WO2023136130A1 - ゴム組成物及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ゴム組成物及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- IUJLOAKJZQBENM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(SNC(C)(C)C)=NC2=C1 IUJLOAKJZQBENM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMAUJSNXENPPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-n-cyclohexylcyclohexanamine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1N(C1CCCCC1)SC1=NC2=CC=CC=C2S1 CMAUJSNXENPPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004968 peroxymonosulfuric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000137 polyphosphoric acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OQZCJRJRGMMSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium metaphosphate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]P(=O)=O OQZCJRJRGMMSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940099402 potassium metaphosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017985 rocky mountain lodgepole pine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010092 rubber production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960002218 sodium chlorite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FDRCDNZGSXJAFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloroacetate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)CCl FDRCDNZGSXJAFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019983 sodium metaphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940048086 sodium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KIMPPGSMONZDMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;dihydrogen phosphite Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)[O-] KIMPPGSMONZDMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QAZLUNIWYYOJPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfenamide Chemical compound [Cl-].COC1=C(C)C=[N+]2C3=NC4=CC=C(OC)C=C4N3SCC2=C1C QAZLUNIWYYOJPC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzenecarboperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GJBRNHKUVLOCEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- VKFFEYLSKIYTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraazanium;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O VKFFEYLSKIYTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrapotassium;phosphonato phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O RYCLIXPGLDDLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003558 thiocarbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- XWKBMOUUGHARTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricalcium;diphosphite Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])[O-].[O-]P([O-])[O-] XWKBMOUUGHARTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CELVKTDHZONYFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;phosphite Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])[O-] CELVKTDHZONYFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMFOHNMEJNFJAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimagnesium;diphosphite Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])[O-].[O-]P([O-])[O-] VMFOHNMEJNFJAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUVAFTRIIUSGLK-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CC1CO1 PUVAFTRIIUSGLK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000404 tripotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019798 tripotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GRPURDFRFHUDSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(prop-2-enyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCC=C)C(C(=O)OCC=C)=C1 GRPURDFRFHUDSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NCPXQVVMIXIKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium;phosphite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])[O-] NCPXQVVMIXIKTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012991 xanthate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/17—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/41—Compounds containing sulfur bound to oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L21/00—Compositions of unspecified rubbers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a rubber composition and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a rubber composition containing a rubber component, an inorganic filler, a plasticizer, and powdered cellulose having predetermined physical properties at a predetermined compounding ratio is excellent in moldability, mechanical properties, and the like. is described.
- Rubber compositions containing rubber components and cellulosic fibers are expected to be applied in various fields, and further improvements in strength are required.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a rubber composition containing a rubber component and cellulose fibers that exhibits good strength, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention provides the following [1] to [8].
- Component A a rubber component
- Component B a cellulosic filler
- Component C A rubber composition containing a crosslinkable compound having a thiosulfate group or an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group and an amino group.
- component B contains at least one selected from the group consisting of pulp fibers, powdered cellulose, and fine cellulose fibers.
- the rubber composition according to [1] or [2], wherein the amino group is a —NH 2 group.
- Component C is A compound in which a thiosulfate group and an amino group are linked by an alkyl group, or The ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group and the amino group according to any one of [1] to [3], including at least a compound linked by a divalent group containing an aromatic ring and an amide bond. rubber composition.
- component C contains at least S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid.
- a step of kneading component A a rubber component
- component B a cellulose-based filler
- component C a crosslinkable compound having a thiosulfate group or an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group, and an amino group.
- a rubber composition containing a rubber component and cellulose fibers exhibiting good strength and an efficient method for producing the same are provided.
- the rubber composition contains components A to C below.
- Component A is a rubber component.
- rubber components include natural rubber (NR), isoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), butyl rubber (IIR), Ethylene propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), acrylic rubber (ACM), fluororubber (FKM), epichlorohydrin rubber (CO, ECO), urethane rubber (U), silicone Synthetic rubbers such as rubber (Q), halogenated butyl rubber, and polysulfide rubber can be mentioned, but are not particularly limited.
- thermoplastic elastomers such as polystyrene-based thermoplastic elastomers, polypropylene-based thermoplastic elastomers, polydiene-based thermoplastic elastomers, chlorine-based thermoplastic elastomers, and engineering plastics-based elastomers can also be used.
- Component A is preferably natural rubber (NR) or ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), more preferably ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM).
- NR natural rubber
- EPDM ethylene propylene diene rubber
- the vulcanization of rubber components is generally carried out by a vulcanization system that uses a combination of sulfur or a sulfur-donating compound and various general-purpose vulcanization accelerators such as sulfenamide-based and thiuram-based compounds. Organic peroxide cross-linking is also possible.
- organic peroxides include tert-butyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, 2 ,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, 1,3-di(tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl)benzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(benzoylperoxy)hexane, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl peroxyisopropyl carbonate, n-butyl-4,4-di(tert-butyl) Commonly used compounds such as 3-butylperoxy)valerate are used.
- polyfunctional unsaturated compounds such as triallyl isocyanurate, triallyl cyanurate, triallyl trimellitate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, N,N'-m-phenylenebis It is preferable to use maleimide together.
- Component B is a cellulosic filler.
- Cellulosic fillers may be fillers derived from cellulose raw materials, and examples thereof include pulp fibers, powdered cellulose, and fine cellulose fibers.
- the cellulose raw material is usually wood, and may be any of broadleaf trees, softwoods, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- broad-leaved trees include beech (e.g., beech), linden (e.g., linden), birch (e.g., white birch, Japanese wisteria), aspen (e.g., poplar), eucalyptus (e.g., eucalyptus), acacia ( Acacia), Quercus (e.g. oak, Quercus phillyraeoides, Quercus serrata, Sawtooth oak), Maple genus (e.g.
- Harigiri genus e.g. Sennoki
- Elm genus e.g. elm
- Elephant genus e.g. paulownia
- magnolia genus e.g. magnolia
- willow genus e.g. willow
- horse chestnut genus e.g. horse chestnut
- Conifers include, for example, cedar (eg, Japanese cedar), spruce (eg, spruce), larch (eg, larch, western larch, tamarack), pine (eg, black pine, komatsu, radiata pine, eastern white pine) ), firs (e.g. Sakhalin fir, fir, western fir), yews (e.g. yew), arborvitae (e.g. nezuko, yellow cedar), spruces (e.g.
- the raw material may be non-wood, such as bamboo, hemp, jute, kenaf, and agricultural land waste.
- Pulp fibers include, for example, unbleached softwood kraft pulp (NUKP), bleached softwood kraft pulp (NBKP), unbleached hardwood kraft pulp (LUKP), bleached hardwood kraft pulp (LBKP), and unbleached softwood sulfite pulp (NUSP). , softwood bleached sulfite pulp (NBSP), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), linter pulp, recycled pulp, waste paper, etc.), non-wood pulp, and combinations of two or more selected from these, without particular limitation.
- NUKP unbleached softwood kraft pulp
- NKP bleached softwood kraft pulp
- LKP unbleached hardwood kraft pulp
- LKP bleached hardwood kraft pulp
- NUSP unbleached softwood sulfite pulp
- NBSP softwood bleached sulfite pulp
- TMP thermomechanical pulp
- linter pulp recycled pulp, waste paper, etc.
- the average fiber diameter of the pulp fibers is not particularly limited, it is usually 60 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, or 20 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- Softwood kraft pulp has an average fiber diameter of about 30 to 60 ⁇ m
- hardwood kraft pulp has an average fiber diameter of about 10 to 30 ⁇ m
- other pulps (those subjected to general refining) have an average fiber diameter of about 50 ⁇ m (eg, 40 to 60 ⁇ m).
- processing for adjusting the average fiber diameter for example, adjusting to 50 ⁇ m or less
- a disaggregator such as a refiner or a beater
- Powdered cellulose is powdered cellulose derived from cellulose raw materials.
- Method 1 Pulp is acid-hydrolyzed with an acid (for example, an inorganic acid (specifically, for example, a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or nitric acid), and then subjected to a treatment such as pulverization.
- Method 2 There is a method in which the pulp is subjected to a treatment such as mechanical pulverization without acid hydrolysis treatment, and Method 1 is preferable.By Method 1, powdery cellulose with less impurities can be obtained.
- the average particle size of powdered cellulose is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the average particle size is preferably 70 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less or less than 15 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 11 ⁇ m or less. Therefore, the average particle size of powdered cellulose is preferably 1 to 70 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m, 1 to 25 ⁇ m or 1 to 15 ⁇ m, still more preferably 1 to 11 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is defined as a value when the volume accumulation distribution is 50% when the particle size distribution is expressed as an accumulation distribution using a laser scattering method as a measurement principle.
- the degree of polymerization (average degree of polymerization) of powdery cellulose is preferably 100 or more, more preferably 200 or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 1400 or less, more preferably 1000 or less, even more preferably 500 or less, and even more preferably 400 or less. Therefore, the degree of polymerization of powdery cellulose is preferably 100 to 1400, more preferably 100 to 1000 or 100 to 500, still more preferably 100 to 500, 100 to 400 or 200 to 500, still more preferably 100 to 400 or 200-400.
- the degree of polymerization can be determined by the viscosity measurement method using copper ethylenediamine described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia Manual, 16th Edition, Microcrystalline Cellulose Confirmation Test (2).
- the intrinsic viscosity is measured using, for example, a fully automatic viscosity measurement system for pulp and polymer RPV-1 (manufactured by RHEOTEK), and the "VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF CELLULOSE” is used.
- the apparent specific gravity of powdered cellulose is preferably 0.1 to 0.6 g/ml, more preferably 0.1 to 0.45 g/ml, still more preferably 0.15 to 0.45 g/ml, and 0.2 to 0.4 g/ml is particularly preferred.
- 10 g of the sample is put into a 100 ml graduated cylinder, and the bottom of the graduated cylinder is continuously tapped until the height of the sample does not decrease (manually for 10 minutes), and the scale on the flattened surface is read. It can be calculated by dividing by the weight of the sample.
- the cellulose type I crystallinity of powdered cellulose is preferably 70 to 90%, more preferably 80 to 90%.
- Cellulose type I crystallinity is measured by X-ray diffraction of the sample, and the intensity of the (200) peak near 22.6° and the (200) and (110) valleys (near 18.5°) are measured and compared. can be calculated by
- the degree of crystallinity can be adjusted by the type of cellulose raw material and the production method. Powdered cellulose produced through an acid hydrolysis treatment (for example, by the method (1)) tends to have a high degree of crystallinity, and produced without the treatment (for example, by the method (2)). Powdered cellulose tends to have a low degree of crystallinity.
- a fine cellulose fiber is fine fibrous cellulose derived from a cellulose raw material.
- Fine fibrous cellulose is, for example, a dispersion of fine cellulose fibers (1 wt%) with a visible spectroscopic analyzer (UV-1800, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) at an optical path length of 1 cm/660 nm, and the light transmittance obtained is 1 to 1. It shows a range of 99%.
- Methods for producing fine cellulose fibers include a method of fibrillating pulp, and a method of chemically modifying pulp before and after fibrillation (usually before fibrillation) as necessary.
- a fine cellulose fiber having a nano-order fiber diameter is called cellulose nanofiber
- a fine cellulose fiber having a micron-order fiber diameter is called cellulose microfibril.
- the size of the fine cellulose fibers can be adjusted by adjusting the conditions of the refinement treatment, the chemical denaturation treatment, and the like. Even if the powdered cellulose described above is stirred in a solvent such as water, it does not enter a dispersed state and precipitates, so the light transmittance of the dispersion cannot be measured, and it is clearly distinguished from fine cellulose fibers. be able to.
- cellulose nanofibers mean cellulose fibers having nano-order fiber diameters prepared through refining treatment.
- the average fiber diameter (length-weighted average fiber diameter) of CNF is 500 nm or less, preferably 300 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, still more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, it is usually 1 nm or more, preferably 2 nm or more. Therefore, the average fiber diameter (length-weighted average fiber diameter) of CNF is usually 1 to 500 nm or 2 to 500 nm, preferably 2 to 300 nm or 2 to 100 nm, more preferably 2 to 50 nm or 3 to 30 nm.
- the average fiber length (length-weighted average fiber length) is usually 50 to 2000 nm, preferably 100 to 1000 nm.
- the aspect ratio of CNF is usually 10 or more, preferably 50 or more. Although the upper limit is not particularly limited, it is usually 1000 or less.
- the average fiber diameter and average fiber length of fine cellulose fibers can be obtained using a fractionator manufactured by Valmet. When a fractionator is used, they can be obtained as length-weighted fiber width and length-weighted average fiber length, respectively.
- cellulose microfibrils As used herein, cellulose microfibrils (microfibrillated cellulose, MFC) refer to cellulose fibers having micro-order fiber diameters prepared through a refining process.
- the average fiber diameter (average fiber width) of MFC is usually 500 nm or more, preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more. As a result, it is possible to exhibit higher water retention than unfibrillated cellulose fibers, and it is possible to obtain a high strength imparting effect and yield improvement effect even in a small amount compared to finely defibrated CNF.
- the upper limit of the average fiber diameter is preferably 60 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, but there is no particular limitation.
- the average fiber length is usually 10 ⁇ m or more, 20 ⁇ m or more, or 40 ⁇ m or more, preferably 200 ⁇ m or more, 300 ⁇ m or more, or 400 ⁇ m or more. More preferably, it is 500 ⁇ m or more or 550 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 600 ⁇ m or more, 700 ⁇ m or more, or 800 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, it is usually 3,000 ⁇ m or less, preferably 2,500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2,000 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 1,500 ⁇ m or less, 1,400 ⁇ m or less, or 1,300 ⁇ m or less.
- the aspect ratio of MFC is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or more, still more preferably 7 or more, and may be 10 or more, 20 or more, or 30 or more.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio is not particularly limited, it is preferably 1000 or less, more preferably 100 or less, and even more preferably 80 or less.
- the fine cellulose fibers may be modified fine cellulose fibers or undenatured fine cellulose fibers.
- the modified fine cellulose fiber is a fine cellulose fiber (eg, cellulose nanofiber, cellulose microfibril) in which at least one of the three hydroxyl groups contained in the glucose units is chemically modified (hereinafter simply referred to as "modified"). ).
- modified chemically modified
- the chemical denaturation treatment sufficiently advances the cellulose fibers to become finer, and defibration provides cellulose nanofibers with a uniform average fiber length and average fiber diameter. Therefore, when compounded with a rubber component, a sufficient reinforcing effect can be exhibited. From such a point of view, denatured cellulose fibers are preferred.
- modification examples include oxidation, etherification, esterification such as phosphate esterification, silane coupling, fluorination, and cationization. Among them, oxidation (carboxylation), etherification, cationization, and esterification are preferred, and oxidation (carboxylation) is more preferred.
- the oxidized fine cellulose fibers At least one of the carbon atoms having a primary hydroxyl group contained in the glucopyranose units constituting the cellulose molecular chain (for example, a carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position) is usually oxidized.
- the amount of carboxy groups in the oxidized cellulose fibers and oxidized cellulose nanofibers is preferably 0.5 mmol/g or more, more preferably 0.8 mmol/g or more, and still more preferably 1 0 mmol/g or more.
- the upper limit of the amount is preferably 3.0 mmol/g or less, more preferably 2.5 mmol/g or less, still more preferably 2.0 mmol/g or less.
- the amount of carboxy groups is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mmol/g, more preferably 0.8 to 2.5 mmol/g, even more preferably 1.0 to 2.0 mmol/g.
- the amount of carboxyl groups can be adjusted by controlling the conditions for oxidizing the cellulose fibers (for example, amount of oxidizing agent added, reaction time). Also, by controlling these conditions, the amounts of carboxylate groups and aldehyde groups can be adjusted.
- the oxidation method is not particularly limited, but one example is a method of oxidizing a cellulose raw material in water using an oxidizing agent in the presence of an N-oxyl compound, bromide, iodide, or a mixture thereof.
- the primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position of the glucopyranose ring on the cellulose surface is selectively oxidized, and is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyde group, a carboxy group (-COOH), and a carboxylate group ( -COO- ). At least one group is produced.
- the concentration of the cellulose raw material during the reaction is not particularly limited, it is preferably 5% by mass or less.
- N-oxyl compound is a compound that can generate a nitroxy radical.
- Nitroxyl radicals include, for example, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its derivatives (eg, 4-hydroxy TEMPO).
- TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl
- any compound can be used as long as it promotes the desired oxidation reaction.
- the amount of the N-oxyl compound to be used is not particularly limited as long as it is a catalyst amount capable of oxidizing the raw material cellulose. For example, it is preferably 0.01 mmol or more, more preferably 0.02 mmol or more, relative to 1 g of absolute dry cellulose raw material.
- the upper limit is preferably 10 mmol or less, more preferably 1 mmol or less, and even more preferably 0.5 mmol or less.
- the amount of the N-oxyl compound to be used is preferably 0.01 to 10 mmol, more preferably 0.01 to 1 mmol, even more preferably 0.02 to 0.5 mmol, per 1 g of absolute dry cellulose raw material.
- the amount of the N-oxyl compound used in the reaction system is usually 0.1 to 4 mmol/L.
- a bromide is a compound containing bromine, for example, an alkali metal bromide that can be dissociated and ionized in water.
- iodides are compounds containing iodine, and examples thereof include iodides of alkali metals.
- the amount of bromide or iodide to be used can be selected within a range capable of promoting the oxidation reaction.
- the total amount of bromide and iodide is, for example, preferably 0.1 to 100 mmol, more preferably 0.1 to 10 mmol, even more preferably 0.5 to 5 mmol, relative to 1 g of absolute dry cellulose raw material.
- oxidizing agent a known one can be used, for example, halogen, hypohalous acid, halogenous acid, perhalogen acid or salts thereof, halogen oxides, peroxides, and the like can be used.
- hypohalous acid or a salt thereof is preferable
- hypochlorous acid or a salt thereof is more preferable
- sodium hypochlorite is preferable, because it is inexpensive and has a low environmental load.
- An appropriate amount of the oxidizing agent to be used is, for example, preferably 0.5 to 500 mmol, more preferably 0.5 to 50 mmol, even more preferably 1 to 25 mmol, further preferably 3 to 10 mmol, relative to 1 g of absolute dry cellulose raw material. more preferred. Further, for example, 1 to 40 mol is preferable per 1 mol of the N-oxyl compound.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 4 to 40°C, and may be about 15 to 30°C, that is, room temperature.
- carboxyl groups are generated in the cellulose, so that the pH of the reaction mixture is lowered.
- an alkaline solution such as an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to maintain the pH of the reaction solution at about 8-12, or 10-11. Water is preferable as the reaction medium because it is easy to handle and less likely to cause side reactions.
- the reaction time in the oxidation reaction can be appropriately set according to the degree of progress of oxidation, and is usually 0.5 to 6 hours, for example, about 0.5 to 4 hours.
- the oxidation reaction may be carried out in two steps. For example, by oxidizing the oxidized cellulose obtained by filtration after the completion of the reaction in the first step, again under the same or different reaction conditions, the reaction can be efficiently It can be oxidized well.
- the carboxylation (oxidation) method is a method of oxidizing by contacting a cellulose raw material with an ozone-containing gas (ozone oxidation).
- This oxidation reaction oxidizes at least the 2-position and 6-position hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose ring and causes degradation of the cellulose chain.
- the ozone concentration in the ozone-containing gas is preferably 50-250 g/m 3 , more preferably 50-220 g/m 3 .
- the amount of ozone added is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 5 to 30 parts by mass, when the solid content of the cellulose raw material is 100 parts by mass.
- the ozone treatment temperature is preferably 0 to 50°C, more preferably 20 to 50°C.
- the ozone treatment time is not particularly limited, but is about 1 to 360 minutes, preferably about 30 to 360 minutes.
- the cellulose raw material can be prevented from being excessively oxidized and decomposed, and the yield of oxidized cellulose is improved.
- additional oxidation treatment may be performed using an oxidizing agent.
- the oxidizing agent used in the additional oxidation treatment is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include chlorine-based compounds such as chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, persulfuric acid, and peracetic acid.
- these oxidizing agents are dissolved in a polar organic solvent such as water or alcohol to prepare an oxidizing agent solution, and the oxidized cellulose is immersed in the solution.
- -Acid Oxidized Cellulose and Desalting- Oxidized cellulose contains carboxyl groups as a result of oxidation, but may contain more acid-type carboxyl groups (-COOH) than salt-type carboxyl groups (e.g., -COO-, -COONa). You may contain more carboxy groups than acid type carboxy groups.
- the amounts of salt-type carboxyl groups and acid-type carboxyl groups can be adjusted by desalting.
- a desalting treatment can convert a salt-type carboxy group into an acid-type carboxy group.
- oxidized cellulose (which has undergone desalting) is referred to as acid-type oxidized cellulose, and oxidized cellulose (which has not undergone desalting treatment, which will be described later) is referred to as salt-type oxidized cellulose.
- Salt-type oxidized cellulose usually mainly has salt-type carboxyl groups.
- the acid-type oxidized cellulose has many acid-type carboxy groups, and the ratio of the acid-type carboxy groups to the carboxy groups is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 60% or more, and even more preferably 85% or more.
- Acid-type oxidized cellulose can exhibit a superior reinforcing effect together with component C.
- the ratio of acid-type carboxyl groups can be calculated by the following procedure. 1) First, 250 mL of an aqueous dispersion of acid-type oxidized cellulose with a solid content concentration of 0.1% by mass before desalting treatment is prepared. A 0.1 M hydrochloric acid aqueous solution is added to the prepared aqueous dispersion to adjust the pH to 2.5, and then a 0.1 N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is added to measure the electrical conductivity until the pH reaches 11.
- Desalting may be performed after oxidation, or before or after defibration (before or after step (2)), but usually after oxidation, preferably before step (2). Desalting is usually carried out by substituting protons for salts (eg, sodium salts) contained in the salt-type oxidized cellulose.
- Methods of desalting include, for example, a method of adjusting the inside of the system to be acidic, and a method of contacting oxidized cellulose with a cation exchange resin.
- the pH inside the system is preferably adjusted to 2-6, more preferably 2-5, and still more preferably 2.3-5.
- Acids eg inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfurous acid, nitrous acid and phosphoric acid; organic acids such as acetic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and formic acid
- a washing treatment may be performed as appropriate.
- the cation exchange resin both strongly acidic ion exchange resins and weakly acidic ion exchange resins can be used as long as the counter ion is H + .
- the ratio between the oxidized cellulose and the cation exchange resin when the oxidized cellulose is brought into contact with the cation exchange resin is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art from the viewpoint of efficient proton substitution.
- Recovery of the cation exchange resin after contact may be performed by a conventional method such as suction filtration.
- Etherification includes, for example, carboxyalkylation, methylation, ethylation, cyanoethylation, hydroxyethylation, hydroxypropylation, ethylhydroxyethylation, and hydroxypropylmethylation, with carboxyalkylation being preferred, carboxymethyl is more preferred.
- Carboxyalkylated cellulose fibers usually have a structure in which at least one of the carbon atoms constituting the cellulose molecular chain (for example, the carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position constituting the glucopyranose unit) is carboxymethylated. have.
- the degree of carboxyalkyl substitution (DS, preferably the degree of carboxymethyl substitution) per anhydroglucose unit of the carboxyalkylated cellulose is preferably 0.01 or more, 0.02 or more, or 0.05 or more, more preferably 0.10 or more. , is more preferably 0.15 or more, even more preferably 0.20 or more, and particularly preferably 0.25 or more. Thereby, the degree of substitution for obtaining the effect of chemical modification can be ensured.
- the upper limit of the degree of substitution is preferably 0.50 or less, more preferably 0.45 or less, 0.40 or less, or 0.35 or less. This makes it difficult for the cellulose fibers to dissolve in water, so that the fiber form can be maintained in water. Therefore, the degree of carboxyalkyl substitution is preferably 0.01-0.50, more preferably 0.01-0.45, 0.02-0.40, 0.10-0.35 or 0.20-0. .30 is more preferred.
- the degree of substitution such as the degree of carboxymethyl substitution, can be measured by the method described below.
- About 2.0 g of carboxymethylated cellulose (absolute dry) is precisely weighed and put into a 300 mL conical flask with a common stopper.
- F' Factor of 0.1N H2SO4
- F Factor of 0.1N NaOH
- the degree of carboxyalkyl substitution can be adjusted by controlling the reaction conditions such as the amount of carboxyalkylating agent to be added, the amount of mercerizing agent, and the composition ratio of water and organic solvent.
- Carboxyalkylation methods include, for example, a method of mercerizing a cellulosic raw material as a starting raw material (raw raw material) and then etherifying it. Carboxymethylation will be described below as an example.
- Carboxymethylated cellulose can be produced by using unmodified cellulose fiber (cellulose raw material: pulp, for example) as a starting material, performing a mercerization treatment, and then performing an etherification reaction.
- the reaction is usually carried out in the presence of a solvent.
- solvents include water, lower alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, tertiary butanol) alone or a mixture of two or more. Solvents may be used.
- the mixing ratio of the lower alcohol is preferably 60 to 95% by mass.
- the amount of the solvent is about three times that of the cellulose raw material in terms of mass. Although the upper limit of the amount is not particularly limited, it is 20 times or less.
- the amount of the solvent is preferably 3 to 20 times that of the cellulose raw material in terms of mass.
- Mercerizing agents include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
- the amount of the mercerizing agent used is preferably 0.5 times or more, more preferably 1.0 times or more, and even more preferably 1.5 times or more, based on the amount of the anhydroglucose residue of the starting material, in terms of moles.
- the upper limit of the amount is usually 20 times or less, preferably 10 times or less, more preferably 5 times or less.
- the amount of the mercerizing agent to be used is preferably 0.5 to 20 times, more preferably 1.0 to 10 times, even more preferably 1.5 to 5 times in terms of moles.
- the reaction temperature for mercerization is usually 0° C. or higher, preferably 10° C. or higher.
- the upper limit is usually 70°C or lower, preferably 60°C or lower.
- the reaction temperature is generally 0 to 70°C, preferably 10 to 60°C.
- the reaction time for mercerization is usually 15 minutes or longer, preferably 30 minutes or longer.
- the upper limit is usually 8 hours or less, preferably 7 hours or less.
- the reaction time is generally 15 minutes to 8 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 7 hours.
- the etherification reaction is usually carried out by adding a carboxymethylating agent to the reaction system after mercerization.
- Carboxymethylating agents include, for example, sodium monochloroacetate.
- the addition amount of the carboxymethylating agent is preferably 0.05 times or more, more preferably 0.5 times or more, and even more preferably 0.8 times or more, in terms of moles, per glucose residue of the cellulose raw material.
- the upper limit of the amount is usually 10.0 times or less, preferably 5 times or less, more preferably 3 times or less.
- the amount of the carboxymethylating agent to be added is preferably 0.05 to 10.0 times, more preferably 0.5 to 5 times, still more preferably 0.8 to 3 times in terms of moles.
- the reaction temperature is usually 30°C or higher, preferably 40°C or higher.
- the upper limit is usually 90°C or lower, preferably 80°C or lower.
- the reaction temperature is usually 30-90°C, preferably 40-80°C.
- the reaction time is usually 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer.
- the upper limit is usually 10 hours or less, preferably 4 hours or less.
- the reaction time is generally 30 minutes to 10 hours, preferably 1 hour to 4 hours.
- the reaction solution may be stirred as necessary.
- the carboxyalkylated cellulose fibers preferably retain at least a portion of their fibrous shape even when dispersed in water.
- Carboxyalkylated cellulose fibers are distinguished from cellulose powders such as carboxymethylcellulose, which is a type of water-soluble polymer that dissolves in water and imparts viscosity.
- carboxymethylcellulose which is a type of water-soluble polymer that dissolves in water and imparts viscosity.
- fibrous substances can be observed.
- no fibrous substance is observed in an aqueous dispersion of carboxymethyl cellulose, which is a type of water-soluble polymer.
- the anion-modified cellulose fiber is measured by X-ray diffraction, a peak of cellulose type I crystals can be observed. Cellulose type I crystals are not observed.
- carboxyalkylated cellulose may contain more acid-type carboxy groups than salt-type carboxy groups, or may contain more salt-type carboxy groups than acid-type carboxy groups.
- the amounts of salt-type carboxyl groups and acid-type carboxyl groups can be adjusted by desalting.
- a desalting treatment can convert a salt-type carboxy group into an acid-type carboxy group.
- carboxyalkylated cellulose (desalted) is referred to as acid-form carboxyalkylated cellulose
- carboxyalkylated cellulose (not desalted as described below) is referred to as salt-form carboxyalkylated cellulose.
- Salt-type carboxyalkylated cellulose usually mainly has salt-type carboxy groups (--COO--).
- acid-type carboxyalkylated cellulose has many acid-type carboxy groups, and the ratio of the amount of acid-type carboxy groups to the amount of carboxy groups possessed by acid-type carboxyalkylated cellulose is preferably 40% or more, and 60%. 85% or more is more preferable. It is presumed that acid-type carboxyalkylated cellulose is superior in reinforcing effect with component C.
- the method for calculating the proportion of acid-type carboxyl groups is as described above.
- Desalting is usually performed after carboxyalkylation, preferably after etherification and before fibrillation.
- Examples of the desalting method include a method of contacting carboxyalkylated cellulose with a cation exchange resin.
- the cation exchange resin both strongly acidic ion exchange resins and weakly acidic ion exchange resins can be used as long as the counter ion is H + .
- the ratio between the carboxyalkylated cellulose and the cation exchange resin when the carboxyalkylated cellulose is brought into contact with the cation exchange resin is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art from the viewpoint of efficient proton substitution.
- the ratio can be adjusted so that the pH of the aqueous dispersion after addition of the cation exchange resin is preferably 2-6, more preferably 2-5, relative to the carboxyalkylated cellulose aqueous dispersion.
- Recovery of the cation exchange resin after contact may be performed by a conventional method such as suction filtration.
- a first example of an esterified cellulose fiber includes phosphorylated cellulose.
- Phosphorylated cellulose usually has a structure in which at least one carbon atom constituting a cellulose molecular chain (for example, a carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position constituting a glucopyranose unit) is phosphorylated.
- the degree of substitution of the phosphate group per glucose unit in the phosphorylated CNF is preferably 0.001 or more and less than 0.40.
- the degree of phosphate group substitution can be measured by the following method. A slurry of phosphorylated CNF having a solids content of 0.2% by weight is prepared. 1/10 by volume of a strongly acidic ion-exchange resin was added to the slurry, and after shaking for 1 hour, the resin was separated from the slurry by pouring it on a mesh with an opening of 90 ⁇ m to obtain hydrogen-type phosphorus. Acid-esterified CNF is obtained.
- the degree of phosphate group substitution can be adjusted by controlling the reaction conditions such as the amount of the compound having a phosphate group added and the amount of the basic compound used as necessary.
- Examples of phosphorylation methods include a method of reacting unmodified cellulose fibers with a compound having a phosphoric acid group (phosphorylation).
- Phosphate esterification methods include, for example, a method of mixing a powder or an aqueous solution of a compound having a phosphate group with a cellulosic raw material (e.g., a suspension (solid content concentration of about 0.1 to 10% by mass)), A method of adding an aqueous solution of a compound having a phosphoric acid group to an aqueous dispersion of a cellulosic raw material is exemplified, and the latter is preferred. Thereby, the uniformity of the reaction can be improved and the esterification efficiency can be improved.
- the pH of the aqueous solution of the compound having a phosphate group is preferably 7 or less from the viewpoint of increasing the efficiency of introduction of the phosphate group, and more preferably from 3 to 7 from the viewpoint of suppressing hydrolysis.
- Examples of compounds having a phosphoric acid group include phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphonic acid, polyphosphonic acid, esters and salts thereof, and the like. These compounds are low cost, easy to handle, and can improve defibration efficiency by introducing a phosphate group into cellulose.
- compounds having a phosphate group include phosphoric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate potassium, tripotassium phosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium metaphosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, tripammonium phosphate, ammonium pyrophosphate, and ammonium metaphosphate.
- the compounds having a phosphate group can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the compound having a phosphate group added to the cellulose raw material is preferably 0.1 to 500 parts by mass, more preferably 1 to 400 parts by mass, in terms of phosphorus element, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the solid content of the cellulose raw material. 2 to 200 parts by mass is more preferable. As a result, a yield corresponding to the amount of the compound having a phosphate group can be efficiently obtained.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 0 to 95°C, more preferably 30 to 90°C.
- the reaction time is not particularly limited, it is usually about 1 to 600 minutes, preferably 30 to 480 minutes.
- a basic compound e.g., urea, methylamine, ethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, pyridine, ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, etc.
- compound having an amino group showing may be added to the reaction system.
- the suspension obtained after the esterification is preferably dehydrated, if necessary, and heat-treated after the dehydration.
- the heating temperature is preferably 100 to 170 ° C., and while water is contained during the heat treatment, heat at 130 ° C. or lower (preferably 110 ° C. or lower), remove water, and then heat to 100 to 170 ° C. It is more preferable to heat-process at. After boiling, it is preferable to carry out a washing treatment such as washing with cold water. Thereby, defibration can be performed efficiently. Washing may be performed by adding water and dehydrating (for example, filtering), and may be repeated twice or more. Washing is preferably carried out until the electric conductivity of the filtrate decreases.
- the electric conductivity is preferably 200 or less, more preferably 150 or less, and still more preferably 120 or less.
- neutralization treatment may be performed as necessary.
- Neutralization treatment can be carried out, for example, by addition of alkali (eg, sodium hydroxide). Washing may be performed again after neutralization.
- a second example of a method for producing esterified cellulose fibers includes phosphite esterified cellulose fibers.
- Phosphite cellulose fibers usually have a structure in which at least one of the carbon atoms constituting the cellulose molecular chain (for example, the carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position constituting the glucopyranose unit) is phosphorylated. .
- the degree of phosphite group substitution per glucose unit in the phosphite-esterified cellulose fiber (hereinafter simply referred to as "phosphite group substitution degree”) is preferably 0.001 to 0.60.
- the degree of phosphite group substitution can be measured by the same method as the method for measuring the degree of phosphate group substitution.
- the degree of phosphite group substitution can be adjusted by controlling reaction conditions such as the amount of phosphorous acid or a salt thereof added, the amount of an alkali metal ion-containing substance used as necessary, and the amount of urea or a derivative thereof added.
- an unmodified cellulose fiber is reacted with phosphorous acid or a metal salt thereof (preferably sodium hydrogen phosphite) to introduce an ester group of phosphorous acid. method.
- Examples of phosphorous acid and metal salts thereof include phosphorous acid, sodium hydrogen phosphite, ammonium hydrogen phosphite, potassium hydrogen phosphite, sodium dihydrogen phosphite, sodium phosphite, and lithium phosphite. , potassium phosphite, magnesium phosphite, calcium phosphite, triethyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, phosphorous acid compounds such as pyrophosphite, and combinations of two or more selected from these.
- Sodium hydride is preferred. Thereby, alkali metal ions can also be introduced into the cellulose fibers.
- the amount of phosphorous acid or its metal salt to be added is preferably 1 to 10,000 g, more preferably 100 to 5,000 g, still more preferably 300 to 1,500 g, per 1 kg of unmodified cellulose fibers.
- alkali metal ion-containing substances e.g., hydroxides, metal sulfates, metal nitrates, metal chlorides, metal phosphates, metal carbonates
- urea or a derivative thereof may be further added to the reaction system. This can also introduce carbamate groups into the cellulose fibers.
- Urea and urea derivatives include, for example, urea, thiourea, biuret, phenylurea, benzylurea, dimethylurea, diethylurea, tetramethylurea, and combinations of two or more selected from these, with urea being preferred.
- the amount of urea and urea derivatives to be added is preferably 0.01 to 100 mol, more preferably 0.2 to 20 mol, still more preferably 0.5 to 10 mol, per 1 mol of phosphorous acid or its metal salt.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 100-200°C, more preferably 100-180°C, even more preferably 100-170°C. It is more preferable to heat at 130° C. or less (preferably 110° C. or less) while water is contained in the heat treatment, and after removing the water, heat-treat at 100 to 170° C.
- the reaction time is usually about 10 to 180 minutes, more preferably 30 to 120 minutes.
- the phosphite-esterified cellulose fibers are preferably washed prior to defibration.
- the degree of substitution of the phosphite group per glucose unit is preferably 0.01 or more and less than 0.23.
- a third example of a method for producing an esterified cellulose fiber includes a sulfate esterified cellulose fiber.
- Sulfated cellulose usually has a structure in which at least one carbon atom constituting a cellulose molecular chain (for example, a carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position constituting a glucopyranose unit) is phosphorylated.
- the amount of sulfate-based groups per glucose unit in the sulfate-esterified cellulose fiber is preferably 0.1 to 3.0 mmol/g.
- the amount of sulfate groups per glucose unit can be measured by the following method.
- the aqueous dispersion of sulfated CNF is subjected to solvent substitution in the order of ethanol and t-butanol, and then freeze-dried.
- 15 ml of ethanol and 5 ml of water are added to 200 mg of the obtained sample, and the mixture is stirred for 30 minutes.
- 10 ml of 0.5N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is added, and the mixture is stirred at 70° C. for 30 minutes and further stirred at 30° C. for 24 hours.
- the amount of sulfate groups can be adjusted by controlling the reaction conditions such as the amount of sulfuric acid compound to be reacted.
- Examples of the method of sulfate esterification include a method of reacting unmodified cellulose fibers with a sulfuric acid compound to introduce a sulfuric acid group derived from the sulfuric acid compound into cellulose to obtain sulfated cellulose.
- sulfuric acid compounds include sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide, and esters or salts thereof. Among these, sulfamic acid is preferably used because cellulose has low solubility and low acidity.
- the amount of sulfamic acid used can be appropriately adjusted in consideration of the amount of anionic groups to be introduced into the cellulose chain. For example, it is preferably 0.01 to 50 mol, more preferably 0.1 to 3.0 mol, per 1 mol of glucose units in the cellulose molecule.
- the esterified cellulose may contain more acid-type carboxy groups than salt-type carboxy groups, or may contain more salt-type carboxy groups than acid-type carboxy groups.
- esterified cellulose those that have not undergone desalting treatment and those that have undergone desalting treatment are referred to as salt-esterified cellulose and acid-esterified cellulose, respectively.
- Salt-type esterified cellulose mainly has salt-type carboxyl groups.
- Acid-type esterified cellulose is presumed to be superior in reinforcing effect with component C.
- the counter cation of the salt-type carboxyl group and the preparation method thereof are as described in the description of the oxidized cellulose.
- -Cationization- Cationized cellulose usually has a structure in which at least one of the carbon atoms constituting the cellulose molecular chain (for example, the carbon atom having a primary hydroxyl group at the C6 position constituting the glucopyranose unit) is cationized, Usually, the molecule contains a cation such as ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, or a group having such a cation.
- the degree of cation substitution per glucose unit in the cationized cellulose is preferably 0.02 to 0.50. The degree of cation substitution per glucose unit can be measured by the following method.
- the degree of cation substitution can be adjusted by adjusting reaction conditions such as the amount of cationizing agent to be reacted and the composition ratio of water or alcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- a method of cationization for example, unmodified cellulose fibers are treated with a cationizing agent (eg, glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrialkylammonium hydrate or its halohydrin type) and an alkali catalyst.
- a metal hydroxide eg, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
- a cationization reaction is usually carried out in the presence of water or alcohol.
- the amount of the cationizing agent is preferably 5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 10 parts by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose raw material.
- the upper limit of the amount is usually 800 parts by mass or less, preferably 500 parts by mass or less.
- catalysts that are optionally used for cationization include alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
- the amount of the catalyst is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, relative to 100 parts by mass of the cellulose raw material.
- the upper limit of the amount is usually 7 parts by mass or less, preferably 3 parts by mass or less.
- the cationized cellulose fibers after cationization are preferably converted into base-type cationized cellulose or base-type cationized cellulose nanofibers by desalting. Desalting can convert the salts in the cationized cellulose to bases.
- the cationized cellulose (nanofibers) that has undergone desalting is referred to as base-type cationized cellulose (nanofibers) or cationized cellulose (nanofibers) (base type).
- cationized cellulose and cationized cellulose nanofibers that have not undergone desalting are referred to as salt-type cationized cellulose (nanofibers) or cationized cellulose (nanofibers) (salt form).
- Desalting may be performed at any time before defibration (cationized cellulose) or after defibration (cationized cellulose nanofibers), which will be described later.
- Desalting means substituting a salt (for example, Cl ⁇ ) contained in cationized cellulose (salt form) and cationized cellulose nanofibers (salt form) with a base to obtain a base form.
- Examples of the desalting method after cationization include a method of contacting cationized cellulose or cationized cellulose nanofibers with an anion exchange resin. Both strongly basic ion exchange resins and weakly basic ion exchange resins can be used as the anion exchange resin, as long as the counterion is OH - .
- the ratio between the modified cellulose and the anion exchange resin is not particularly limited, and a person skilled in the art can appropriately set the ratio from the viewpoint of efficient cation substitution.
- the pH of the water dispersion after addition of the anion exchange resin is preferably 8 to 13, more preferably 9 to 13, with respect to the cationized cellulose nanofiber water dispersion. be able to. Recovery of the anion exchange resin after contact may be performed by a conventional method such as suction filtration.
- Refinement is usually performed by mechanical processing.
- Mechanical treatment preferably beating or defibration treatment
- wet ie in the form of an aqueous dispersion of cellulose fibers.
- Devices used for mechanical treatment include, for example, refiners (refiners; e.g., disk type, conical type, cylinder type), high-speed fibrillation machines, shearing stirrers, colloid mills, high-pressure jet dispersers, beaters, PFI mills, Kneader, disperser, high-speed disaggregator (Topfiner), high-pressure or ultra-high-pressure homogenizer, grinder (stone mill type crusher), ball mill, vibration mill, bead mill, single-screw, twin-screw or multi-screw kneader/extruder high-speed rotation homomixers, refiners, defibrators, friction grinders, high-share defibrators, dispergers, homogenizers (e.g.,
- microfluidizers under )), etc., which can impart a mechanical defibration force, preferably a device capable of imparting a wet fibrillation force, and more preferably a high-speed defibrator and a refining device, but are not particularly limited.
- an aqueous dispersion of cellulose fibers is usually prepared.
- the solid content concentration of the modified cellulose in the aqueous dispersion is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, still more preferably 1.0% by mass or more, and even more preferably 1.5% by mass or more. preferable.
- the upper limit of the concentration is preferably 15% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and even more preferably 8% by mass or less.
- pH adjustment eg, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less
- pretreatment such as dry pulverization (eg, pulverization after drying) may be performed prior to the preparation of the aqueous dispersion.
- dry pulverization eg, pulverization after drying
- devices used for dry pulverization include, but are not limited to, impact mills such as hammer mills and pin mills, medium mills such as ball mills and tower mills, and jet mills.
- post-treatment may be performed after fibrillation.
- drying e.g., freeze drying, spray drying, tray drying, drum drying, belt drying, drying by spreading thinly on a glass plate, etc.
- fluidized bed drying e.g., micro wave drying method, heat-generating fan type vacuum drying method, vacuum (degassing) drying
- redispersion in water e.g., pulverization (e.g. equipment such as cutter mill, hammer mill, pin mill, jet mill, etc.) pulverization using, but not particularly limited to.
- the fine cellulose fibers may be in the form of an aqueous dispersion obtained after production, or may be post-treated as necessary.
- the post-treatment for example, drying (e.g., freeze drying, spray drying, tray drying, drum drying, belt drying, drying by spreading thinly on a glass plate, etc., fluidized bed drying, micro Wave drying method, heat-generating fan type reduced pressure drying method), redispersion in water (dispersion device is not limited), pulverization (for example, pulverization using equipment such as cutter mill, hammer mill, pin mill, jet mill, etc.) but is not particularly limited.
- the fine cellulose fibers preferably have the following physical properties.
- the BET specific surface area of the fine cellulose fibers is preferably 25 m 2 /g or more, more preferably 50 m 2 /g or more, still more preferably 100 m 2 /g or more.
- the BET specific surface area can be measured by a BET specific surface area meter after substituting the aqueous dispersion with t-BuOH and freeze-drying the sample according to the nitrogen gas adsorption method (JIS Z 8830).
- the crystallinity of cellulose type I in the fine cellulose fibers is usually 50% or more, preferably 60% or more. Although the upper limit is not particularly limited, it is considered to be about 90% realistically.
- the crystallinity of cellulose can be controlled by the degree of chemical modification.
- the crystallinity of cellulose type I was measured by X-ray diffraction measurement, and the intensity of the (200) peak near 22.6° and the (200) and (110) valleys (near 18.5°) was measured. It can be calculated by comparison.
- the intensity of type I crystals can be calculated after isolating the peaks (around 12.3°, 20.2°, and 21.9°) based on type II crystals. preferable.
- the viscosity of the aqueous dispersion is preferably low.
- the material can be easily handled despite being fibrillated.
- the B-type viscosity (25° C., 60 rpm) of an aqueous dispersion with a solid content of 1% by mass is usually 6,000 mPa s or less or 5,000 mPa s or less, preferably 4,500 mPa s or less, more preferably It is 4,000 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- the lower limit is preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s or more, more preferably 20 mPa ⁇ s or more, still more preferably 50 mPa ⁇ s or more, 100 mPa or more, 500 mPa or more, 1,000 mPa or more, or 2,000 mPa or more.
- B-type viscosity can be measured, for example, by the following method. After fibrillation (e.g., fibrillation), allow to stand for one day or longer, dilute if necessary, stir with Homo Disper (e.g., 3000 rpm, 5 min), and then measure viscosity (60 rpm, 3 minutes after rotation). measure the viscosity).
- the degree of anionization is usually 2.50 meq/g or less, preferably 2.30 meq/g or less, more preferably 2.0 meq/g or less, 1.50 meq/g or less is more preferable.
- the chemical modification is thought to be uniform throughout the cellulose, and the unique effects of chemically modified cellulose fibers, such as water retention, can be obtained more stably. Conceivable.
- the lower limit is usually 0.06 meq/g or more, preferably 0.10 meq/g or more, more preferably 0.30 meq/g or more, but is not particularly limited. Therefore, it is preferably 0.06 meq/g or more and 2.50 meq/g or less, more preferably 0.08 meq/g or more and 2.50 meq/g or less, or more preferably 0.10 meq/g or more and 2.30 meq/g or less, and 0.10 meq. /g or more and 2.00 meq/g or less is more preferable.
- the degree of anionization is the equivalent of an anion per unit mass of modified cellulose microfibrils, and can be calculated from the equivalent of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) required to neutralize anionic groups in a unit mass of modified cellulose microfibrils. .
- DADMAC diallyldimethylammonium chloride
- the water retention capacity is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 15 or more, even more preferably 20 or more, and even more preferably 30 or more. Although the upper limit is considered to be about 200 or less in reality, it is not particularly limited.
- the water retention capacity corresponds to the mass of water in the sediment relative to the mass of fiber solids in the sediment and is measured and calculated by centrifuging a 0.3% by weight aqueous dispersion of the fiber at 25,000 G. , is the water content/solid content ratio in the sedimentation gel.
- the water retention capacity can be measured or calculated for fibers that have undergone fibrillation, but cannot usually be measured for fibers that have not undergone fibrillation or defibration and cellulose nanofibers that have been defibrated to single microfibrils.
- cellulose fibers that have not been fibrillated or defibrated are centrifuged under the conditions described above, a dense sediment cannot be formed, making it difficult to separate the sediment from the aqueous phase.
- cellulose nanofibers are centrifuged under the conditions described above, they usually do not precipitate.
- the fibrillation rate (Fibrillation %) is preferably 1.0% or more, more preferably 1.2% or more, and even more preferably 1.5% or more. This allows confirmation of sufficient fibrillation.
- the fibrillation rate can be adjusted depending on the type of cellulosic raw material used.
- the fibrillation rate can be determined by an image analysis type fiber analyzer such as a fractionator manufactured by Valmet.
- the electrical conductivity of the aqueous dispersion (solid content concentration 1.0% by mass) is preferably 500 mS/m or less, more preferably 300 mS/m or less, still more preferably 200 mS/m. m or less, more preferably 100 mS/m or less, particularly preferably 70 mS/m or less.
- the lower limit is preferably 5 mS/m or more, more preferably 10 mS/m or more.
- the electrical conductivity can be measured by preparing 200 g of an aqueous dispersion of cellulose microfibrils having a solid content of 1.0% by mass and using an electrical conductivity meter (ES-71 model manufactured by HORIBA).
- Component C is a crosslinkable compound.
- the crosslinkable compound has a thiosulfate group or an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group and an amino group.
- the thiosulfate group may be in the acid form (--SSO 3 H) or in the salt form (--SSO 3 - ).
- Examples of counter cations in the salt form include alkali metals such as sodium, lithium, calcium and cesium, quaternary ammonium salts such as N(R 6 ) 4 - ( R , a hydrogen atom, or an organic group such as an alkyl group or an ammonium group (the same shall apply hereinafter).
- ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group examples include formula (1): The group represented by is mentioned.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group or a hydrocarbon group, and R 1 and R 2 may be linked.
- R 1 or R 2 is a hydrogen atom, more preferably both are hydrogen atoms.
- R 3 is a counter ion, and examples thereof include alkali metals such as sodium, lithium, calcium and cesium, and quaternary ammonium salts such as N(R 6 ) 4 - .
- the amino group has the following formula (2): is a group represented by In the formula, R 4 and R 5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. At least one of R 4 and R 5 is preferably a hydrogen atom, and more preferably both are hydrogen atoms (--NH 2 ).
- the spacer that connects the thiosulfate group or the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group and the amino group includes, for example, an alkyl group, a bivalent group containing an aromatic ring and an amide bond, a thiosulfate group and an amino
- the spacer connecting the groups is preferably an alkyl group, more preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and still more preferably an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.
- the spacer connecting the ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl group and the amino group is preferably a divalent group containing an aromatic ring and an amide bond.
- Preferred crosslinking compounds are S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid and (2Z)-4-[(4-aminophenyl)amino]-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (eg sodium salt). .
- the respective structural formulas are shown in formulas (3) and (4) below.
- Component C may be a single type of crosslinkable compound or a combination of two or more types. It preferably contains a crosslinkable compound containing a thiosulfate group, and more preferably contains the compound of the formula (3), in order to further increase the strength of the resulting rubber composition.
- the compound of formula (3) is more preferred is not clear, it is as follows. Since the crosslinkable compound of component C mainly reacts with the OH group in the cellulose structure of component B as a crosslink point, the compound of formula (3), which has relatively little steric hindrance, has a more diverse structure. It is presumed that it can correspond to B and tends to react with the above-mentioned cross-linking points.
- the rubber composition may further contain one or more optional components depending on the needs such as the use of the rubber composition.
- Optional components include, for example, reinforcing agents (e.g., silica, carbon black), fillers other than cellulose fillers (e.g., calcium carbonate, clay), silane coupling agents, cross-linking agents, vulcanization accelerators, and vulcanization accelerators.
- Auxiliaries eg, zinc oxide, stearic acid
- oils cured resins, waxes, anti-aging agents, colorants, foaming agents, and other compounding agents that can be used in the rubber industry.
- vulcanization accelerators and vulcanization accelerator aids are preferred.
- the content of the optional component may be appropriately determined according to conditions such as the type of the optional component, and is not particularly limited.
- the rubber composition When the rubber composition is an unvulcanized rubber composition or a final product, it preferably contains at least a cross-linking agent as an optional component.
- cross-linking agents include sulfur compounds such as sulfur and halogenated sulfur, organic peroxides, quinone dioximes, organic polyvalent amine compounds, and alkylphenol resins having methylol groups. Among these, sulfur is preferred.
- vulcanization accelerators examples include guanidine compounds such as diphenylguanidine (DPG), di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide (MBTS), thiazole compounds such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and N-cyclohexyl-2.
- DPG diphenylguanidine
- MBTS di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide
- MTT 2-mercaptobenzothiazole
- N-cyclohexyl-2 examples include guanidine compounds such as diphenylguanidine (DPG), di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide (MBTS), thiazole compounds such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), and N-cyclohexyl-2.
- CBS N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide
- BBS N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide
- OBS N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazolylsulfenamide
- DZ N,N- Sulfenamides such as dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolylsulphenamide (DZ)
- Thioureas such as ethylenethiourea (EU), diethylthiourea (EUR), trimethylthiourea (TMU), tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM)
- thiurams such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD)
- thiocarbamates such as zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZnMDC), zinc di-n-butyldithiocarbamate (ZnBDC), xanthates such as zinc isopropylxant
- the content of Component B is usually 1 part by weight or more, 3 parts by weight or more, or 5 parts by weight or more, preferably 10 parts by weight or more, more preferably 20 parts by weight or more, per 100 parts by weight of Component A.
- the upper limit is usually 50 parts by weight or less or 40 parts by weight or less, preferably 35 parts by weight or less, more preferably 30 parts by weight or less, and even more preferably 25 parts by weight or less. Therefore, the content of component B is usually 1 to 50 parts by weight, 3 to 50 parts by weight, 5 to 50 parts by weight or 10 to 30 parts by weight, preferably 5 to 30 parts by weight or 10 to 25 parts by weight.
- the content of Component C is usually 0.1 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more, and more preferably 1 part by weight or more per 100 parts by weight of Component A.
- the upper limit is usually 50 parts by weight or less, preferably 20 parts by weight or less, more preferably 10 parts by weight or less. Therefore, the content of Component C is usually 0.5 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 0.7 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of Component A.
- the content of the cross-linking agent is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.3 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of Component A.
- the upper limit is preferably 10 parts by mass or less, more preferably 7 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 5 parts by mass or less.
- the content of the vulcanization accelerator is preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more, more preferably 0.3 parts by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.4 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of component A.
- the upper limit is preferably 20 parts by mass or less, more preferably 15 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 10 parts by mass or less.
- Examples of the method for producing the rubber composition include a method including a step of kneading components A to C. The amount of each component is as described above. Optional ingredients may be added at the same time, during, or after mixing components A to C as required, but the cross-linking agent and granulation accelerator should be added after mixing and kneading components A to C. is preferred.
- component A to be mixed is not particularly limited.
- examples thereof include a solid rubber component, a dispersion (latex) in which a rubber component is dispersed in a dispersion medium, and a solution dissolved in a solvent.
- examples of the dispersion medium and solvent include water and organic solvents.
- the amount of the liquid is preferably 10 to 1000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of rubber solids (the total amount when two or more rubber components are used).
- Components A to C may be mixed in advance as necessary before being kneaded.
- Mixing can be carried out using a known device such as a homomixer, a homogenizer, a propeller stirrer, etc., if it is a solution.
- the temperature for mixing is not limited, but room temperature (20 to 30° C.) is preferable.
- the mixing time may also be adjusted accordingly.
- Components A to C may be subjected to drying as necessary before being subjected to kneading.
- the drying method is not particularly limited, and may be a heating method, a coagulation method, or a combination thereof, but heat treatment is preferred.
- the conditions for the heat treatment are not particularly limited, but an example is as follows.
- the heating temperature is preferably 40°C or higher and lower than 100°C.
- the treatment time is preferably 1 to 24 hours. By setting the heating temperature or heating time to the above conditions, damage to the rubber component can be suppressed.
- the mixture after drying may be in an absolute dry state, or the solvent may remain.
- the drying method is not limited to the above method, and a conventionally known method for removing the solvent may be appropriately selected.
- the form of component B to be kneaded is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include aqueous dispersions of cellulosic fillers, dry solids of the aqueous dispersions, and wet solids of the aqueous dispersions.
- concentration of the cellulose-based filler in the aqueous dispersion may be 0.1 to 5% (w/v) when the dispersion medium is water, and the dispersion medium contains water and an organic solvent such as alcohol. In some cases, it may be 0.1 to 20% (w/v).
- wet solids are solids that are intermediate between the aqueous dispersion and the dry solids.
- the amount of the dispersion medium in the wet solid obtained by dehydrating the water dispersion by a conventional method is preferably 5 to 15% by mass based on the total amount of the solid. By adding liquid or further drying, the amount of carrier medium in the wet solids can be adjusted accordingly.
- the mixture may be kneaded using a kneader according to a known method.
- kneaders include open kneaders such as two-roll and three-roll kneaders, intermeshing Banbury mixers, tangential Banbury mixers, and closed kneaders such as pressure kneaders. Kneading may be a multi-stage process. For example, a combination of kneading in a closed kneader in the first stage and then re-kneading in an open kneader may be used.
- the kneading time is usually about 3 to 20 minutes, and the time for uniform kneading can be selected as appropriate.
- the kneading temperature may be about normal temperature (for example, about 15 to 30° C.), but may be heated to a certain high temperature.
- the upper limit of the temperature is usually 150°C or lower, preferably 140°C or lower, more preferably 130°C or lower.
- the lower limit of the temperature is 15°C or higher, preferably 20°C or higher, more preferably 30°C or higher.
- the kneading temperature is preferably 15 to 150°C, more preferably 20 to 140°C, even more preferably 30 to 130°C.
- the resulting kneaded product is preferably used as a masterbatch as it is.
- the obtained kneaded material may be used as the final product.
- optional additives such as a rubber component, a cross-linking agent, and a vulcanizing aid are additionally added to the kneaded product, and the kneaded product is kneaded again.
- molding may be performed as necessary.
- molding include mold molding, injection molding, extrusion molding, hollow molding, and foam molding, and the device may be appropriately selected according to the final product shape, application, and molding method.
- the rubber composition contains a cross-linking agent (preferably a cross-linking agent and a vulcanization accelerator), it is cross-linked (vulcanized) by heating. Even if the rubber composition does not contain a cross-linking agent and a vulcanization accelerator, the same effect can be obtained by adding these later and heating.
- the heating temperature is preferably 150° C. or higher, and the upper limit is preferably 200° C. or lower, more preferably 180° C. or lower. Therefore, about 150 to 200°C is preferable, and about 150 to 180°C is more preferable.
- Examples of heating devices include vulcanization devices for mold vulcanization, can vulcanization, continuous vulcanization, and injection molding vulcanization.
- finishing treatment Before the kneaded product is made into the final product, finishing treatment may be performed as necessary. Finishing treatments include, for example, polishing, surface treatment, lip finishing, lip cutting, and chlorine treatment, and only one of these treatments may be performed, or two or more of them may be combined.
- the use of the rubber composition is not particularly limited as long as it is a composition for obtaining a rubber product as a final product. That is, it may be an intermediate (masterbatch) for rubber production, an unvulcanized rubber composition containing a vulcanizing agent, or a rubber product as a final product.
- the use of the final product is not particularly limited, and examples include transportation equipment such as automobiles, trains, ships, and airplanes (e.g., tires, anti-vibration rubber); electrical appliances such as personal computers, televisions, telephones, and clocks; communication devices; portable music players, video players, printers, copiers, sporting goods; building materials (eg, seismic isolation rubber); office equipment such as stationery; containers; In addition to these, it can also be applied to members using rubber or flexible plastic.
- transportation equipment such as automobiles, trains, ships, and airplanes (e.g., tires, anti-vibration rubber); electrical appliances such as personal computers, televisions, telephones, and clocks; communication devices; portable music players, video players, printers, copiers, sporting goods; building materials (eg, seismic isolation rubber); office equipment such as stationery; containers; In addition to these, it can also be applied to members using rubber or flexible plastic.
- the sample after drying was mechanically pulverized using a hammer mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation, AP-S type) and powdered, and then subjected to secondary pulverization to further atomize powdered cellulose 1 (average particle size 9 .3 ⁇ m, average polymerization degree 269, crystallinity 86%, average fiber length 0.1 mm, average fiber width 22.7 ⁇ m, apparent specific gravity 0.4 g/ml, water content 3.4%).
- a hammer mill manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation, AP-S type
- Example 1 Natural rubber (NR), powdered cellulose 1, S-(3-aminopropyl) thiosulfuric acid (Sumilink (registered trademark) 100, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) are mixed in a closed kneader (Laboplastomill: manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) After starting kneading at 80°C for 5 minutes, the temperature was gradually raised to 130°C. Next, stearic acid and zinc oxide were added, followed by kneading in an internal kneader for 3 minutes.
- Comparative example 1 The procedure was the same as in Example 1, except that S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid was not used.
- Comparative example 2 The procedure was the same as in Example 1, except that powdered cellulose and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid were not used.
- Table 1 shows the compounding ratio of each raw material in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- Table 2 shows the evaluation results of each example.
- aqueous dispersion with a solid content of 10 g/L, and stirred at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes or more using a magnetic stirrer. After diluting the resulting aqueous dispersion to 0.1 g/L, 10 ml was sampled and titrated with 1/1000 normality of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) using a streaming current detector (Mutek Particle Charge Detector 03).
- DADMAC diallyldimethylammonium chloride
- Example 1 the hardness, M50 and elastic modulus of Example 1 were greatly improved compared to Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- tc(90) is almost the same between Comparative Example 2 and Example 1, and the addition of the cellulosic filler and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid has little effect on the vulcanization properties. I found out.
- the dynamic magnification was kept low in Example 1, in which the cellulose-based filler and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid were blended, compared to Comparative Example 1, in which the filler was not blended.
- the dynamic magnification usually tends to increase when a filler is added for the purpose of improving the elastic modulus of rubber, but from the results of Example 1, the combination of the cellulose-based filler and the crosslinkable compound suppresses the increase in the dynamic magnification. It is clear that the strength can be improved while
- Example 2 Instead of the powdered cellulose of Example 1, NR latex (Restex HA-NR LATEX/manufactured by Resitex Co., Ltd., solid content concentration 61.5 wt%) was added to the oxidized cellulose nanofiber dispersion 2 so that the solid content ratio was as shown in Table 3. ) and dried. Then, S-(3-aminopropyl) thiosulfuric acid (Sumilink (registered trademark) 100, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.), CB coupling agent, and stearic acid are mixed with a closed kneader (Laboplastomill: manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisakusho Co., Ltd.).
- S-(3-aminopropyl) thiosulfuric acid Sudilink (registered trademark) 100, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
- CB coupling agent CB coupling agent
- stearic acid are mixed with a closed
- Example 2 kneading was started at 80° C. for 5 minutes, then the temperature was gradually raised to 130° C., and kneaded for 3 minutes. Furthermore, in the same manner as in Example 1, sulfur and a vulcanization accelerator were added using a roll kneader, kneaded and vulcanized to obtain a sheet having a thickness of 2 mm.
- Example 3 (2Z)-4-[(4-aminophenyl)amino]-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (Sumilink® 200, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) instead of S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid A sheet with a thickness of 2 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except for using .
- Example 4 A sheet with a thickness of 2 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the oxidized cellulose nanofiber dispersion 3 was used instead of the oxidized cellulose nanofiber dispersion 2 of Example 2.
- Comparative example 3 The procedure was the same as in Example 3, except that S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid was not used.
- Comparative example 4 The procedure was the same as in Example 2, except that oxidized cellulose nanofiber dispersion 2 and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid were not used.
- Table 3 shows the compounding ratio of each raw material in Examples 2-4 and Comparative Examples 3-4.
- Table 4 shows the evaluation results of each example.
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 3 (TOCN only), the breaking strength decreased and tan ⁇ increased compared to Comparative Example 4, whereas Example 2 (TOCN and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid) and Example 2 Example 3 (TOCN and (2Z)-4-[(4-aminophenyl)amino]-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid), Example 4 (acid form TOCN and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfate) In comparison with Comparative Example 3, breaking strength increased and tan ⁇ decreased. It is presumed that this is probably due to TOCN cohesion in the rubber or large interfacial peeling.
- the pH in the system decreased during the reaction, but was adjusted to pH 10 by successively adding 3M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.
- the reaction was terminated when the sodium hypochlorite was consumed and the pH in the system stopped changing.
- Hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust the pH to 2, followed by filtration through a glass filter to separate the pulp, and the separated pulp was thoroughly washed with water to obtain TEMPO oxidized pulp (oxidized pulp 4/TOP).
- the pulp yield was 90%
- the time required for the oxidation reaction was 90 minutes
- the amount of carboxyl groups was 1.37 mmol/g
- the pH was 4.5.
- the resulting oxidized cellulose microfibrils had a carboxy group content of 1.37 mmol/g, a cellulose type I crystallinity of 80.4%, an average fiber width of 17.8 ⁇ m, an average fiber length of 0.37 mm, an aspect ratio of 21, and a specific surface area of 182 m. 2 / g, B type viscosity (25 ° C. / 60 rpm / 1 wt%) 1710 mPa s, water retention capacity 101 g / g, anionization degree 0.78 meq / g, electrical conductivity 26 mS / m, fibrillation rate 10.9% there were.
- Example 5 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the powdered cellulose 1 was replaced with the oxidized pulp 4.
- Example 6 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that the oxidized microfibrils 5 were used instead of the powdered cellulose 1.
- Comparative example 7 The procedure of Example 6 was repeated except that oxidized microfibrils 5 and S-(3-aminopropyl)thiosulfuric acid were not used.
- Table 5 shows the compounding ratio of each raw material in Examples 5-6 and Comparative Examples 5-7.
- Table 6 shows the evaluation results of each example.
- the present invention provides a rubber composition containing a rubber component and cellulose fibers and exhibiting good strength, and a method for producing the same.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕成分A:ゴム成分と、
成分B:セルロース系充填材と、
成分C:チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを有する架橋性化合物と
を含む、ゴム組成物。
〔2〕成分Bが、パルプ繊維、粉末状セルロース、及び微細セルロース繊維からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つを含む、〔1〕に記載のゴム組成物。
〔3〕アミノ基は、-NH2基である、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載のゴム組成物。
〔4〕成分Cは、
チオ硫酸基とアミノ基とが、アルキル基で連結されている化合物か、又は、
α,β-不飽和カルボニル基とアミノ基とが、芳香環とアミド結合を含む2価の基で連結されている化合物
を少なくとも含む、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物。
〔5〕アルキル基は、炭素原子数1~6のアルキル基である、〔4〕に記載のゴム組成物。
〔6〕成分Cが、S-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を少なくとも含む、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物。
〔7〕成分A:ゴム成分と、成分B:セルロース系充填材と、成分C:チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを有する架橋性化合物を、混練する工程を含む、〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物の製造方法。
〔8〕混練後の混合物を加硫する工程を更に含む、〔7〕に記載の製造方法。
ゴム組成物は、下記の成分A~Cを含む。
成分Aは、ゴム成分である。ゴム成分として、例えば、天然ゴム(NR)、イソプレンゴム(IR)、ブタジエンゴム(BR)、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、クロロプレンゴム(CR)、アクリロニトリルブタジエンゴム(NBR)、ブチルゴム(IIR)、エチレンプロピレンゴム(EPM)、エチレンプロピレンジエンゴム(EPDM)、クロロスルホン化ポリエチレン(CSM)、アクリルゴム(ACM)、フッ素ゴム(FKM)、エピクロルヒドリンゴム(CO,ECO)、ウレタンゴム(U)、シリコーンゴム(Q)、ハロゲン化ブチルゴム、多硫化ゴム等の合成ゴムが挙げられ、特に限定されるものではない。さらに、ポリスチレン系熱可塑性エラストマー、ポリプロピレン系熱可塑エラストマー、ポリジエン系熱可塑性エラストマー、塩素系熱可塑性エラストマー、エンジニアリングプラスチックス系エラストマーといった熱可塑性エラストマーも使用できる。
成分Bは、セルロース系充填剤である。セルロース系充填剤は、セルロース原料に由来する充填剤であればよく、例えば、パルプ繊維、粉末状セルロース、微細セルロース繊維が挙げられる。
セルロース原料としては、通常は木材であり、広葉樹、針葉樹、これらの2種以上の組み合わせ、のいずれでもよい。広葉樹としては、例えば、ブナ属(例、ブナ)、シナノキ(例、シナノキ)、カバノキ属(例、シラカバ、ミズメ)、ヤマナラシ属(例、ポプラ)、ユーカリ属(例、ユーカリ)、アカシア属(例、アカシア)、コナラ属(例、ナラ、ウバメガシ、コナラ、クヌギ)、カエデ属(例、イタヤカエデ)、ハリギリ属(例、センノキ)、ニレ属(例、ニレ)、キリ属(例、キリ)、モクレン属(例、ホオノキ)、ヤナギ属(例、ヤナギ)、トチノキ属(例、トチノキ)、ケヤキ属(例、ケヤキ)、ミズキ属(例、ミズキ)、トネリコ属(例、アオダモ)植物が挙げられ、ユーカリ属植物が好ましい。針葉樹としては、例えば、スギ属(例、スギ)、トウヒ属(例、エゾマツ)、カラマツ属(例、カラマツ、ウェスタンラーチ、タマラック)、マツ属(例、クロマツ、ヒメコマツ、ラジアータマツ、イースタンホワイトパイン)、モミ属(例、トドマツ、モミ、ウェスタンファー)、イチイ属(例、イチイ)、クロベ属(例、ネズコ、イエローシーダー(ベイヒバ))、トウヒ属(例、ハリモミ、イラモミ、トウヒ、シトカスプルース(ベイトウヒ)、イースタンスプルース)、マキ属(例、イヌマキ)、ヒノキ属(例、サワラ、ヒノキ、ロウソンヒノキ(ベイヒ))、トガサワラ属(例、トガサワラ、ダグラスファー(ベイマツ)、ウェスタンヘムロック)、アスナロ属(例、アスナロ、ヒバ)、ツガ属(例、ツガ、コメツガ)、イヌガヤ属(例、イヌガヤ)植物が挙げられ、スギ属植物、マツ属植物が好ましい。一方、原料は非木材でもよく、例えば、竹、麻、ジュート、ケナフ、農地廃棄物が挙げられる。
パルプ繊維としては、例えば、針葉樹未漂白クラフトパルプ(NUKP)、針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(NBKP)、広葉樹未漂白クラフトパルプ(LUKP)、広葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ(LBKP)、針葉樹未漂白サルファイトパルプ(NUSP)、針葉樹漂白サルファイトパルプ(NBSP)、サーモメカニカルパルプ(TMP)、リンターパルプ、再生パルプ、古紙等)、非木材パルプ、これらから選ばれる2以上の組合せが挙げられ、特に限定されない。
粉末状セルロースは、セルロース原料に由来する粉末状のセルロースである。その製造方法としては、例えば、方法1:パルプを酸(例えば、無機酸(具体的には例えば、塩酸、硫酸、硝酸などの鉱酸)で酸加水分解処理したのち、粉砕処理等の処理を行う方法;方法2:パルプを酸加水分解処理を施さずに機械粉砕等の処理を行う方法が挙げられ、方法1が好ましい。方法1により、不純物の少ない粉末状セルロースを得ることができる。
微細セルロース繊維とは、セルロース原料に由来する微細繊維状のセルロースである。微細繊維状のセルロースとは、例えば微細セルロース繊維の分散液(1wt%)を可視分光分析装置(UV-1800、島津製作所製)を用いて光路長1cm/660nmで得られる光線透過率が1~99%の範囲を示すものである。微細セルロース繊維の製造方法としては、パルプを解繊処理する方法、及び、必要に応じて解繊前後に(通常は解繊前に)化学変性処理する方法が挙げられる。ナノオーダーの繊維径を有する微細セルロース繊維をセルロースナノファイバーと称し、ミクロンオーダーの繊維径を有する微細セルロース繊維をセルロースマイクロフィブリルと言う。微細セルロース繊維のサイズは、微細化処理、化学変性処理の条件等により調整できる。
なお前述する粉末状セルロースは水などの溶媒に攪拌しても分散状態にならず沈降を起こすため、分散液の光線透過率を測定することは出来ず、微細セルロース繊維とは明確に区別されることができる。
本明細書において、セルロースナノファイバー(CNF)とは、微細化処理を経て調製される、ナノオーダーの繊維径を有するセルロース繊維を意味する。
本明細書において、セルロースマイクロフィブリル(マイクロフィブリル化セルロース、MFC)は、微細化処理を経て調製される、マイクロオーダーの繊維径を有するセルロース繊維を意味する。
微細セルロース繊維は、変性微細セルロース繊維でもよく無変性微細セルロース繊維でもよい。変性微細セルロース繊維とは、グルコース単位に含まれる3つのヒドロキシル基の少なくともいずれかが化学変性(以下、単に「変性」と記載する)している微細セルロース繊維(例えば、セルロースナノファイバー、セルロースマイクロフィブリル)を意味する。化学変性処理により、セルロース繊維の微細化が十分に進み、解繊により均一な平均繊維長及び平均繊維径のセルロースナノファイバーが得られる。そのため、ゴム成分と複合化した際に、十分な補強効果を発揮し得る。このような観点から、変性処理したセルロース繊維が好ましい。
酸化された微細セルロース繊維は、通常、セルロース分子鎖を構成するグルコピラノース単位に含まれる1級水酸基を有する炭素原子の少なくとも1つ(例えば、C6位の1級水酸基を有する炭素原子)が酸化されている構造を有する。酸化処理したセルロース繊維や酸化処理したセルロースナノファイバー中のカルボキシ基の量は、絶乾質量に対して、好ましくは0.5mmol/g以上、より好ましくは0.8mmol/g以上、さらに好ましくは1.0mmol/g以上である。当該量の上限は、好ましくは3.0mmol/g以下、より好ましくは2.5mmol/g以下、さらに好ましくは2.0mmol/g以下である。カルボキシ基の量は0.5~3.0mmol/gが好ましく、0.8~2.5mmol/gがより好ましく、1.0~2.0mmol/gがさらに好ましい。カルボキシ基量は、セルロース繊維を酸化する際の条件(例えば、酸化剤の添加量、反応時間)をコントロールして調整できる。また、これらの条件のコントロールにより、カルボキシレート基、アルデヒド基の量も調整できる。
カルボキシ基量〔mmol/g酸化セルロース〕=a〔ml〕×0.05/酸化セルロース質量〔g〕
(式2):カルボキシ基の量〔mmol/g(酸化セルロース又は酸化セルロースナノファイバー)〕=a〔mL〕×0.05/酸化セルロース質量又は酸化セルロースナノファイバー質量〔g〕
酸化セルロースは、酸化を経た結果カルボキシ基を含有するが、酸型カルボキシ基(-COOH)を塩型カルボキシ基(例えば、-COO-、-COONa)よりも多く含有してもよいし、塩型カルボキシ基を酸型カルボキシ基よりも多く含有してもよい。塩型カルボキシ基、酸型カルボキシ基の量は、脱塩処理により調整できる。脱塩処理により、塩型カルボキシ基を酸型カルボキシ基に変換できる。本明細書において、酸化セルロース(脱塩を経たもの)を酸型酸化セルロース、酸化セルロース(後述の脱塩処理を経ていないもの)を、塩型酸化セルロースという。塩型酸化セルロースは、通常、塩型カルボキシ基を主に有する。一方、酸型酸化セルロースは、酸型カルボキシ基を多く有し、カルボキシ基に占める酸型カルボキシ基の割合は、40%以上が好ましく、60%以上がより好ましく、85%以上がさらに好ましい。酸型酸化セルロースは、成分Cとともにより優れた補強効果を発揮し得る。酸型カルボキシ基の割合は以下の手順で算出できる。
1)先ず、脱塩処理前の酸型酸化セルロースの固形分濃度0.1質量%水分散体を250mL調製する。調製した水分散体に、0.1M塩酸水溶液を加えてpH2.5とした後、0.1Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加してpHが11になるまで電気電導度を測定する。電気電導度の変化が緩やかな弱酸の中和段階において消費された水酸化ナトリウム量(a)から、下式を用いて、酸型カルボキシ基量および塩型カルボキシ基量、つまりトータルのカルボキシ基量を算出する:
トータルのカルボキシ基量(mmol/g酸化セルロース(塩型))=a(ml)×0.1/酸化セルロース(塩型)の質量(g)
2)脱塩処理した酸型酸化セルロースの固形分濃度0.1質量%水分散体を250mL調製する。調製した水分散体に、0.1Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加してpHが11になるまで電気電導度を測定する。電気電導度の変化が緩やかな弱酸の中和段階において消費された水酸化ナトリウム量(b)から、下式を用いて、酸型カルボキシ基量を算出する:
酸型カルボキシ基量(mmol/g酸型酸化セルロース)=b(ml)×0.1/酸型酸化セルロースの質量(g)
3)算出したトータルのカルボキシ基量と酸型カルボキシ基量から、下式を用いて、酸型カルボキシ基の割合を算出する。
酸型カルボキシ基の割合(%)=(酸型カルボキシ基量/トータルのカルボキシ基量)×100
エーテル化としては、例えば、カルボキシアルキル化、メチル化、エチル化、シアノエチル化、ヒドロキシエチル化、ヒドロキシプロピル化、エチルヒドロキシエチル化、及びヒドロキシプロピルメチル化が挙げられ、カルボキシアルキル化が好ましく、カルボキシメチル化がより好ましい。
A=[(100×F-(0.1NのH2SO4(mL))×F’)×0.1]/(酸型CM化セルロースの絶乾質量(g))
DS=0.162×A/(1-0.058×A)
A:酸型CM化セルロースを1g中和するのに要する1NのNaOH量(mL)
F’:0.1NのH2SO4のファクター
F:0.1NのNaOHのファクター
マーセル化剤の使用量は、モル換算で、出発原料の無水グルコース残基当たり0.5倍以上が好ましく、1.0倍以上がより好ましく、1.5倍以上がさらに好ましい。当該量の上限は、通常、20倍以下であり、10倍以下が好ましく、5倍以下がより好ましい。マーセル化剤の使用量は、モル換算で、0.5~20倍が好ましく、1.0~10倍がより好ましく、1.5~5倍がさらに好ましい。
マーセル化の反応時間は、通常、15分以上であり、好ましくは30分以上である。上限は、通常、8時間以下であり、好ましくは7時間以下である。反応時間は、通常、15分~8時間であり、好ましくは30分~7時間である。
カルボキシメチル化剤の添加量は、モル換算で、セルロース原料のグルコース残基当たり0.05倍以上が好ましく、0.5倍以上がより好ましく、0.8倍以上がさらに好ましい。当該量の上限は、通常、10.0倍以下であり、5倍以下が好ましく、3倍以下がより好ましい。カルボキシメチル化剤の添加量は、モル換算で、好ましくは0.05~10.0倍であり、より好ましくは0.5~5倍であり、さらに好ましくは0.8~3倍である。
なお、カルボキシメチル化反応時は、必要に応じて反応液を撹拌してもよい。
カルボキシアルキル化セルロース繊維は、水に分散した際にも繊維状の形状の少なくとも一部が維持されることが好ましい。カルボキシアルキル化セルロース繊維は、水に溶解し粘性を付与する水溶性高分子の一種であるカルボキシメチルセルロース等のセルロース粉末とは区別される。カルボキシアルキル化セルロース繊維の水分散液を電子顕微鏡で観察すると、繊維状の物質を観察することができる。一方、水溶性高分子の一種であるカルボキシメチルセルロースの水分散液を観察しても、繊維状の物質は観察されない。また、アニオン変性セルロース繊維をX線回折で測定した際に、セルロースI型結晶のピークを観測することができるが、水溶性高分子であるカルボキシメチルセルロース粉末を同様に測定した際には、通常、セルロースI型結晶はみられない。
カルボキシアルキル化セルロースは、酸型カルボキシ基を塩型カルボキシ基よりも多く含有してもよいし、塩型カルボキシ基を酸型カルボキシ基よりも多く含有してもよい。塩型カルボキシ基、酸型カルボキシ基の量は、脱塩処理により調整できる。脱塩処理により、塩型カルボキシ基を酸型カルボキシ基に変換できる。本明細書において、カルボキシアルキル化セルロース(脱塩を経たもの)を酸型カルボキシアルキル化セルロース、カルボキシアルキル化セルロース(後述の脱塩処理を経ていないもの)を、塩型カルボキシアルキル化セルロースという。塩型カルボキシアルキル化セルロースは、通常、塩型カルボキシ基(-COO-)を主に有する。一方、酸型カルボキシアルキル化セルロースは、酸型カルボキシ基を多く有し、酸型カルボキシアルキル化セルロースが有するカルボキシ基の量に対する酸型カルボキシ基の量の割合は、40%以上が好ましく、60%以上がより好ましく、85%以上がさらに好ましい。酸型カルボキシアルキル化セルロースは、成分Cとの補強効果により優れるものと推測される。酸型カルボキシ基の割合の算出方法は前述のとおりである。
エステル化セルロース繊維の第1の例としては、リン酸化セルロースが挙げられる。リン酸化セルロースは通常、セルロース分子鎖を構成する炭素原子の少なくとも1つ(例えば、グルコピラノース単位を構成するC6位の1級水酸基を有する炭素原子)がリン酸化されている構造を有する。
DS=0.162×A/(1-0.079×A)
A:水素型リン酸エステル化CNFの1gあたりのリン酸基量(mmol/g)。
エステル化後に得られた懸濁液は、必要に応じて脱水し、脱水後には加熱処理を行うことが好ましい。これにより、セルロース原料の加水分解を抑えることができる。加熱温度は、100~170℃が好ましく、加熱処理の際に水が含まれている間は、130℃以下(好ましくは、110℃以下)で加熱し、水を除いた後、100~170℃で加熱処理することがより好ましい。煮沸後、冷水で洗浄する等の洗浄処理がなされることが好ましい。これにより解繊を効率よく行うことができる。洗浄は、加水後脱水(例えばろ過)により行えばよく、2回以上繰り返してもよい。洗浄は、ろ液の電気伝導度が低下するまで行うことが好ましい。例えば、電気伝導度が好ましくは200以下、より好ましくは150以下、更に好ましくは120以下となるまで行うことができる。また、洗浄後、必要に応じて中和処理を行ってもよい。中和処理は、例えばアルカリ(例、水酸化ナトリウム)の添加によることができる。中和後に再び洗浄を行ってもよい。
エステル化セルロース繊維の製造方法の第2の例としては、亜リン酸エステル化セルロース繊維が挙げられる。亜リン酸化セルロース繊維は通常、セルロース分子鎖を構成する炭素原子の少なくとも1つ(例えば、グルコピラノース単位を構成するC6位の1級水酸基を有する炭素原子)が亜リン酸化されている構造を有する。
亜リン酸エステル化セルロース繊維におけるグルコース単位当たりの亜リン酸基の置換度(以下、単に「亜リン酸基置換度」と呼ぶ。)は、0.001~0.60が好ましい。これにより、セルロース同士の電気的反発が起こりやすくなり、ナノ解繊が容易となる。亜リン酸基の置換度の測定は、リン酸基置換度の測定方法と同じ方法で測定できる。亜リン酸基置換度は、亜リン酸又はその塩の添加量、必要に応じて用いるアルカリ金属イオン含有物、尿素又はその誘導体の添加量等の反応条件をコントロールすることにより調整できる。
エステル化セルロース繊維の製造方法の第3の例としては、硫酸エステル化セルロース繊維が挙げられる。硫酸エステル化セルロースは通常、セルロース分子鎖を構成する炭素原子の少なくとも1つ(例えば、グルコピラノース単位を構成するC6位の1級水酸基を有する炭素原子)がリン酸化されている構造を有する。
硫酸基量[mmol/g試料]=(5-(0.1×塩酸滴定量[ml]×2))/0.2。
エステル化セルロースは、酸型カルボキシ基を塩型カルボキシ基よりも多く含有してもよいし、塩型カルボキシ基を酸型カルボキシ基よりも多く含有してもよい。エステル化セルロースのいうち、脱塩処理を経ていないもの、経ているものを、それぞれ塩型エステル化セルロース、酸型エステル化セルロースという。塩型エステル化セルロースは、塩型カルボキシ基を主に有する。酸型エステル化セルロースは、成分Cとの補強効果により優れるものと推測される。塩型カルボキシ基のカウンターカチオン、及びその調製方法としては、酸化セルロースの説明において説明したとおりである。
カチオン化セルロースは、通常、セルロース分子鎖を構成する炭素原子の少なくとも1つ(例えば、グルコピラノース単位を構成するC6位の1級水酸基を有する炭素原子)がカチオン化されている構造を有し、通常、アンモニウム、ホスホニウム、スルホニウム等のカチオン、又は該カチオンを有する基を分子中に含む。カチオン化セルロースにおけるグルコース単位当たりのカチオン置換度は、0.02~0.50が好ましい。グルコース単位当たりのカチオン置換度は、以下の方法で測定することができる。カチオン化セルロース繊維を乾燥させた後、全窒素分析計(三菱化学社製TN-10)を用いて窒素含有量を測定し、次式によりカチオン置換度(無水グルコース単位1モル当たりの置換基のモル数の平均値)を算出する:
カチオン置換度=(162×N)/(1-151.6×N)
N:窒素含有量。
カチオン化の際必要に応じて用いられる触媒としては、例えば、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等の水酸化アルカリ金属が挙げられる。触媒の量は、セルロース原料100質量部に対して、好ましくは0.5質量部以上であり、より好ましくは1質量部以上である。当該量の上限は、通常、7質量部以下であり、好ましくは3質量部以下である。
カチオン化後のカチオン化セルロース繊維は、脱塩により塩基型カチオン化セルロースまたは塩基型カチオン化セルロースナノファイバーに変換することが好ましい。脱塩により、カチオン化セルロース中の塩を塩基に変換できる。本明細書において、脱塩を経たカチオン化セルロース(ナノファイバー)を、塩基型カチオン化セルロース(ナノファイバー)、またはカチオン化セルロース(ナノファイバー)(塩基型)と言う。また、脱塩を経ていないカチオン化セルロースおよびカチオン化セルロースナノファイバーを、塩型カチオン化セルロース(ナノファイバー)、またはカチオン化セルロース(ナノファイバー)(塩型)と言う。脱塩は、後述の解繊前(カチオン化セルロース)および解繊後(カチオン化セルロースナノファイバー)のいずれの時点で行ってもよい。脱塩は、カチオン化セルロース(塩型)、およびカチオン化セルロースナノファイバー(塩型)に含まれる塩(例えばCl-)を塩基に置換し塩基型とすることを意味する。カチオン化後の脱塩方法としては例えば、カチオン化セルロースまたはカチオン化セルロースナノファイバーを陰イオン交換樹脂と接触させる方法が挙げられる。陰イオン交換樹脂は、対イオンがOH-である限り、強塩基性イオン交換樹脂および弱塩基性イオン交換樹脂のいずれも用いることができる。変性セルロースを陰イオン交換樹脂と接触させる際の両者の比率は、特に限定されず、当業者であれば、カチオン置換を効率的に行うとの観点から適宜設定し得る。一例を挙げると、カチオン化セルロースナノファイバー水分散液に対し、陰イオン交換樹脂添加後の水分散液のpHが好ましくは8~13、より好ましくは9~13となるように、比率を調整することができる。接触後の陰イオン交換樹脂の回収は、吸引ろ過等の常法により行えばよい。
微細化は、通常は機械的処理によって行う。機械的処理(好ましくは叩解または離解処理)は、通常は湿式で(すなわち、セルロース繊維の水分散体の形態で)行う。機械的処理に用いる装置としては、例えば、精製装置(リファイナー;例、ディスク型、コニカル型、シリンダー型)、高速解繊機、せん断型撹拌機、コロイドミル、高圧噴射分散機、ビーター、PFIミル、ニーダー、ディスパーザー、高速離解機(トップファイナー)、高圧または超高圧ホモジナイザー、グラインダー(石臼型粉砕機)、ボールミル、振動ミル、ビーズミル、1軸、2軸又は多軸の混練機・押出機高速回転下でのホモミキサー、精製装置(refiner)、デフィブレーター(defibrator)、摩擦グラインダー、高せん断デフィブレーター(high-share defibrator)、ディスパージャー(disperger)、ホモゲナイザー(例、微細流動化機(microfluidizer))等の機械的な解繊力を付与できる装置が挙げられ、湿式にて解繊力を付与できる装置が好ましく、高速離解機、精製装置がより好ましいが、特に限定されない。
微細セルロース繊維は、製造後に得られる水分散体の状態であってもよく、必要に応じて後処理を経てもよい。後処理としては、例えば、乾燥(例、凍結乾燥法、噴霧乾燥法、棚段式乾燥法、ドラム乾燥法、ベルト乾燥法、ガラス板等に薄く伸展し乾燥する方法、流動床乾燥法、マイクロウェーブ乾燥法、起熱ファン式減圧乾燥法)、水への再分散(分散装置は限定されない)、粉砕(例えば、カッターミル、ハンマーミル、ピンミル、ジェットミル等の機器を使用した粉砕)が挙げられるが、特に限定されない。
微細セルロース繊維は、以下の物性を有することが好ましい。
微細セルロース繊維のBET比表面積は、好ましくは25m2/g以上、より好ましくは50m2/g以上、さらに好ましくは100m2/g以上である。BET比表面積は、窒素ガス吸着法(JIS Z 8830)に従い、水分散体をt-BuOHで置換後、凍結乾燥したサンプルをBET比表面積計で測定できる。
微細セルロース繊維におけるセルロースI型の結晶化度は、通常は50%以上、好ましくは60%以上である。上限は特に限定されないが、現実的には90%程度と考えられる。セルロースの結晶性は、化学変性の程度により制御できる。セルロースI型の結晶化度は、X線回折測定をして、22.6°付近の(200)ピークと、(200)と(110)の谷(18.5°付近)の強度を測定し比較して算出できる。微細セルロース繊維がII型結晶を含む場合、II型結晶に基づくピーク(12.3゜、20.2゜、21.9゜付近)を分離してから、I型結晶の強度を算出することが好ましい。
微細セルロース繊維を水分散体とした時、水分散体の粘度が低いことが好ましい。これにより、フィブリル化されているにもかかわらず、ハンドリング性の良い素材となり得る。例えば、固形分1質量%の水分散体のB型粘度(25℃、60rpm)は、通常6,000mPa・s以下又は5,000mPa・s以下、好ましくは4,500mPa・s以下、より好ましくは4,000mPa・s以下である。下限値は、好ましくは10mPa・s以上、より好ましくは20mPa・s以上、さらに好ましくは50mPa・s以上、100mPa以上、500mPa以上、1,000mPa以上又は2,000mPa以上である。B型粘度の測定は、例えば、以下の方法で測定できる。フィブリル化(例、解繊)後1日以上静置した後、必要に応じて希釈し、ホモディスパーで撹拌(例、3000rpm、5min)撹拌後、粘度測定を行う(60rpm、3分回転後の粘度を測定)。
微細セルロース繊維が変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルの場合、そのアニオン化度(アニオン電荷密度)は、通常は2.50meq/g以下、2.30meq/g以下が好ましく、2.0meq/g以下がより好ましく、1.50meq/g以下がさらに好ましい。これにより、アニオン化度がより高いセルロース繊維に比べ、化学変性がセルロース全体にわたり均一になされていると考えられ、保水性等の化学変性セルロース繊維に特有の効果をより安定に得ることができると考えられる。下限は、通常は0.06meq/g以上、好ましくは0.10meq/g以上、より好ましくは0.30meq/g以上であるが、特に限定されない。従って、0.06meq/g以上2.50meq/g以下が好ましく、0.08meq/g以上2.50meq/g以下、又は0.10meq/g以上2.30meq/g以下がより好ましく、0.10meq/g以上2.00meq/g以下がさらに好ましい。アニオン化度は、単位質量の変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルあたりのアニオンの当量であり、単位質量の変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルにおいてアニオン性基を中和するのに要するジアリルジメチルアンモニウムクロリド(DADMAC)の当量から算出できる。
微細セルロース繊維がセルロースマイクロフィブリルの場合、その保水能は、好ましくは10以上、より好ましくは15以上、さらに好ましくは20以上、さらにより好ましくは30以上である。上限は、現実的には200以下程度となると思われるが、特に限定されない。保水能は、沈降物中の繊維の固形分の質量に対する沈降物中の水の質量に相当し、繊維の0.3質量%水分散液を25,000Gで遠心分離して測定及び算出される、沈降ゲル中の水分量/固形分量の比である。すなわち、以下の式で算出される:
保水能=(B+C-0.003×A)/(0.003×A-C)
A:セルロースマイクロフィブリルの固形分濃度0.3質量%の水分散体の質量
B:質量Aの水分散体を30℃で25,000Gで30分間遠心分離した後に分離される沈降物の質量
C:前記遠心分離後に分離される水相中の固形分の質量
微細セルロース繊維がセルロースマイクロフィブリルの場合、そのフィブリル化率(Fibrillation %)は、1.0%以上が好ましく、1.2%以上がより好ましく、1.5%以上がさらに好ましい。これによりフィブリル化が十分なされていることを確認できる。フィブリル化率は、用いるセルロース系原料の種類により調整できる。フィブリル化率は、バルメット株式会社製フラクショネーター等の、画像解析型繊維分析装置により求めることができる。
微細セルロース繊維がセルロースマイクロフィブリルの場合、その水分散体(固形分濃度1.0質量%)の電気伝導度は、好ましくは500mS/m以下、より好ましくは300mS/m以下、さらに好ましくは200mS/m以下、さらにより好ましくは100mS/m以下、とりわけ好ましくは70mS/m以下である。下限は、好ましくは5mS/m以上、より好ましくは10mS/m以上である。電気伝導度は、セルロースマイクロフィブリルの固形分濃度1.0質量%の水分散体200gを調製し、電気伝導度計(HORIBA社製ES-71型)を用いて測定できる。
成分Cは、架橋性化合物である。架橋性化合物は、チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを有する。
チオ硫酸基としては、酸型(-SSO3H)でもよいし、塩型(-SSO3 -)でもよい。塩型の場合のカウンターカチオンとしては、例えば、ナトリウム、リチウム、カルシウム、セシウム等のアルカリ金属、N(R6)4 -等の4級アンモニウム塩(R6は、互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい、水素原子、又はアルキル基、アンモニウム基等の有機基である。以下同じ。)が挙げられる。
α,β-不飽和カルボニル基としては、例えば、式(1):
アミノ基は、下記式(2):
チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを連結するスペーサーとしては、例えば、アルキル基、芳香環とアミド結合を含む2価の基が挙げられる、チオ硫酸基と、アミノ基とを連結するスペーサーは、アルキル基が好ましく、炭素原子1~6のアルキル基がより好ましく、炭素原子2~5のアルキル基が更に好ましい。α,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを連結するスペーサーとしては、芳香環とアミド結合を含む2価の基が好ましい。
架橋性化合物としては、S-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸、及び(2Z)-4-[(4-アミノフェニル)アミノ]-4-オキソ-2-ブテン酸(例えば、ナトリウム塩)が好ましい。それぞれの構造式を以下の式(3)および(4)に示す。
得られるゴム組成物の強度をより高めることができる点で、チオ硫酸基を含む架橋性化合物を含むことが好ましく、前記式(3)の化合物を含むことがより好ましい。式(3)の化合物がより好ましい理由は定かではないが、以下のとおりである。成分Cの架橋性化合物は架橋点として成分Bのセルロース構造中のOH基と主に反応を行うことから、立体的な障害が比較的少ない式(3)の化合物のほうが多様な構造を有する成分Bに対応でき上記架橋点と反応を起こしやすいものと推測される。
ゴム組成物は、ゴム組成物の用途等の要望に応じて1種または2種以上の任意成分をさらに含んでもよい。任意成分としては、例えば、補強剤(例えば、シリカ、カーボンブラック)、セルロース充填剤以外の充填剤(例えば、炭酸カルシウム、クレー)、シランカップリング剤、架橋剤、加硫促進剤、加硫促進助剤(例えば、酸化亜鉛、ステアリン酸)、オイル、硬化レジン、ワックス、老化防止剤、着色剤、発泡剤等、ゴム工業で使用され得る配合剤が挙げられる。このうち加硫促進剤、加硫促進助剤が好ましい。任意成分の含有量は、任意成分の種類等の条件に応じて適宜決定すればよく、特に限定されない。
成分A~Cの含有比は、一例をあげると以下のとおりである。
成分Bの含有量は、成分A100重量部に対し、通常1重量部以上、3重量部以上又は5重量部以上、好ましくは10重量部以上、より好ましくは20重量部以上である。上限は、通常、50重量部以下又は40重量部以下、好ましくは35重量部以下、より好ましくは30重量部以下、さらに好ましくは25重量部以下である。したがって、成分Bの含有量は、成分A100重量部に対し、通常、1~50重量部、3~50重量部、5~50重量部又は10~30重量部、好ましくは5~30重量部又は10~25重量部である。
成分Cの含有量は、成分A100重量部に対し、通常0.1量部以上、好ましくは0.5重量部以上、より好ましくは1重量部以上である。上限は、通常、50重量部以下、好ましくは20重量部以下、より好ましくは10重量部以下である。したがって、成分Cの含有量は、成分A100重量部に対し、通常、0.5~50重量部、好ましくは0.7~20重量部、より好ましくは1~10重量部である。
架橋剤の含有量は、成分A100質量部に対し、0.1質量部以上が好ましく、0.3質量部以上がより好ましく、0.5質量部以上がさらに好ましい。上限は、10質量部以下が好ましく、7質量部以下がより好ましく、5質量部以下がさらに好ましい。
ゴム組成物の製造方法としては、例えば、成分A~Cを混練する工程を含む方法が挙げられる。各成分の量は、上述したとおりである。任意成分は、成分A~Cの混合の際、同時、途中又は混合後に必要に応じて添加すればよいが、架橋剤、顆粒促進剤は、成分A~Cの混合及び混練後に添加されることが好ましい。
ゴム組成物の用途は、特に制限されず、最終製品としてゴム製品を得るための組成物であればよい。すなわち、ゴム製造用の中間体(マスターバッチ)でもよいし、加硫剤を含む未加硫のゴム組成物でもよいし、最終製品としてのゴム製品でもよい。
広葉樹由来パルプを、パルプ濃度5.5%、塩酸濃度を1.2Nに調整した条件下において95℃で2時間反応させた。反応が終了した後、水酸化ナトリウムで中和し、十分に水洗した後、60℃の温度条件化で約1日、送風乾燥した。乾燥後のサンプルを、ハンマーミル(ホソカワミクロン社製、AP-S型)を用いて機械的に粉砕を行い粉末化した後、さらに二次粉砕を行いより微粒化した粉末セルロース1(平均粒子径9.3μm、平均重合度269、結晶化度86%、平均繊維長0.1mm、平均繊維幅22.7μm、見掛け比重0.4g/ml、含水率3.4%)を得た。
天然ゴム(NR)、粉末セルロース1、S-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸(スミリンク(登録商標)100、住友化学社製)を密閉式混練機(ラボプラストミル:東洋精機製作所社製)を用いて5分、80℃で混練を開始した後徐々に昇温し130℃まで上昇させた。次に、ステアリン酸と酸化亜鉛を加え、引き続き密閉式混練機で3分混練した。さらに、硫黄と加硫促進剤(N-オキシジエチレン-2-ベンゾチアゾリルスルフェンアミド)を加え、ロール混練機で混練した。加硫試験機を用いて加硫特性を求め、適切な加硫時間を決定したのち、150℃で所定の時間(表2のtc(90))熱圧加硫成形し、2mm厚のシートを得た。
実施例1においてS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
実施例1において、粉末セルロースとS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
-加硫試験-
JIS K6300-2:2001に従い加硫特性(最適加硫点(tc90))を測定した。
JIS K6253-3:2012に従いデュロメータ硬さを測定した。
JIS K6251:2017に従い50%引張応力(M50)、破断強度、破断伸びを測定した。
JIS K6394:2017に従い動的性質を測定した。すなわち、動的粘弾性測定装置(日立ハイテクサイエンス製、DMA7100)を使い、引張モードで周波数10Hz、温度域-50~100℃で、23℃の弾性率と60℃の損失正接tanδを測定した。
(1)変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルの約2%水分散体を、固形分が約0.1gとなるように取り分け遠心分離の容器に入れ、100mlのエタノールを加えた。
(2)攪拌子を入れ、500rpmで30分以上攪拌した。
(3)撹拌子を取り出し、遠心分離機で、7000G、30分、30℃の条件で変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルを沈降させた。
(4)変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルをできるだけ除去しないようにしながら、上澄みを除去した。
(5)100mlエタノールを加え、撹拌子を加え、(2)の条件で攪拌、(3)の条件で遠心分離、(4)の条件で上澄み除去をし、これを3回繰り返した。
(6)(5)の溶媒をエタノールからt-ブタノールに変え、t-ブタノールの融点以上の室温下で、(5)と同様にして撹拌、遠心分離、上澄み除去を3回繰り返した。
(7)最後の溶媒除去後、t-ブタノールを30ml加え、軽く混ぜた後ナスフラスコに移し、氷浴を用いて凍結させた。
(8)冷凍庫で30分以上冷却した。
(9)凍結乾燥機に取り付け、3日間凍結乾燥した。
(10)BET測定を行った(前処理条件:窒素気流下、105℃、2時間、相対圧0.01~0.30、サンプル量30mg程度)。
試料をガラスセルに乗せ、X線回折測定装置(例えば、LabX XRD-6000、島津製作所製)を用いて測定する。結晶化度の算出はSegal等の手法を用いて行う。例えば、X線回折図の2θ=10°~30°の回折強度をベースラインとして、2θ=22.6°の002面の回折強度と2θ=18.5°のアモルファス部分の回折強度から次式により算出する。
Xc=(I002C-Ia)/I002C×100
Xc:セルロースのI型の結晶化度(%)
I002C:2θ=22.6°、002面の回折強度
Ia:2θ=18.5°、アモルファス部分の回折強度
結晶化度測定用試料は、後段の比表面積の測定における項目(1)~(9)と同様の手順で調製した凍結乾燥サンプルを、タブレット状に成型して使用した。
解繊後1日以上静置した後、固形分1%となるよう希釈し、ホモディスパーで3000rpm・5min撹拌後、粘度測定開始(60rpm)し、3min後の粘度の値を記録した。
(1)厚さ2mmの加硫ゴムシートから幅5mm×長さ30mm程度の短冊状試験片を切り出した。
(2)室温(23℃)にて動的粘弾性測定装置(日立ハイテクサイエンス製、DMA7100)を使用し、周波数100Hz、ひずみ0.05%のときの貯蔵弾性率E'(100Hz*0.05%)、および、周波数0.1Hz、ひずみ1%の時の貯蔵弾性率E'(0.1Hz*1%)をそれぞれ測定した。
(3)(2)で得られた測定値より、以下の式にて動倍率を算出した。
動倍率=E'(100Hz*0.05%)/E’(0.1Hz*1%)
・平均繊維幅及び平均繊維長:固形分濃度0.25質量%に希釈した水分散体を、フラクショネーターにかけ、length-weighted fiber width及びlength-weighted average fiber lengthとして求めた(n=2)。
アスペクト比=平均繊維長/平均繊維径
変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルの固形分濃度0.3質量%の水分散体を40mL調製した。このときの水分散体の質量をAとした。次いで、水分散体の全量を高速冷却遠心機で30℃、25,000Gで30分間遠心分離し、水相と沈降物とを分離した。このときの沈降物の質量をBとした。また、水相をアルミカップに入れ、105℃で一昼夜乾燥させて水を除去し、水相中の固形分の質量を測定した。この水相中の固形分の質量をCとした。以下の式を用いて、保水能を計算した:
保水能=(B+C-0.003×A)/(0.003×A-C)。
バルメット株式会社製フラクショネーターを用いて測定した。
変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルを水に分散し、固形分10g/Lの水分散体を調製し、マグネチックスターラーを用い10分以上1000rpmにて撹拌した。得られた水分散体を0.1g/Lに希釈後、10ml採取し、流動電流検出器(Mutek Particle Charge Detector 03)用い、1/1000規定度のジアリルジメチルアンモニウムクロリド(DADMAC)で滴定して、流動電流がゼロになるまでのDADMACの添加量を用い、以下の式によりアニオン化度を算出した:
q=(V×c)/m
q:アニオン化度(meq/g)
V:流動電流がゼロになるまでのDADMACの添加量(L)
c:DADMACの濃度(meq/L)
m:測定試料中の変性セルロースマイクロフィブリルの質量(g)。
試料の固形分濃度1.0質量%の水分散体200gを調製し、十分に撹拌した。その後、電気伝導度計(HORIBA社製ES-71型)を用いて電気伝導度を測定した。
針葉樹由来の漂白済み未叩解クラフトパルプ(白色度85%)5.00g(絶乾)を、TEMPO(Sigma Aldrich社製)39mg(絶乾1gのセルロースに対し0.05mmol)と臭化ナトリウム514mg(絶乾1gのセルロースに対し1.0mmol)を溶解した水溶液500mLに加え、パルプが均一に分散するまで撹拌した。反応系に次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液を次亜塩素酸ナトリウムが5.5mmol/gになるように添加し、室温にて酸化反応を開始した。反応中は系内のpHが低下するので、3M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を逐次添加し、pH10に調整した。次亜塩素酸ナトリウムが消費され系内のpHが変化しなくなった時点で反応を終了した。反応後の混合物をガラスフィルターで濾過してパルプ分離し、パルプを十分に水洗することで酸化されたパルプ(カルボキシル化セルロース)を得た。この時のパルプ収率は90%であり、酸化反応に要した時間は90分、カルボキシ基量は1.6mmol/gであった。反応混合物に水を加えて濃度を1.0質量%(w/v)に調整し、超高圧ホモジナイザー(20℃、150Mpa)で3回処理して、酸化セルロースナノファイバー(TOCN)分散液2を得た。平均繊維径は3nm、アスペクト比は250、セルロースI型結晶化度は67.3%、BET比表面積は353m2/g、B型粘度(固形分1wt%/25℃/60rpm)は3750mPa・sであった。
製造例2で得られたTOCN分散液2(Na塩型)を、pHが2.9になるまで陽イオン交換樹脂(アンバージェット1020、オルガノ社製)を添加し、撹拌した。吸引ろ過により陽イオン交換樹脂を回収し、酸型に置換された以外は同等の物性値であるH型酸化セルロースナノファイバー(TOCN)分散液3を得た。
実施例1の粉末セルロースに代えて酸化セルロースナノファイバー分散液2を固形分比率で表3の配合率となるようにNRラテックス(レヂテックス HA-NR LATEX/レヂテックス社製、固形分濃度61.5wt%)と混合し、乾燥した。その後、密閉式混練機(ラボプラストミル:東洋精機製作所社製)でS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸(スミリンク(登録商標)100、住友化学社製)、CBカップリング剤、ステアリン酸、酸化亜鉛とともに、5分、80℃で混練を開始した後徐々に昇温し130℃まで上昇させ、3分間混練した。さらに、実施例1と同様、ロール混練機で硫黄、加硫促進剤を加えて混練、加硫成形を行い、2mm厚のシートを得た。
S-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸に代えて、(2Z)-4-[(4-アミノフェニル)アミノ]-4-オキソ-2-ブテン酸(スミリンク(登録商標)200、住友化学社製)を用いた以外は、実施例2と同様にして2mm厚のシートを得た。
実施例2の酸化セルロースナノファイバー分散液2に代えて、酸化セルロースナノファイバー分散液3を用いた以外は、実施例2と同様にして2mm厚のシートを得た。
実施例3においてS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
実施例2において、酸化セルロースナノファイバー分散液2とS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
針葉樹由来の漂白済み未叩解クラフトパルプ(NBKP、日本製紙(株)製、白色度85%)5.00g(絶乾)をTEMPO(Sigma Aldrich社)39mg(絶乾1gのセルロースに対し0.05mmol)と臭化ナトリウム514mg(絶乾1gのセルロースに対し1.0mmol)を溶解した水溶液500mlに加え、パルプが均一に分散するまで撹拌した。反応系に次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液を次亜塩素酸ナトリウムが5.5mmol/gになるように添加し、室温にて酸化反応を開始した。反応中は系内のpHが低下するが、3M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を逐次添加し、pH10に調整した。次亜塩素酸ナトリウムを消費し、系内のpHが変化しなくなった時点で反応を終了した。反応後の混合物に塩酸を添加しpH2に調整した後、ガラスフィルターで濾過してパルプ分離し、分離されたパルプを十分に水洗して、TEMPO酸化パルプ(酸化パルプ4/TOP)を得た。この時のパルプ収率は90%であり、酸化反応に要した時間は90分、カルボキシ基量は1.37mmol/g、pHは4.5であった。
製造例4で得られた酸化パルプ4の固形分濃度2.0質量%の水分散体を調製し、5%NaOH水溶液及び炭酸水素ナトリウムを添加してpH8.0に調整した後、トップファイナー(相川鉄工株式会社製)を用いて10分間処理し、酸化セルロースマイクロフィブリル(酸化マイクロフィブリル5/T-MFC)を調製した。得られた酸化セルロースマイクロフィブリルは、カルボキシ基量1.37mmol/g、セルロースI型結晶化度80.4%、平均繊維幅17.8μm、平均繊維長0.37mm、アスペクト比21、比表面積182m2/g、B型粘度(25℃/60rpm/1wt%)1710mPa・s、保水能101g/g、アニオン化度0.78meq/g、電気伝導度26mS/m、フィブリル化率10.9%であった。
実施例1において、粉末セルロース1の代わりに酸化パルプ4を用いたほかは、同様に行った。
実施例5においてS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
実施例1において、粉末セルロース1の代わりに酸化マイクロフィブリル5を用いたほかは、同様に行った。
実施例5においてS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
実施例6において酸化マイクロフィブリル5とS-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を用いなかったほかは、同様に行った。
Claims (8)
- 成分A:ゴム成分と、
成分B:セルロース系充填材と、
成分C:チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを有する架橋性化合物と
を含む、ゴム組成物。 - 成分Bが、パルプ繊維、粉末状セルロース、及び微細セルロース繊維からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載のゴム組成物。
- アミノ基は、-NH2基である、請求項1又は2に記載のゴム組成物。
- 成分Cは、
チオ硫酸基とアミノ基とが、アルキル基で連結されている化合物か、又は、
α,β-不飽和カルボニル基とアミノ基とが、芳香環とアミド結合を含む2価の基で連結されている化合物
を少なくとも含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物。 - アルキル基は、炭素原子数1~6のアルキル基である、請求項4に記載のゴム組成物。
- 成分Cが、S-(3-アミノプロピル)チオ硫酸を少なくとも含む、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物。
- 成分A:ゴム成分と、成分B:セルロース系充填材と、成分C:チオ硫酸基又はα,β-不飽和カルボニル基と、アミノ基とを有する架橋性化合物を、混練する工程を含む、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のゴム組成物の製造方法。
- 混練後の混合物を加硫する工程を更に含む、請求項7に記載の製造方法。
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