WO2024232128A1 - ガスセンサ - Google Patents
ガスセンサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024232128A1 WO2024232128A1 PCT/JP2024/001720 JP2024001720W WO2024232128A1 WO 2024232128 A1 WO2024232128 A1 WO 2024232128A1 JP 2024001720 W JP2024001720 W JP 2024001720W WO 2024232128 A1 WO2024232128 A1 WO 2024232128A1
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- gas
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- solid electrolyte
- electrode
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/41—Oxygen pumping cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/4071—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases using sensor elements of laminated structure
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/4073—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
- G01N27/4074—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/409—Oxygen concentration cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/417—Systems using cells, i.e. more than one cell and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/419—Measuring voltages or currents with a combination of oxygen pumping cells and oxygen concentration cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/005—H2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/0054—Ammonia
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gas sensor including a sensor element using an ionically conductive solid electrolyte.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a hydrogen sensor that uses a proton conductive solid electrolyte.
- hydrogen is detected by the electromotive force (EMF) between an electrode placed on the surface of the proton conductive solid electrolyte that contacts the measured gas, and a reference electrode placed on the surface that contacts the reference gas.
- EMF electromotive force
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 6667192 discloses an ammonia sensor element that uses a proton-conductive solid electrolyte.
- the reference electrode is formed facing the reference gas chamber and is in contact with the reference gas.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 7122935 discloses a carbon dioxide detection device that includes a sensor element and a control unit.
- a sensor element includes an ion conductor that conducts oxygen ions, a proton conductor that conducts hydrogen protons, and a gas chamber formed between the ion conductor and the proton conductor.
- the sensor element has a water detection electrode provided on the surface of the proton conductor and a reference electrode provided on the surface of the proton conductor opposite to the surface on which the water detection electrode is provided, and the reference electrode is in contact with a reference gas.
- JP 2022-110596 A discloses a water vapor sensor that has a joint surface where a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxide-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer are joined together, and does not require a standard gas (reference gas).
- a gas sensor using a proton conductor is usually provided with a reference electrode that serves as a reference for measuring hydrogen concentration.
- the reference electrode is in contact with a reference gas that serves as a reference for hydrogen concentration.
- a gas with a predetermined hydrogen concentration is used as the reference gas
- a gas cylinder or the like is required to supply the reference gas, and the gas sensor becomes large.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 6667192, and Japanese Patent No. 7122935 disclose the use of air as the reference gas. In this case, the gas sensor can be made smaller.
- the hydrogen concentration in the air is extremely low, and the concentration is not stable.
- gas containing hydrogen atoms examples include ammonia NH 3 , water vapor H 2 O, and hydrocarbon HC.
- hydrocarbon HC include, for example, alkanes such as methane CH 4 and alkenes such as ethylene C 2 H 4 .
- An object of the present invention is to provide a gas sensor capable of measuring hydrogen gas and gases containing hydrogen atoms (ammonia NH 3 , water vapor H 2 O, hydrocarbons HC, etc.) in a measurement gas with high accuracy.
- the present invention includes the following inventions:
- a gas sensor for detecting a measurement target gas in a measurement target gas comprising: a sensor element; and a control device for controlling the sensor element
- the sensor element includes: a long plate-like base portion including a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer; a reference gas chamber formed between the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer inside the base portion, into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the reference gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a detection electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer so as to be
- the reference gas adjustment unit adjusts the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber by applying a predetermined voltage between the hydrogen generation electrode and the outer electrode of the hydrogen generation pump cell, decomposing water vapor in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber at the hydrogen generation electrode to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and pumping out the generated oxygen and the oxygen contained in the external gas from the reference gas chamber.
- the sensor element further comprises: a measurement gas space formed inside the base portion and into which the measurement gas is introduced via a measurement gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; the detection electrode is present within the measurement gas cavity,
- the gas sensor according to any one of (1) to (3) above, wherein the detection section detects a measurement target gas in a measurement gas based on a current flowing between the detection electrode and the hydrogen reference electrode.
- Detection (concentration measurement) of the target gas in the measured gas may be performed based on the electromotive force between the detection electrode and the hydrogen reference electrode as in (3) above, or based on the current flowing between the detection electrode and the hydrogen reference electrode as in (4) above.
- the sensor element is a preliminary treatment chamber formed between the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and the oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer inside the base portion, adjacent to the reference gas chamber via the external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage, and into which an external gas is introduced via a preliminary treatment diffusion rate-limiting passage; an oxygen pump cell including an oxygen pump electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the preliminary treatment chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that within the reference gas chamber and the preliminary treatment chamber, the outer electrode corresponding to the oxygen pump electrode;
- the reference gas adjustment unit operates the oxygen pump cell to pump out oxygen in the external gas introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber, and operates the hydrogen generation pump cell to decompose water vapor in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber from which oxygen is pumped in the preliminary treatment chamber to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and pumps out the generated oxygen and the oxygen contained in the external gas from
- the sensor element is further comprising an oxygen reference electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer within the reference gas chamber;
- the gas sensor according to any one of (1) to (5) above, wherein the reference gas adjusting section operates the hydrogen generation pump cell based on an electromotive force between the hydrogen reference electrode and the oxygen reference electrode.
- a gas sensor according to any one of (1) to (6) above, in which the outer electrode of the hydrogen generation pump cell is arranged so as to be in contact with the gas to be measured.
- a gas sensor according to any one of (1) to (7) above, in which the gas to be measured is hydrogen, ammonia, water vapor, or methane.
- a long plate-shaped substrate including a proton conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer; a reference gas chamber formed between the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer inside the base portion, into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the reference gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a detection electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer so as to be in contact with the gas to be measured;
- a sensor element for detecting a gas to be measured in a measurement gas comprising:
- a gas chamber at least partially surrounded by a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer, and into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conducting solid electrolyte layer within the gas chamber; a gas adjusting unit that operates the hydrogen generation pump cell to adjust the hydrogen concentration in the gas chamber;
- a gas regulator including:
- a gas chamber at least partially surrounded by a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer, and into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conducting solid electrolyte layer within the gas chamber; a gas adjusting unit that operates the hydrogen generation pump cell to adjust the hydrogen concentration in the gas chamber;
- the gas adjusting unit is A gas regulating device that applies a predetermined voltage between the hydrogen generation electrode and the outer electrode of the hydrogen generation pump cell, decomposes water vapor in an external gas introduced into the gas chamber at the hydrogen generation electrode to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and pumps the generated oxygen and the oxygen contained in the external gas out
- a gas sensor capable of measuring hydrogen gas and gases containing hydrogen atoms (ammonia NH 3 , water vapor H 2 O, hydrocarbons HC, etc.) in a measurement gas with high accuracy.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 101, showing an example of a schematic configuration of a gas sensor 100 according to a first embodiment.
- 2 is a block diagram showing an electrical connection relationship between a control device 90 and each cell 20, 31 of a sensor element 101 in the gas sensor 100 of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 201, showing an example of a schematic configuration of a gas sensor 200 according to a second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an electrical connection relationship between a control device 290 and each cell 21, 31 of a sensor element 201 in a gas sensor 200 of a second embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 301, showing an example of a schematic configuration of a gas sensor 300 according to a third embodiment.
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an electrical connection relationship between a control device 390 and each of cells 20, 31, and 51 of a sensor element 301 in a gas sensor 300 of embodiment 3.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 401, showing an example of a schematic configuration of a gas sensor 400 according to a fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an electrical connection relationship between a control device 490 and each of cells 20, 31, and 61 of a sensor element 401 in a gas sensor 400 of embodiment 4.
- 11 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 501, showing an example of a schematic configuration of a gas sensor 500 according to a fifth embodiment.
- the gas sensor of the present invention includes a sensor element and a control device that controls the sensor element.
- the sensor element included in the gas sensor of the present invention is a long plate-like base portion including a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer; a reference gas chamber formed between the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer inside the base portion, into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the reference gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the reference gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a detection electrode disposed on the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer so as to be in contact with the gas to be measured; Includes.
- a proton-conducting solid electrolyte is a solid material that has the property of conducting protons (hydrogen ions; H + ions).
- An oxygen-ion-conducting solid electrolyte is a solid material that has the property of conducting oxygen ions ( O2- ions).
- the control device included in the gas sensor of the present invention includes: a reference gas adjusting unit that adjusts the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber by operating the hydrogen generation pump cell; and a detection unit for detecting a measurement target gas in the measurement gas.
- Fig. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a sensor element 101 in the longitudinal direction, showing an example of the schematic configuration of a gas sensor 100 of the first embodiment.
- the upper side of Fig. 1 is the upper side
- the lower side is the lower side
- the left side of Fig. 1 is the front end side
- the right side is the rear end side.
- the gas sensor 100 shows an example of a gas sensor that detects hydrogen H2 in a measurement gas by a sensor element 101 and measures the gas concentration.
- the gas sensor 100 also includes a control device 90 that controls the sensor element 101.
- Figure 2 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection between the control device 90 and the sensor element 101.
- the sensor element 101 is a long plate-like element including a long plate-like base portion 102 including a proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and an oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer.
- the long plate shape is also referred to as a long plate shape or a strip shape.
- the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer is made of a proton-conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor) and is a layer extending in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 101 (base portion 102).
- a proton-conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor) for example, a perovskite-type oxide or the like can be used.
- a perovskite ceramic represented by the following composition formula can be used as the proton-conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor).
- A is, for example, a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, and Sr.
- B is, for example, a tetravalent metal selected from the group consisting of Ce and Zr.
- C is, For example, it is a trivalent metal selected from the group consisting of In, Y, Yb, Mn, and Sc, which is a so-called dopant.
- x may be 0 or more and 0.7 or less.
- the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer is a layer made of an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte (oxygen ion conductor) and extending in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 101 (base portion 102).
- oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte oxygen ion conductor
- stabilized zirconia and partially stabilized zirconia which are obtained by adding a rare earth metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide as a stabilizer to zirconia
- the stabilizer include yttria (Y 2 O 3 ), calcia (CaO), magnesia (MgO), ceria (CeO 2 ), and scandia (Sc 2 O 3 ).
- yttria stabilized zirconia can be used.
- the base portion 102 has a structure in which five layers, a first substrate layer 1, a second substrate layer 2, an oxygen ion conductor layer 3, a spacer layer 4, and a proton conductor layer 5, are stacked in this order from the bottom as viewed in the drawing.
- the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 2 are layers made of an insulator such as alumina.
- the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 and the spacer layer 4 are layers made of an oxygen ion conductor and are dense and airtight.
- the proton conductor layer 5 is a layer made of a proton conductor and is dense and airtight.
- the five layers may all have the same thickness, or each layer may have a different thickness. These five layers are bonded together.
- the spacer layer 4 is a layer made of an oxygen ion conductor, but is not limited to this.
- the spacer layer 4 may be a layer made of a proton conductor or a layer made of an insulator such as alumina, as long as it is dense and airtight.
- the sensor element 101 is manufactured, for example, by stacking ceramic green sheets corresponding to each layer after performing predetermined processing and printing circuit patterns, and then firing them to integrate them.
- An oxygen discharge space 41 is formed at one end in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 101 (base portion 102), between the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5 and the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- the end where the oxygen discharge space 41 exists is hereinafter referred to as the tip portion.
- the oxygen discharge space 41 is filled with the gas to be measured.
- a reference gas chamber 42 is formed between the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer (proton conductor layer 5) and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) inside the base portion 102, near the one longitudinal end (tip portion) of the sensor element 101 (base portion 102).
- the reference gas chamber 42 is formed at a position farther from the tip side than the oxygen exhaust space 41, between the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5 and the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- the oxygen exhaust space 41 and the reference gas chamber 42 are separated by a spacer layer 4 to prevent gas from flowing between them.
- an air diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 and an air introduction space 40 are formed in this order in a manner that they communicate with each other.
- the air diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 corresponds to the external gas diffusion rate-controlling passage of the present invention.
- the air introduction space 40 has an opening at the other end (hereinafter referred to as the rear end) in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 101 (base portion 102).
- the oxygen exhaust space 41, the reference gas chamber 42, and the air introduction space 40 are spaces inside the sensor element 101 that are defined by hollowing out the spacer layer 4, with the upper part defined by the underside of the proton conductor layer 5, the lower part defined by the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3, and the sides defined by the side surfaces of the spacer layer 4.
- the atmospheric diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 is provided as two horizontally elongated slits (with the openings extending in the direction perpendicular to the drawing in FIG. 1).
- the atmospheric diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 may have any shape that provides the desired diffusion resistance, and the shape is not limited to the slits.
- the reference gas chamber 42 is a space in which a reference gas that serves as a reference for detecting the hydrogen concentration exists.
- External gas such as the atmosphere is introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 from the external space of the sensor element 101 through the atmosphere introduction space 40 and the atmosphere diffusion rate-controlling passage 43.
- the water vapor in the external gas (in this embodiment, the atmosphere) introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 is converted into hydrogen, so that the reference gas chamber 42 is filled with a reference gas containing hydrogen gas.
- the conversion from water vapor to hydrogen is performed by the hydrogen generation pump cell 31.
- the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 includes a hydrogen generation electrode 32 disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) in the reference gas chamber 42, and an outer electrode 33 disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) at a position different from that in the reference gas chamber 42 and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- "Corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode 32" means that the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 are in contact with each other via the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte.
- the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 is an electrochemical pump cell composed of a hydrogen generation electrode 32 disposed on the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42, an outer electrode 33 disposed on the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the oxygen exhaust space 41, and an oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in contact with these electrodes.
- the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 are porous cermet electrodes (electrodes in which a metal component and a ceramic component are mixed).
- the ceramic component is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte, similar to the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- ZrO2 stabilized ZrO2
- ZrO2 stabilized ZrO2
- the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 may contain a catalytically active precious metal (e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd) as a metal component.
- a catalytically active precious metal e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd
- the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 may be a porous cermet electrode of Pt and ZrO2 .
- the hydrogen generating electrode 32 also functions as a catalyst for decomposing water vapor (H 2 O) in an external gas (eg, air) introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 through the air introduction space 40 and the air diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 .
- an external gas eg, air
- a predetermined pump voltage Vp2 is applied between the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 by the variable power supply 34, and a pump current Ip2 is passed between the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33, whereby water vapor H 2 O in the reference gas chamber 42 is decomposed (2H 2 O ⁇ 2H 2 +O 2 ) in the hydrogen generation electrode 32 to generate hydrogen H 2 and oxygen O 2.
- the oxygen generated by the decomposition of water vapor H 2 O and the oxygen originally contained in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 can be pumped out of the reference gas chamber 42 to the oxygen discharge space 41.
- the outer electrode 33 is disposed so as to be in contact with the measurement gas.
- the outer electrode 33 may be disposed at a position different from that in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the outer electrode 33 may be disposed so as to be in contact with the measurement gas as in this embodiment, or may be disposed in the air introduction space 40 and be in contact with the external gas (atmosphere).
- Oxygen generated by decomposition of H 2 O in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 and oxygen originally contained in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 are pumped out to the outer electrode 33.
- the outer electrode 33 may be disposed so as to be in contact with the measurement gas as in this embodiment. That is, oxygen may be pumped out from the reference gas chamber 42 into the measurement gas. In this case, the pumped out oxygen does not affect the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42, so that the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 can be operated more efficiently.
- a hydrogen reference electrode 23 is disposed on the proton conductor layer 5 (the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5) in the reference gas chamber 42.
- a detection electrode 22 is disposed in a region of the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5 corresponding to the hydrogen reference electrode 23.
- the detection electrode 22 is disposed so as to be in contact with the measured gas.
- the detection electrode 22 is disposed on the outer surface of the sensor element 101.
- the gas sensor 100 is configured so that the measured gas is present around the tip of the sensor element 101, and the area around the detection electrode 22 is an atmosphere of the measured gas.
- the detection electrode 22, the hydrogen reference electrode 23, and the proton conductor layer 5 sandwiched between these electrodes constitute an electrochemical sensor cell, i.e., the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20.
- the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 By measuring the electromotive force V1 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20, the hydrogen partial pressure (hydrogen concentration) in the measured gas around the detection electrode 22 can be determined.
- the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 are porous cermet electrodes (electrodes in which metal components and ceramic components are mixed). There are no particular limitations on the ceramic components, but it is preferable to use a solid electrolyte that is hydrogen ion (proton) conductive, as with the proton conductor layer 5. For example, strontium zirconate doped with yttrium (Y) can be used as the ceramic component.
- the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 may contain catalytically active precious metals (e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd) as metal components.
- the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 may be porous cermet electrodes of Pt and strontium zirconate doped with yttrium (Y).
- the sensor element 101 is equipped with a heater 72 that serves to adjust the temperature by heating and keeping the sensor element 101 warm in order to increase the hydrogen ion conductivity and oxygen ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte.
- the heater 72 is an electrical resistor sandwiched between the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 2, each of which is made of an insulator.
- the heater 72 is connected to an external power source via lead wires (not shown), and generates heat when power is supplied from the outside, heating and keeping warm the solid electrolyte that forms the sensor element 101.
- the heater 72 is embedded at least throughout the entire reference gas chamber 42, making it possible to adjust the entire sensor element 101 to a temperature at which the solid electrolyte (proton conductor layer 5 and oxygen ion conductor layer 3) is activated.
- the temperature needs to be adjusted so that the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 and the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 can operate. It is not necessary to adjust these areas to the same temperature, and the sensor element 101 may have a temperature distribution.
- the heater 72 By maintaining the heater 72 at a desired temperature, the sensor element 101 can be maintained at an operating temperature at which the solid electrolyte is activated and the hydrogen concentration can be measured accurately.
- the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 is at about 700°C and the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 is at about 600°C.
- the heater 72 is embedded in the base portion 102, but is not limited to this.
- the heater 72 may be disposed so as to heat the base portion 102.
- the heater 72 may be capable of heating the sensor element 101 to an extent that it exhibits the oxygen ion conductivity that allows the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to operate and the hydrogen ion conductivity that allows the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 to operate.
- the heater 72 may be embedded in the base portion 102, for example, sandwiched between the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 2 made of an insulator, as in this embodiment.
- the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 2 do not have to be insulators, and may be, for example, a proton-conducting solid electrolyte such as the proton conductor layer 5, or an oxygen-ion-conducting solid electrolyte such as the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- a proton-conducting solid electrolyte such as the proton conductor layer 5
- an oxygen-ion-conducting solid electrolyte such as the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- the heater portion may be formed as a heater substrate separate from the base portion 102, and disposed adjacent to the base portion 102.
- the above-mentioned sensor element 101 is incorporated into the gas sensor 100 in such a manner that the tip end of the sensor element 101 contacts the gas to be measured and the rear end of the sensor element 101 contacts an external gas such as the atmosphere.
- the gas sensor 100 of this embodiment includes the above-mentioned sensor element 101 and a control device 90 that controls the sensor element 101.
- the electrodes 22, 23, 32, and 33 of the sensor element 101 are electrically connected to the control device 90 via lead wires (not shown).
- Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 90 and the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 and the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 of the sensor element 101.
- the control device 90 includes the above-mentioned variable power supply 34 and a control unit 91.
- the control unit 91 includes a reference gas adjustment unit 92 and a detection unit 93.
- the control unit 91 is realized by a general-purpose or dedicated computer, and the functions of the reference gas adjustment unit 92 and the detection unit 93 are realized by a CPU, memory, etc. installed in the computer. Note that when the gas sensor 100 measures hydrogen contained in the exhaust gas from an automobile engine and the sensor element 101 is attached to the exhaust path, some or all of the functions of the control unit 90 (particularly the control unit 91) may be realized by an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) installed in the automobile.
- ECU Electronic Control Unit
- the control unit 91 is configured to acquire the electromotive force V1 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 of the sensor element 101. It may also be configured to acquire the pump current Ip2 in the hydrogen generation pump cell 31. The control unit 91 is also configured to output a control signal to the variable power supply 34.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 92 is configured to operate the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to adjust the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 92 is configured to apply a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp2) between the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 of the hydrogen generation pump cell 31, decomposing water vapor H 2 O in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 at the hydrogen generation electrode 32 (2H 2 O ⁇ 2H 2 + O 2 ) to generate hydrogen H 2 and oxygen O 2 , and pumping out the generated oxygen O 2 and the oxygen O 2 contained (originally present) in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 from within the reference gas chamber 42, thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- Vp2 pump voltage
- the pump current Ip2 increases as the pump voltage Vp2 increases while the pump voltage Vp2 is low. At this time, the oxygen gas present in the reference gas chamber 42 is pumped out. After that, when the pump voltage Vp2 increases, the pump current Ip2 does not increase even if the pump voltage Vp2 increases and becomes saturated. The saturated current value at this time is called the first limit current value.
- the region in which the pump current Ip2 becomes the first limit current value for the pump voltage Vp2 is called the first limit current region.
- the first limit current value is a value corresponding to the oxygen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the pump current Ip2 flows from the hydrogen generation electrode 32 to the outer electrode 33 on the outside of the sensor element 101.
- the pump current Ip2 starts to increase again.
- the water vapor H2O starts to decompose at the hydrogen generation electrode 32. That is, at the hydrogen generation electrode 32, the water vapor H2O is decomposed ( 2H2O ⁇ 2H2 + O2 ) to generate hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2 , and the generated oxygen O2 is pumped out from the reference gas chamber 42.
- the pump current Ip2 does not increase even if the pump voltage Vp2 increases, and the pump current Ip2 becomes saturated again.
- the current value that is saturated again at this time is called the second limit current value.
- the region where the pump current Ip2 becomes the second limit current value with respect to the pump voltage Vp2 is called the second limit current region.
- the second limiting current region it is considered that the water vapor in the external gas (air in this embodiment) introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 through the air diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 is substantially all decomposed in the hydrogen generation electrode 32, and the oxygen generated by the decomposition of the water vapor is substantially all pumped out by the hydrogen generation pump cell 31.
- the amount of oxygen generated by the decomposition of the water vapor corresponds to the water vapor concentration in the external gas. Therefore, the second limiting current value is considered to be the sum of the first limiting current value corresponding to the oxygen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42 and the current value corresponding to the water vapor concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 92 applies a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp2) between the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33 of the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to decompose water vapor H 2 O in the external gas (air in this embodiment) introduced into the reference gas chamber 42.
- the pump voltage Vp2 is preferably a voltage at which decomposition of water vapor occurs at the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- the pump voltage Vp2 is a voltage at which the pump current Ip2 becomes the above-mentioned second limit current value.
- the pump voltage Vp2 may be a voltage at which the pump current Ip2 becomes a predetermined current value, that is, a voltage at which a predetermined amount of oxygen is pumped out from the reference gas chamber 42.
- the value of the pump voltage Vp2 may vary depending on the purpose of use of the gas sensor 100 and the configuration of the sensor element 101, and may be, for example, about 500 mV to 1500 mV.
- the detection unit 93 is configured to detect the target gas (hydrogen in this embodiment) in the measured gas.
- the detection unit 93 is configured to detect the target gas (hydrogen in this embodiment) in the measured gas based on the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20.
- the detection electrode 22 is disposed on the outer surface of the sensor element 101 and is in contact with the gas to be measured.
- the reference gas chamber 42 contains a reference gas that contains hydrogen gas produced by the decomposition of water vapor.
- the hydrogen reference electrode 23 is in contact with the reference gas that contains hydrogen gas produced by the decomposition of water vapor.
- the detection unit 93 may obtain the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20, calculate the H 2 concentration in the measured gas based on a conversion parameter (electromotive force-H 2 concentration conversion parameter) between the electromotive force V1 and the H 2 concentration in the measured gas that is stored in advance, and output the calculated value as a measurement value of the gas sensor 100.
- the electromotive force-H 2 concentration conversion parameter is stored in advance in the memory of the control unit 91 that functions as the detection unit 93.
- the electromotive force-H 2 concentration conversion parameter can be appropriately determined in advance for the gas sensor 100 by a person skilled in the art through experiments or the like.
- the electromotive force-H 2 concentration conversion parameter may be, for example, a coefficient of an approximation formula (logarithmic function, etc.) obtained by an experiment or a theoretical formula, or may be a map showing the correspondence between the electromotive force V1 and the H 2 concentration in the measured gas.
- the electromotive force-H 2 concentration conversion parameter may be a parameter unique to each gas sensor 100, or may be a parameter commonly used for a plurality of gas sensors.
- Non-Patent Document 2 discloses that in the case of extremely low hydrogen partial pressure such as the atmosphere, the proton transport number of the proton-conducting solid electrolyte is significantly below 1. It is known that if the proton transport number is 1, the electromotive force generated between a pair of electrodes arranged on the proton-conducting solid electrolyte follows the so-called Nernst equation.
- an electromotive force is generated according to the difference (ratio) between the hydrogen partial pressure in the gas in contact with one electrode and the hydrogen partial pressure in the gas in contact with the other electrode.
- the proton transport number is significantly below 1.
- the electrode potential of the reference electrode in contact with the atmosphere deviates from the value derived by the Nernst equation.
- the measurement accuracy of the hydrogen concentration will decrease due to such a deviation in the electrode potential of the reference electrode.
- a gas with a predetermined hydrogen concentration such that the proton transport number is 1 or nearly 1, as the reference gas.
- a gas cylinder containing gas with the predetermined hydrogen concentration can be used.
- the gas sensor becomes large and is not suitable for use in cases where there are limitations on the installation space, such as in a vehicle.
- the introduced air is adjusted to a reference gas containing hydrogen gas in the reference gas chamber 42, and this adjusted reference gas is used. Therefore, it is believed that a high level of accuracy can be maintained in measuring the hydrogen concentration.
- the device since no gas cylinder is required, the device can be made compact, and it is believed that it can be used adequately for in-vehicle applications, etc.
- the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere is not constant. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen generated by the decomposition of water vapor, i.e., the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42, can fluctuate.
- the concentration range is considered to be sufficiently higher than the hydrogen concentration originally contained in the atmosphere. Therefore, the proton transport number is considered to be maintained at 1 or approximately 1. This stabilizes the electrode potential of the hydrogen reference electrode 23, and it is considered that high accuracy can be maintained in measuring the hydrogen concentration.
- the detection unit 93 may also be configured to detect the measurement target gas (hydrogen in this embodiment) in the measurement gas based on the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 and the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42. Even if the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42 fluctuates, the hydrogen concentration in the measurement gas can be detected with even higher accuracy.
- the measurement target gas hydrogen in this embodiment
- the detection unit 93 may obtain the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere, and calculate the H2 concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42 based on the relationship between the pump voltage Vp2 applied to the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 and the amount of hydrogen generated at each water vapor concentration, which is stored in advance. For example, a value measured by a thermometer/hygrometer or the like separate from the gas sensor can be used as the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere.
- the H2 concentration in the reference gas is considered to be approximately proportional to the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere.
- the detection unit 93 may take into consideration the calculated H2 concentration in the reference gas and calculate the hydrogen concentration in the measured gas based on the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20. For example, a map showing the correspondence between the electromotive force V1, the H2 concentration in the reference gas, and the H2 concentration in the measured gas may be stored in advance as a conversion parameter (electromotive force- H2 concentration conversion parameter) between the above-mentioned electromotive force V1 and the H2 concentration in the measured gas.
- a conversion parameter electromotive force- H2 concentration conversion parameter
- FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a sensor element 201 in the longitudinal direction, showing an example of the schematic configuration of the gas sensor 200 of embodiment 2.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 290 and the sensor element 201 in the gas sensor 200 of embodiment 2.
- the base portion 202 has a structure in which seven layers, a first substrate layer 1, a second substrate layer 2, an oxygen ion conductor layer 3, a spacer layer 4, a proton conductor layer 5, a second spacer layer 6, and a ceiling layer 7, are stacked in this order from the bottom up as viewed in the drawing.
- the second spacer layer 6 and the ceiling layer 7 are layers made of an insulator such as alumina, like the first substrate layer 1 and the second substrate layer 2.
- the seven layers may all be the same thickness, or each layer may have a different thickness. These seven layers are bonded together to form a single unit.
- a measurement gas space 12 is formed inside the base portion 202, into which the measurement gas is introduced via a measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11.
- a gas inlet 10 is formed at one end (tip) in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 201 (base portion 202), between the lower surface of the ceiling layer 7 and the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5.
- a measured gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11 and a measured gas space 12 are formed in the longitudinal direction from the gas inlet 10, communicating in this order.
- the gas inlet 10 and the measurement gas space 12 are spaces inside the sensor element 201, which are defined by an upper portion cut out of the second spacer layer 6, the lower portion by the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5, and the sides by the side surfaces of the second spacer layer 6.
- the measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11 is provided as two horizontally elongated slits (the opening has its longitudinal direction perpendicular to the drawing in FIG. 3).
- the measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11 may have any shape that provides the desired diffusion resistance, and the shape is not limited to the slits.
- the detection electrode 22 is present in the measurement gas space 12. That is, it is disposed on the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5 in the measurement gas space 12.
- the gas inlet 10 is open to the external space in which the gas to be measured exists, and the gas to be measured is taken into the sensor element 201 from the external space through the gas inlet 10.
- the measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11 is a section that provides a predetermined diffusion resistance to the measurement gas taken in through the gas inlet 10.
- the measurement gas space 12 is provided as a space for measuring the hydrogen concentration in the measurement gas introduced through the measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11.
- the hydrogen concentration is measured by operating the current detection pump cell 21.
- the current detection pump cell 21 includes a detection electrode 22 disposed on the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer (proton conductor layer 5) in the measured gas void 12, and a hydrogen reference electrode 23 disposed on the proton conductive solid electrolyte layer (proton conductor layer 5) at a position different from that in the measured gas void 12 and corresponding to the detection electrode 22.
- "Corresponding to the detection electrode 22" means that the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 are in contact via the proton conductive solid electrolyte.
- the current detection pump cell 21 is an electrochemical pump cell consisting of a detection electrode 22 disposed on the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5 in the measurement gas space 12, a hydrogen reference electrode 23 disposed on the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5 in the reference gas chamber 42, and the proton conductor layer 5 sandwiched between these electrodes.
- a predetermined pump voltage Vp1 is applied between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 by the variable power supply 24, and a pump current Ip1 is passed between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23, thereby making it possible to pump hydrogen from the measurement gas space 12 into the reference gas chamber 42.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 290 and each pump cell 21, 31 of the sensor element 201 in the gas sensor 200 of the second embodiment.
- the control device 290 includes variable power sources 24, 34 and a control unit 291.
- the control unit 291 includes a reference gas adjustment unit 92 and a detection unit 293.
- the control unit 291 is configured to acquire the pump current Ip1 in the current detection pump cell 21 of the sensor element 201. It may also be configured to acquire the pump current Ip2 in the hydrogen generation pump cell 31. The control unit 291 is also configured to output a control signal to the variable power supplies 24, 34.
- the detection unit 293 is configured to detect the measurement target gas (hydrogen in the second embodiment) in the measurement gas based on the current (pump current Ip1) flowing between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the current detection pump cell 21.
- the pump current Ip1 increases as the pump voltage Vp1 increases while the pump voltage Vp1 is low. At this time, the hydrogen gas present in the measured gas void 12 is pumped out.
- the pump voltage Vp1 subsequently increases, the pump current Ip1 does not increase even if the pump voltage Vp1 increases and becomes saturated.
- the saturated current value at this time is called the limiting current value of hydrogen gas.
- the region where the pump current Ip1 becomes the limiting current value of hydrogen gas for the pump voltage Vp1 is called the limiting current region of hydrogen gas.
- the detection unit 293 applies a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp1) between the detection electrode 22 of the current detection pump cell 21 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 to pump out the hydrogen in the measured gas introduced into the measured gas space 12 from the measured gas space 12, and detects the pump current Ip1 that flows during this process.
- Vp1 pump voltage
- the pump voltage Vp1 should be set to a voltage that makes the pump current Ip1 the limiting current value of hydrogen gas described above. This will allow substantially all of the hydrogen in the measured gas introduced into the measured gas space 12 to be pumped out. In this case, the pump current Ip1 flowing through the current detection pump cell 21 will have a current value that corresponds to the hydrogen concentration in the measured gas. Therefore, the hydrogen concentration in the measured gas can be detected based on the pump current Ip1.
- the value of the pump voltage Vp1 may vary depending on the intended use of the gas sensor 200 and the configuration of the sensor element 201, but may be, for example, about 400 mV to 1000 mV.
- the detection unit 293 may acquire the pump current Ip1 flowing between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the current detection pump cell 21, calculate the H2 concentration in the measurement gas based on a conversion parameter (current- H2 concentration conversion parameter) between the pump current Ip1 and the H2 concentration in the measurement gas that is stored in advance, and output it as a measurement value of the gas sensor 200.
- the current- H2 concentration conversion parameter is stored in advance in the memory of the control unit 291 that functions as the detection unit 293.
- the current- H2 concentration conversion parameter can be appropriately determined in advance for the gas sensor 200 by a person skilled in the art through experiments or the like.
- the current- H2 concentration conversion parameter may be, for example, a coefficient of an approximation formula (such as a linear function) obtained by an experiment or a theoretical formula, or may be a map showing the correspondence between the pump current Ip1 and the H2 concentration in the measurement gas.
- the current- H2 concentration conversion parameter may be a parameter unique to each gas sensor 200, or may be a parameter commonly used for a plurality of gas sensors.
- the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42 is adjusted by the reference gas adjustment unit 92, and the electrode potential of the hydrogen reference electrode 23 is stable. Therefore, in the current detection pump cell 21, the relationship between the applied pump voltage Vp1 and the pump current Ip1 flowing through the current detection pump cell 21 corresponds better to the hydrogen concentration in the measured gas, and it is believed that the hydrogen concentration can be measured with higher accuracy.
- FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 301, showing an example of the schematic configuration of the gas sensor 300 of the third embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 390 and the sensor element 301 in the gas sensor 300 of the third embodiment.
- a preliminary treatment chamber 44 is formed, which is adjacent to the reference gas chamber 42 via the external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage (atmospheric diffusion rate-limiting passage 43) and into which an external gas (in this embodiment, atmospheric air) is introduced via a preliminary treatment diffusion rate-limiting passage 45.
- the preliminary treatment chamber 44 is a space inside the sensor element 301 that is defined by hollowing out the spacer layer 4, with its upper part defined by the underside of the proton conductor layer 5, its lower part defined by the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3, and its sides defined by the side surfaces of the spacer layer 4.
- the preliminary treatment diffusion rate-controlling passage 45 is provided as two horizontally elongated slits (with the openings extending in the direction perpendicular to the drawing in FIG. 5), similar to the atmospheric diffusion rate-controlling passage 43.
- the preliminary treatment diffusion rate-controlling passage 45 may have any shape that provides the desired diffusion resistance, and the shape is not limited to the slits.
- the preliminary treatment chamber 44 is provided as a space for pumping out in advance the oxygen in the external gas (in this embodiment, the atmosphere) introduced through the air introduction space 40 and the preliminary treatment diffusion rate-controlling passage 45.
- the oxygen in the atmosphere is pumped out by the oxygen pump cell 51.
- the oxygen pump cell 51 includes an oxygen pump electrode 52 disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) in the preliminary treatment chamber 44, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) at a position different from that in the reference gas chamber 42 and the preliminary treatment chamber 44, and corresponding to the oxygen pump electrode 52.
- "Corresponding to the oxygen pump electrode 52" means that the oxygen pump electrode 52 and the outer electrode are in contact with each other via the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte.
- the oxygen pump cell 51 is an electrochemical pump cell composed of an oxygen pump electrode 52 disposed on the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the preliminary treatment chamber 44, an outer electrode 33 disposed on the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the oxygen exhaust space 41, and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in contact with these electrodes.
- the outer electrode 33 also functions as the outer electrode of the oxygen pump cell 51.
- the outer electrode of the oxygen pump cell 51 and the outer electrode of the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 may be formed as separate electrodes, or may be formed as a single electrode as in this embodiment.
- the oxygen pump electrode 52 is a porous cermet electrode (an electrode in which a metal component and a ceramic component are mixed) similar to the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33.
- the ceramic component is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte similar to the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- ZrO 2 stabilized ZrO 2
- ZrO 2 stabilized ZrO 2
- the oxygen pump electrode 52 may contain a catalytically active precious metal (e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd) as a metal component, similar to the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33.
- a catalytically active precious metal e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd
- the oxygen pump electrode 52 may be a porous cermet electrode of Pt and ZrO2.
- a predetermined pump voltage Vp3 is applied between the oxygen pump electrode 52 and the outer electrode 33 by the variable power supply 54, and a pump current Ip3 is passed between the oxygen pump electrode 52 and the outer electrode 33, thereby making it possible to pump oxygen from within the preliminary treatment chamber 44 into the oxygen exhaust space 41.
- the external gas atmosphere in this embodiment
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 390 and the hydrogen generation pump cell 31, oxygen pump cell 51, and electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 of the sensor element 301 in the gas sensor 300 of the third embodiment.
- the control device 390 includes variable power sources 34, 54 and a control unit 391.
- the control unit 391 includes a reference gas adjustment unit 392 and a detection unit 93.
- the control unit 391 is configured to acquire the electromotive force V1 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 of the sensor element 301. It may also be configured to acquire the pump currents (Ip2, Ip3) in the pump cells 31, 51. The control unit 391 is also configured to output control signals to the variable power sources 34, 54.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 392 is configured to operate the oxygen pump cell 51 to pump out oxygen in the external gas (in this embodiment, the atmosphere) introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber 44, and to operate the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to decompose the water vapor in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 after oxygen has been pumped out of the preliminary treatment chamber 44, generating hydrogen and oxygen, and to pump out from the reference gas chamber 42 the generated oxygen and the oxygen originally contained in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42, thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the oxygen pump cell 51 to pump out oxygen in the external gas (in this embodiment, the atmosphere) introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber 44
- the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to decompose the water vapor in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 after oxygen has been pumped out of the preliminary treatment chamber 44, generating hydrogen and oxygen, and to pump out from the reference gas chamber 42 the generated oxygen and the oxygen originally contained in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42, thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42
- the reference gas adjustment unit 392 applies a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp3) between the oxygen pump electrode 52 of the oxygen pump cell 51 and the outer electrode 33 to pump out at least a part of the oxygen in the air introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber 44.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 392 is configured to apply a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp2) between the hydrogen generation electrode 32 of the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 and the outer electrode 33 to the air from which oxygen is pumped out in the preliminary treatment chamber 44 and introduced into the reference gas chamber 42, decompose water vapor H 2 O in the air at the hydrogen generation electrode 32 (2H 2 O ⁇ 2H 2 +O 2 ) to generate hydrogen H 2 and oxygen O 2 , and pump out the generated oxygen O 2 and the oxygen O 2 remaining in the air from the reference gas chamber 42, thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- Vp2 pump voltage
- the pump current Ip3 increases as the pump voltage Vp3 increases while the pump voltage Vp3 is low. At this time, the oxygen gas present in the preliminary treatment chamber 44 is pumped out.
- the pump voltage Vp3 subsequently increases, the pump current Ip3 does not increase even if the pump voltage Vp3 increases and becomes saturated. The saturated current value at this time is called the limit current value of oxygen gas.
- the region where the pump current Ip3 becomes the limit current value of oxygen gas for the pump voltage Vp3 is called the limit current region of oxygen gas.
- the pump current Ip3 flows from the oxygen pump electrode 52 to the outer electrode 33 on the outside of the sensor element 101.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 392 applies a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp3) between the oxygen pump electrode 52 and the outer electrode 33 of the oxygen pump cell 51 to pump out at least a portion of the oxygen in the external gas (in this embodiment, the atmosphere) introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber 44.
- the pump voltage Vp3 may be a voltage at which at least a portion of the oxygen in the external gas is pumped out by the oxygen pump cell 51.
- the voltage may be a voltage at which the oxygen pump cell 51 pumps out most of the oxygen in the external gas. More preferably, the voltage may be such that the pump current Ip3 becomes the limiting current value of oxygen described above.
- the pump voltage Vp3 may be a voltage at which decomposition of water vapor in the atmosphere does not occur.
- the value of the pump voltage Vp3 may vary depending on the purpose of use of the gas sensor 300 and the configuration of the sensor element 301, but may be, for example, about 100 mV to 400 mV. For example, it may be around 200mV to 300mV.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 392 pumps out in advance at least a portion of the oxygen in the external gas (air in this embodiment) introduced into the preliminary treatment chamber 44 by the oxygen pump cell 51. Then, the air after at least a portion of the oxygen has been pumped out by the oxygen pump cell 51 (i.e., air adjusted to a low oxygen concentration) is introduced into the reference gas chamber 42. In the reference gas chamber 42, the reference gas adjustment unit 392 decomposes water vapor in the air adjusted to a low oxygen concentration by the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 to generate hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen generation pump cell 31 pumps out the generated oxygen and the oxygen contained in the air (residual oxygen), thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42. In other words, the reference gas chamber 42 contains hydrogen generated by decomposition of water vapor.
- the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 has two functions: pumping oxygen from the atmosphere, and decomposing water vapor in the atmosphere to pump the oxygen generated.
- the oxygen pump cell 51 is configured to pump oxygen from the atmosphere in advance. That is, the oxygen pump cell 51 has the function of pumping oxygen from the atmosphere, and the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 mainly has the function of decomposing water vapor in the atmosphere to pump the oxygen generated.
- the pump current Ip2 to be flowed to the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 is smaller than in the gas sensor 100 of the first embodiment.
- the pumping capacity of the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 has a margin, the decomposition capacity of water vapor can be maintained at a higher level.
- the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas can be adjusted with high accuracy.
- the accuracy of the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas can be maintained.
- FIG. 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 401, showing an example of the general configuration of the gas sensor 400 of the fourth embodiment.
- Fig. 8 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection between a control device 490 and the sensor element 401 in the gas sensor 400 of the fourth embodiment.
- An oxygen reference electrode 35 may further be disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) in the reference gas chamber 42.
- an oxygen reference electrode 35 is disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer (oxygen ion conductor layer 3) in the reference gas chamber 42, at a position farther from the external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage (atmospheric diffusion rate-limiting passage 43) than the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 is disposed on the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42, closer to one end (tip) of the sensor element 401 (base portion 102) in the longitudinal direction than the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 is a porous cermet electrode (an electrode in which a metal component and a ceramic component are mixed) similar to the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33.
- the ceramic component is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to use an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte similar to the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- ZrO 2 stabilized ZrO 2
- ZrO 2 stabilized ZrO 2
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 may contain, as a metal component, a catalytically active precious metal (e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd) similar to the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the outer electrode 33.
- a catalytically active precious metal e.g., at least one of Pt, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Pd
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 may be a porous cermet electrode of Pt and ZrO2.
- the hydrogen reference electrode 23, the oxygen reference electrode 35, and the proton conductor layer 5, the spacer layer 4, and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 present between these electrodes constitute an electrochemical sensor cell, i.e., the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61.
- the electromotive force V4 in the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61 the water vapor partial pressure (water vapor concentration) in the reference gas chamber 42 can be determined.
- a proton conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor layer 5) and an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte (spacer layer 4 and oxygen ion conductor layer 3) are joined (bonded).
- the hydrogen reference electrode 23 on the proton conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor layer 5) and the oxygen reference electrode 35 on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte (spacer layer 4 and oxygen ion conductor layer 3) are both present in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the hydrogen reference electrode 23 on the proton conductive solid electrolyte (proton conductor layer 5) and the oxygen reference electrode 35 on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte (spacer layer 4 and oxygen ion conductor layer 3) are in contact with the same gas atmosphere.
- electromotive force sensor cell 61 configured in this way, an electromotive force corresponding to the water vapor partial pressure (water vapor concentration) in the reference gas chamber 42 is generated.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the electrical connection relationship between the control device 490 and the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 of the sensor element 401, the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61, and the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 in the gas sensor 400 of embodiment 4.
- the control device 490 includes a variable power supply 34 and a control unit 491.
- the control unit 491 includes a reference gas adjustment unit 492 and a detection unit 93.
- the control unit 491 is configured to acquire the electromotive forces (V1, V4) in the sensor cells 20, 61 of the sensor element 401. It may also be configured to acquire the pump current Ip2 in the hydrogen generation pump cell 31. The control unit 491 is also configured to output a control signal to the variable power supply 34.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 492 may be configured to operate the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 based on the electromotive force V4 between the hydrogen reference electrode 23 and the oxygen reference electrode 35 in the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61.
- the reference gas adjustment unit 492 feedback controls the pump voltage Vp2 of the variable power supply 34 in the hydrogen generation pump cell 31 so that the electromotive force V4 between the hydrogen reference electrode 23 and the oxygen reference electrode 35 in the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61 becomes a predetermined value (referred to as the set value V4 SET).
- the pump voltage Vp2 is applied to the hydrogen generation pump cell 31, and the water vapor H2O in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 is decomposed in the hydrogen generation electrode 32 ( 2H2O ⁇ 2H2 + O2 ) to generate hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2 , and the generated oxygen O2 and the oxygen O2 originally present in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 are pumped out from the reference gas chamber 42, thereby adjusting the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the set value V4 SET can be set, for example, as a value at which substantially all of the water vapor H 2 O in the external gas introduced into the reference gas chamber 42 is decomposed in the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- the value of the set value V4 SET may vary depending on the purpose of use of the gas sensor 400, the configuration of the sensor element 401, etc., but may be, for example, about 500 mV to 1500 mV.
- the detection unit 93 may also be configured to detect the measurement target gas (hydrogen in this embodiment) in the measurement gas based on the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20 and the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42. Even if the hydrogen concentration in the reference gas chamber 42 fluctuates, the hydrogen concentration in the measurement gas can be detected with even higher accuracy.
- the measurement target gas hydrogen in this embodiment
- the detection unit 93 may acquire the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere, calculate the remaining water vapor concentration (amount of remaining water vapor) in the reference gas chamber 42 from the electromotive force V4 in the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61, and calculate the amount of water vapor decomposed in the reference gas chamber 42 (amount of decomposed water vapor) from the difference between the acquired water vapor concentration in the atmosphere and the calculated remaining water vapor concentration in the reference gas chamber 42. Since the amount of decomposed water vapor corresponds to the amount of generated hydrogen, the detection unit 93 may calculate the H2 concentration in the reference gas in the reference gas chamber 42 based on the amount of decomposed water vapor. As the water vapor concentration in the atmosphere, for example, a value measured by a thermometer/hygrometer or the like separate from the gas sensor can be used.
- the detection unit 93 may take into consideration the calculated H2 concentration in the reference gas and calculate the hydrogen concentration in the measured gas based on the electromotive force V1 between the detection electrode 22 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the electromotive force detection sensor cell 20. For example, a map showing the correspondence between the electromotive force V1, the H2 concentration in the reference gas, and the H2 concentration in the measured gas may be stored in advance as a conversion parameter (electromotive force- H2 concentration conversion parameter) between the above-mentioned electromotive force V1 and the H2 concentration in the measured gas.
- a conversion parameter electromotive force- H2 concentration conversion parameter
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 is disposed on the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42, at a position farther from the atmospheric diffusion rate-limiting passage 43 than the hydrogen generation electrode 32. That is, on the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42, the oxygen reference electrode 35 and the hydrogen generation electrode 32 are disposed in series in this order, starting from a position close to the longitudinal tip of the sensor element 401.
- the position of the oxygen reference electrode 35 is not limited to this.
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 may be disposed on the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42.
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 may be disposed at a position closer to the atmospheric diffusion rate-controlling passage 43 than the hydrogen generation electrode 32. That is, on the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 in the reference gas chamber 42, the hydrogen generation electrode 32 and the oxygen reference electrode 35 may be disposed in series in this order, starting from a position closer to the longitudinal tip of the sensor element 401. Alternatively, the oxygen reference electrode 35 and the hydrogen generation electrode 32 may be disposed in parallel in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 401.
- the oxygen reference electrode 35 and the hydrogen generation electrode 32 are arranged as separate electrodes, but the oxygen reference electrode 35 and the hydrogen generation electrode 32 may be arranged as an integrated electrode. That is, the integrated electrode may serve as both the oxygen reference electrode 35 and the hydrogen generation electrode 32.
- the integrated electrode, the outer electrode 33, and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 constitute the hydrogen generation pump cell 31, and the integrated electrode, the hydrogen reference electrode 23, the oxygen ion conductor layer 3, the spacer layer 4, and the proton conductor layer 5 constitute the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61.
- the proton conductive solid electrolyte and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte must be bonded (adhered).
- the spacer layer 4 existing between the proton conductor layer 5 and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 may be an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer as in the sensor element 401.
- the proton conductive solid electrolyte and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte are bonded (adhered) between the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5 and the upper surface of the spacer layer 4.
- the spacer layer 4 may be a proton conductive solid electrolyte layer.
- the proton conductive solid electrolyte and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte are bonded (adhered) between the lower surface of the spacer layer 4 and the upper surface of the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- a bonding surface (adhering surface) between the proton conductive solid electrolyte and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte may be present inside the spacer layer 4.
- the entire spacer layer 4 does not have to be a proton conductive solid electrolyte and/or an oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte. It is sufficient that the proton conductive solid electrolyte and the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte are bonded (adhered) together by at least a portion of the spacer layer 4.
- the present invention may include gas sensors including various configurations of sensor elements and control devices, as long as the object of the present invention, which is to provide a gas sensor capable of measuring hydrogen gas and gases containing hydrogen atoms (ammonia NH 3 , water vapor H 2 O, hydrocarbons HC, etc.) in a measurement gas with high accuracy, is achieved.
- gas sensors including various configurations of sensor elements and control devices, as long as the object of the present invention, which is to provide a gas sensor capable of measuring hydrogen gas and gases containing hydrogen atoms (ammonia NH 3 , water vapor H 2 O, hydrocarbons HC, etc.) in a measurement gas with high accuracy, is achieved.
- Measurement target gases include hydrogen H2 , ammonia NH3 , water vapor H2O , and hydrocarbon HC, which contain hydrogen atoms.
- Hydrocarbon HC includes alkanes such as methane (e.g., methane CH4 , ethane C2H6 , propane C3H8 , butane C4H10 ), and alkenes such as ethylene (e.g., ethylene C2H4 , propylene C3H6 , butylene C4H8 ).
- hydrogen gas and gases containing hydrogen atoms (ammonia NH3 , water vapor H2O , hydrocarbon HC, etc.) in the measurement target gas can be measured .
- a sensor element 201 shown in Fig. 3 can be used.
- the detection electrode 22 When measuring ammonia NH3 as a gas containing hydrogen atoms, the detection electrode 22 also functions as a catalyst for decomposing ammonia NH3 in the measurement gas introduced into the measurement gas space 12 through the measurement gas diffusion rate-controlling passage 11.
- a predetermined voltage (pump voltage Vp1) is applied between the detection electrode 22 of the current detection pump cell 21 and the hydrogen reference electrode 23 to decompose ammonia NH3 in the measurement gas introduced into the measurement gas space 12 at the detection electrode 22, and the hydrogen generated by the decomposition is pumped out of the measurement gas space 12 by the current detection pump cell 21.
- the ammonia NH3 may be measured by detecting the pump current Ip1 that flows at this time.
- the pump voltage Vp1 may be set to a value such that substantially all of the ammonia NH 3 in the measurement gas introduced into the measurement gas space 12 is decomposed.
- the pump current Ip1 flowing through the current detection pump cell 21 has a current value corresponding to the concentration of ammonia NH 3 in the measurement gas. Therefore, the concentration of ammonia NH 3 in the measurement gas can be detected based on the pump current Ip1.
- the concentration of gases containing hydrogen atoms other than ammonia NH 3 for example, water vapor H 2 O, alkanes such as methane CH 4 , and alkenes such as ethylene C 2 H 4 ) can be detected in the same manner.
- the value of the pump voltage Vp1 may vary depending on the target gas species, the purpose of use of the gas sensor 200, the configuration of the sensor element 201, etc., but may be, for example, about 800 mV to 1200 mV.
- the detection electrode 22 is disposed in a region corresponding to the hydrogen reference electrode 23 on the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5, but this is not limited thereto.
- the detection electrode 22 may be disposed on the proton conductor layer 5 so as to be in contact with the gas to be measured.
- the detection electrode 22 may be disposed on the upper surface of the proton conductor layer 5 in a position different from the hydrogen reference electrode 23 in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element.
- the detection electrode 22 may be disposed on the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 5 in the oxygen exhaust space 41.
- the detection electrode 22 may be disposed on the side or tip surface of the proton conductor layer 5.
- the gas sensor 300 of embodiment 3 including the oxygen pump cell 51 described above, and the gas sensor 400 of embodiment 4 including the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61 are both examples of electromotive force type gas sensors.
- electromotive force type gas sensor both the oxygen pump cell 51 and the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61 may be used.
- the oxygen pump cell 51 and/or the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 61 may be used.
- both the proton conductor layer 5 and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 are layers that extend over the entire length of the sensor element in the longitudinal direction, but the layer configuration of the sensor element is not limited to this.
- the proton conductor layer and/or the oxygen ion conductor layer may be present in a portion of the entire length of the sensor element where each electrode is to be disposed.
- FIG. 9 is a vertical cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction of a sensor element 501, showing an example of the general configuration of a gas sensor 500 of embodiment 5.
- the gas sensor 500 of embodiment 5 is a modified example in which the layer configuration of the sensor element is different from that of the gas sensor 400 of embodiment 4.
- the same reference numerals are used for the same parts as in FIG. 7.
- the base part 502 has a structure in which six layers, a first substrate layer 1, a second substrate layer 2, an oxygen ion conductor layer 3, a spacer layer 4, a proton conductor layer 505, and a second oxygen ion conductor layer 506, are stacked in this order from the bottom as viewed in the drawing.
- the first substrate layer 1, the second substrate layer 2, the oxygen ion conductor layer 3, the spacer layer 4, and the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506 are layers that extend over the entire length of the base part 502 in the longitudinal direction.
- the proton conductor layer 505 is between the lower surface of the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506 and the upper surface of the spacer layer 4, and exists at a position from the tip of the sensor element 501 in the longitudinal direction to almost the entire surface inside the reference gas chamber 42.
- the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506 is a layer made of an oxygen ion conductor, like the oxygen ion conductor layer 3.
- the proton conductor layer 505 and the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506 are both dense and airtight.
- a hydrogen reference electrode 523 is disposed on the proton conductor layer 505 (the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 505) in the reference gas chamber 42.
- a detection electrode 522 is disposed on the proton conductor layer 505 (the lower surface of the proton conductor layer 505) in the oxygen exhaust space 41. As described above, the oxygen exhaust space 41 is filled with the measured gas.
- the detection electrode 522, the hydrogen reference electrode 523, and the proton conductor layer 5 in contact with these electrodes constitute an electrochemical sensor cell, i.e., an electromotive force detection sensor cell 520.
- the hydrogen partial pressure (hydrogen concentration) in the measured gas around the detection electrode 522 can be determined.
- the hydrogen reference electrode 523, the oxygen reference electrode 35, the proton conductor layer 505 present between these electrodes, the spacer layer 4, and the oxygen ion conductor layer 3 constitute an electrochemical sensor cell, i.e., the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 561.
- the electromotive force V4 in the reference gas chamber electromotive force sensor cell 561 the water vapor partial pressure (water vapor concentration) in the reference gas chamber 42 can be determined.
- the gas sensor 500 of the fifth embodiment can measure hydrogen in a measurement gas in the same manner as the gas sensor 400 of the fourth embodiment.
- the proton conductor layer 505 has a shorter length in the longitudinal direction of the sensor element 501 and a thinner thickness than the other layers.
- the first substrate layer 1, the second substrate layer 2, the oxygen ion conductor layer 3, the spacer layer 4, and the layer to be the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506 can be, for example, a ceramic green sheet produced by tape casting.
- the proton conductor layer 505 may be a ceramic green sheet produced by tape casting like the other layers, or may be formed by other methods such as screen printing on the layer to be the second oxygen ion conductor layer 506. If the proton conductor layer 505 is formed by other methods, the number of layers to be prepared by tape casting can be reduced. In addition, the amount of proton conductor used can be reduced, which can have a positive effect on productivity.
- the proton conductor is disposed in the portion where the detection electrode 522 and the hydrogen reference electrode 523 are to be disposed, using the oxygen ion conductor as a base, but this is not limited to the above.
- the oxygen ion conductor may be disposed in the portion where the hydrogen generation electrode 32, the outer electrode 33, and the oxygen reference electrode 35 are to be disposed, using the proton conductor as a base.
- the proton conductor and the oxygen ion conductor may be disposed in the portion where each electrode is to be disposed, using an insulator such as alumina as a base.
- the gas sensor 500 of the fifth embodiment has a configuration corresponding to the gas sensor 400 of the fourth embodiment, but in the first to third embodiments, the proton conductor layer and/or the oxygen ion conductor layer may be disposed in the portion where each electrode is to be disposed, which is a part of the entire length of the sensor element.
- the present invention also includes the following gas regulator:
- a gas chamber at least a portion of which is surrounded by the proton-conductive solid electrolyte layer and the oxygen-ion-conductive solid electrolyte layer, and into which an external gas is introduced via an external gas diffusion rate-limiting passage; a hydrogen generation pump cell including a hydrogen generation electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer in the gas chamber, and an outer electrode disposed on the oxygen ion conductive solid electrolyte layer at a position different from that of the gas chamber and corresponding to the hydrogen generation electrode; a hydrogen reference electrode disposed on the proton-conducting solid electrolyte layer within the gas chamber; and a gas adjusting unit that operates the hydrogen generation pump cell to adjust the hydrogen concentration in the gas chamber, wherein the gas adjusting unit may apply a predetermined voltage between the hydrogen generation electrode and the outer electrode of the hydrogen generation pump cell to decompose water vapor in an external gas introduced into the gas chamber at the hydrogen generation electrode to generate hydrogen and oxygen, and pump out the generated oxygen and oxygen contained in the external gas from the
- the configuration of the gas regulator is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the reference gas chamber 42 in Figure 1 corresponds to the gas chamber in the gas regulator, and the reference gas adjustment section 92 in Figure 2 corresponds to the gas adjustment section in the gas regulator.
- the components of the gas regulator and their functions are as described in the first embodiment above.
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Abstract
Description
前記センサ素子は、
プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層を含む、長尺板状の基体部と、
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層の間に形成され、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される基準ガス室と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に、被測定ガスに接するように配設された検出電極と、
を含み、
前記制御装置は、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、基準ガス室内の水素濃度を調整する基準ガス調整部と、
被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する検出部とを含む、ガスセンサ。
前記基体部の内部に形成され、被測定ガス拡散律速通路を介して被測定ガスが導入される被測定ガス空所を含み、
前記検出電極は前記被測定ガス空所内に存在しており、
前記検出部は、前記検出電極と前記水素基準電極との間に流れる電流に基づいて、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する、上記(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載のガスセンサ。
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層との間に形成され、前記基準ガス室と前記外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して隣接し、予備処理用拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される予備処理室と、
前記予備処理室内の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された酸素ポンプ電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内及び前記予備処理室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記酸素ポンプ電極と対応している外側電極を含む酸素ポンプセルを含み、
前記基準ガス調整部は、前記酸素ポンプセルを動作させて、前記予備処理室内に導入された外部ガス中の酸素を汲み出し、且つ、前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記予備処理室で酸素が汲み出されて前記基準ガス室内に導入された前記外部ガス中の水蒸気を分解して水素と酸素とを発生させ、発生した酸素及び前記外部ガス中に含まれていた酸素を前記基準ガス室内から汲み出すことにより、前記基準ガス室内の水素濃度を調整する、上記(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載のガスセンサ。
前記基準ガス室内の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された酸素基準電極をさらに含み、
前記基準ガス調整部は、前記水素基準電極と前記酸素基準電極との間の起電力に基づいて前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させる、上記(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載のガスセンサ。
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層の間に形成され、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される基準ガス室と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に、被測定ガスに接するように配設された検出電極と、
を含む、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出するセンサ素子。
前記ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整するガス調整部と、
を含むガス調整装置。
前記ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整するガス調整部とを含み、
前記ガス調整部は、
前記水素生成ポンプセルの前記水素生成電極と前記外側電極との間に所定の電圧を印加して、前記ガス室内に導入された外部ガス中の水蒸気を前記水素生成電極において分解して水素と酸素とを発生させ、発生した酸素及び前記外部ガス中に含まれていた酸素を前記ガス室内から汲み出すことにより、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整し、前記水素基準電極に水素濃度が調整されたガスを供給する、ガス調整装置。
プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層を含む、長尺板状の基体部と、
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層の間に形成され、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される基準ガス室と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に、被測定ガスに接するように配設された検出電極と、
を含む。
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、基準ガス室内の水素濃度を調整する基準ガス調整部と、
被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する検出部とを含む。
本発明のガスセンサの実施形態の一例について、図面を参照して以下に説明する。図1は、実施形態1のガスセンサ100の概略構成の一例を示す、センサ素子101の長手方向の垂直断面模式図である。以下においては、図1を基準として、上下とは、図1の上側を上、下側を下とし、図1の左側を先端側、右側を後端側とする。図1において、ガスセンサ100は、センサ素子101によって被測定ガス中の水素H2を検知し、そのガス濃度を測定するガスセンサの一例を示している。
センサ素子101は、プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層を含む、長尺板状の基体部102を含む、長尺板状の素子である。長尺板状とは、長板状、あるいは、帯状ともいう。
ここで、Aは、例えば、Ba,Ca,Srからなる群から選ばれる2価の金属である。Bは、例えば、Ce及びZrからなる群から選ばれる4価の金属である。Cは、例えば、In,Y,Yb,Mn,及びScからなる群から選ばれる3価の金属であり、いわゆるドーパントである。xは、0以上0.7以下であってよい。
本実施形態のガスセンサ100は、上述のセンサ素子101と、センサ素子101を制御する制御装置90とを含む。ガスセンサ100において、センサ素子101の各電極22,23,32,33は図示しないリード線を介して、制御装置90と電気的に接続されている。図2は、制御装置90と、センサ素子101の水素生成ポンプセル31及び起電力検出センサセル20との電気的接続関係を示すブロック図である。制御装置90は、上述した可変電源34と、制御部91とを含む。制御部91は、基準ガス調整部92、及び検出部93を含む。
上述の実施形態1においては、被測定ガス中の水素H2濃度を測定する起電力式のガスセンサの例を示したが、本発明のガスセンサはこれに限られず、限界電流式のガスセンサであってもよい。実施形態2のガスセンサ200として、被測定ガス中の水素H2濃度を測定する限界電流式のガスセンサの一例を示す。図3は、実施形態2のガスセンサ200の概略構成の一例を示す、センサ素子201の長手方向の垂直断面模式図である。図3において、図1と同じものには同じ符号を付している。また、図4は、実施形態2のガスセンサ200における、制御装置290と、センサ素子201との電気的な接続関係を示すブロック図である。
上述のとおり、本発明においては、基準ガス室42に水素を含む基準ガスが存在する。基準ガス室42及びその周辺の構成についての他の例を示す。実施形態3のガスセンサ300として、被測定ガス中の水素H2濃度を測定する起電力式のガスセンサの他の例を示す。図5は、実施形態3のガスセンサ300の概略構成の一例を示す、センサ素子301の長手方向の垂直断面模式図である。図5において、図1と同じものには同じ符号を付している。また、図6は、実施形態3のガスセンサ300における、制御装置390と、センサ素子301との電気的な接続関係を示すブロック図である。
実施形態4のガスセンサ400として、被測定ガス中の水素H2濃度を測定する起電力式のガスセンサの他の例を示す。図7は、実施形態4のガスセンサ400の概略構成の一例を示す、センサ素子401の長手方向の垂直断面模式図である。図7において、図1と同じものには同じ符号を付している。また、図8は、実施形態4のガスセンサ400における、制御装置490と、センサ素子401との電気的な接続関係を示すブロック図である。
前記ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整するガス調整部とを含むガス調整装置。ここで、前記ガス調整部は、前記水素生成ポンプセルの前記水素生成電極と前記外側電極との間に所定の電圧を印加して、前記ガス室内に導入された外部ガス中の水蒸気を前記水素生成電極において分解して水素と酸素とを発生させ、発生した酸素及び前記外部ガス中に含まれていた酸素を前記ガス室内から汲み出すことにより、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整し、前記水素基準電極に水素濃度が調整されたガスを供給してよい。
2 第2基板層
3 酸素イオン伝導体層
4 スペーサ層
5、505 プロトン伝導体層
506 第2酸素イオン伝導体層
6 第2スペーサ層
7 天井層
10 ガス導入口
11 被測定ガス拡散律速通路
12 被測定ガス空所
20、520 起電力検出センサセル
21 電流検出ポンプセル
22 検出電極
23 水素基準電極
24 (電流検出ポンプセルの)可変電源
31 水素生成ポンプセル
32 水素生成電極
33 外側電極
34 (水素生成ポンプセルの)可変電源
35 酸素基準電極
40 大気導入空間
41 酸素排出空間
42 基準ガス室
43 大気拡散律速通路
44 予備処理室
45 予備処理用拡散律速通路
51 酸素ポンプセル
52 酸素ポンプ電極
54 (酸素ポンプセルの)可変電源
61、561 基準ガス室内起電力センサセル
72 ヒータ
90、290、390、490 制御装置
91、291、391、491 制御部
92、392、492 基準ガス調整部
93、293 検出部
100、200、300、400、500 ガスセンサ
101、201、301、401、501 センサ素子
102、202、302、502 基体部
Claims (10)
- センサ素子と、前記センサ素子を制御する制御装置とを含み、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出するガスセンサであって、
前記センサ素子は、
プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層を含む、長尺板状の基体部と、
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層の間に形成され、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される基準ガス室と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に、被測定ガスに接するように配設された検出電極と、
を含み、
前記制御装置は、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、基準ガス室内の水素濃度を調整する基準ガス調整部と、
被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する検出部とを含む、ガスセンサ。 - 前記基準ガス調整部は、前記水素生成ポンプセルの前記水素生成電極と前記外側電極との間に所定の電圧を印加して、前記基準ガス室内に導入された外部ガス中の水蒸気を前記水素生成電極において分解して水素と酸素とを発生させ、発生した酸素及び前記外部ガス中に含まれていた酸素を前記基準ガス室内から汲み出すことにより、前記基準ガス室内の基準ガス中の水素濃度を調整する、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。
- 前記検出部は、前記検出電極と前記水素基準電極との間の起電力に基づいて、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。
- 前記センサ素子は、さらに、
前記基体部の内部に形成され、被測定ガス拡散律速通路を介して被測定ガスが導入される被測定ガス空所を含み、
前記検出電極は前記被測定ガス空所内に存在しており、
前記検出部は、前記検出電極と前記水素基準電極との間に流れる電流に基づいて、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出する、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。 - 前記センサ素子は、
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層との間に形成され、前記基準ガス室と前記外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して隣接し、予備処理用拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される予備処理室と、
前記予備処理室内の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された酸素ポンプ電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内及び前記予備処理室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記酸素ポンプ電極と対応している外側電極を含む酸素ポンプセルを含み、
前記基準ガス調整部は、前記酸素ポンプセルを動作させて、前記予備処理室内に導入された外部ガス中の酸素を汲み出し、且つ、前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記予備処理室で酸素が汲み出されて前記基準ガス室内に導入された前記外部ガス中の水蒸気を分解して水素と酸素とを発生させ、発生した酸素及び前記外部ガス中に含まれていた酸素を前記基準ガス室内から汲み出すことにより、前記基準ガス室内の水素濃度を調整する、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。 - 前記センサ素子は、
前記基準ガス室内の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された酸素基準電極をさらに含み、
前記基準ガス調整部は、前記水素基準電極と前記酸素基準電極との間の起電力に基づいて前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させる、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。 - 前記水素生成ポンプセルの前記外側電極は、被測定ガスに接するように配設されている、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。
- 前記測定対象ガスは、水素、アンモニア、水蒸気、又はメタンである、請求項1に記載のガスセンサ。
- プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層を含む、長尺板状の基体部と、
前記基体部の内部の前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層の間に形成され、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入される基準ガス室と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記基準ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記基準ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に、被測定ガスに接するように配設された検出電極と、
を含む、被測定ガス中の測定対象ガスを検出するセンサ素子。 - プロトン伝導性固体電解質層及び酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層により少なくとも一部が囲まれ、且つ、外部ガス拡散律速通路を介して外部ガスが導入されるガス室を含み、
前記ガス室内の、前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素生成電極、及び、前記ガス室内とは異なる位置の前記酸素イオン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設され、前記水素生成電極と対応している外側電極を含む水素生成ポンプセルと、
前記ガス室内の、前記プロトン伝導性固体電解質層上に配設された水素基準電極と、
前記水素生成ポンプセルを動作させて、前記ガス室内の水素濃度を調整するガス調整部と、
を含むガス調整装置。
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| JP2003287518A (ja) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-10 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | ガス濃度測定方法及びガス濃度センサ |
| JP2003302371A (ja) * | 2002-04-10 | 2003-10-24 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 可燃性ガス濃度測定方法及び可燃性ガス濃度センサ |
| JP2004053579A (ja) * | 2002-05-29 | 2004-02-19 | Denso Corp | ガスセンサ素子及び含水素ガスの測定方法 |
| JP2004170147A (ja) * | 2002-11-18 | 2004-06-17 | Riken Corp | 一酸化炭素ガスセンサ素子及び一酸化炭素ガス検知装置 |
| JP2018132368A (ja) * | 2017-02-14 | 2018-08-23 | 株式会社Soken | アンモニアセンサ素子 |
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| JP7122935B2 (ja) | 2018-10-26 | 2022-08-22 | 株式会社Soken | 二酸化炭素検出装置 |
| JP2022110596A (ja) | 2021-01-19 | 2022-07-29 | 国立大学法人 名古屋工業大学 | 高温作動型水蒸気センサー及び水蒸気の測定方法 |
| JP7305137B2 (ja) | 2021-11-25 | 2023-07-10 | 株式会社大一商会 | 遊技機 |
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| JP2003287518A (ja) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-10 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | ガス濃度測定方法及びガス濃度センサ |
| JP2003302371A (ja) * | 2002-04-10 | 2003-10-24 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 可燃性ガス濃度測定方法及び可燃性ガス濃度センサ |
| JP2004053579A (ja) * | 2002-05-29 | 2004-02-19 | Denso Corp | ガスセンサ素子及び含水素ガスの測定方法 |
| JP2004170147A (ja) * | 2002-11-18 | 2004-06-17 | Riken Corp | 一酸化炭素ガスセンサ素子及び一酸化炭素ガス検知装置 |
| JP2018132368A (ja) * | 2017-02-14 | 2018-08-23 | 株式会社Soken | アンモニアセンサ素子 |
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