WO2025005290A1 - 固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 - Google Patents
固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- This disclosure relates to carbon materials for catalyst supports in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, and fuel cells.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell which is a type of fuel cell, comprises a pair of catalyst layers arranged on both sides of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, a gas diffusion layer arranged on the outside of each catalyst layer, and a separator arranged on the outside of each gas diffusion layer.
- the pair of catalyst layers one catalyst layer serves as the anode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, and the other catalyst layer serves as the cathode of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- multiple unit cells having the above components are stacked to obtain the desired output.
- a reducing gas such as hydrogen is introduced into the separator on the anode side.
- the gas diffusion layer on the anode side diffuses the reducing gas and then introduces it into the anode.
- the anode contains a catalyst component, a catalyst carrier that supports the catalyst component, and an electrolyte material (ionomer) that has proton conductivity.
- the catalyst carrier is often made of a carbon material.
- the protons produced by this oxidation reaction are introduced to the cathode through the electrolyte material in the anode and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the electrons are introduced to the external circuit through the catalyst support, gas diffusion layer, and separator. After performing work (generating electricity) in the external circuit, these electrons are introduced to the separator on the cathode side. These electrons are then introduced to the cathode through the separator on the cathode side and the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is composed of an electrolyte material that has proton conductivity.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane introduces the protons generated in the above oxidation reaction to the cathode.
- An oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air
- the gas diffusion layer on the cathode side diffuses the oxidizing gas, which is then introduced into the cathode.
- the cathode includes a catalyst component, a catalyst carrier that supports the catalyst component, and an electrolyte material (ionomer) that has proton conductivity.
- the catalyst carrier is often made of a carbon material.
- the water produced by the reduction reaction is discharged outside the fuel cell together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- electricity is generated by utilizing the energy difference (electric potential difference) between the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction.
- the electrons produced by the oxidation reaction perform work in the external circuit.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that the catalytic metal supported in the pores formed inside the porous carbon black is highly active because it is not subject to reaction inhibition (poisoning) caused by the coating of the coexisting ionomer.
- Patent Document 1 proposes porous carbon black having an average particle size of 20 to 100 nm, pore diameters of 4 to 20 nm, and a pore volume of 0.23 to 0.78 cm 3 /g.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a method of contacting a carbon black starting material with an oxidizing agent in a fluidized bed as a method of making carbon black porous and increasing the surface area.
- Patent Document 2 proposes "a method for producing high surface area graphitized carbon, comprising the steps of oxidizing and graphitizing a starting carbon material to produce high surface area graphitized carbon having a surface area at least 100 m2 /g greater than the surface area of the starting carbon material, the oxidation being carried out before the graphitization, the oxidation producing high surface area carbon, and the high surface area graphitized carbon having an average pore volume of at least 1.32 cc/g.”
- Patent Document 3 proposes highly crystalline carbon black having a BET specific surface area of 300 to 700 m 2 /g and a crystallite size Lc of 2.0 nm or more in order to impart durability.
- Patent Document 4 proposes a porous carbon having an Lc(002) of 2.0 nm or more, a ratio D/G of the peak area of the D1-band (1350 cm ⁇ 1 ) to the peak area of the G-band (1590 cm ⁇ 1 ) in a spectrum of the carbon surface by Raman spectroscopy of 0.5 to 2.5, and pores including mesopores, with a mesopore volume of 0.35 to 1.3 cm 3 /g.
- Patent Document 5 proposes a method of making carbon black porous by air activation after heat treatment.
- Patent Document 6 proposes a method of activating carbon black with CO 2 after supporting a catalytic metal thereon.
- Patent Document 7 proposes a method of controlling the coating site of an ionomer by air-activating carbon black to change the volume of pores of 5 nm to 40 nm.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2013-109856 A Patent Document 2: JP 5650542 A Patent Document 3: JP 6478677 A Patent Document 4: WO 17/208742 A Patent Document 5: JP 6563945 A Patent Document 6: JP 5326585 A Patent Document 7: JP 6772952 A
- porous carbon black used as a carbon material for a catalyst carrier is required to have durability as well as low load characteristics (characteristics during power generation at low current) as power generation performance.
- the porous carbon black is still insufficient in terms of achieving both high durability and low load characteristics.
- the supported catalytic metal also acts as an activation catalyst, so the catalyst support site is selectively activated.
- the catalyst particles are present on the carbon surface, which is not sufficient in terms of preventing the poisoning of the catalyst by the ionomer.
- Patent Document 7 describes that the ionomer coating site is controlled by changing the pore volume of 5 nm to 40 nm, but the pore volume obtained by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm on the adsorption side is not sufficient to express the state of communication inside and outside the particle, and is not optimal as an indicator of whether the ionomer can penetrate.
- Patent Document 2 a carbon black starting material having a first BET nitrogen surface area is contacted with an oxidant in a fluidized bed under conditions effective for producing a carbon black product having a second BET nitrogen surface area larger than the first BET nitrogen surface area, whereby the oxidant reacts with the carbon black in the fluidized bed to make it porous.
- a carbon black with a particle size distribution is used in a fluidized bed, a distribution occurs in the fluidized state, resulting in a distribution in the degree of activation progress.
- the objective of this disclosure is to provide a carbon material for a catalyst carrier in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that combines high durability with low load characteristics, a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that uses the carbon material, and a fuel cell.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a porous activated carbon black that satisfies the following requirements (A), (B), and (C):
- A) The BET specific surface area is 350 m 2 /g or more and 800 m 2 /g or less.
- (B) The value (VD 5-20 /VA 20 ) obtained by dividing the pore volume VD 5-20 of pores having a pore diameter of 5 nm or more and 20 nm or less, obtained by analyzing a nitrogen desorption isotherm using the DH (Dollimore-Heal) method, by the pore volume VA 20 of pores having a pore diameter of 20 nm or less, obtained by analyzing a nitrogen adsorption isotherm using the DH ( Dollimore - Heal ) method, is 0.35 or less.
- C In thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), the temperature Td 10% at which the weight decreases by 10% when the temperature is increased at 10°C/min in an air atmosphere is 620 to 680°C.
- ⁇ 2> The carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the pore volume VA20 is 0.36 to 0.90 mL/g.
- a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising the carbon material for a catalyst support of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>.
- a fuel cell comprising the catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to ⁇ 3>.
- ⁇ 5> The fuel cell according to ⁇ 4>, wherein the catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is a catalyst layer on a cathode side.
- the present disclosure provides a carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that combines high durability with low load characteristics, a catalyst layer for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that uses the carbon material, and a fuel cell.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a fuel cell according to the present disclosure.
- a numerical range expressed using “to” means a range that includes the numerical values before and after “to” as the lower and upper limits.
- the numerical range does not include these numerical values as the lower or upper limit.
- the term “step” refers not only to an independent step, but also to a step that cannot be clearly distinguished from other steps, as long as the intended purpose of the step is achieved.
- the "electrolyte material having proton conductivity" used in the catalyst layer of a fuel cell is also referred to as an "ionomer.”
- the carbon material for a catalyst support in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell according to the present disclosure comprises a porous activated carbon black that satisfies the requirements (A), (B), and (C) described below.
- the porous activated carbon black is carbon black that has been made porous by activation.
- the porous activated carbon black is also called "porous carbon black.”
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein is a carbon material that combines high durability with low load characteristics.
- the carbon material disclosed herein was discovered based on the following findings.
- HDVs large commercial mobility vehicles
- porous carbon materials with internal mesopores such as dendritic carbon materials obtained by the autolysis reaction of silver acetylide, Ketjen Black, and Knobel
- the catalyst supported in the internal mesopores is prevented from being poisoned by ionomers, improving activity and low load characteristics.
- these porous carbon materials are expensive, it is effective in reducing costs to adopt porous carbon black, which is made porous by activating carbon black, an inexpensive raw material.
- porous carbon black is not yet sufficient in terms of achieving both high durability and low load characteristics.
- the inventors have investigated the properties of porous carbon black that enable it to simultaneously achieve high durability and low load characteristics, and have obtained the following findings.
- (2) Regarding the control of activation activation that increases the uniformity of the degree of activation (specifically, for example, activation in which the flow direction of the activation gas flowing through the raw carbon black is reversed) is effective.
- the average pore volume can be increased without producing porous carbon black that is overly activated and has enlarged pores connecting the inside and outside.
- the carbon material for catalyst supports disclosed herein is a carbon material that combines high durability and low load characteristics.
- the BET specific surface area is 350 m 2 /g or more and 800 m 2 /g or less. It is preferable for the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black to be 350 m2 /g or more and 800 m2 /g or less, since the catalyst metal to be supported can be supported with good dispersibility at a target loading rate and particle size within a practical range, and the porous carbon black can have a crystallite structure necessary to obtain the durability required for a fuel cell.
- the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black is less than 350 m 2 /g, increasing the catalytic metal loading rate will result in an increase in catalytic metal particle size or the catalytic metal particles will aggregate together, making it difficult to obtain high cell performance.
- the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black is 800 m2 /g or more, high power generation performance can be obtained, but the porous carbon black tends not to have the crystallite structure necessary for maintaining its durability, making it difficult to achieve both high durability and low load characteristics.
- the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon black is preferably 350 m 2 /g or more and 600 m 2 /g or less.
- the BET specific surface area is a value measured by the method described in the examples below.
- the value of the porous carbon black indicates the degree of uniformity of the activation degree of the porous carbon black. If the value ( VD5-20 / VA20 ) of the porous carbon black exceeds 0.35, the uniformity of the activation degree is poor, and the number of porous carbon blacks having an excessive number of pores connecting the inside and outside of the porous carbon black increases, causing the ionomer to penetrate into the inside of the porous carbon black, resulting in a deterioration of the low load characteristics.
- the porous carbon black has sufficient space inside to support the catalytic metal, and the pores connecting the inside and outside are narrow. This makes it possible to prevent the catalytic metal from being poisoned by the ionomer, thereby suppressing a decrease in catalytic activity. As a result, a decrease in low load characteristics is suppressed.
- the value (VD 5-20 /VA 20 ) of the porous carbon black is preferably 0.30 or less.
- the lower limit of the value (VD 5-20 /VA 20 ) of the porous carbon black is, for example, 0.10 or more.
- the pore volume VD 5-20 of the porous carbon black represents the amount of pores connecting the inside and outside of the porous carbon black, and represents the ease with which the ionomer can penetrate into the inside of the porous carbon black.
- the pore volume VD 5-20 of the porous carbon black is preferably 0.4 mL/g or less, and more preferably 0.3 mL/g or less.
- the uniformity of the activation degree is improved, and the number of pores connecting the inside and outside of the porous carbon black is prevented from becoming excessively large, which makes it difficult for the ionomer to penetrate into the inside of the porous carbon black, thereby improving the low load characteristics.
- the lower limit of the pore volume VD 5-20 of the porous carbon black is, for example, 0.05 mL/g or more.
- the pore volume VA20 of the porous carbon black represents the pore volume inside the porous carbon black.
- the pore volume VA20 of the porous carbon black is preferably from 0.36 to 0.90 mL/g, and more preferably from 0.39 to 0.61 mL/g.
- the internal volume of the porous carbon black is sufficiently secured, and the amount of catalytic metal supported inside the porous carbon black is increased, so that the amount of catalytic metal poisoned by the ionomer is reduced, and low load characteristics are improved.
- the pore volume VA20 of the porous carbon black is 0.9 mL/g or less, the pore volume inside the porous carbon black is large, and the uniformity of the activation degree is ensured, while the porous carbon black has sufficient strength to suppress collapse, thereby improving durability.
- the pore volume VD 5-20 and the pore volume VA 20 are values measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA)
- Td 10% at which the weight decreases by 10% when the temperature is increased at 10°C/min in an air atmosphere is 620 to 680°C. If the 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% of the porous carbon black is less than 620° C., the porous carbon black is highly susceptible to oxidation consumption, and sufficient durability cannot be ensured. If the 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% of the porous carbon black exceeds 680° C., the surface area of the porous carbon black decreases, and the low load characteristics deteriorate.
- the 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% of the porous carbon black is preferably 640 to 680°C.
- the 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% is a value measured by the method described in the Examples section below.
- the method for producing a carbon material according to the present disclosure is a method for activating raw carbon black by treating the raw carbon black in the order of a "first activation step,” a “heat treatment step,” and a “second activation step,” and by reversing the flow direction of the activation gas flowing through the raw carbon black in the "first activation step.”
- the method for producing a carbon material according to the present disclosure provides a carbon material (i.e., porous activated carbon black) that satisfies requirements (A) to (C).
- First activation step In the first activation step, the flow direction of the activation gas passing through the raw carbon black is reversed for activation.
- the reversal of the flow direction of the activation gas may be performed once or may be repeated two or more times.
- By reversing the flow direction of the activation gas it is possible to suppress the difference in activation degree occurring between the raw carbon black on the upstream side of the activation gas flow path and the raw carbon black on the downstream side of the activation gas flow path, i.e., it is possible to increase the uniformity of the activation degree of the porous carbon black.
- raw carbon black examples include furnace black, which is produced by continuously pyrolyzing a gaseous or liquid raw material in a reactor; channel black, which is produced by burning a raw material gas and applying the flame to the bottom surface of a channel steel to rapidly cool and precipitate; thermal black, which is produced by periodically repeating combustion and pyrolysis using a gas as a raw material; acetylene black, which is produced using acetylene gas as a raw material, etc. From the viewpoints of the ease of generating pores inside the particles by activation and the primary particle size suitable for a catalyst carrier for a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, furnace black is preferred as the raw carbon black. These carbon blacks can be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds, but from the viewpoint of uniformly progressing the activation, it is preferable to use them alone.
- Heat treatment process In the heat treatment step performed after the first activation step, heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere to grow the crystallites constituting the raw carbon black that has been subjected to the first activation step, thereby imparting the durability required for fuel cells.
- the 10% weight loss temperature Td10 % of the porous carbon black can be kept high, and the oxidation resistance (i.e., durability) can be improved.
- the raw carbon black that has been subjected to the first activation step is heat treated in a vacuum or in an inert gas (nitrogen, argon, etc.) atmosphere at a temperature of 1500° C. or higher and 1900° C. or lower (preferably 1600 to 1800° C.).
- a temperature of 1500° C. or higher and 1900° C. or lower preferably 1600 to 1800° C.
- highly aromatic carbon crystals that form the skeleton of the porous carbon black develop and the pore walls become sufficiently thick, thereby obtaining porous carbon black that satisfies requirement (C).
- C porous carbon black that satisfies requirement
- the pores of the heat-treated activated carbon black intermediate that were closed in the heat treatment step are reopened, thereby increasing the specific surface area and pore volume that were decreased in the heat treatment step. Without the second activation step, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient specific surface area and pore volume. In the second activation step, too, it is preferable to reverse the flow direction of the activation gas flowing through the raw carbon black to perform activation.
- porous carbon black is obtained that has sufficient space inside the porous carbon black for supporting the catalytic metal, and has narrow pores connecting the inside and outside, thereby satisfying requirements (A) and (B).
- the type of activation gas in the first activation step and the second activation step is not particularly limited as long as it contains a gas capable of oxidizing and consuming the carbon constituting the raw carbon black through a reaction.
- gas capable of oxidizing and consuming the carbon constituting the raw carbon black through a reaction include air, oxygen, ozone, water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and dinitrogen oxide.
- the activation gas may be a mixture of these gases.
- the activation gas may be a gas diluted with an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium.
- the activation gas may be an exhaust gas or an industrial gas containing these gases.
- the activation gas is water vapor or carbon dioxide, or a gas containing these.
- the type of gas in the first activation step and the second activation step may be different.
- activation equipment can be used for the first and second activation steps, such as rotary kilns, fluidized bed furnaces, fixed bed furnaces, and moving bed furnaces.
- rotary kilns which continuously inputs raw materials and removes products
- a batch furnace which does so intermittently
- rotary kilns and fixed bed furnaces are preferred because they make it easy to switch the gas introduction direction.
- a batch furnace is preferred because continuous furnaces, which continuously input raw materials, result in a distribution in the activation level.
- an activation apparatus for activating the raw carbon black in the first activation step and the second activation step it is preferable to change the introduction direction of the activation gas.
- the inlet and outlet of the gas flow path may be interchanged, or when a tubular furnace or the like is used as the activation apparatus, the direction of the furnace tube may be reversed and connected.
- the supply rate of gas flowing from the initial gas introduction direction at the end of activation can be expressed as GasR ("supply rate from initial gas introduction direction/(supply rate from initial gas introduction direction+supply rate from gas introduction direction reversed from the initial direction)" x 100.
- the value of GasR is preferably 30 to 70%.
- the value of GasR is 70% or more, the activation degree of the raw material carbon black present on the initial gas introduction side will progress excessively, impairing the uniformity of the activation degree.
- the value of GasR is 30% or less, the activation degree of the raw material carbon black present on the initial gas discharge side will progress excessively, impairing the uniformity of the activation degree.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the general configuration of a fuel cell of the present disclosure.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes separators 110 and 120 , gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 , catalyst layers 150 and 160 , and an electrolyte membrane 170 .
- Separator 110 is an anode-side separator that introduces reducing gas such as hydrogen into gas diffusion layer 130.
- Separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- reducing gas such as hydrogen
- separator 120 is a cathode-side separator that introduces oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- oxidizing gas such as oxygen gas or air into the gas diffusion condensation phase.
- separators 110 and 120 may be separators used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells).
- the gas diffusion layer 130 is an anode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the reducing gas supplied from the separator 110 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 150.
- the gas diffusion layer 140 is a cathode-side gas diffusion layer that diffuses the oxidizing gas supplied from the separator 120 and then supplies it to the catalyst layer 160.
- the type of gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is not particularly limited, and may be any gas diffusion layer used in conventional fuel cells (e.g., solid polymer fuel cells). Examples of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 include porous carbon materials (carbon cloth, carbon paper, etc.), porous metal materials (metal mesh, metal wool, etc.), etc.
- a preferred example of the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 is a two-layer gas diffusion layer.
- the gas diffusion layers 130 and 140 have a two-layer structure in which the layer on the separator 110 and 120 side is a gas diffusion fiber layer mainly composed of fibrous carbon material, and the layer on the catalyst layer 150 and 160 side is a micropore layer mainly composed of carbon black.
- the catalyst layer 150 is a so-called anode.
- an oxidation reaction of the reducing gas occurs, and protons and electrons are generated.
- the reducing gas becomes hydrogen gas, the following oxidation reaction occurs.
- H 2 ⁇ 2H + +2e - (E 0 0V)
- the protons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the catalyst layer 160 through the catalyst layer 150 and the electrolyte membrane 170.
- the electrons produced by the oxidation reaction reach the external circuit through the catalyst layer 150, the gas diffusion layer 130, and the separator 110. After performing work (generating electricity) in the external circuit, the electrons are introduced into the separator 120. The electrons then reach the catalyst layer 160 through the separator 120 and the gas diffusion layer 140.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode is not particularly limited.
- the configuration of the catalyst layer 150 may be the same as that of a conventional anode, may be the same as that of the catalyst layer 160, or may be more hydrophilic than the catalyst layer 160.
- the catalyst layer 160 is a so-called cathode.
- a reduction reaction of the oxidizing gas occurs, and water is generated.
- the oxidizing gas becomes oxygen gas or air, the following reduction reaction occurs.
- the water generated by the oxidation reaction is discharged to the outside of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 together with the unreacted oxidizing gas.
- O 2 +4H + +4e - ⁇ 2H 2 O (E 0 1.23V)
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 generates electricity by utilizing the energy difference (potential difference) between the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction.
- the electrons generated in the oxidation reaction perform work in the external circuit.
- the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein. That is, the catalyst layer 160 contains the carbon material for catalyst carriers disclosed herein, an electrolyte material (ionomer), and a catalyst component (platinum, etc.). This can improve the durability and low load characteristics within the catalyst layer 160. This can improve the durability and low load characteristics of the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100.
- the catalyst loading rate in the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 30% by mass or more and less than 80% by mass. When the catalyst loading rate is in this range, durability and low load characteristics are further improved.
- the catalyst loading rate is expressed as the mass % of the catalyst component relative to the total mass of the catalyst-loaded particles (particles in which the catalyst component is loaded on a carbon material for the catalyst carrier). If the catalyst loading rate is less than 30% by mass, it may be necessary to thicken the catalyst layer 160 in order to make the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 practical. On the other hand, if the catalyst loading rate is 80% by mass or more, catalyst aggregation is likely to occur. In addition, if the catalyst layer 160 becomes too thin, flooding may occur.
- the mass ratio I/C of the mass I of the electrolyte material in the catalyst layer 160 to the mass C of the carbon material for the catalyst carrier is not particularly limited, and is preferably greater than 0.5 and less than 5.0. In this case, the pore network and the electrolyte material network can coexist, and durability and low load characteristics are improved. On the other hand, if the mass ratio I/C is 0.5 or less, the electrolyte material network becomes weak and the proton conduction resistance tends to increase. If the mass ratio I/C is 5.0 or more, the pore network may be disrupted by the electrolyte material. In either case, durability and low load characteristics may be reduced.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is not particularly limited, and is preferably more than 5 ⁇ m and less than 20 ⁇ m. In this case, the oxidizing gas is more likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and flooding is less likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 5 ⁇ m or less, flooding is more likely to occur. If the thickness of the catalyst layer 160 is 20 ⁇ m or more, the oxidizing gas is less likely to diffuse into the catalyst layer 160, and the catalyst components near the electrolyte membrane 170 are less likely to work. In other words, there is a possibility that the catalyst utilization rate will decrease.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 is made of an electrolyte material having proton conductivity.
- the electrolyte membrane 170 introduces the protons generated in the above oxidation reaction to the catalyst layer 160 (cathode).
- the type of electrolyte material is not particularly limited, and may be any electrolyte material used in conventional fuel cells, such as solid polymer fuel cells.
- An example of a suitable electrolyte material is an electrolyte resin.
- electrolyte resins include polymers into which phosphoric acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, etc. have been introduced. Specifically, examples include perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, polymers into which benzenesulfonic acid, etc. have been introduced, etc.
- the electrolyte material may be other types of electrolyte material.
- Examples of such electrolyte materials include inorganic electrolyte materials, inorganic-organic hybrid electrolyte materials, etc.
- the solid polymer fuel cell 100 may be a fuel cell that operates within a range of room temperature (25°C) to 150°C.
- the method for manufacturing the polymer electrolyte fuel cell 100 is not particularly limited, and may be the same as the conventional manufacturing method.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure is used for the catalyst carrier.
- the catalyst layers 150 and 160 it is preferable to use the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure for the catalyst carrier of at least the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers of the present disclosure may be used for the catalyst carriers of both the catalyst layer 150 that serves as the anode and the catalyst layer 160 that serves as the cathode.
- ⁇ Measuring method for each parameter> Measurement of nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm (VA 20 , VD 5-20 , BET specific surface area)) Approximately 30 mg of a sample of the carbon material for catalyst support was weighed out and vacuum dried at 200° C. for 2 hours. Then, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm was measured using an automatic specific surface area measuring device (AUTOSORB iQ manufactured by Anton Paar Japan) with nitrogen gas as the adsorbate.
- AUTOSORB iQ automatic specific surface area measuring device
- the pore volume VA 20 of pores with diameters of 20 nm or less and the pore volume VD 5-20 of pores with diameters of 5 to 20 nm were calculated by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms by the DH method using software attached to the apparatus.
- the BET specific surface area was calculated by BET analysis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm in the range of relative pressure P/ P0 of 0.30 or less.
- thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (Measurement of 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% in thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA))
- the carbon material for catalyst carrier was used as a sample, and about 6 mg of the sample was weighed out.
- the sample was then set in a thermogravimetric/differential calorimeter (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, EXSTAR TG/DTA7200) and the weight loss up to 900°C was measured at a heating rate of 10°C/min and a flow of dry air of 200 mL/min.
- the weight at the start of the measurement of the obtained weight loss curve was set to 100%, and the weight at the end of the measurement was set to 0%, and the temperature at the time of 10% weight loss was determined as the 10% weight loss temperature Td 10% .
- Second activation step The entire amount of the heat-treated sample was again filled into a tubular reactor with a diameter of 1 inch, and 400 Nml/min. of CO2 gas was passed through it using a mass flow controller set upstream of the tubular reactor.
- the tubular reactor was heated to 850°C at 20°C/min. and held at 850°C for 15 minutes.
- the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated, respectively, to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the reactor was held at 850°C for another 15 minutes to perform a second activation.
- the flow gas was switched to N2 and the temperature was lowered.
- the second activated sample obtained by these operations was collected as the carbon material for the catalyst support of Example 1 (i.e., the activated porous carbon black).
- Example 2 A carbon material for a catalyst carrier (that is, activated porous carbon black) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the holding temperature in the heat treatment step was 1800°C.
- Example 3 In the first activation step, the tubular reactor was heated and held at 840° C. for 24 hours, and then the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the reactor was further held at 840° C. for 48 hours. Except for this, a carbon material for a catalyst support (i.e., porous activated carbon black) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support i.e., porous activated carbon black
- Example 4 In the first activation step, the tubular reactor was heated to 820° C. at a rate of 20° C./min., and then held at 820° C. for 36 hours. Then, the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the reactor was further held at 820° C. for 36 hours. Except for this, a carbon material for a catalyst carrier (i.e., a porous activated carbon black) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a carbon material for a catalyst carrier i.e., a porous activated carbon black
- Example 5 In the first activation step, the temperature of the tubular reactor was raised to 820°C at a rate of 20°C/min. and then maintained at 820°C for 36 hours. Then, the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the temperature was maintained at 820°C for another 36 hours.
- a carbon material for a catalyst support i.e., porous activated carbon black
- Example 6 In the first activation step, Niteron #3350 manufactured by Nippon Steel Carbon was used as the raw carbon black, the temperature of the tubular reactor was raised to 1000°C at a rate of 20°C/min. and the temperature was maintained at 1000°C for 3 hours, and then the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the temperature was maintained at 1000°C for another 3 hours. The holding temperature of the heat treatment process was changed to 1700°C. A carbon material for a catalyst carrier (i.e., porous activated carbon black) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the holding temperature in the second activation step was 950° C. and the holding time was 4 hours (a total of 4 hours, with 2 hours of holding time before and after reversal of the gas direction).
- a catalyst carrier i.e., porous activated carbon black
- Example 7 In the first activation step, Niteron #3350 manufactured by Nippon Steel Carbon was used as the raw carbon black, the temperature of the tubular reactor was raised to 1000°C at a rate of 20°C/min. and the temperature was maintained at 1000°C for 3 hours, and then the valves installed upstream and downstream of the tubular reactor were operated to reverse the direction of the gas introduced into the tubular reactor, and the temperature was maintained at 1000°C for another 3 hours. The holding temperature of the heat treatment process was changed to 1700°C. A carbon material for a catalyst carrier (i.e., porous activated carbon black) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the holding temperature in the second activation step was 950° C. and the holding time was 2 hours (1 hour each before and after reversal of the gas direction, totaling 2 hours).
- a catalyst carrier i.e., porous activated carbon black
- Example 8 In the first activation step, 230 g of Nittelon #10 made by Nippon Steel Carbon was filled to a uniform thickness in a cylindrical retort container with an inner diameter of 120 mm and a length of 500 mm equipped with four lifters, and the retort container was placed inside the rotary kiln, CO2 gas was passed through at a flow rate of 3000 Nml/min., and the rotary kiln was rotated at a speed of one rotation per second. In this state, the rotary kiln was heated to 850 ° C. at 20 ° C./min. and held at 850 ° C. for 35 hours.
- the flow gas was switched to N2 and the temperature was lowered, the retort container was removed from the rotary kiln, and the container was re-installed in the rotary kiln by inverting the front and rear. Thereafter, CO2 gas was passed through at a flow rate of 3000 Nml/min., and the rotary kiln was rotated at a speed of one rotation per second. In this state, the rotary kiln was heated to 850 ° C. at 20 ° C./min. The temperature was raised to 850° C. and then maintained at 850° C. for 35 hours. After maintaining the temperature, the flow gas was switched to N 2 , the temperature was lowered, and the first activation sample was recovered. The holding temperature in the second activation step was 950° C. and the holding time was 0.5 hours (a total of 0.5 hours with holding times of 15 minutes before and after the gas direction reversal). The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except for these operations.
- Example 3 A carbon material for a catalyst support was obtained in the same manner as in Example 8, except that in the first activation step, the holding time before inverting the retort container was 56 hours and the holding time after inverting the retort container was 14 hours.
- Example 4 A carbon material for a catalyst support was obtained in the same manner as in Example 8, except that in the first activation step, the holding time before inverting the retort container was 14 hours and the holding time after inverting the retort container was 56 hours.
- Comparative Example 12 As the raw carbon black, 2 g of Ketjen Black EC600JD manufactured by Lion Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd. was subjected to a heat treatment process in a heat treatment furnace under Ar flow at 1600° C. for 1 hour to obtain a carbon material for a catalyst support of Comparative Example 12.
- a catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell carrying a catalytic metal was prepared as follows, and a catalyst layer ink liquid was prepared using the obtained catalyst, and then a catalyst layer was formed using this catalyst layer ink liquid, and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was produced using the formed catalyst layer, and this produced MEA was incorporated into a fuel cell, and a power generation test was performed using a fuel cell measuring device.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- catalyst platinum-supported carbon material
- the catalyst support carbon material of each example was dispersed in distilled water, formaldehyde was added to this dispersion, and the dispersion was set in a water bath set at 40 ° C. When the temperature of the dispersion reached 40 ° C., the same as the bath, the dinitrodiamine Pt complex nitric acid aqueous solution was slowly poured into the dispersion under stirring. After that, stirring was continued for about 2 hours, and then the solid obtained was filtered and washed. The solid obtained in this way was vacuum dried at 90 ° C., pulverized in a mortar, and then heat-treated at 200 ° C.
- platinum-supported carbon material for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere containing 5 vol.% hydrogen to prepare a platinum-supported carbon material.
- the amount of platinum carried in this platinum-supporting carbon material was adjusted to 35 mass % based on the total mass of the catalyst support carbon material and the platinum particles, and was confirmed by measurement using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
- the catalyst layer ink liquid thus prepared was used, and the spray conditions were adjusted so that the mass of platinum per unit area of the catalyst layer (hereinafter referred to as "platinum coverage") was 0.2 mg/cm2.
- platinum coverage was adjusted so that the mass of platinum per unit area of the catalyst layer (hereinafter referred to as "platinum coverage") was 0.2 mg/cm2.
- the catalyst layer ink was then sprayed onto a Teflon (registered trademark) sheet, which was then dried in argon at 120°C for 60 minutes to produce a catalyst layer.
- an MEA membrane electrode assembly
- a square electrolyte membrane with sides of 6 cm was cut out from a Nafion membrane (NR211 manufactured by Dupont).
- the anode and cathode catalyst layers coated on Teflon (registered trademark) sheets were cut into squares with sides of 2.5 cm using a cutter knife.
- the electrolyte membrane was sandwiched between the anode and cathode catalyst layers thus cut out so that the catalyst layers were in contact with each other across the center of the electrolyte membrane and there was no misalignment between them, and the mixture was pressed at 120°C and 100 kg/cm2 for 10 minutes.
- Teflon (registered trademark) sheets were carefully peeled off from both the anode and cathode, thereby preparing a catalyst layer-electrolyte membrane assembly in which the anode and cathode catalyst layers were fixed to the electrolyte membrane.
- the basis weight of each component of the catalytic metal component, the carbon material, and the electrolyte material in each of the produced MEAs was calculated from the mass of the catalyst layer fixed to the Nafion membrane (electrolyte membrane) obtained from the difference between the mass of the Teflon (registered trademark) sheet with the catalyst layer before pressing and the mass of the Teflon (registered trademark) sheet peeled off after pressing, and was then calculated from the mass ratio of the composition of the catalyst layer.
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers in the embodiment i.e., porous activated carbon black
- the carbon material for catalyst carriers in the embodiment can achieve both high durability and low load characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
非特許文献1では、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部に形成した細孔内に担持された触媒金属は共存するアイオノマーの被覆による反応阻害(被毒)を受けないので高活性であることが報告されている。
特許文献1では、平均粒子径が20~100nmであり、多孔質カーボンブラックの空孔直径4~20nmの空孔容積が0.23~0.78cm3/gの多孔質カーボンブラックが提案されている。
特許文献2では、カーボンブラックを多孔質化し、表面積を増加する方法として、流動床にてカーボンブラック出発材料と酸化剤とを接触させる方法が提案されている。具体的には、特許文献2には、「高表面積黒鉛化カーボンの製造方法であって、出発カーボン材料の表面積より少なくとも100m2/g大きい表面積を有する高表面積黒鉛化カーボンを生成するために、該出発カーボン材料を酸化する工程及び黒鉛化する工程を含み、該黒鉛化をする前に該酸化が行われ、該酸化することにより高表面積カーボンが生成され、前記高表面積黒鉛化カーボンの平均空孔体積が少なくとも1.32cc/gである、製造方法」が提案されている。
特許文献3では耐久性を付与するために300~700m2/gのBET比表面積を有し、かつ結晶子サイズLcが2.0nm以上である高結晶性カーボンブラックが提案されている。
特許文献4では、Lc(002)が2.0nm以上、ラマン分光法によるカーボン表面のスペクトルにおけるG-band(1590cm-1)のピーク面積に対するD1-band(1350cm-1)のピーク面積の比D/Gが0.5~2.5、メソ孔を含む細孔を有し、メソ孔容積が0.35~1.3cm3/gの多孔質カーボンが提案されている。
特許文献5には、カーボンブラックを熱処理後に空気賦活して多孔質化する方法が提案されている。
特許文献6には、カーボンブラックを触媒金属担持後にCO2賦活する方法が提案されている。
特許文献7には、カーボンブラックを空気賦活し5nm~40nmの細孔容量を変化させることでアイオノマーの被覆部位を制御する方法が提案されている。
特許文献2:特許5650542公報
特許文献3:特許6478677号公報
特許文献4:国際公開第17/208742号
特許文献5:特許6563945号公報
特許文献6:特許5326585号公報
特許文献7:特許6772952号公報
しかしながら、上記いずれの文献の含め、従来技術では、多孔質カーボンブラックは、高い耐久性と低負荷特性との両立については未だ十分ではない。
<1>
下記要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A)BET比表面積が350m2/g以上800m2/g以下である。
(B)窒素脱離等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径5nm以上20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VD5-20を、窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VA20で除した値(VD5-20/VA20)が0.35以下である。
(C)熱重量示差熱分析(TG-DTA)において、空気雰囲気で10℃/minで昇温したときに10%重量減少する温度Td10%が620~680℃である。
<2>
前記細孔容積VA20が0.36~0.90mL/gである<1>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
<3>
<1>又は<2>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
<4>
<3>に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
<5>
前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である<4>に記載の燃料電池。
本開示において、「工程」との用語は、独立した工程だけではなく、他の工程と明確に区別できない場合であってもその工程の所期の目的が達成されるのであれば、本用語に含まれる。
本開示において、燃料電池の触媒層に用いられる「プロトン伝導性を有する電解質材料」は「アイオノマー」とも称する。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料は、後述する要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる。
ここで、多孔質賦活カーボンブラックとは、賦活により多孔質化したカーボンブラックである。なお、多孔質賦活カーボンブラックを「多孔質カーボンブラック」とも称する。
しかし、現状、多孔質カーボンブラックは、高い耐久性と低負荷特性との両立については未だ十分ではない。
(1)「比表面積」、「20nmまでの吸着容積」、「5~20nmの脱着細孔容積」がそれぞれ好適な範囲に同時になるように「賦活を制御すること」が重要であること。
(2)賦活の制御は、賦活度の均一性が高くなる賦活(具体的には、例えば、原料カーボンブラックに流通する賦活ガスの流通方向を反転する賦活)が有効であること。
(3)賦活度の均一性が高くなる賦活により、過度に賦活され、内部と外部を繋ぐ細孔が広がった多孔質カーボンブラックを生成することなく、平均細孔容量を大きくできること。
(4)それにより、多孔質カーボンブラック内部に触媒金属が担持される空間を十分に有し、かつ内部と外部を繋ぐ細孔が狭く、アイオノマーによる触媒金属の被毒を防ぐことができるため、触媒活性の低下が抑制され、低負荷特性の低下も抑制されること。
(5)耐久性については、「TG-DTA測定による10%重量減少温度」が適切な範囲となるように「加熱処理を制御すること」が重要であること。
(A)BET比表面積が350m2/g以上800m2/g以下である。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積が350m2/g以上800m2/g以下であれば、担持される触媒金属を実用的な範囲で狙いの担持率と粒子径で分散性良く担持でき、多孔質カーボンブラックが燃料電池に求められる耐久性を得るために必要な結晶子構造をとることができるので好ましい。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積が350m2/g未満であると、触媒金属の担持率を大きくすると触媒金属粒子径が大きくなったり、触媒金属粒子同士が凝集して、高い電池性能が得づらくなる。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積が800m2/g以上であると高い発電性能は得られるものの、多孔質カーボンブラックが耐久性を保つために必要な結晶子構造が得られなくなる傾向にあり、高い耐久性と低負荷特性との両立が難しくなる。
多孔質カーボンブラックのBET比表面積は、好ましくは350m2/g以上600m2/g以下である。
(B)窒素脱離等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径5nm以上20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VD5-20を、窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VA20で除した値(VD5-20/VA20)が0.35以下である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの値(VD5-20/VA20)が0.35超えであると、賦活度の均一性が悪く、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部及び外部を繋ぐ細孔が過度に多くなった多孔質カーボンブラックが増加する。それにより、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部にアイオノマーが侵入し、低負荷特性が低下する。
ボンブラックの値(VD5-20/VA20)が0.35以下でることで、多孔質カーボンブラック内部に触媒金属が担持される空間を十分に有し、かつ内部と外部を繋ぐ細孔が狭くなる。それにより、アイオノマーによる触媒金属の被毒を防ぐことができるため、触媒活性の低下が抑制される。その結果、低負荷特性の低下が抑制される。
一方、内部メソ孔への酸素ガス供給と生成水の排出の観点から、多孔質カーボンブラックの値(VD5-20/VA20)の下限は、例えば0.10以上である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VD5-20は、0.4mL/g以下が好ましく、0.3mL/gがより好ましい。
多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VD5-20が0.4mL/g以下であると、賦活度の均一性が向上し、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部及び外部を繋ぐ細孔が過度に多くなることが抑制される。それにより、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部にアイオノマーが侵入し難く、低負荷特性が向上する。
ただし、多孔質カーボンブラック内部のメソ孔への酸素ガス供給と生成水の排出の観点からの観点から、多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VD5-20の下限は、例えば0.05mL/g以上である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VA20は、0.36~0.90mL/gが好ましく、0.39~0.61mL/gがより好ましい。
多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VA20が0.36mL/g以上であると、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部容積が十分に確保され、多孔質カーボンブラックの内部に担持される触媒金属の量が増加する。それにより、アイオノマーに被毒される触媒金属が少なく、低負荷特性が向上する。
多孔質カーボンブラックの細孔容積VA20が0.9mL/g以下であると、多孔質カーボンブラック内部の細孔容積が大きく、かつ賦活度の均一性が確保されつつも、多孔質カーボンブラックが十分な強度を有するため、崩壊が抑制される。それにより、耐久性が向上する。
(C)熱重量示差熱分析(TG-DTA)において、空気雰囲気で10℃/minで昇温したときに10%重量減少する温度Td10%が620~680℃である。
多孔質カーボンブラックの10%重量減温度Td10%が620℃未満であると、多孔質カーボンブラックの酸化消耗性が高く、十分な耐久性を確保できない。
多孔質カーボンブラックの10%重量減温度Td10%が680℃超えであると、多孔質カーボンブラックの表面積が低下し、低負荷特性が低下する。
多孔質カーボンブラックの10%重量減温度Td10%は、好ましくは640~680℃である。
定される値である。
以下、本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料の製造方法(以下、「炭素材料の製造方法」とも称する)の一例について説明する。
本開示の炭素材料の製造方法により、要件(A)~要件(C)を満たす炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)が得られる。
第一の賦活工程では、原料カーボンブラックに流通する賦活ガスの流通方向を反転して賦活する。賦活ガスの流通方向の反転は、1回でも、2回以上繰り替えしてもよい。
賦活ガスの流通方向を反転することにより、賦活ガス流路上流側の原料カーボンブラックと賦活ガス流路下流側の原料カーボンブラックの間に発生する賦活度の差を抑制することができる。つまり、多孔質カーボンブラックの賦活度の均一性を高くすることができる。
これらのカーボンブラックは単独、又は2種以上併せて使用することができるが、賦活を均一に進行させる観点から、単独で用いることが好ましい。
第一の賦活工程の後に行う加熱処理工程では、不活性雰囲気下で熱処理を行うことにより、第一の賦活工程を経た原料カーボンブラックを構成する結晶子を成長させ、燃料電池に求められる耐久性を付与する。加熱処理工程を行うことで多孔質カーボンブラックの10%重量減温度Td10%を高く保たれ、耐酸化性(つまり耐久性)が向上できる。
1500℃以上で加熱処理することで、多孔質カーボンブラックの骨格を形成することとなる芳香族性の高い炭素の結晶が発達し、かつ細孔壁が十分厚い状態となり、要件(C)を満たす多孔質カーボンブラックが得られる。
1900℃以下で加熱処理することで、炭素の過度な結晶化の進行によるメソ孔の細孔容積の低下が抑制される。
第二の賦活工程では、加熱処理工程によって閉塞した加熱処理賦活カーボンブラック中間体の細孔を再度開孔させる賦活を行う。それにより、加熱処理工程によって低下した比表面積及び細孔容量を増大させる。第二の賦活工程を行わないと十分な比表面積及び細孔容量が得られ難い。
なお、第二の賦活工程でも、原料カーボンブラックに流通する賦活ガスの流通方向を反転させて賦活を行うことが好ましい。
第一の賦活工程と第二の賦活工程の賦活ガスの種類は、原料カーボンブラックを構成する炭素を反応によって酸化消耗できる気体を含有していれば特に限定しない。原料カーボンブラックを構成する炭素を反応によって酸化消耗できる気体としては、空気、酸素、オゾン、水蒸気、二酸化炭素、二酸化窒素、一酸化窒素、一酸化二窒素などが例示できる。これらのガスを混合して賦活ガスとしても構わない。または窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウムなどの不活性ガスで希釈したガスであっても構わない。さらにはこれらの気体を含んだ排気ガスや工業ガスであっても構わない。好ましくは、水蒸気、または二酸化炭素、もしくはこれらを含んだ賦活ガスである。第一の賦活工程と第二の賦活工程のガスの種類を変えても構わない。
賦活終了時において初期のガス導入方向から流れているガスの供給量割合をGasR(「初期のガス導入方向からの供給量/(初期のガス導入方向からの供給量+初期と反転させたガス導入方向からの供給量)」×100で示すことができる。GasRの値は30~70%が好ましい。GasRの値が70%以上になると初期のガス導入側に存在する原料カーボンブラックの賦活度が過度に進行するため賦活均一性が損なわれる。一方、GasRの値が30%以下になると初期のガス排出側に存在する原料カーボンブラックの賦活度が過度に進行するため賦活度の均一性が損なわれる。
本開示の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層とともに、固体高分子型燃料電池について説明する。
本開示の炭素材料は、例えば、図1に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100に設けられる触媒層150及び160に適用可能である。図1は、本開示の燃料電池の概略構成の一例を示す模式図である。
図1に示す固体高分子型燃料電池100は、セパレータ110及び120、ガス拡散層130及び140、触媒層150及び160、並びに電解質膜170を備える。
H2→2H++2e- (E0=0V)
O2+4H++4e-→2H2O (E0=1.23V)
固体高分子型燃料電池100の製造方法は特に制限されず、従来と同様の製造方法であればよい。ただし、触媒担体には本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いる。触媒層150及び160のうち、少なくとも、カソードとなる触媒層160における触媒担体には、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いることが好ましい。もちろん、アノードとなる触媒層150及びカソードとなる触媒層160における両触媒層の触媒担体に、本開示の触媒担体用炭素材料を用いてもよい。
(窒素吸脱着等温線(VA20、VD5-20、BET比表面積)の測定)
触媒担体用炭素材料の試料を約30mg測り採り、200℃で2時間真空乾燥した後に、自動比表面積測定装置(アントンパール・ジャパン社製 AUTOSORB iQ)を用い、窒素ガスを吸着質に用いて窒素吸着・脱離等温線を測定した。
細孔径20nm以下の細孔容積VA20、及び細孔径5~20nmの細孔容積VD5-20については、窒素吸着・脱離等温線を装置付属のソフトを用いたDH法により解析し
て算出した。
BET比表面積については、相対圧P/P0が0.30以下の範囲で窒素吸着等温線をBET解析することによりを算出した。
触媒担体用炭素材料を試料とし、これを約6mg量り採った。その後、試料を熱重量・示唆熱測定装置(日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製、EXSTAR TG/DTA7200)にセットし、昇温速度10℃/分、乾燥空気200mL/minの流通の下で900℃までの重量減少を測定した。得られた重量減少曲線の測定開始時点の重量を100%、測定終了時点の重量を0%とした際の10%重量減少時点の温度を10%重量減少温度Td10%とした。
(実施例1)
(1)第一の賦活工程
原料とカーボンブラックして日鉄カーボン製ニテロン#10:7gを直径1インチの管型反応器に充填し、管型反応器上流に設定したマスフローコントローラーで400Nml/min.のCO2ガスを流通させた。この状態で管型反応器を840℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、36時間840℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に36時間840℃で保持し、第一の賦活工程を行った。保持後、流通ガスをN2に切り替え、降温し、第一賦活サンプルを回収した。
回収した第一賦活サンプル全量を加熱坩堝に充填して、加熱炉にてAr流通下、15℃/min.で昇温し、1600℃1時間で加熱処理工程を行い、加熱処理サンプルを回収した。
加熱処理サンプル全量を再び直径1インチの管型反応器に充填し、管型反応器上流に設定したマスフローコントローラーで400Nml/min.のCO2ガスを流通させた。この状態で管型反応器を850℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、15分間850℃で保持した。その後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に15分間850℃で保持し、第二の賦活を行った。保持後、流通ガスをN2に切り替え、降温した。
これら操作で得られた第二賦活サンプルを実施例1の触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)として回収した。
加熱処理工程の保持温度を1800℃とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程において、管型反応器を昇温後24時間840℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に48時間840℃で保持した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程において、管型反応器を820℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、36時間820℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に36時間820℃で保持した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程において、管型反応器を820℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、36時間820℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に36時間820℃で保持したこと、
第二の賦活工程の保持時間を2時間(ガス方向反転の反転前後の各保持時間1時間で計2時間)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程で原料カーボンブラックに日鉄カーボン製ニテロン#3350を用い、管型反応器を1000℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、3時間1000℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に3時間1000℃で保持したこと、
加熱処理工程の保持温度を1700℃に変更したこと、
第二の賦活工程の保持温度を950℃、保持時間を4時間(ガス方向反転の反転前後の各保持時間2時間で計4時間)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程で原料カーボンブラックに日鉄カーボン製ニテロン#3350を用い、管型反応器を1000℃に20℃/min.で昇温し、3時間1000℃で保持した後、管型反応器の上流および下流に設置されたバルブをそれぞれ操作し、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させ、更に3時間1000℃で保持したこと、
加熱処理工程の保持温度を1700℃に変更したこと、
第二の賦活工程の保持温度を950℃、保持時間を2時間(ガス方向反転の反転前後の各保持時間1時間で計2時間)としたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料(つまり多孔質賦活カーボンブラック)を得た。
第一の賦活工程で、原料カーボンブラックとして日鉄カーボン製ニテロン#10:230gを4枚のリフターを備えた内径120mm、長さ500mmの円筒形のレトルト容器内に均一な厚みとなるように充填し、ロータリーキルンの内部にレトルト容器を設置し、3000Nml/min.の流量でCO2ガスを流通させ、ロータリーキルンを秒間1回転の速度で回転させた。この状態でロータリーキルンを850℃まで20℃/min.で昇温し、35時間850℃で保持した。保持後、流通ガスをN2に切り替え降温し、ロータリーキルン内からレトルト容器を取り出し前後を反転させてロータリーキルンに再設置した。その後、3000Nml/min.の流量でCO2ガスを流通させ、ロータリーキルンを秒間1回転の速度で回転させた。この状態でロータリーキルンを850℃まで20℃/min.で昇温し、更に35時間850℃で保持した。保持後、流通ガスをN2に切り替え、降温し、第一賦活サンプルを回収した。
また、第二の賦活工程の保持温度を950℃、保持時間を0.5時間(ガス方向反転の反転前後の各保持時間15分で計0.5時間)とした。
これらの操作を実施した以外は実施例1と同様に行った。
第一の賦活工程で、管型反応器へ導入されるガスの方向を反転させなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
第一の賦活工程で、ロータリーキルン内からレトルト容器を取り出し前後を反転させなかった以外は、実施例8と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
第一の賦活工程で、レトルト容器を反転させる前の保持時間を56時間、レトルト容器を反転させた後の保持時間を14時間時間とした以外は、実施例8と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
第一の賦活工程で、レトルト容器を反転させる前の保持時間を14時間、レトルト容器を反転させた後の保持時間を56時間時間とした以外は、実施例8と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
第二の賦活工程を行わなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
加熱処理工程の保持温度を1400℃とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
加熱処理工程の保持温度を1200℃とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
加熱処理工程の保持温度を2000℃とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
追加の処理を実施しない、ライオンスペシャリティケミカルズ株式会社のケッチェンブラックEC300Jを、比較例9の触媒担体用炭素材料とした。
追加の処理を実施しない、ライオンスペシャリティケミカルズ株式会社のケッチェンブラックEC600JDを、比較例10の触媒担体用炭素材料とした。
原料カーボンブラックとしてライオンスペシャリティケミカルズ株式会社のケッチェンブラックEC300J:2gを、加熱処理炉で、Ar流通下1600℃で1時間の加熱処理工程を実施し、比較例11の触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
原料カーボンブラックとしてライオンスペシャリティケミカルズ株式会社のケッチェンブラックEC600JD:2gを、加熱処理炉で、Ar流通下、1600℃で1時間の加熱処理工程を実施し、比較例12の触媒担体用炭素材料を得た。
次に、以上のようにして準備した各多孔質カーボンブラックを用い、以下のようにして触媒金属が担持された固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒を調製し、また、得られた触媒を用いて触媒層インク液を調製し、次いでこの触媒層インク液を用いて触媒層を形成し、更に形成された触媒層を用いて膜電極接合体(MEA: Membrane Electrode Assembly)を作製し、この作製されたMEAを燃料電池セルに組み込み、燃料電池測定装置を用いて発電試験を行った。以下、各部材の調製及び発電試験によるセル評価について詳細に説明する。
各例の触媒担体用炭素材料を、蒸留水中に分散させ、この分散液にホルムアルデヒドを加え、40℃に設定したウォーターバスにセットし、分散液の温度がバスと同じ40℃になってから、撹拌下のこの分散液中にジニトロジアミンPt錯体硝酸水溶液をゆっくりと注ぎ入れた。その後、約2時間撹拌を続けた後、濾過し、得られた固形物の洗浄を行った。このようにして得られた固形物を90℃で真空乾燥した後、乳鉢で粉砕し、次いで水素を5体積%含むアルゴン雰囲気中200℃で1時間熱処理をして白金担持炭素材料を作製した。なお、この白金担持炭素材料の白金担持量については、触媒担体用炭素材料と白金粒子の合計質量に対して35質量%となるように調整し、誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析(ICP-AES: Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometry)により測定して確認した。
以上のようにして調製された白金担持炭素材料(Pt触媒)を用い、また、電解質樹脂として5質量%ナフィオン溶液(デュポン製DE2020CS、登録商標:Nafion)を用い、Ar雰囲気下でこれらPt触媒とナフィオンとを多孔質カーボンブラック分の質量(Pt触媒のうちPt分を除いた多孔質カーボンブラックのみの質量)に対してナフィオン固形分の質量が1.0倍の割合で配合し、軽く撹拌した後、超音波でPt触媒を解砕し、更にエタノールを加えてPt触媒と電解質樹脂とを合わせた合計の固形分濃度が0.5質量%となるように調整し、Pt触媒と電解質樹脂とが混合した触媒層インク液を調製した。
以上のようにして作製した触媒層を用い、以下の方法でMEA(膜電極複合体)を作製した。
ナフィオン膜(Dupont社製NR211)から一辺6cmの正方形状の電解質膜を切り出した。また、テフロン(登録商標)シート上に塗布されたアノード及びカソードの各触媒層については、それぞれカッターナイフで一辺2.5cmの正方形状に切り出した。
このようにして切り出されたアノード及びカソードの各触媒層の間に、各触媒層が電解質膜の中心部を挟んでそれぞれ接すると共に互いにずれが無いように、この電解質膜を挟み込み、120℃、100kg/cm2で10分間プレスし、次いで室温まで冷却した後、アノード及びカソード共にテフロン(登録商標)シートのみを注意深く剥ぎ取り、アノ
ード及びカソードの各触媒層が電解質膜に定着した触媒層-電解質膜接合体を調製した。
なお、作製された各MEAにおける触媒金属成分、炭素材料、電解質材料の各成分の目付量については、プレス前の触媒層付テフロン(登録商標)シートの質量とプレス後に剥がしたテフロン(登録商標)シートの質量との差からナフィオン膜(電解質膜)に定着させた触媒層の質量を求め、触媒層の組成の質量比より算出した。
各実施例及び比較例に係る各多孔質炭素材料を用いて作製したMEAについて、それぞれセルに組み込み、燃料電池測定装置にセットして、次の手順で燃料電池の初期発電性能評価を行った。
カソード側には空気を、また、アノード側には純水素を、それぞれ利用率が40%と70%となるように、セル下流に設けられた背圧弁で圧力調整して背圧のゲージ圧がそれぞれ0.1MPaGになるように供給した。また、セル温度は80℃に設定し、燃料電池セルに供給する空気と純水素を加湿器中で80℃に保温された蒸留水にそれぞれ通す(すなわち、バブリングを行う)ことで、加湿した。これにより、アノード及びカソードの相対湿度を100%程度とした。
このような設定の下にセルに反応ガスを供給した条件下で、セル端子間電圧が0.3Vになるまで電流密度を徐々に増加させる操作を10回繰り返した。
その後、電流密度を0.2A/cm2に固定して10分間保持したときのセル端子間電圧を記録し、下記の合格ランクA及びBと不合格ランクCの基準で低負荷性能評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
〔合格ランク〕
A:電流密度0.2A/cm2におけるセル端子間電圧が0.83V以上であるもの。
B:電流密度0.2A/cm2におけるセル端子間電圧が0.81V以上であるもの。〔不合格ランク〕
C:合格ランクBに満たないもの。
上記の初期発電性能評価後、次の条件で耐久試験を行った。まず、セル温度は80℃、相対湿度は100%、セル背圧を0.0MPaGにしてカソードのガスをアルゴンガスに切り替えた。次にセル電圧を0.6Vにして4秒間保持する操作を行った後にセル電圧を1.2Vにして4秒間保持する操作を1サイクルとし、この矩形波的電圧変動の繰返し操作を1000サイクル実施した。その後、アノードとカソードのガス利用率をそれぞれ40%と70%、セル背圧のゲージ圧がそれぞれ0.1MPaG、セル温度は80℃それぞれ相対湿度100%とし、セル電圧0.3Vにしたときの電流密度を記録し、下記の合格ランクA及びBと不合格ランクCの基準で耐久性評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
〔合格ランク〕
A:1000サイクル実施後の電流密度が初期発電性能評価時の電流密度の80%以上であるもの。
B:1000サイクル実施後の電流密度が初期発電性能評価時の電流密度の70%以上であるもの。
〔不合格ランク〕
C:合格ランクBに満たないもの。
100 固体高分子型燃料電池
110、120 セパレータ
130、140 ガス拡散層
150、160 触媒層
170 電解質膜
本明細書に記載された全ての文献、特許出願、および技術規格は、個々の文献、特許出願、および技術規格が参照により取り込まれることが具体的かつ個々に記された場合と同程度に、本明細書中に参照により取り込まれる。
Claims (5)
- 下記要件(A)、(B)、及び(C)を満たす多孔質賦活カーボンブラックからなる固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
(A)BET比表面積が350m2/g以上800m2/g以下である。
(B)窒素脱離等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径5nm以上20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VD5-20を、窒素吸着等温線をDH(Dollimore-Heal)法を用いた解析により求められる細孔径20nm以下の細孔が示す細孔容積VA20で除した値(VD5-20/VA20)が0.35以下である。
(C)熱重量示差熱分析(TG-DTA)において、空気雰囲気で10℃/minで昇温したときに10%重量減少する温度Td10%が620~680℃である。 - 前記細孔容積VA20が0.36~0.90mL/gである請求項1に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料。
- 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料を含む固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層。
- 請求項3に記載の固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層を含む燃料電池。
- 前記固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層は、カソード側の触媒層である請求項4に記載の燃料電池。
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| JP2025509186A JP7785239B2 (ja) | 2023-06-30 | 2024-06-28 | 固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 |
| EP24832146.5A EP4738482A1 (en) | 2023-06-30 | 2024-06-28 | Carbon material for catalyst carrier of solid polymer fuel cell, catalyst layer for solid polymer fuel cell, and fuel cell |
| KR1020267002434A KR102955880B1 (ko) | 2023-06-30 | 2024-06-28 | 고체 고분자형 연료 전지의 촉매 담체용 탄소 재료, 고체 고분자형 연료 전지용 촉매층, 및 연료 전지 |
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| WO2026071176A1 (ja) * | 2024-09-30 | 2026-04-02 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | 固体高分子型燃料電池の触媒担体用炭素材料、固体高分子型燃料電池用触媒層、及び燃料電池 |
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| CN121488335A (zh) | 2026-02-06 |
| KR20260028102A (ko) | 2026-03-03 |
| JPWO2025005290A1 (ja) | 2025-01-02 |
| EP4738482A1 (en) | 2026-05-06 |
| JP7785239B2 (ja) | 2025-12-12 |
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