CN100376324C - 新颖的镍、钯和铂-碳烯配合物及其制备和在催化反应中的应用 - Google Patents
新颖的镍、钯和铂-碳烯配合物及其制备和在催化反应中的应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100376324C CN100376324C CNB038207389A CN03820738A CN100376324C CN 100376324 C CN100376324 C CN 100376324C CN B038207389 A CNB038207389 A CN B038207389A CN 03820738 A CN03820738 A CN 03820738A CN 100376324 C CN100376324 C CN 100376324C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- carbene
- group
- phenyl
- metal complex
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 title description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000007172 homogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- -1 1-adamantyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 23
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 14
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006254 arylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- MYKLQMNSFPAPLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)C(C)=CC1=O MYKLQMNSFPAPLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VTWDKFNVVLAELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)C=CC1=O VTWDKFNVVLAELH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006459 hydrosilylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930192627 Naphthoquinone Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005576 amination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004054 benzoquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940005561 1,4-benzoquinone Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- RPNQVCXMPGHQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1N1C=NCC1 RPNQVCXMPGHQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FITAWVIAAQLVJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-cyclohexyl-4,5-dihydroimidazole Chemical compound C1=NCCN1C1CCCCC1 FITAWVIAAQLVJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006880 cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001261 hydroxy acids Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoethylene Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C(C#N)C#N NLDYACGHTUPAQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007832 transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 claims 10
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 39
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 19
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001502 aryl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012954 diazonium Substances 0.000 description 5
- RRKODOZNUZCUBN-CCAGOZQPSA-N (1z,3z)-cycloocta-1,3-diene Chemical compound C1CC\C=C/C=C\C1 RRKODOZNUZCUBN-CCAGOZQPSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007341 Heck reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006069 Suzuki reaction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- JCYWCSGERIELPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N imes Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1N1C=CN(C=2C(=CC(C)=CC=2C)C)[C]1 JCYWCSGERIELPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006443 Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006619 Stille reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N norbornadiene Chemical compound C1=CC2C=CC1C2 SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IOHPVZBSOKLVMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-phenylethyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1CCC1=CC=CC=C1 IOHPVZBSOKLVMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWQUYBAASOSGNO-CDNKMLFNSA-N 2-[[(Z)-N-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfoanilino)-C-phenylcarbonimidoyl]diazenyl]benzoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C(C=C1)/C(=N/NC2=C(C=CC(=C2)S(=O)(=O)O)O)/N=NC3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)O OWQUYBAASOSGNO-CDNKMLFNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoxyprop-1-ene Chemical compound C=CCOCC=C ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005577 Kumada cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)C KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006411 Negishi coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Natural products P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003477 Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005073 adamantyl group Chemical group C12(CC3CC(CC(C1)C3)C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005428 anthryl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 1
- 150000007516 brønsted-lowry acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007528 brønsted-lowry bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazinon Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC(C)=NC(C(C)C)=N1 FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002632 imidazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003261 o-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002940 palladium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZOUWOGOTHLRRLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;phosphane Chemical compound P.[Pd] ZOUWOGOTHLRRLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005936 piperidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HRGDZIGMBDGFTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+) Chemical compound [Pt+2] HRGDZIGMBDGFTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003072 pyrazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylphosphine Chemical compound CCCCP(CCCC)CCCC TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043798 zincon Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2282—Unsaturated compounds used as ligands
- B01J31/2291—Olefins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2265—Carbenes or carbynes, i.e.(image)
-
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
本发明涉及包含缺电子烯烃配体的镍、钯或铂的新颖单碳烯配合物,涉及它们的制备和涉及它们在有机反应均相催化中的用途。
Description
本发明涉及新颖的镍、钯和铂-碳烯配合物,和涉及它们的制备和在催化反应中的用途。
超过80%的工业生产化学品由催化工艺制备。催化工艺一般比相应的化学计量有机反应更经济和更为环境友好。除酸和碱以外使用的均相催化剂特别是贵金属的配合物。也发现镍、钯和铂配合物作为许多工业工艺中和实验室规模有机合成中的均相催化剂的用途。重要的例子是采用芳基-X化合物(X=卤素、OTf、N2 +、OMs、C(O)Cl等)。溴代和氯化芳族化合物特别地是化学工业的多用中间体,例如作为农业化学中间体、药物、染料、材料等的制备的前体。此外,镍和钯催化剂是对于卤代芳族化合物或卤乙烯官能化到如下物质的经常采用的催化剂:芳族烯烃或二烯烃(Heck反应,Stille反应)、联芳化合物(Suzuki反应,Stille反应,Kumada反应,Negishi反应)、炔烃(Sonogashira反应)、羧酸衍生物(Heck羰基化)、胺(Buchwald-Hartwig反应)。
对于芳基-X化合物的烯化、炔基化、羰基化、芳基化、胺化和相似反应所描述的催化剂体系通常仅采用不经济的起始材料如碘代芳族化合物和活化的溴代芳族化合物,才具有令人满意的催化转换数(TON)。相反,在失活的溴代芳族化合物的情况下和特别地在氯代芳族化合物的情况下,一般必须加入大量的催化剂以达到工业有用的收率(>90%)。由于反应混合物的复杂性,另外简单催化剂循环不是可能的,使得甚至催化剂的循环也引起高成本,该高成本一般是工业实施的障碍。此外,特别地在制备活性成分或活性成分前体的情况下,由于在此情况下存在催化剂残余物保留在产物中的危险,不希望采用大量催化剂来操作。相对新的催化剂体系是基于环钯化膦(W.A.Herrmann,C.Broβmer,K.Ofele,C.-P.Reisinger,T.Priermeier,M.Beller,H.Fischer,Angew.Chem.1995,107,1989;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.1995,34,1844)或空间要求高的芳基膦(J.P.Wolfe,S.L.Buchwald,Angew.Chem.1999,111,2570;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.1999,38,2413)或三叔丁基膦(A.F.Littke,G.C.Fu,Angew.Chem.1998,110,3586;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.1998,37,3387)与钯盐或钯配合物的混合物。
然而,甚至使用这样的催化剂也不能总是采用工业上令人满意的方式通过上述反应来衍生低成本的氯代芳族化合物。上述反应的催化剂生产率(表达为TON)通常小于10000,和转换频率(TOF)小于1000h-1。因此,为达到高收率,必须使用相对高数量的昂贵催化剂。因此尽管近年来催化剂进一步进展,迄今为止仅有氯代芳族化合物的芳基化、羰基化、烯化等的很少工业实施。
铂催化剂工业使用的重要例子是氢化硅烷化,例如,在有机硅烷的制备中或在硅橡胶的交联中。在这样的反应中,催化剂的生产率和反应性当然也是其工业可利用性的相当重要的因素。
在芳基-X化合物的活化和进一步利用方面中通常使用的活性钯催化剂是钯(0)配合物。对于镍催化剂而言情况相似。用于氢化硅烷化的铂催化剂是铂(IV)、铂(II)和铂(0)配合物,其中铂(0)配合物特别地具有高活性和具有广泛的用途。
本发明的目的是提供新颖的镍、钯和铂配合物,甚至在工业规模的反应中该配合物也可直接用作催化剂。由于它们的结构,本发明的配合物应当提供具有活性和生产性的催化剂体系,该催化剂体系在尽可能宽的温度和压力范围内稳定。该配合物应当也可以采用可接受水平的复杂性和支出从可利用的起始化合物制备,和在它们的操作中不出现问题,该问题可能是它们在工业工艺中使用的障碍。
根据本发明,此目的由一种通式(I)的新颖的镍、钯和铂配合物达到
L1-M-L2 (I)
其中
M是镍、钯或铂原子,
L1是含有至少一个缺电子烯属双键的配体和
L2是通式(II)或(III)的单齿碳烯配体
其中
R1和R2基团每个独立地是包括环烷基在内的烷基、芳基或杂芳基,它们每个可任选地是取代的,
和R3-R6基团每个独立地选自氢或卤素原子、-NO2、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-SO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-SO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CF3、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NH-COO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-CH=CH-CO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-CH=CHCO2H、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C8)烷基)2、任选取代的烷基、任选取代的芳基或任选取代的杂芳基或者R3-R6基团的至少两个与它们键合到其上的碳原子一起形成环。
除非另外说明,本发明上下文中的烷基含有优选1-18个,更优选1-12个和最优选1-8个碳原子,例如甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丙基、正丁基、叔丁基或己基。它可以是直链或支化的,或形成环状结构,特别是具有C3-C18,优选C5-C10的环状结构,例如环己基或金刚烷基。取代烷基带有一个或多个取代基,该取代基每个独立地优选选自-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O苯基、-苯基、卤素原子、-OH、-NO2、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-SO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-SO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CF3、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-CH=CH-CO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-CH=CHCO2H、-PO(苯基)2和-PO((C1-C8)烷基)2。
取代的烷基可优选带有至多8个,更优选1、2、3、4或5个相同或不同的取代基。
除非另外说明,本发明上下文中的芳基含有优选6-14个,更优选6-10个和最优选6个碳原子,例如苯基、萘基或蒽基。取代的芳基带有一个或多个取代基,该取代基可以优选每个独立地选自-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-苯基、-苯基、-(C6-C14)芳基、卤素原子、-OH、-NO2、-Si((C1-C8)烷基)3、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N-((C1-C8)烷基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-SO3-(C1-C4)烷基、-SO2-(C1-C6)烷基、-SO-(C1-C6)烷基、-CF3、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-COO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CH-CH-CO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-CH=CHCO2H、-P(苯基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C4)烷基)2、-PO3H2和-PO(O-(C1-C6)烷基)2。
芳基可优选带有至多8个,更优选1、2、3、4或5个相同或不同的取代基。
除非另外说明,本发明上下文中的杂芳基优选是五元、六元或七元环,该环除碳以外含有一个或多个,例如2或3个杂原子,该杂原子优选选自氮、氧和/或硫原子,例如吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、吡唑烷基、哌啶基、四氢呋喃基、四氢吡喃基或哌嗪基。取代杂芳基可含有一个或多个取代基,该取代基每个独立地选自-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-苯基、-苯基、-(C6-C14)芳基、卤素原子、-OH、-NO2、-Si((C1-C8)烷基)3、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N-((C1-C8)烷基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-SO3-(C1-C4)烷基、-SO2-(C1-C6)烷基、-SO-(C1-C6)烷基、-CF3、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-COO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CH=CH-CO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-CH=CHCO2H、-P(苯基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C4)烷基)2、-PO3H2和-PO(O-(C1-C6)烷基)2。
杂芳基可优选带有1、2、3、4或5个相同或不同的取代基。其它芳族、杂芳族或/和脂族环也可以稠合到杂芳基上。
在本发明上下文中使用的卤素原子优选是氯或氟原子。
优选的R1和R2基团是烷基,包括环烷基在内,其任选地由一个或多个选自如下的取代基取代:-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O苯基、-苯基、-Cl、-F、-OH、-CN、-COOH、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-CF3、和-COO-(C1-C8)烷基,任选地由一个或多个选自如下的取代基取代的芳基:-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-(C6-C14)芳基、-Cl、-F、-OH、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-P(苯基)2和-P((C1-C8)烷基)2和任选地由一个或多个选自如下的取代基取代的杂芳基:-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-(C6-C14)芳基、-Cl、-F、-OH、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-P(苯基)2、和-P((C1-C8)烷基)2。
特别优选的R1和R2基团是烷基,包括环烷基在内,其任选地由一个或多个苯基取代,和任选地由一个或多个烷基取代的芳基。
此外也优选R1和R2基团是空间要求高的取代基如环烷基或芳基,特别优选的芳基是例如在邻位和/或对位带有一个、两个或三个取代基的苯基。特别优选的R1和R2基团是2,4,6-三甲基苯基、2,6-二甲基苯基、1-金刚烷基、叔丁基、环己基、邻甲苯基、2,6-二异丙基-4-甲基苯基和2,6-二异丙基苯基。
优选的R3-R6基团每个独立地选自氢原子、-F、-Cl、-CN、-COOH、-SO3H、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CF3、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C8)烷基)2、任选取代的(C1-C8)烷基、任选取代的(C6-C14)芳基和任选取代的五元、六元或七元杂芳基,或者R3-R6基团的至少两个与它们键合到其上的碳原子形成4-12元,优选五元、六元或七元环。特别优选的R3-R6基团是氢原子和/或烷基,特别是甲基或乙基。例如,在通式(II)的碳烯配体的特别优选实施方案的情况下,R3和R4可以相同且是氢原子或烷基。在通式(III)的碳烯配体的特别优选实施方案的情况下,R4和R5以及R3和R6各形成相同的一对,相互独立地选自氢原子或烷基。
在R3-R6基团的情况下,烷基的特别优选的取代基选自-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-苯基、-苯基、-F、-Cl、-OH、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CF3、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-PO(苯基)2和-PO((C1-C8)烷基)2。芳基的特别优选的取代基选自-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-(C6-C10)芳基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-苯基、-苯基、-F、-Cl、-OH、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-SO3H、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-COO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CO-(C6-C10)芳基、-P(苯基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C4)烷基)2、-PO3H2和-PO(O-(C1-C6)烷基)2。杂芳基的特别优选的取代基每个独立地选自-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-(C1-C8)烷基、-OCO-(C1-C8)烷基、-O-苯基、-苯基、-F、-Cl、-OH、-CF3、-CN、-COOH、-SO3H、-NH2、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NHCOO-(C1-C4)烷基、-COO-(C6-C10)芳基、-CO-(C6-C10)芳基、-P(苯基)2、-P((C1-C8)烷基)2、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C4)烷基)2、-PO3H2和-PO(O-(C1-C6)烷基)2。
特别优选的配体L2是如下碳烯:1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(1-金刚烷基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(叔丁基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(环己基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(邻甲苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基-4-甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯和1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯,1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(1-金刚烷基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(叔丁基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(环己基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(邻甲苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基-4-甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯和1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯。
本发明配合物中的优选中心金属是处于O氧化态的金属。特别优选是钯。
含有至少一个缺电子烯属双键的配体L1是在双键上带有吸电子取代基的缺电子烯烃。一般适用于此目的的是电负性大于氢取代基的取代基。通式L1的化合物可在双键上带有这些吸电子取代基的一个、两个、三个或四个。优选的吸电子取代基是氰基或羰基,例如醛基团、酮基团(Ketyl radicals)、羧酸基团、羧酸酯基团、羧酰胺基团或N-取代的羧酰胺基团。
通式L1的化合物可含有一个或多个,优选一个或两个缺电子烯属双键。特别优选是除缺电子烯属双键以外不包含任何其他烯属双键的那些化合物。
特别优选的是正好通过一个缺电子双键配位到中心金属原子的化合物。例如,这些可以是正好含有一个双键的化合物,或例如由于空间或构象阻碍,其结构不允许多于一个双键对同一金属原子同时配位的化合物。后者的情况例如是醌,因此醌是配体L1的优选实施方案。
本发明范围内特别优选的配体L1由如下通式(IV)、(V)和(VI)说明
在通式(IV)中,R7选自-CN、-COH、-COR15、-COOH、-COOR15、-CONHR15和-CONR15R16,其中R15和R16每个独立地是氢原子、C1-C8烷基或C2-C8烯基,和R8、R9和R10每个独立地选自氢原子、C1-C8烷基、C2-C8烯基、卤素原子、羟基、-CN、-COH、-COR15、-COOH、-COOR15、-CONHR15和-CONR15R16,其中R15和R16每个如上所定义。两个合适的R7、R8、R9、R10、R15和R16基团可例如通过其中存在的官能团的缩合或一个或多个末端原子由单键或双键的替代,而与它们键合到其上的原子一起形成5-8元环,优选5或6元环,该环可以优选是芳族的或部分氢化的。
优选的R15和R16基团选自氢原子和烷基。烷基含有1-8个,优选1-6个,更优选1-4个碳原子。
在通式(V)和(VI)中,R11、R12、R13和R14每个独立地选自氢原子、C1-C8烷基、卤素原子或-CN,或在每种情况下R11-R14取代基的两个与它们键合到其上的原子一起形成5-8元环,优选5或6元环,该环可以优选是芳族的或部分氢化的。
优选的R11、R12、R13和R14基团是氢原子和烷基。烷基含有1-8个,优选1-6个,更优选1-4个碳原子。特别优选的是至少R11和R12是氢原子的情况,在该情况下R13和R14同样是氢原子或烷基,或形成6元芳族环。
特别优选的配体L1是丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯腈、苯醌、2-甲基-对苯醌、2,5-二甲基-对苯醌、2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基-对苯醌、萘醌、蒽醌、马来酸酐、马来酰亚胺、马来酸、马来酸酯、富马酸、富马酸酯、上述羧酸的金属盐或四氰基乙烯。
除通式(I)的配合物以外,本发明也提供这些配合物的二聚物,该二聚物通过配体L1的额外官能团连接。它们具有如下结构(Ia)和(Ib):
L2-M-L1-M-L2
(Ia)
其中L1、L2和M每个独立地如以上所定义,条件是选择通式(Ia)或(Ib)中的桥接L1基团,使得它含有用于Ni、Pt或Pd原子的其他配位部位,例如羰基氧或其他缺电子烯属双键。通式(Ib)的二聚物似乎优先以结晶形式形成,而通式(I)的配合物优先在溶液中发现。
本发明进一步提供通过碳烯或其前体与合适的镍、钯或铂配合物反应来制备新颖催化剂配合物的方法。合适的配合物是其配体可以容易地由碳烯替换的那些,例如烯烃配合物如Ni(环辛二烯)2、Pd2(二烯丙基醚)3、炔烃或胺配合物(PdMe2(N,N,N’,N’-四甲基乙二胺))。优选的反应物是这样的配合物,它包含(a)作为在镍、钯或铂原子上的配体的合适缺电子烯烃L1,和(b)可以容易地由碳烯替换的其他配体。在配合物合成中由碳烯替换的这样配体的例子是环辛二烯或降冰片二烯,使得使用的反应物或前体配合物是例如(环辛二烯)Pd(苯醌)或(降冰片二烯)Pd(马来酸酐)。由中心原子和具有缺电子双键的配体组成并在本发明碳烯配合物中仍然存在的反应物配合物的部分以下也被称为片段L1-M。碳烯的前体可以例如是在碱存在下的咪唑盐。
也可以从上述合适的前体和碳烯配体L2原位制备本发明的催化剂。为此目的,将两种组分加入到要催化的反应的反应混合物中。然而,由于首先在此必须形成实际具有活性的催化剂种类,即必须预形成催化剂以达到最大活性,因此这样的过程不是优选的。由于最优预形成条件和催化反应的最优反应条件通常不相同,不总是最优利用催化剂金属。因此有利的是在受控条件下制备和分离本发明的配合物,然后才使用它们作为催化剂。在此情况下,碳烯优选在降低的温度下(如在-78~+30℃,优选在-10~+28℃的温度下)与反应物配合物的溶液反应,该反应物配合物包含L1-M片段。合适溶剂的例子是THF。例如,可以通过浓缩溶液和沉淀分离形成的产物。此外可以由通常的工艺如洗涤、再结晶或再沉淀纯化它。
根据本发明,新颖的配合物用作有机反应的催化剂。这样的催化反应的典型但非限制性例子是芳基-X化合物或乙烯基-X化合物,其中X是离去基团,例如卤根、重氮盐、三氟甲磺酸根(Ttiflate)、三氟甲基磺酸根(Trifluormethanesulphonate),或者烯属化合物的烯化、芳基化、烷基化、酮芳基化、胺化、醚化、硫醇化、甲硅烷基化、羰基化、氰化、炔基化,甚至在亲核试剂的存在下进行。合适反应的其他例子是烯烃或炔烃或酮的氢化硅烷化、烯烃的羰基化、烯烃的二聚和低聚、二烯烃的调聚,与有机金属试剂(如格氏试剂、锂试剂、锌试剂、锡试剂等)的交叉偶联和其它过渡金属催化的偶合反应。发现根据本发明制备的配合物特别可用作从芳基卤或卤乙烯或其它芳基-X化合物,例如芳基重氮盐制备如下物质的催化剂:芳基化烯烃(Heck反应)、联芳化合物(Suzuki反应)、羧酸和胺。
例如在便宜但相对反应性较差的氯代芳族化合物的活化中显示出本发明配合物的高活性。
一般情况下,直接使用本发明的催化剂而不进一步添加配体。在此情况下,宜将按化学计量相应数量的L1、L2和M用于催化剂的制备。然而,也可以在催化应用中使用优选对过渡金属少量过量的配体。
一般情况下,由于它们的活性,通常采用非常低的过渡金属浓度(<2mol%)来使用本发明的催化剂。在催化应用中,优选使用1.5-0.0001mol%,特别地1-0.01mol%过渡金属的过渡金属浓度。
新颖的镍、钯和铂配合物是非常热稳定的。因此,可以在直至大于250℃的反应温度下使用本发明的催化剂。优选在-20~200℃的温度下使用催化剂;在许多情况下,发现有利的是在30-180℃,优选40-160℃的温度下工作。甚至在压力反应中也可以使用配合物而没有活性的损失,在此反应通常使用仅至多100巴的压力,但优选大气压到60巴的压力。由于该金属配合物是配位不够的物质,本发明配合物的稳定性是特别令人惊奇的。
根据本发明制备的催化剂尤其可以用于如下物质的制备:芳基烯烃、二烯烃、联芳化合物、苯甲酸衍生物、丙烯酸衍生物、芳基烷烃、炔烃、胺、醚、硫醚和甲硅烷基化合物。这样制备的化合物尤其可以用作UV吸收剂,用作药物和农业化学品的中间体,用作金属茂催化剂的配体前体,用作香料、活性成分和聚合物的单体。
实施例
本发明配合物合成的通用过程:
在50ml无水THF中悬浮1mmol含有烯烃片段的Ni、Pd或Pt配合物。合适的反应配合物的制备例如说明于M.Hiramatsu等人,J.Organomet.Chem.246(1983)203中,其中特别描述了(环辛二烯)Pd(醌)配合物的合成。在-78℃下缓慢滴加在20ml无水THF中1mmol碳烯的溶液。将混合物缓慢升温到室温和进一步搅拌2小时。将溶液在减压下浓缩到大约2ml的体积和最终与25ml无水乙醚混合。将沉淀的固体滤出,采用乙醚洗涤和干燥。以分析纯形式获得相应的碳烯-金属-烯烃配合物。
采用此方法的相应改进,制备如下配合物:
实施例1-14
(IMes)Pd(BQ)1的合成
将(BQ)Pd(COD)(323mg,1.0mmol)在THF(50ml)中于氩气气氛下悬浮和在丙酮-干冰浴中冷却到-78℃。在搅拌的同时采用注射器缓慢加入溶于THF(20ml)的1,3-二基咪唑-2-碳烯(304mg,1.0mmol)。搅拌在-78℃下持续2h。允许丙酮-干冰浴缓慢升温到室温。在室温下进一步搅拌暗棕色溶液2h。将溶液过滤(D4玻璃料)和由在减压下的蒸发浓缩到5ml。缓慢加入干燥的乙醚(20ml)作为层。将形成的暗棕色细晶体分离,采用乙醚洗涤和在减压下干燥。产量=440mg,85%。
对于C27H28N2O2Pd(518.95)计算的分析:C,62.49;H,5.44;N,5.39
测得值:C,62.75;H,5.42;N,5.30
(IMes)Pd(NQ)4的合成
将(NQ)Pd(COD)(373mg,1.0mmol)在THF(50ml)中于氩气气氛下悬浮和在丙酮-干冰浴中冷却到-78℃。在搅拌的同时采用注射器缓慢加入溶于THF(20ml)的1,3-二基咪唑-2-碳烯(304mg,1.0mmol)。立即形成淡红色溶液。将溶液在-78℃下搅拌2小时。允许丙酮-干冰浴缓慢升温到室温。在室温下进一步搅拌暗红色溶液2小时。将溶液过滤(D4玻璃料)和由在减压下的蒸发浓缩到5ml。缓慢加入干燥的乙醚(25ml)作为层。将形成的红色细晶体缓慢分离,采用乙醚洗涤和在减压下干燥。产量=480mg,84%。
对于C31H30N2O2Pd(569.01)计算的分析:C,65.44;H,5.31;N,4.92
测得值:C,65.79;H,5.48;N,4.80
芳基卤Heck反应的一般操作方法
在压力管(例如可从Aldrich获得)中,在氩气气氛下,将1mmol芳基卤、1.5mmol烯烃、1.2mmol碱、合适数量的本发明配合物(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到2g离子液体或5ml二烷中。将管子密封和在预热的硅油浴中悬浮。24小时后,让其冷却至室温。将混合物在乙醚中悬浮和由气相色谱分析上清液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例15-31
“IMes”表示1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯和“NQ”表示萘醌。
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | LM | 温度(℃) | 转化率(%) | 收率(%) |
15161718192021222324252627 | HHHHHHCN1.1.H1.2.H1.3.H1.4.H1.5.H1.6.F | HHOCH<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>MeCF<sub>3</sub>HCOCH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub>H | Bu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrBu<sub>4</sub>NBrEt<sub>4</sub>NBr二烷二烷二烷二烷 | 140160160140160140140140140140140160160 | 7183631006593100100100100956587 | 62675288628499979598895982 |
LM=溶剂
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | 转化率(%) | 收率(%) |
28293031 | CNHHH | HNO<sub>2</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub> | 10010010098 | 99989990 |
芳基重氮盐Heck反应的一般操作过程:
在氩气气氛下,将1mmol芳基重氮盐、1.5mmol烯烃、合适数量的碳烯-Pd-烯烃催化剂(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到5ml乙醇中。将混合物加热到合适的温度下1小时和随后与乙醚在室温下混合。由气相色谱分析溶液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例32-36
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | 1.7.Y | 收率(%) |
3233343536 | HHHHH | OMeOMeOMeNEt<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> | PhCO<sub>2</sub>EtCO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(Et)(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(Et)(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH(Et)(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> | 6890889996 |
芳基卤Suzuki反应的一般操作方法
在压力管(例如可从Aldrich获得)中,在氩气气氛下将1mmol芳基卤、1.5mmol芳基硼酸、1.5mmol碱、合适数量的碳烯-Pd-烯烃催化剂(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到5ml二甲苯中。将管子密封和在预热的硅油浴中悬浮。在20小时之后,允许它冷却到室温。将混合物在乙醚中悬浮,和由气相色谱分析上清液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例37-43
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | 温度(℃) | 转化率(%) | 收率(%) |
37383940414243 | CNHHHHHH | HNO<sub>2</sub>COCH<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>HCH<sub>3</sub>OCH<sub>3</sub> | 100100100100120120120 | 1001009489869173 | 98878886788469 |
芳基重氮盐Suzuki反应的一般操作过程:
在氩气气氛下,将1mmol芳基重氮盐、1.2mmol芳基硼酸、合适数量的碳烯-Pd-烯烃催化剂(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到5ml乙醇中。将混合物加热到合适的温度下1小时和随后与乙醚在室温下混合。由气相色谱分析溶液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例44-48
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | R<sup>3</sup> | 收率(%) |
4445464748 | HHHHH | OMeOMeNEt<sub>2</sub>NEt<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>2</sub> | HCF<sub>3</sub>HCH<sub>3</sub>H | 9396958994 |
酮芳基化的一般操作方法
在压力管(例如可从Aldrich获得)中,在氩气气氛下将1mmol芳基卤、1mmol酮、1.5mmol碱、合适数量的碳烯-Pd-烯烃催化剂(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到5ml甲苯中。将管子密封和在预热的硅油浴中悬浮。在24小时之后,允许它冷却到室温。将混合物在乙醚中悬浮,和由气相色谱分析上清液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例49-54
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | R<sup>3</sup> | R<sup>4</sup> | 温度(℃) | 转化率(%) | 收率(%) |
495051525354 | HHHHHF | HHMeOMeCF<sub>3</sub>H | PhEtPhPhPhEt | HMePhHPhMe | 120120120120100100 | 10010087739586 | 869184618972 |
Buchwald-Hartwig胺化的一般操作方法
在压力管(例如可从Aldrich获得)中,在氩气气氛下将1mmol芳基卤、1.2mmol胺、1.4mmol碱、合适数量的碳烯-Pd-烯烃催化剂(1mol%)和100mg二甘醇二正丁基醚(作为GC分析的内标)加入到5ml甲苯中。将管子密封和在预热的硅油浴中悬浮。在24小时之后,允许它冷却到室温。将混合物在乙醚中悬浮,和由气相色谱分析上清液。可以由蒸馏或柱色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯混合物)分离产物。
实施例55-60
序号 | R<sup>1</sup> | R<sup>2</sup> | R<sup>3</sup> | R<sup>4</sup> | 温度(℃) | 转化率(%) | 收率(%) |
555657585960 | HHHHHCN | COMeHMeOMeCF<sub>3</sub>H | Phc-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>5</sub>Ph基BuPh | HMeHBuH | 100120120120100100 | 9373776484100 | 816974627889 |
Claims (11)
1.一种通式(I)的过渡金属配合物
L1-M-L2 (I)
其中
M是镍、钯或铂原子,
L1是含有至少一个缺电子烯属双键的配体和
L2是通式(II)或(III)的单齿碳烯配体
其中
R1和R2基团每个独立地是包括环烷基在内的烷基、芳基或杂芳基,它们每个可任选地是取代的,
和R3-R6基团每个独立地选自氢或卤素原子、-NO2、-CN、-COOH、-CHO、-SO3H、-SO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-SO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NH-(C1-C8)烷基、-N((C1-C8)烷基)2、-NHCO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CF3、-COO-(C1-C8)烷基、-CONH2、-CO-(C1-C8)烷基、-NHCOH、-NH-COO-(C1-C4)烷基、-CO-苯基、-COO-苯基、-CH=CH-CO2-(C1-C8)烷基、-CH=CHCO2H、-PO(苯基)2、-PO((C1-C8)烷基)2、任选取代的烷基、任选取代的芳基、或任选取代的杂芳基,或者R3-R6基团的至少两个与它们键合到其上的碳原子一起形成4-12元环。
2.根据权利要求1的过渡金属配合物,其中M是Pd。
3.根据权利要求1或2的过渡金属配合物,其中L1中的缺电子烯属双键带有至少一个选自如下的吸电子取代基:氰基、醛基团、酮基团、羧酸基团、羧酸酯基团、羧酰胺基团或N-取代的羧酰胺基团。
4.根据权利要求1的过渡金属配合物,其中L1选自通式(IV),(V)或(VI)的化合物
其中
R7选自-CN、-COH、-COR15、-COOH、-COOR15、-CONHR15和-CONR15R16,其中R15和R16每个独立地是氢原子、C1-C6烷基或C2-C6烯基,和
R8、R9和R10每个独立地选自氢原子、C1-C8烷基、C2-C8烯基、卤素原子、羟基、-CN、-COH、-COR15、-COOH、-COOR15、-CONHR15和-CONR15R16,其中R15和R16如上所定义,
或两个合适的R7、R8、R9、R10、R15和R16基团与它们键合到其上的碳原子一起形成5-8元环,
R11、R12、R13和R14每个独立地是选自氢原子、C1-C8烷基、卤素原子或-CN,或在每种情况下R11-R14取代基的两个与它们键合到其上的碳原子一起形成5-8元环。
5.根据权利要求1的过渡金属配合物,其中L1选自丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯腈、苯醌、2-甲基-对苯醌、2,5-二甲基-对苯醌、2,3-二氯-5,6-二氰基-对苯醌、萘醌、蒽醌、马来酸酐、马来酰亚胺、马来酸、马来酸酯、富马酸、富马酸酯、上述羧酸的金属盐或四氰基乙烯。
6.根据权利要求1的过渡金属配合物,其中L2选自1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(1-金刚烷基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(叔丁基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(环己基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(邻甲苯基)咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基-4-甲基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯和1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)咪唑啉碳烯,1,3-双(2,4,6-三甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(1-金刚烷基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(叔丁基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(环己基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(邻甲苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯、1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基-4-甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯和1,3-双(2,6-二异丙基苯基)-4,5-二氢咪唑啉碳烯。
7.根据权利要求1的过渡金属配合物,其中L1是含有至少一个缺电子烯属双键的配体,其中在双键上带有一个、两个、三个或四个取代基,所述取代基的电负性大于氢取代基的电负性。
9.根据权利要求1-8中一项的过渡金属配合物的制备方法,包括接触配体L2与金属配合物,该金属配合物包含片段L1-M和另外的配体,该另外的配体可以容易地由配体L2替换,其中L1、L2和M每个独立地如在权利要求1-8的一项中所定义。
10.根据权利要求1-8中一项的过渡金属配合物在有机反应均相催化中的用途。
11.根据权利要求10的用途,其中有机反应选自芳基-X化合物或乙烯基-X化合物,其中X是离去基团,或者烯属化合物的烯化、芳基化、烷基化、酮芳基化、胺化、醚化、硫醇化、甲硅烷基化、羰基化、氰化或炔基化,或者选自烯烃或炔烃或酮的氢化硅烷化、烯烃的羰基化、烯烃的二聚和低聚、二烯烃的调聚或与有机金属试剂的交叉偶联和其它过渡金属催化的偶合反应。
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DE10236079.0 | 2002-08-07 | ||
DE10308905.5 | 2003-02-28 | ||
DE2003108905 DE10308905A1 (de) | 2003-02-28 | 2003-02-28 | Neue Nickel-, Palladium- und Platin-Carbenkomplexe, ihre Herstellung und Verwendung in katalytischen Reaktionen |
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US7442800B2 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2008-10-28 | Promerus Llc | Nucleophilic heterocyclic carbene derivatives of Pd(acac)2 for cross-coupling reactions |
US7250510B2 (en) * | 2005-08-24 | 2007-07-31 | Total Synthesis, Ltd. | Transition metal complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes, method of preparation and use in transition metal catalyzed organic transformations |
JPWO2007094313A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-13 | 2009-07-09 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | 2−(置換フェニル)−3,3,3−トリフルオロプロペン化合物の製造方法 |
WO2007114792A1 (en) * | 2006-04-05 | 2007-10-11 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Polymeric salts and polymeric metal complexes |
US20100016621A1 (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2010-01-21 | Yugen Zhang | Hydrosilylation |
WO2008111414A1 (ja) * | 2007-03-09 | 2008-09-18 | Kyoto University | 触媒組成物及びそれを用いたクロスカップリング化合物の製造方法 |
EP2170914A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2010-04-07 | Agency for Science, Technology and Research | N-heterocyclic carbene metallacycle catalysts and methods |
KR101494149B1 (ko) * | 2007-07-11 | 2015-02-17 | 고쿠리츠 다이가쿠 호진 교토 다이가쿠 | 촉매 조성물 및 이것을 이용한 크로스커플링 화합물의 제조방법 |
EP2398764B1 (de) * | 2009-02-19 | 2014-11-26 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von 2-aminobiphenylen |
US8586814B2 (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2013-11-19 | Amyris, Inc. | Squalane and isosqualane compositions and methods for preparing the same |
KR101853569B1 (ko) * | 2016-12-15 | 2018-04-30 | 한화토탈 주식회사 | 에틸렌 올리고머화 반응용 촉매계 및 이를 이용한 에틸렌 올리고머화 방법 |
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