossbreeding same plant male and female pistil self-pollination under natural environmental condition causes homophyletic sterile because of the gynoecium precocity, and the successful probability of different strain hybridization is extremely limited, cause konjaku fruit maturation rate extremely low, the chance that obtains seed is very low, and this is that konjaku variety breeding coefficients such as elephant-foot yam, white konjaku only have 2～3 times main cause.Therefore, traditional konjaku planting patterns substantially all is to adopt the little konjak corm that underground big konjak corm side bears or the mode of breeding root (stem) to breed, cause the reproduction coefficient of konjaku low, peasant household's kind taro fund input is big, add that planting process will pass through the summer high temperature high humidity environment, konjak soft rot, southern blight incidence of disease height have seriously restricted the raising of konjaku output, cause konjaku plantation amount limited, be difficult to become the pillar industry of local agricultural.
Bulbil konjak (A.bulbifer) is the domestication kind of a kind of wild konjaku that one band is found in Yunnan Province of China province border in recent years, and this konjaku has characteristics such as the piece taro is big, water content is low, dried dry plate flour extraction height.Its plant outward appearance uniqueness, except that can be by numerous bulbil bulbs of growing on the plant blade face on the ground as its propagating materials, also having one be the important breeding approach of people's cognition, promptly may carry out the vegetative mode acquisition seed of setting seeds to bloom.
Bulbil konjak is full triploid kind, has the genome that the 39 pairs of chromosomes are formed, this with the elephant-foot yam of domestic present plantation and white konjaku chromosome number be 26 or 28 pairs complete different.Bulbil konjak had report on document, but the record content only is confined to the plant classification aspect, and people are familiar with very limited to its detailed biological property and potential economic implications.Owing to do not form the necessary single gall nut part of normal sexual propagation, can not have the process of pollination after bulbil konjak is bloomed and can carry out himself procreation in the mode of amixis sexual reproduction (apomixis), need carrying out cross pollination when this and other konjaku kind is bloomed, can to obtain seed be that the traditional modes of reproduction of konjaku of theoretical foundation is completely different.
There is asexual phenomenon of blossoming and having seeds in bulbil konjak, can both flowering naturally but be not all perennial konjak corms.More regrettably, bulbil konjak floral leaf consortism in the plant that blooms is comparatively general, when the floral leaf homophyletic occurring, because the growth rate of leaf is far faster than the growth rate of spending, and along with the ramp of blade, nutrient in the parent bulb can be consumed fast, and the seed growth that causes petal to be set seeds being produced is more slow, and fruit is childlike, the quantity of setting seeds is few, can not many pieces solid, even seed is difficult to growth and maturity, causes reproduction rate still lower.Therefore, obtain the plant that blooms of scale, must carry out the artificial induction, can obtain the breeding seed of batch, maturation the target konjak corm.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention provides a kind of people of utilization the growing environment of bulbil konjak for a change in order to solve above-mentioned the deficiencies in the prior art just, floral leaf dynamic reversible process is induced towards the direction that helps floral genes, simultaneously, suppress to come into leaves gene, so that be used to fully the to bloom growth of back seed of the nutrient of konjak corm, make many pieces of seeds of growth in each seed bud, increase the quantity of setting seeds, can obtain many, ripe, the full seed of quantity, improve the artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method of bulbil konjak reproduction rate greatly.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions.
Bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method, this method step is:
(1) carry out flower induction: promptly maximum temperature is 10 ℃～25 ℃ and often has under the weather condition at sunshine by day, bulbil konjak (A.bulbifer) bulb is placed the indoor preservation that maybe can see through the ventilation of daylight under the daylight, the sprouting of lateral bud that suppresses on the bulb becomes leaf bud and makes the tip of a root that sends on the bulb withered gradually, is divided into bud and sprouting gradually with the terminal bud that impels konjak corm;
(2) plant plant and suppress to bloom after the plant that comes into leaves: promptly from flower bud germination to duration of flowering, bulb planted plant in soil or in the sand or be soaked in the water, and the part on bulb top is exposed to accepts solar radiation in the air, stop the growth of lateral bud root system with daylight, the plant that will come into leaves is suppressed at bud, the perhaps artificial leaf bud that grows is pulled removed, and plants the petal maturation of setting seeds always.
The temperature of flower induction phase be daytime maximum temperature be 15 ℃～22 ℃; Plant the konjak corm of planting and in the environment that often arranged sunshine, to spend the whole growth phase; When petal is in that a bud just ready to burst but is open as yet, available manually with the whole excision of the stamen of petal.
Vegetative key character is that the formation of flower and the sexual propagation result of normal fertilization are identical, but some triploid cell chromosome identical with the female parent gene type can form blastular during the bulbil konjak vegetative propagation was spent, direct development becomes embryo but these blastulars need not be fertilized, vegetative seed and female parent gene type are identical, and this modes of reproduction more helps bulbil konjak the advantageous characteristic of ecosystem and kind property are handed down by heredity after manually introducing a fine variety the plantation of scale manization well.
Existing theory thinks that konjaku has the advantages that floral leaf does not meet: the plant that promptly comes into leaves just not can bloom; The plant that blooms just can not region of growth leaf plant.And the floral leaf consortism that bulbil konjak has is very rare in the konjaku kind, is indicating that the gene genetic characteristics have different significantly with konjaku kinds such as white konjaku, elephant-foot yams in its tissue.
It is considered herein that bulbil konjak floral leaf consortism is the procreation of carrying out himself in vegetative propagation (apomixis) mode of amixis sexual reproduction with blooming, need not pollinate and can breed seed is the theoretical foundation that adopts artificial induction's technology.Why there is the floral leaf consortism, be because the floral leaf gene has reversible balance under the certain environment condition " switch gene " model, be the bulbil konjak bulb at different growing periods, but have the inverse conversion balance of a bud gene and leaf bud gene in its tissue.
At konjak corm throughout the growing season, the gene most time that the comes into leaves status of having the advantage, floral genes is in weak tendency, reaches mid-term stage especially in early days.When konjak corm growth more than 3 years, floral genes is in advantage gradually, and the gene that comes into leaves then is in i.e. " dormancy " status of weak tendency gradually, if satisfy certain environmental condition, on the same bulb terminal bud bloom plant generally can be prior to the growth of lateral bud band leaf plant.Yet after terminal bud was bloomed, the gene that comes into leaves of lateral bud often also can be activated, and ramp goes out the tall and big plant of many band leaves, the gene that the comes into leaves status of having the advantage again.This can be from the floral leaf consortism of reality petal very short and small, and high-visible in the tall and big especially process of growth of band leaf plant.In addition, in the floral leaf consortism, though petal has experienced 2～3 months not very short growing periods, it is very slow to grow.
The growth of bulbil konjak band leaf plant, leaf bud is to grow new konjaku bamboo shoot by parent nutrition, from soil, absorb moisture and nutriment with this after around newborn seedling, growing feeding root again, the parent stem tuber is as nutrient source can rot gradually (be also referred to as " change head "), finish the process of growth of " change head ", so that form new stem tuber and in process of growth, expand gradually.And the process that terminal bud is blossomed and had seeds is the process that a petal constantly absorbs and consume the nutrition of parent stem tuber, before seed growth does not reach maturation, the parent stem tuber is imputrescible as nutrient source, and the consumption of Glucomannan or minimizing are just being carried out the process that an energy shifts in the stem tuber tissue.
Under the dry environment that is in higher temperature (daytime, maximum temperature was 10 ℃～25 ℃, preferably 15 ℃～22 ℃), solar radiation abundance, the terminal bud of bulbil konjak bulb can carry out towards helping the flower bud differentiation direction.Under this environment, terminal bud is sprouted when arrive spring gradually, occurs with the tip of a root simultaneously around the terminal bud.Because be under the dry solar radiation, the root system further growth is suppressed by environmental condition, the tip of a root that grows is withered gradually, and at this moment, konjak corm promptly can be induced and be produced the plant that blooms in batches.
The regular period of bulbil konjak after petal grows and blooms, bulb does not need the external world that moisture is provided.But after blooming, plant strain growth needs parent that nutrient is provided.Because parent bulb dehydrating amount after winter-spring season stores some months is bigger, bulb needs to absorb water in soil or the water environment and is converted into the growth that energy is used for seed for Glucomannan in the tissue.Therefore, can be from the flower bud germination on the bulb to duration of flowering, bulb is planted in good time and plant in soil or in the sand or be soaked in the water.Blooming back 3～4 months, the growth of petal seed is comparatively slow, and the lateral bud that is embedded in the bulb in the soil very likely ramp go out plant with leaf, the plant strain growth in case come into leaves, the nutrient of parent bulb will be consumed fast, therefore, this stage lateral bud growth of plant that must effectively suppress to come into leaves.Because lateral bud normally is in first position of konjak corm, therefore, the effective ways that suppress lateral bud are to adopt a part that exposes bulb top in air, and with the growth of daylight prevention lateral bud root system, thereby the plant that will come into leaves is suppressed at bud.If this adopts daylight also to be difficult to suppress the growth of leaf bud in stage, then must take the method for artificial " pulling bud " will be with the leaf lateral bud to pull by force and remove, the required nutrient of plant is originated to guarantee to bloom.During seed growth, particularly enter the middle and later periods that seed growth expands, because required amount of nutrients is big, cause the parent bulb to shrink fast, if bulb environment of living in is too dry, the nutrient conversion meeting of parent bulb disappearance occurs because of the shortage of moisture in the tissue, causes seed nutrient supply deficiency, and full, shrivelled even not withered situation appears in seed growth.Therefore, bulb planted plant, can guarantee that Glucomannan can fully be converted into the required nutrient of seed growth in the bulb, obtain mature grain height, full, more than one mature seed.
During seed growth, the effect of sunlight is also very important.At seed throughout the growing season, although the parent bulb does not almost have root system absorbs nutrient from soil process, sufficient sunlit environment is being arranged, seed is better than growing way in the environment that shelters from heat or light, and the maturing stage is also wanted early.
Behind the seed maturity, seed that each petal is tied can grow to spadix column cap top, 300～500 seeds are generally arranged, many reaches more than 800, every fruit shape is as pine grain size, wherein every may comprise 2～4 pieces of seeds again, that is to say, the petal of a maturation can obtain 1000～2500 pieces of seeds.
Method of the present invention has changed the little konjak corm of traditional usefulness or the mode method of coming culturing Amorphophallus rivieri of breeding root (stem) fully, has realized the seed propagation of konjaku, has brought revolutionary breakthrough for the konjaku modes of reproduction.This method has significantly increased the reproduction coefficient of bulbil konjak, and the white konjaku of comparable tradition, elephant-foot yam improve reproduction coefficient more than 80～100 times.But with the konjaku that its seed is planted out have high-temp resisting high-humidity resisting, unique advantages such as resistance against diseases is strong, output is high, Glucomannan content height stripping and slicing plantation.The konjak corm plant blossom rate that adopts the inventive method is more than 90%, the plant that blooms is set seeds ripe above 95%, and the seed after the maturation of blossoming and having seeds goes out shoot survival percent generally all more than 98%, the bottom set of planting after 1 year approximately can be grown the walnut size, and weight can reach about 20～30 grams.Another significative results is, adopt artificial induction's method, and the inventor has also obtained the grow rare phenomenon of two plant that bloom of some on same parent bulb, and the seed of this two plant all can the normal growth maturation.
Embodiment
Method of the present invention is divided into two steps:
1, carries out flower induction.
Bulbil konjak terminal bud after gather in the crops autumn is very short, and its color is a pink, but is difficult for usually observing, and the terminal bud advantage is not clearly, and doozy pink terminal bud of this point and elephant-foot yam and extremely strong terminal bud advantage have difference completely.That is to say that often can't differentiate terminal bud after the results is leaf bud or bud.Between the storage life of konjak corm, many seedling growth phenomenons appear in regular meeting around the terminal bud.Usually, between 1 annual～March, be the best period that bud is induced.This period, the weather environment condition in south east asia and China southwest and northwestward region-by-region had following characteristics substantially: the one, and daytime, maximum temperature was between 10 ℃～25 ℃, the 2nd, the sufficient sunlight irradiation is arranged, the 3rd, dry environment is arranged, suit manually to carry out bud especially and induce.Especially the primary resource of bulbil konjak itself comes from the Southeast Asian countries and regions of Yunnan and periphery, and method of the present invention is applied to the artificial propagation that the resource Proterozoic carries out scale and has advantageous advantage.Therefore, be chosen in and spring the bulbil konjak bulb placed the indoor preservation that maybe can see through the ventilation of daylight under the daylight, the sprouting of lateral bud that suppresses on the bulb becomes leaf bud and makes the tip of a root that sends on the bulb withered gradually, is divided into bud and sprouting gradually with the terminal bud that impels konjak corm.The selection that is used for the bulb of induced flowering should be with weight more than 1 kilogram, the stem tuber mature and plump, and terminal bud does not partly have and rots and wound, and selected bulb is stopped to carry out stripping and slicing again and is cut apart.
2, plant plant and suppress to bloom after the plant that comes into leaves.
In any time, konjak corm planted plant in soil or sand or be soaked in the water from flower bud germination to duration of flowering.The lateral bud of plant grows in first position of konjak corm usually owing to come into leaves, and therefore, the part on bulb top is exposed to and accept sunshine in the air, and with the growth of daylight prevention lateral bud root system, the plant that will come into leaves is suppressed at bud.If this adopts daylight also to be difficult to suppress the growth of leaf bud in stage, can take the method for artificial " pulling bud " will be with the leaf lateral bud to pull by force and remove.
Can not too early konjak corm be planted down and plant, otherwise the flowering rate of bulb can reduce significantly, the plant quantity that comes into leaves can be a lot, are difficult to reach the purpose that obtains the scale breeding.Impel terminal bud to be divided into bud as far as possible with the artificial induction, suppressing sprouting of lateral bud simultaneously, to become leaf bud be the key of artificial induced flowering asexual breed.
At seed throughout the growing season, make plant can access the sufficient sunlight irradiation as far as possible, sufficient sunlit environment is being arranged, seed is better than growing way in the environment that shelters from heat or light, and the maturing stage is also taken early about one month.
Embodiment one: be chosen in to receive after the Frost's Descent and dig individual weight on 200 on the full bulb more than 1 kilogram, under daylight, shine 3～4 days after, place dry yoke (or other like environment) higher slice of printing opacity to put storage on bulb.It should be noted that the bulb for the treatment of the artificial induction without exception can not stripping and slicing, also do not make bulb the partial decomposition phenomenon occur as far as possible, in order to avoid reduce the bloom energy reserve of plant of later stage.In the winter time, bulb terminal bud differential growth is slow, and this stage prevents that importantly bulb is damaged by frost in being lower than outdoor environment below the zero degree (0 ℃) night, and in the practical operation, bulb should be positioned over the comparatively room of the ventilation and penetrating light of insulation.
Arrive when spring, temperature gos up, daytime, maximum temperature reached 10 ℃～25 ℃, during preferably 15 ℃～22 ℃ left and right sides, the bulbil konjak bulb is placed under the daylight, perhaps place can see through in the room with good ventilation of daylight, the sprouting of lateral bud that suppresses on the bulb becomes leaf bud, and make the tip of a root that sends on the bulb withered gradually, to impel terminal bud to be divided into bud and to sprout gradually; Then, begin to the beginning duration of flowering from flower bud germination, according to circumstances at any time bulb is planted with condition and plant in the comparatively strong soil of solar radiation, and the part on bulb top is exposed to accepts solar radiation in the air, the lateral bud that adopts the artificial induction to suppress bulb top grows leaf bud.Because the process of growth of seed is the nutrient source with former parent stem tuber substantially, needn't worry that in its process of growth soil buried the shallow root growth that whether can influence underground bulb.In the process of growth, the parent bulb may also have a small amount of feeding root growth, but most no feeding root growth.No matter be which kind of situation, the neither growth and maturity process that influences seed.If this stage adopts daylight also to be difficult to suppress the growth of leaf bud, then can take the method for artificial " pulling bud " will be with the leaf lateral bud to remove by force, to guarantee the required nutrient source of plant of blooming.Keep sufficient sunshine, allow and plant the plant of planting and grow until seed maturity always.
Through 6～7 months growth, four changes phases of orange-purplish red-green-dried tangerine peel that the color of seed will experience (or yellow) arrived December or January next year then, and seed grain also grows to pine nut grain size gradually from the sesame seed size, last growth and maturity.In the whole growth stage; the required nutrient of seed is to be provided by contained Glucomannan in the underground parent stem tuber substantially; but also usually can occur growing a spot of nutrient absorption root around the bar stem root, from soil, absorb nutrient provides the part nutriment for parent bulb and seed phenomenon simultaneously again.This method maturation of setting seeds reaches more than 95%.
Embodiment two: adopt water culture.The bud of bulb induces process with embodiment one.Bulbil konjak stem tuber resistance to water is strong, because of the required nutrient of seed growth can derive from the parent bulb fully, soaks cultivation in the water so can adopt, and obtains ripe seed easily.
Select 20 strains through inducing the bulbil konjak ball of handling of blooming, its stem is soaked in the water, used container can be Plastic Drum or plastic sack, adds the water height and is about 1/2～2/3 of bulb height, still, must guard against that konjak corm is soaked in the water fully.Otherwise the plant root of blooming occurs easily rotting and causes the interruption of seed growth.The natural environment that bulb places outdoor solar ray energy to shine will be soaked.In 5 early stage～September of seed growth, often moisturizing is to guarantee bulb required enough moisture in nutrient and physiology course thereof are provided, and after October, water requirement is then less.In process of growth, the color of seed bud can gradually become green from aubergine, in the time of extremely then about December, becomes dried tangerine peel (or yellow) look at last, obtains ripe seed.This method maturation of setting seeds reaches more than 95%.
Embodiment three: adopt the sand method of burying manually to concentrate cultivation.Induce the parent bulb of breeding in the conduct of the bulb more than 2 kilograms in selection 100 individual weight after the results.The bud of bulb induces process with embodiment one.To the bulb of petal occur, 4/5 part of bulb is embedded in mountain sand or the river sand, make the root of plant scape and the top of bulb be exposed to air slightly.Plant throughout the growing season, often water, keep seed growth process bulb that nutrient can normally be provided according to the wet degree of doing of sand.The plant that blooms can obtain a large amount of mature seeds in 1～February of December to the coming year then.This method maturation of setting seeds reaches more than 95%.
Embodiment four: remove " hero " cultivating method.This example also is that the bulbil konjak flowering asexual is bred experimental results show that of setting seeds.
Select 20 weight more than 1 kilogram, the full konjak corm of growth, the bud of bulb induces process with embodiment one.After handling through the artificial induction, the bulb terminal bud has grown petal, when petal is in " a bud just ready to burst ", when promptly not open as yet yet, respectively the petal periphery is cut out with stainless steel blade, and with the stamen of petal and with the whole excision in top, the plant that will handle is buried or natively buries respectively that isolation places the photoenvironment of nature by its self-sow through sand then.After handling through " castration ", " gynoecium " part can keep saffron primary colors for a long time in 1～2 month, and do not resemble petal without " castration ", the standard-sized sheet of using up put particularly give out corrupt protein smell after, " gynoecium " part crocus can become aubergine in 3～5 days, and the very fast contraction of top tip part branch.20 strains go to bloom plant in process of growth subsequently after " hero ", need water frequently according to the plant strain growth situation, so that konjak corm inner tissue can carry out normal power conversion, satisfy the need of seed growth.Through 6～7 months growth, seed bar none all can growth and maturity.Observe from the vegetative period of seed and the maturity of seed, do not have any difference in appearance with the seed that does not go " hero " to obtain.The seed that goes to obtain after " hero " is when planting the coming year, and the rate of expanding of emergence rate and underground bulb is also consistent with the seed that does not go " hero " to obtain, and does not also have obviously difference.This method maturation of setting seeds reaches more than 95%.
Claims (4)
1. bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method is characterized in that, this method step is:
(1) carry out flower induction: promptly maximum temperature is 10 ℃～25 ℃ and often has under the weather condition at sunshine by day, bulbil konjak (A.bulbifer) bulb is placed the indoor preservation that maybe can see through the ventilation of daylight under the daylight, the sprouting of lateral bud that suppresses on the bulb becomes leaf bud and makes the tip of a root that sends on the bulb withered gradually, is divided into bud and sprouting gradually with the terminal bud that impels konjak corm;
(2) plant plant and suppress to bloom after the plant that comes into leaves: promptly from flower bud germination to duration of flowering, bulb planted plant in soil or in the sand or be soaked in the water, and the part on bulb top is exposed to accepts solar radiation in the air, stop the growth of lateral bud root system with daylight, the plant that will come into leaves is suppressed at bud, the perhaps artificial leaf bud that grows is pulled removed, and plants the petal maturation of setting seeds always.
2. bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the temperature when carrying out flower induction be daytime maximum temperature be 15 ℃～22 ℃.
3. bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, plants the konjak corm of planting and spend the whole growth phase in the environment that often arranged sunshine.
4. bulbil konjak artificial induced flowering asexual breeding method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, when petal is in that a bud just ready to burst but is open as yet, with manually with the whole excision of the stamen of petal.
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| CN107172993B (en) * | 2017-05-15 | 2020-08-18 | 昆明学院 | Method for breeding bulbil konjak seeds and planting bulbil konjak seeds in regeneration mode |
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| CN115735759B (en) * | 2022-11-24 | 2024-01-26 | 安康市农业科学研究院 | Method for producing bulbil konjak seed |
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