CN100393360C - 包含芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素组合的组合物及其治疗子宫内膜异位症的用途 - Google Patents
包含芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素组合的组合物及其治疗子宫内膜异位症的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种使用芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合治疗子宫内膜异位症的方法。本发明还涉及含有所述组合的药物制剂。
Description
本发明涉及一种联合使用芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素治疗子宫内膜异位症的方法。本发明还涉及含有所述组合的药物制剂。
子宫内膜异位症的特征在于子宫腔外出现子宫内膜样组织,子宫内膜异位症是在绝经前的妇女中大量检查出的一种病症。据估计其影响2-10%的育龄妇女。在月经周期中这种子宫内膜样组织在荷尔蒙的环境中与正常的子宫内膜一样相应变化,以致当雌激素和黄体酮的浓度改变时,这种组织如同子宫内膜一样本身生长和脱落。子宫内膜异位症的症状包括骨盆疼痛、痛经和性交痛,虽然除了严重的子宫内膜异位症外,子宫内膜异位症与不育症的确切关系还不确定,但是常常发现它与不育症相联系。[关于子宫内膜异位症和现在的治疗策略的概述,用户可参考:Olive DL.Pritts EA.(2001)New England Journalof Medicine.345(4):266-75]。为了根除这种疾病,使用了药物方法和手术方法,以及这两种方法的结合,然而在很多情况下治疗是没有疗效的,相关症状再次出现了。
雌激素是最明确的促细胞分裂剂,其促进导致骨盆疼痛增加的子宫外组织的生长和炎症。已经成功地用于治疗子宫内膜异位的治疗有抑制绝经前的妇女雌激素主要来源,即卵巢的生产,或者产生所谓的假绝经期。在早先的治疗中,促性腺激素释放因子激动剂的类似物(GnRH类似物)抑制脑垂体产生LH(促黄体生成激素)并且抑制FSH(促卵泡激素)到较低的水平,这样就抑制了卵巢产生雌甾二醇。降低循环的雌甾二醇的浓度到绝经后的范围改善了骨盆疼痛和压迫的症状并产生子宫内膜植入物的退化。炔羟雄烯异唑和孕激素类药剂也用于治疗这种疾病。用GnRH类似物治疗虽然是有效的,但由于潜在的对骨无机盐的密度的影响,这种治疗的期限是6个月。由于用炔羟雄烯异唑治疗有促成雄性性状的副作用,这种治疗也有限制。
病人常常不能忍受和/或适用现用的医学方法。另外,存在很高的复发率。
例如,在完成6个月LupronTM-depot(其含有GnRH激动剂亮丙瑞林)的过程之后18个月,只有52%的病人疼痛明显缓减。在其余的病人中,疼痛的复发率大约是每年5-20%(累积的平均比率5年达到53%)。重型子宫内膜异位症的复发率5年高达75%[参见Rice VM(2002)Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 955:343-352]。在治疗骨盆疼痛的妇女中,停止治疗以后症状通常相当快地反复。然而在药物治疗以后的一段时间,症状的强度减轻了。用GnRH激动剂治疗后复发率与用炔羟雄烯异唑治疗之后的相似,这两种方法与手术切除得到的复发率相似。
最近的工作已经证明除了卵巢,其它的雌激素来源有助于子宫内膜异位症的发展和连续的出现。特别是高水平的局部芳化酶活性和以子宫内膜异位的组织本身内雌激素的产生显示对维持子宫内膜异位和子宫内膜异位病理生理学是中心问题。因此,已经提出芳化酶抑制剂用于治疗子宫内膜异位[Bulun et al(2000)Human ReproductionUpdate 6(5),413-418;Bulun et al(2000)Trends inEndocrinology and Medicine 11(1),22-27]。
连续给与GnRH类似物,通过抑制脑垂体产生促性腺激素,使得循环的雌甾二醇的浓度降低到绝经后的范围。然而对于绝经前的妇女,由于反馈机理,下丘脑-垂体中轴,不会如期望芳化酶抑制剂能降低血清雌甾二醇浓度,结果是当循环的雌甾二醇浓度降低时,脑垂体产生更多的促性腺激素,它反过来刺激卵巢产生雌激素。已经假定了促性腺激素、促卵泡激素(FSH)浓度增加能导致在卵巢中形成囊肿。伴随芳化酶抑制剂使用孕激素药剂应该可以减少垂体促性腺激素的涌入。伴随施用孕激素的另一个好处是由于占主导地位的孕激素的作用,它预计能直接引起位置正常的子宫内膜变薄。
虽然雌激素对子宫内膜异位具有病理性的作用,但它还具有对许多组织,例如骨的保护作用。因此,用降低雌激素的治疗方法治疗子宫内膜异位症的副作用除了抑制雌激素的治疗效果外,还抑制雌激素的保护作用。例如用GnRH类似物治疗子宫内膜异位症导致雌激素处在去势水平,这产生的副作用包括暂时的阴道出血、潮热、阴道干燥、性欲减少、乳房触痛、失眠、忧郁、烦躁和疲劳、头痛、骨质疏松症和皮肤弹性减小。
因此,需要抑制雌激素驱动的子宫内膜异位症状,同时副作用最小的策略。芳化酶抑制剂与孕激素的组合应该对于骨损失有一些优势。然而,再向这种组合中加入雌激素比单独加入孕酮不仅会更有效地防止骨损失,而且还预计会制止使用孕激素一般看到的破裂出血。然而,在绝经前的妇女中对患有子宫内膜异位症的病人补充雌激素与使雌激素部分减少的使用芳化酶抑制剂的治疗方法相结合预计会使病情加重或者减少用芳化酶抑制剂治疗的效果。实际上,使用子宫内膜异位模型在野生型小鼠和破坏芳化酶的小鼠中研究,Fang等人发现在芳化酶抑制剂来曲唑中加入雌激素导致子宫内膜异位的病变尺寸增加,因此加重了子宫内膜异位症[Fang et al(2002)Journal ofClinical Endocrinology&Metabolism87(7),3460-3466]。我们已经研究了芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合,我们惊奇地发现与预期的相反,向芳化酶抑制剂和孕激素的组合中加入雌激素有效减轻了患有严重的子宫内膜异位症的妇女的症状。而且,这种联合治疗很好忍受,只有轻度的潮热、点样破裂,并且在初始期间和后处理之间臀部和脊柱的骨密度测定值没有显著的变化。
因此,根据本发明的第一个方面是提供一种治疗子宫内膜异位症的方法,包括用芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合给药。
根据本发明的再一个方面是提供芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合在制备用于治疗子宫内膜异位症的药物中的用途。
根据本发明的再一个方面是提供一种用于治疗子宫内膜异位症的药物组合物,该组合物含有芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合,其与药学上可接受的稀释剂或载体混合。
为了免除对这种药物组合物的怀疑,将组分按照下面的叙述进行配制:
(i)将芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素混合在一起成为一个配方;
(ii)将两个组分混合在一起成为一个配方,一个组分单独配制,同时给药或按顺序给药;或
(iii)单独配制每个,同时给药或按顺序给药。
在本说明书中,芳化酶抑制剂被定义为通过抑制芳化酶而阻止雌激素的代谢前体形成雌激素的化合物。芳化酶抑制剂的实例包括:
(i)睾内酯(17α-氧杂-D-homoandrost-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮),描述在“Journal of Clinical Endocrinology andMetabolism,”49,672(1979)中;
(ii)化合物去氢甲基睾丸-4,6-二烯-3,17-二酮、去氢甲基睾丸-4,6-二烯-17β-醇-3-酮乙酸酯、去氢甲基睾丸-1,4,6-三烯-3,17-二酮、19-炔基化甾体,描述在德国专利申请DE 3124780中,
(iv)10-(1,2-丙二烯基)甾体,描述在德国专利申请DE 3124719中,
(v)19-硫代雄甾烷衍生物,描述在欧洲专利申请中,公开号,EP100566,
(vi)4-雄烯-4-醇-3,17-二酮及其酯,描述在“Endocrinology”1977,Vol.100,No.6,1684页和美国专利4,235,893中,
(vii)1-甲基-15α-烷基-去氢甲基睾丸-1,4-二烯-3,17-二酮,描述在德国专利申请DE 3539244中,
(viii)10β-炔基-4,9(11)-雌二烯衍生物,描述在德国专利申请DE 3644358中,和
(ix)1,2β-亚甲基-6-亚甲基-4-雄甾烯-3,17-二酮,描述自欧洲专利申请EP 250262。
芳化酶抑制剂更优选阿纳托唑。阿纳托唑可以按剂量给药和/或按计划输送0.1-10mg/天,优选0.5-5mg/天,最优选阿纳托唑给药1mg/天。
在本说明书中,孕激素被定义为模仿黄体酮的部分作用或者全部作用的天然的或合成的促孕物质。孕激素的实例包括19-去甲睾酮的衍生物,例如雌烷和甾烷,和17α-乙酰氧孕酮(孕烷)的衍生物。雌烷的实例包括:炔诺酮及其乙酸酯,和双醋酸炔诺酮。甾烷的实例包括甲基炔诺酮和左旋甲炔诺酮和左旋甲炔诺酮的较少促成雄性性状的衍生物,例如去氧孕酮、肟炔诺酯和甲地妊娠素。孕激素的进一步的实例包括甲基炔诺酮、左旋甲炔诺酮、炔诺酮、醋酸炔诺酮、去氧孕酮、肟炔诺酯和双醋酸炔诺酮。优选的孕激素是左旋甲炔诺酮。左旋甲炔诺酮可以按剂量给药和/或按计划输送0.05-0.15mg/天,优选0.1mg/天。
在本说明书中雌激素被定义为对雌激素受体有激动剂活性的化合物。规定为部分激动剂和完全激动剂,然而优选完全激动剂。部分激动剂的实例是三苯氧胺。完全激动剂的实例包括雌激素、雌二醇、甲氢龙和乙炔基雌二醇。完全激动剂进一步的实例包括雌激素、雌二醇、甲氢龙和乙炔基雌二醇。优选的雌激素包括乙炔基雌二醇和甲氢龙。更优选的雌激素是乙炔基雌二醇。乙炔基雌二醇可以以一次剂量给药和/或按计划输送0.01-0.06mg/天,优选0.02mg/天。
本发明的组合的孕激素和雌激素组分可以方便地通过包含雌激素和孕激素的组合生育控制丸药来提供。这种生育控制丸药的实例包括包含下述成分的药片:
(i)乙炔基雌二醇和炔诺酮;
(ii)乙炔基雌二醇和肟炔诺酯;
(iii)乙炔基雌二醇和去氧孕酮;
(iv)乙炔基雌二醇和左旋甲炔诺酮;
(v)乙炔基雌二醇和甲地妊娠素;
(vi)乙炔基雌二醇和甲基炔诺酮;和
(vii)甲氢龙和炔诺酮。
优选的组合避孕丸药包含乙炔基雌二醇和左旋甲炔诺酮。
在本发明的一个方面,连续给药至少6个月。然而,还可考虑治疗1-2年。还可考虑治疗2年以上。
最优选对绝经前的妇女进行治疗,然而还可考虑对绝经后的妇女进行治疗,对于这些妇女考虑过使用雌激素替代治疗,然而现在认为这对于子宫内膜异位是禁忌的。
本发明的组合的另一个方面是计划针对结合手术切除和/或在前或在后的一个或多个激素治疗过程仍难以治疗的病人。激素治疗的实例包括用GnRH类似物治疗。
术语“手术切除”是指手术除去子宫内膜异位的植入物和/或减少子宫内膜异位的伤痕引起的粘连。这种切除可以包括用例如激光进行的切除。
为了实施本发明,以一个制剂或以多个制剂的形式提供本发明的组合,制剂包含组合的一个或多个组分。组合的成份可以同时给药或每个组分在不同的时间给药。优选同时给药。本组合可以以各种制剂的形式提供,例如肠胃外提供(如水悬浮液或油悬浮液)或口服提供(如药片、粉末、胶囊、颗粒、水悬浮液或油悬浮液)。本组合优选以可口服提供的制剂的形式提供,每日给药。然而,缓释剂型或储存或透过皮肤起作用的制剂也可以用于本组合的给药。
因此,根据本发明的再一个特征是提供一种药物制剂,它包含芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素,药物制剂优选治疗子宫内膜异位。
为了制备本发明的药物制剂,可以将惰性的药学上可接受的载体加入组合物的组分中,组合物可以是固体或者液体的。固态制剂包括粉末、药片、可分散的颗粒、胶囊和扁囊剂。
固体载体可以是一种或多种物质,其同时可以作为稀释剂、香味剂、增溶剂、润滑剂、悬浮剂、粘合剂或药片崩解剂;它还可以是形成胶囊的材料。
在粉末中,载体是细分散的固体,其与细分散的活性组分混合。在药片中,活性组分与适当比例的具有必要的粘合性质的载体混合,并且压紧成要求的形状和大小。
合适的载体包括碳酸镁、硬脂酸镁、滑石、乳糖、蔗糖、果胶、糊精、淀粉、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、低熔点的蜡、可可脂等等。
术语制剂包括活性组分与作为载体提供胶囊的的形成胶囊的材料的混合物,其中活性组分(有或者没有其它的载体)被载体包裹,这样载体与活性组分结合。同样地包括扁囊剂。药片、粉末、扁囊剂和胶囊可以用作适合口服的固体剂型。
液态组合物包括溶液、悬浮液和乳状液。活性物质的无菌水或水-丙二醇溶液可以是适合肠胃外给药的液体药剂实例。液体组合物还可以在含水的聚乙二醇溶液的溶液中配制。口服水溶液是通过活性组分在水中溶解,依照要求加入合适的着色剂、香味剂、稳定剂和增稠剂制备的。用于口服使用的水悬浮液是通过在水中分散磨碎的活性组分和粘性材料,例如天然的合成的胶质、树脂、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠盐和其它的药物制剂领域已知的悬浮剂制备的。
药物制剂可以是单位剂型。以这种形式,将组合物分成含适量活性组分的单位剂量。单位剂型可以是包装制剂,包装包含分离的大量制剂,例如包裹的药片、胶囊和小瓶或安瓿中的粉末。单位剂型还可以是胶囊剂、扁囊剂或药片本身,或者可以是合适数目的这些包装形式。
现在参考下列非限制性的实施例说明本发明。
设计临床试验来评价联合使用芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素治疗子宫内膜异位的疗效。试验中的18位病人患有严重的与子宫内膜异位相关的骨盆疼痛,他们以前对手术切除和一个或多个激素治疗过程的结合没有响应。病人的年龄范围在23-46,病人全部具有正常的卵巢功能。这些病人用口服的芳化酶抑制剂阿纳托唑[ArilnidexTM]1mg/天结合含雌激素的避孕丸药Alesse 21TM每天一片[Alesse 21TM包含孕激素左旋甲炔诺酮(0.1mg)和雌激素乙炔基雌二醇(0.02mg)]。评价病人的疼痛严重程度和副作用的严重程度。在这18位病人中,9位病人完成了本研究。
疼痛
自我评价直观模拟疼痛得分体系(VAS),使用0(没有疼痛)到10(最大疼痛)几个不同的严重程度,每天登记严重程度。全部病人初始期间疼痛记分在7-10之间。表1和2显示了本试验中测定的疼痛结果。表1显示完成本次研究的9位病人的数据,表2显示本次研究的全部病人的数据,标明了病人每个时间点的数字结果表明在每个时间点病人的疼痛明显减少,直到最后的6月的时间点疼痛缓减在增加。
表1:完成本研究的9位病人的月平均疼痛值
通过ANOV A确定统计显著性,后面是Newman-Keuls多重比较测试
月平均疼痛值 | 与治疗前的统计显著性 | 与第一个月的统计显著性 | |
治疗前 | 8.6 | ||
第一个月 | 6.1 | P<0.01 | |
第二个月 | 5.3 | P<0.001 | P<0.05 |
第六个月 | 4.6 | P<0.0005 |
表2:试验中全部病人的月平均疼痛值
平均疼痛值<sup>1</sup> | 病人的数量 | |
治疗前 | 8.3 | 15 |
第一个月 | 5.8 | 14 |
第二个月 | 5.2 | 14 |
第六个月 | 4.6 | 9 |
1所有结果互相之间显示了统计显著性。
副作用
在排定的办公出诊中获得副作用情况,并记录在病人的图表中。监测的潜在的副作用包括缺乏可容忍性(即缺乏血雌激素过少的症状,例如与GnRH治疗有关系的症状,例如暂时的阴道出血、潮热、阴道干燥、性欲减少、乳房触痛、失眠、忧郁、烦躁和疲劳、头痛、骨质疏松症、点样破裂和皮肤弹性减小)和安全问题(即没有涌入导致卵巢刺激和孢囊形成和保守的骨密度测定值的促性腺激素)。
最常常观察到的副作用是轻度的潮热和点样破裂,虽然一些病人出现了点样破裂,但是几乎仅仅是由于偶然中断含雌激素避孕丸药的结果。
在初始期间和后处理之间臀部和脊柱的DEXA骨密度测定值没有显著的变化。
每月测定FSH、LH、雌甾二醇和雌甾酮显示与初始期间没有明显的改变。因此观察到没有促性腺激素涌入。
因此,芳化酶抑制剂、雌激素和孕激素的组合产生有效地治疗了子宫内膜异位的症状,同时具有相对良性的副作用轮廓的结果。
Claims (11)
1.芳化酶抑制剂、孕激素和雌激素的组合在制备用于治疗子宫内膜异位症的药物中的用途。
3.根据权利要求2的用途,其中芳化酶抑制剂是阿纳托唑。
4.根据前述任一权利要求的用途,其中孕激素选自甲基炔诺酮、左旋甲炔诺酮、炔诺酮、醋酸炔诺酮、去氧孕酮、肟炔诺酯和双醋酸炔诺酮。
5.根据权利要求4的用途,其中孕激素是左旋甲炔诺酮。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中雌激素选自乙炔基雌二醇和甲氢龙。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其中雌激素是乙炔基雌二醇。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的用途,其中孕激素选自甲基炔诺酮、左旋甲炔诺酮、炔诺酮、醋酸炔诺酮、去氧孕酮、肟炔诺酯和双醋酸炔诺酮,以及雌激素选自乙炔基雌二醇和甲氢龙。
9.根据权利要求8的用途,其中孕激素是左旋甲炔诺酮。
10.根据权利要求8的用途,其中雌激素是乙炔基雌二醇。
11.根据权利要求8的用途,其中雌激素是乙炔基雌二醇以及孕激素是左旋甲炔诺酮。
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