CN100403638C - 直流-直流变换器方法和电路 - Google Patents

直流-直流变换器方法和电路 Download PDF

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CN100403638C
CN100403638C CNB018100473A CN01810047A CN100403638C CN 100403638 C CN100403638 C CN 100403638C CN B018100473 A CNB018100473 A CN B018100473A CN 01810047 A CN01810047 A CN 01810047A CN 100403638 C CN100403638 C CN 100403638C
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瓦勒蒂米尔·穆拉托夫
罗博特·霍德金
托马斯·乔初姆
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Intersil Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/1563—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators without using an external clock
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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Abstract

一种直流-直流变换器带有一个脉冲宽度调制器(PWM)和一个磁滞(波纹)调制器。对于小电流负载，选择磁滞调制器；对于大电流负载，选择PWM。一个模式开关检测在每个切换循环末端处切换输出电压的极性。如果极性从一个循环到下一个改变，则模式可以立即变到其它模式。计数器用来记录在每个循环末端处的极性，并且从一种模式到另一种的切换能由计数器延迟以防止根据假输出电压波动改变模式。

Description

直流-直流变换器方法和电路
技术领域
本发明涉及一种直流-直流变换器方法和电路。
背景技术
用于计算机、个人数字辅助装置、峰窝电话及其它手持移动电子设备和系统的电源具有严格要求。两种类型的变换器用来满足这些要求。一种类型是脉冲宽度调制(PWM)变换器，而另一种是磁滞(波纹)变换器。带有PWM或磁滞控制器的典型单模式直流-直流变换器8表示在图1a中。变换器8带有一个PWM控制器12或一个磁滞控制器14。控制器的输出驱动输出开关的栅极，典型地是上部和下部金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(mosfet)式功率晶体管16、18。金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管在一个切换节点20处连接在一起。在高输出电流电平下，带有一个同步整流器的PWM控制器提供有效和可控制的输出调节。对于小输出电流，在固定频率PWM模式中操作的直流-直流变换器的效率变低，因为PWM切换损失成为主要的。另一方面，磁滞变换器对于小输出电流是有效的，但对于大输出电流是无效的。
对系统的要求在短到几微秒的时间内能从几十安到几十毫安变化。为了满足可变和常常不一致的电流要求，多种直流-直流变换器，特别是用在移动系统中的那些，包括一个脉冲宽度调制(PWM)变换器和一个磁滞变换器。这种双模式控制器提供在宽负载电流电平范围上的高效率。
一种典型的双模式变换器10表示在图1b中。变换器10带有一个PWM控制器12和一个磁滞控制器14。控制器的输出驱动上部和下部金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管式功率晶体管16、18。金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管在一个切换节点20处连接在一起。切换节点20连接到一个电感器22上，后者连接到包括一个输出电容器23和一个由电阻器24代表的负载的并联网络上。一个检测电阻器26与电感器22串联连接。跨过检测电阻器的电压联接到控制器10上以提供关于负载电流的数据。在控制器中的一个比较器13从检测电阻器26接收电压信号，把它与指示临界电流的一个基准值相比较，及操作一个开关以便当检测电流下降到输入到比较器的基准阈值以下时把控制器在PWM调制器12与磁滞控制器14之间切换。
在高输出电流电平下，带有一个同步整流器的PWM控制器提供有效和可控制的输出调节。当负载电流变小时，在固定频率PWM模式中操作的直流-直流变换器的效率变低，因为PWM切换损失成为主要的。一个简单的磁滞(波纹)控制器提高用于轻负载的变换器效率。集成电路检测负载电流，并且当负载电流下降到一个最小阈值以下时，它调用磁滞(波纹)控制器并且使PWM控制器无效。当负载电流增大到最小阈值以上时，PWM控制器恢复控制。以这种方式，在宽负载电流范围上保持高效率。
用于阈值电流的最佳过渡点通常位于电感器电流成为“临界的”的一个负载电流值处。临界电流是一个对其存储在电感器22中的总能量每个循环输送到负载的负载电流值。在临界值以下的负载电流处，电感器电流必定在循环中的某一点处经过零和反向。当电感器电流改变方向时，由于同步整流器、下部场效应晶体管18的双向导电性，从输出滤波器电容器23获取能量。为了保持在调节中的输出，在下个操作循环把较多能量输送到滤波器电容器23。如果不把控制器切换到磁滞控制器14，变换器效率就显著降低。浪费功率和能量。在移动系统中，这取决于电池功率，同样减小系统的整个寿命。
为了防止操作在亚临界电流下的能量损失，对下部金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管18有二极管状传导的要求。这保证间断的电感器电流操作。因为小信号环路断开，在固定PWM模式控制下在间断传导模式中操作变换器10将产生其自身的问题，封闭环路增益增大，并且变换器容易成为不稳定的。这导致这样的结论，在亚临界电流下为了安全、稳定及高效操作磁滞模式是希望的。
为了选择PWM或磁滞操作模式，控制器10检测负载电流或在电路中与负载电流成比例的任何电流，并且把检测的负载电流与一个基准相比较。如果负载电流高于基准，则致动PWM操作模式。否则，变换器10在磁滞模式中操作。这种广泛使用的方法取决于当前检测电路的容差。由于用于现代计算机用途的直流-直流变换的输出电压变得越来越低，而输出电流变得越来越大，并且在短时间段上大范围变化，所以精确和高效地测量电流变得非常困难。这导致增大的切换点不确定性，并因此导致整个变换器的不可预测操作。
发明内容
本发明包括一种直流-直流变换器电路，该电路包括：一个脉冲宽度调制器控制器和一个磁滞控制器，每个控制器用来在一系列重复切换循环期间把一个第一电压变换成一个第二电压；一个模式选择电路，用来按照联接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个控制器之一；一个比较器，用来把第二电压与一个基准电压相比较，并且在每个切换循环末端处产生代表第二电压的一个极性信号；及一个或多个计数器联接到比较器和模式选择开关上，用来记录在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性，用来在每个循环末端处的第二电压极性与最后n数量个切换循环相同就把模式选择开关保持在其当前模式中，及用来操作模式选择开关以便当在循环末端处的第二电压极性从前一个循环变化并且极性变化持续n数量个切换循环时选择另一个控制器。
本发明还包括一种直流-直流变换器，该直流-直流变换器包括用来在一系列重复切换循环期间脉冲宽度调制或波纹调制一个第一电压以把第一电压变换成一个第二电压的装置、用来按照联接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个调制装置之一的装置、用来检测在切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性的装置、及当第二电压的极性在切换循环末端处变化时用来从一个调制装置切换到另一个调制装置的装置。
本发明也包括一种用来把一种直流电压变换成另一种直流电压的方法，该方法包括脉冲宽度调制器模式和一种磁滞调制器模式，用来在一系列重复切换循环期间产生一个第二电压，按照联接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个模式之一，检测在切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性，只要在每个循环末端处的第二电压极性与最后n数量个切换循环相同就保持当前模式，及当在循环末端处的第二电压极性从前一个循环变化并且极性变化持续n数量个切换循环时选择另一种模式。
便利的是直流-直流变换器电路和用于直流-直流变换的方法。电路包括一个脉冲宽度调制器控制器和一个磁滞控制器。两个控制器在一系列重复切换循环期间把一个输入第一电压变换成一个输出第二电压。电路带有一个用来按照经一个电感器联接到第二电压上的负载的电流需要选择两个控制器之一的模式选择电路。模式选择开关带有一个用来把第二电压与一个基准电压(地)相比较以便检测在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压极性的比较器。在切换循环末端处的输出电压极性是电感器状态的一种度量。如果电感器在连续操作中，并且负载电流在临界电流以上，那么开关节点的极性是正的。如果电感器在间断操作中，那么开关节点的极性是负的。
方便的是，一个或多个计数器联接到比较器上，并且联接到模式选择开关上。计数器记录在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性，并且在给定数量个循环期间保持该数据。如果开关节点的极性不改变，那么控制器保持在已经操作在其中的任一种模式(PWM或磁滞)中。通过使用计数器，本发明避免对于极性单个变化的过早切换。这样的变化由于与持久的负载条件不相关的伪原因可能发生。像这样，只要在每个循环末端处的第二电压的极性不变，计数器把模式选择开关保持在其当前模式中。然而，当极性变化，并且变化持续多于n数量个切换循环时，那么计数器操作模式选择开关以把操作模式切换到其它模式。如果变换器在PWM模式中操作，那么它切换到磁滞模式，反之亦然。
直流-直流变换器电路操作以便当在n数量个切换循环期间的第二电压极性为正时把模式选择开关切换到磁滞模式控制器，而当在n数量个切换循环期间的第二电压的极性为负时把模式选择开关切换到脉冲宽度调制器控制器。有用来计数正和负循环的独立计数器。对于两个计数器数量n可以相同或不同。
附图说明
现在参照附图举例描述本发明，在附图中：
图1a是一种单模式直流-直流变换器的示意图。
图1b是一种双模式直流-直流变换器的示意图。
图2a-2c是在连续传导期间变换器性能的曲线。
图2d-2f是在间断传导期间变换器性能的曲线。
图3a-3d是在PWM和磁滞操作期间本发明操作的曲线。
图4是一种模式控制直流-直流控制器的示意图。
图5是一种模式控制直流-直流控制器的详细示意图。
具体实施方式
控制直流-直流变换器的操作模式的一种方法和电路基于对变换器的切换节点的电压波形差值的探测。在开关循环末端处开关节点电压的极性取决于滤波器电感器电流是连续的(因此在临界电流以上)还是间断的(并且在临界电流以下)。图2a-2c表示其中有连续电感器电流的状态。以在切换节点上的负电压结束切换循环。图2d-2f表示其中电感器电流是间断的并且在切换循环末端处的电压是正电压的状态。在一个简单反向(buck)变换器中，只有一个二极管用于低侧电流传导，在循环末端处的切换节点电压将振荡到一个比调节器的输出电压大的较大电压。在一个同步整流反向变换器中，电流反向强迫切换节点到由同步开关的电阻确定的较小正电压。
翻到图4，本发明的双模式变换器100带有一个监视在上部与下部金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管16、18之间的切换节点20处的电压极性的模式控制开关50。在多个其他位置处能监视输出电压的极性。例如，熟悉本专业的技术人员能把一个较小(几毫欧)的电阻器串联插入在下部金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管18与地之间。图3的顶部表示在PWM模式和以后的磁滞模式期间的直流输出电压。当变换器在PWM模式中操作，并且负载电流减小时，电感器电流IIND逐渐下降，并且极性信号(相位比较器)具有较宽脉冲。在模式控制开关50中的计数器计数新极性脉冲的数量，并且在一行中的n个脉冲(在这种情况下n＝8)之后，模式从PWM切换到磁滞。当电感器电流IIND增大并且极性再次移动时，形成从磁滞到PWM的对应切换。计数器的实施例和逻辑电路表示在图5中。
本发明使用n数量个切换循环的有限存储间隔。如果在n数量个切换循环每一个末端处的切换节点电压的符号保持不变，其符号用来确定以后的操作模式。在切换节点上的正电压与磁滞操作模式相对应；负电压与脉冲宽度调制模式相对应。如果在这些n数量个切换循环期间，切换节点的符号至少改变一次，则计数器复位，并且变换器的操作模式保持不变。监视过程在变换器正在操作的同时不断地重复其本身。
图5表示带有用来把在电感器中的连续电流与间断电流区分开的计数器和级性传感器的模式控制开关的可能实施例的详细示意图。模式控制开关50包括一个把切换节点与地相比较的比较器52。比较器52的输出由PWM信号计时到D型触发器的输入上。两个计数器56、57计数到八个循环，一个计数正切换模式电压，而另一个计数负的。当计时切换节点极性(54的Q输出)变化时，复位计数器56、57。在最佳实施例中，每个计数器使用一个八计数以调用适当的操作模式。然而，计数的数量是任意的。模式控制开关50也提供一个超越磁滞至PWM延迟或计数器的装置，以便允许对于负载电流瞬态的快速响应。在模式控制开关50中的这种装置的实施例使用一个用来监视输出反馈电压和当反馈电压低于一个被设置成大于期望的正常波纹电压量的基准时使得离开磁滞模式立即复位MODE锁存器的比较器58。换句话时，从磁滞到PWM模式的八个循环的延迟经这种装置能完全消除。一个PWM复位比较器58把在负载VFB上的输出电压与一个基准电压相比较。如果VFB大于基准，则把模式控制开关50立即切换到PWM模式。设置基准以探测较高输出电压。如果触发电压是假的，模式控制开关50在n数量个切换循环之后复位到磁滞模式。
在操作中，本发明提供一种根据监视在金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管16、18的切换节点20和滤波器电感器上的波形而控制直流-直流变换器10的操作的方法。模式开关根据监视在金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管16、18的切换节点20和滤波器电感器22上的电压极性而控制直流-直流变换器10的操作模式。探测在切换循环末端处在切换节点20上的电压，并且把指示该电压的符号的信号保存一个有限时间间隔，它比一个切换循环长并且通过实际考虑确定。如果在这个时间间隔期间，在切换循环末端处在切换节点处都有相同电压符号的几个切换循环，则进行操作模式与在切换节点上的电压的存储符号相对应的决定。正电压与磁滞操作模式相对应。负符号与PWM操作模式相对应。如果在测量时间间隔期间，切换节点的符号至少变化一次，则变换器的操作模式保持不变。监视过程在变换器正在操作的同时不断地重复其本身。
直流-直流变换器带有一个脉冲宽度调制器PWM和一个磁滞(波纹)调制器。对于小电流负载，选择磁滞调制器；对于大电流负载，选择PWM。一个模式开关检测在每个切换循环末端处切换输出电压的极性。如果极性从一个循环到下一个改变，则模式可以立即变到其它模式。计数器用来记录在每个循环末端处的极性，并且从一种模式到另一种的切换能由计数器延迟以防止根据假输出电压波动变化模式。

Claims (9)

1.一种直流-直流变换器电路，包括：一个脉冲宽度调制器控制器和一个磁滞模式控制器，每个控制器用来在一系列重复切换循环期间把一个第一电压变换成一个第二电压；一个模式选择开关，用来按照连接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个控制器之一；一个比较器，用来把第二电压与一个基准电压相比较，并且在每个切换循环末端处产生代表第二电压的一个极性信号；及一个或多个计数器，连接到比较器和模式选择开关上，用来记录每个切换循环末端处第二电压的极性，且只要在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性与最后大于1个切换循环相同，用来将模式选择开关保持在其当前模式中，以及当切换循环末端处的第二电压极性从前一个切换循环变化并且变化后的极性持续大于1个切换循环时，用来操作模式选择开关以便选择另一个控制器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的直流-直流变换器电路，其中当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压的极性为正时，计数器操作以把模式选择开关切换到磁滞模式控制器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的直流-直流变换器电路，其中当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压的极性为负时，计数器操作以把模式选择开关切换到脉冲宽度调制器控制器。
4.一种直流-直流变换器，包括用来在一系列重复切换循环期间脉冲宽度调制或波纹调制一个第一电压以把第一电压变换成一个第二电压的装置、用来按照联接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个调制装置之一的装置、用来检测在切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性的装置、及当第二电压的极性在切换循环末端处变化时用来从一个调制装置切换到另一个调制装置的装置。
5.根据权利要求4所述的变换器，其中用来检测第二电压极性的装置包括把第二电压与一个极性基准电压相比较的装置、用来产生代表在每个切换循环末端处的所检测的第二电压的极性信号的装置、用来在大于1个切换循环期间记录在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压极性的装置、只要在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性与最后大于1个切换循环相同，就保持当前调制装置的装置、及当在循环末端处的第二电压极性从前一个切换循环变化并且变化后的极性持续大于1个切换循环时用来选择另一个调制装置的装置。
6.根据权利要求4所述的变换器，其中用来选择的装置当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压极性为正时选择波纹调制装置，其中用来选择的装置当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压极性为负时选择脉冲宽度调制装置。
7.一种用来把一种直流电压变换成另一种直流电压的方法，该方法包括脉冲宽度调制器模式和一种磁滞调制器模式，用来在一系列重复切换循环期间产生一个第二电压，按照联接到第二电压上的负载的电流要求选择两个模式之一，检测在切换循环末端处的第二电压的极性，只要在每个切换循环末端处的第二电压极性与最后大于1个切换循环相同就保持当前模式，及当在切换循环末端处的第二电压极性从前一个切换循环变化并且极性变化持续大于1个切换循环时选择另一种模式。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中检测第二电压极性的步骤包括把第二电压与一个极性基准电压相比较、产生一个代表在每个切换循环末端处的所检测的第二电压的极性信号、及当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压极性为正时选择磁滞模式。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其中当在大于1个切换循环期间的第二电压极性为负时，选择脉冲宽度调制模式。
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