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  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
  • C01B21/0828—Carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides of metals, boron or silicon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
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  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/18—Carbon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/74—Iron group metals
  • B01J23/745—Iron
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
  • B01J35/39—Photocatalytic properties
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
  • B01J35/45—Nanoparticles
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/34—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation
  • B01J37/341—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation
  • B01J37/343—Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation of ultrasonic wave energy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
  • C01B25/26—Phosphates
  • C01B25/37—Phosphates of heavy metals
  • C01B25/375—Phosphates of heavy metals of iron
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  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
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  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0018—Inorganic elements or compounds, e.g. oxides, nitrides, borohydrides or zeolites; Solutions thereof
  • C01B3/0026—Metals or metal hydrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0078—Composite solid storage media, e.g. mixtures of polymers and metal hydrides, coated solid compounds or structurally heterogeneous solid compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
  • C25B11/037—Electrodes made of particles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
  • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
  • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
  • C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
  • C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
  • C25B11/087—Photocatalytic compound
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for producing nanoplatelets from a g-CsN ⁇ metal composite material according to the features of independent claim 1 Photoelectrocatalyst and an electrocatalyst containing nanoplatelets of the invention.
• Graphitic carbon nitride also known as g-CsN4, is a polymer material that is used in various fields of application according to the prior art, for example for heterogeneous catalysis applications or as a storage material for molecular hydrogen.
• Pure g-CsN4 is a metal-free compound whose properties are tuned and enhanced by forming composites with metals or metal compounds.
• an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of known g-CsN ⁇ metal composites.
• an object of the present invention can be seen as providing a g-CsN ⁇ metal composite material that is improved in terms of at least one of the following performance characteristics: hydrogen storage capacity, hydrogen adsorption capacity, hydrogen production rate, achievable current density in photoelectrocatalysis and electrolysis of water.
• the present invention thus relates to a method for the production of g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates, which comprises several steps.
• a step (a) can be provided which has the following features: providing a starting material comprising or consisting of an iron compound, a g-C3N4 precursor material and a polymer.
• the iron compound may be ferric phosphate.
• the g-C3N4 precursor material can be urea (CH4N2O).
• the polymer can be polyacrylonitrile.
• the starting material is a powder whose particles have an average grain size of less than 100 nm.
• polyacrylonitrile in the starting material allows nanoplatelets with particularly advantageous properties to be obtained. Without being bound to this theory, it is assumed that the polyacrylonitrile forms a template that significantly influences the geometric parameters, in particular length, width, shape and orientation, of the nanoplates produced.
• polyacrylonitrile cyclization of the polyacrylonitrile can take place during the process, forming a ladder polymer that gives the g-C3N4 material particular stability, especially with regard to chemical, thermal and mechanical properties.
• the use of polyacrylonitrile can give the composite material improved flame, fire and heat resistance, which is particularly advantageous in hydrogen-related applications because the potential formation of oxyhydrogen mixtures and burning hydrogen gas will not ignite the composite material can come.
• a step (b) can be provided which has the following features: dispersing the starting material in a solvent, the solvent being in particular water.
• the water may be at the boiling point. This step may lead to incomplete dissolution of the starting material in the solvent.
• step (c) comprising the following features: removing the solvent to form a premix containing the starting material.
• a step (d) can be provided which has the following features: heating the premix obtained in step (c) and pyrolysing the premix at a pyrolysis temperature between 200°C and 700°C, preferably between 400°C and 600°C, to form a bulk g-CsNVmetal composite.
• “bulk-g-CsNVmetal composite material” refers in particular to material with a cohesive, layered structure, in which a multiplicity of layers may be superimposed.
• a step (d) comprising: sonicating the bulk g-CsN ⁇ metal composite to form g-CsN ⁇ metal composite nanoplates.
• the sonication exfoliates the g-C3N4/metal composite, forming nanoplatelets from the bulk material. If necessary, the layered structure of the bulk material is broken up, as a result of which the nanoplatelets are formed.
• a further advantageous effect of the ultrasonic treatment can consist in better distribution of the metal between the g-CsN4 layers, which can then optionally function as stabilizing spacers.
• the ultrasound used for the treatment in step (d) has a frequency between 20 kHz and 100 kHz.
• the ultrasonic energy input in step (d) is at least 0.25 W per gram of bulk g-C3N4/metal composite.
• nanoplatelets refer in particular to particles that have an exact external dimension in the nanoscale range, i.e. between 1 nm and 100 nm.
• the nanoplatelets produced using the method according to the invention or the nanoplatelets according to the invention are in particular nanoporous, i.e. they have pores with a dimension in the sub-100 nm range.
• the nanoporosity is achieved in particular by the dispersion and optional grinding and ultrasonic treatment in step (b).
• the amount of the iron compound in step (a) is between 1.0% by weight and 20% by weight, based on the total amount of the starting material.
• step (b) the dispersing in step (b) at a
• the dispersing in step (b) takes place with treatment with ultrasound.
• the treatment can be carried out, for example, with an ultrasonic rod which is introduced into the dispersion.
• the ultrasound used for the treatment in step (b) has a frequency between 20 kHz and 100 kHz.
• the energy input through the ultrasound in step (d) is at least 0.25 W per mL of the dispersion. Improved dispersion can be achieved by the ultrasonic treatment, which may improve the completeness of the reaction to g-CsN4.
• step (b) lasts at least 1 hour, in particular about 2 hours.
• the heating rate during heating to the pyrolysis temperature in step (d) is greater than or equal to 5° C./min.
• the pyrolysis temperature in step (d) is about 450°C.
• the pyrolysis temperature in step (d) is about 550°C.
• step (d) lasts at least 4 hours, in particular about 5 hours.
• step (d) the following further step is provided: reducing the iron in the g-C3N4/metal composite material.
• the reduction is carried out by treating the composite material with hydrogen.
• the iron can be converted into iron(II) ions or into elemental iron.
• step (a) a further metal compound is added, the further metal compound being selected from an aluminum, lithium, magnesium, titanium, nickel, platinum, palladium and vanadium compound or one any mixture of these compounds.
• the specific properties of the composite material can be adjusted by adding another metal compound.
• the amount of the further metal compound in step (a) is between 0.5% by weight and 5.0% by weight, preferably about 1.0% by weight, based on the total amount of the starting material .
• step (d) takes place under an inert gas atmosphere, in particular under a nitrogen atmosphere. This prevents oxidation of the components.
• step (a) the components of the starting material are ground in step (a), if appropriate in a ball mill, in order to achieve a particle size of less than 100 nm.
• a step (a ') can be provided, which has the following features: providing g-CsN4 by pyrolyzing a mixture of a g-CsN4 precursor material and a polymer at a pyrolysis temperature between 200 ° C and 700 ° C, preferably between 400 °C and 600 °C.
• the g-C3N4 precursor material is urea.
• the polymer is in particular polyacrylonitrile. That is preferred Mixture of a powder with particles with an average grain size of less than 100 nm.
• the temperature during pyrolyzing and step (a') is about 500°.
• the mixture is heated to the pyrolysis temperature in step (a') at a heating rate of about 5°C/min. If appropriate, the pyrolysis in step (a') lasts at least 4 hours, in particular about 5 hours.
• a step (b') can be provided which has the following features: mixing the g-CsN4 obtained in step (a') with an iron compound, the iron compound being selected from iron oxide, iron sulfide, iron phosphide, Iron nitride or any mixture thereof to obtain a masterbatch.
• an iron compound selected from iron oxide, iron sulfide, iron phosphide, Iron nitride or any mixture thereof.
• a step (c') can be provided which has the following features: grinding the premix obtained in step (b') to a particle size of less than 100 nm. Optionally, this can be achieved by ball milling.
• a step (d') can be provided, comprising the following features: treating the ground premix at a temperature between 400°C and 600°C to form g-C3N4/metal composite nanoplates.
• step (d') is about 550°C, whereby a ferric oxide composite material can be obtained.
• step (d′) optionally causes the nanoplates to be straightened and defects to be annealed. If appropriate, step (d') is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere, in particular in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• the two methods both yield g-CsNVmetal composite nanoplates as the final product, which have comparable properties. Therefore, the methods can be considered as alternative methods.
• the invention also relates to nanoplatelets obtained and/or obtainable using a method according to the invention.
• the nanoplatelets are given particular properties by the process steps, which distinguishes them from nanoplatelets known in the prior art.
• a composite material structure is created which allows a particularly homogeneous distribution of iron on the surface of g-C3N4 platelets.
• the composite material comprises pores, the pores having an average pore size of less than 100 nm.
• g-C3N4 nanoplates are provided, on the surface of which iron and/or the iron compound is carried, the iron and/or the iron compound being present in particulate form with a particle diameter of less than 100 nm.
• the invention also relates to a hydrogen storage material containing or consisting of g-C3N4/metal composite material nanoplates according to the invention.
• the invention relates to the use of g-C3N4/metal composite material nanoplates according to the invention as hydrogen storage material.
• the invention relates to a method for storing hydrogen, comprising loading g-C3N4/metal composite material nanoplates according to the invention with hydrogen gas.
• loading takes place at a pressure of greater than 10 bar, preferably less than 25 bar.
• desorption of the hydrogen can be achieved by heating the loaded composite material, for example to a temperature between 60°C and 100°C.
• the loading can be improved by the influence of an electric field.
• the voltage of the electric field may be more than 1000 V.
• the invention also relates to a photocatalyst containing or consisting of g-CsNV metal composite material nanoplates according to the invention.
• the invention relates to the use of g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates according to the invention as a photocatalyst.
• the invention also relates to a photoelectrocatalyst containing or consisting of g-CsNV metal composite material nanoplatelets according to the invention.
• the invention relates to the use of g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates according to the invention as photoelectrocatalyst.
• the invention also relates to an electrocatalyst containing or consisting of g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates according to the invention.
• the invention relates to the use of g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates according to the invention as an electrocatalyst.
• the g-CsNVmetal composite material according to the invention is a semiconductor whose band gap is changed by means of doping etc., it also has catalytic activity. Therefore, in addition to hydrogen storage, use as a photocatalyst, as an electrocatalyst or as a photoelectrocatalyst is also possible.
• the invention relates to a method for the photoelectrocatalysis of water and for the production of hydrogen, comprising introducing g-CsNVmetal composite material nanoplates according to the invention into water.
• a radiation source which is optionally a UV / Vis source.
• the radiation source emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 200 nm and 1000 nm.
• FIG. 1 shows the hydrogen storage capacity of a g-CsNVmetal composite material according to a first embodiment
• FIG 3 shows the hydrogen storage capacity of a g-CsNVmetal composite material according to a third exemplary embodiment with voltage-assisted charging.
• the first exemplary embodiment shows the production of a g-CsNV-iron composite material, a mixture of 2% by weight iron(III) phosphate, 95% by weight urea and 3% by weight polyacrylonitrile being used as the starting material.
• the components are mixed and ball milled for about 45 minutes at 600 rpm to form a starting material with an average grain size of less than 100 nm.
• the starting material obtained is dispersed in as little water as possible using a dispersing stick and an ultrasonic bath at a temperature of about 95°C.
• the water is removed and the remaining material is dried under N2 atmosphere at a pyrolysis temperature of about 550°C for pyrolyzed for about 5 hours.
• the heating rate until the pyrolysis temperature is reached is about 5°C/min.
• a layered bulk g-CsNVmetal composite material is obtained, with iron(II) oxide intercalated between the layers.
• the prepared bulk g-CsNVmetal composite is exfoliated by ultrasonic treatment to form g-CsNVmetal composite nanoplates.
• the compound can be used as a hydrogen storage material. At up to 25 bar, a hydrogen storage capacity of 9.2% by weight at about -20°C and a hydrogen storage capacity of 6.1% by weight at about 25°C can be achieved. Essentially complete desorption occurs at about 80°C.
• FIG. 1 shows the hydrogen storage capacity of the g-CsNVmetal composite material produced according to the first embodiment as a function of the pressure and in comparison between about -20° C. (black circles) and about 25° C. (white circles).
• the second embodiment shows the production of a g-CsNViron-titanium composite material, the starting material being a mixture of 1% by weight of iron(III) phosphate, 95% by weight of urea and 3% by weight of polyacrylonitrile with the further addition of 1% by weight titanium dioxide is used.
• Ti-doped g-CsNVCe composite material nanoplates are obtained, which can be used as hydrogen storage material.
• a hydrogen storage capacity of 9.6% by weight at around -20°C and a Hydrogen storage capacity of 6.3% by weight can be achieved at about 25°C.
• the third exemplary embodiment shows the production of a g-CsNViron-titanium composite material, the starting material being a mixture of 3% by weight of iron(III) phosphate, 90% by weight of urea and 5% by weight of polyacrylonitrile with the further addition of 1% by weight titanium dioxide is used.
• the components are mixed and ball milled for about 45 minutes at 600 rpm to form a starting material with an average grain size of less than 100 nm.
• the starting material obtained is dispersed in as little water as possible using a dispersing stick and an ultrasonic bath at a temperature of about 95°C.
• the water is removed and the remaining material is pyrolyzed under N2 atmosphere at a pyrolysis temperature of about 450°C for about 5 h.
• the heating rate until the pyrolysis temperature is reached is about 5°C/min.
• a layered bulk g-CsNVmetal composite material is obtained, with iron(III) phosphate embedded between the layers.
• the prepared bulk g-CsNVmetal composite is exfoliated by ultrasonic treatment to form g-CsNVmetal composite nanoplates.
• the compound can be used as a hydrogen storage material.
• a hydrogen storage capacity of 7.4% by weight can be achieved at up to 25 bar.
• FIG 3 shows the hydrogen storage capacity of the g-CsNVmetal composite material produced according to the third embodiment as a function of pressure, comparing the capacity without voltage-assisted charging (black circles) and with voltage-assisted charging (white circles).
• the g-CsNVmetal composite material with Ti and Fe produced according to the third exemplary embodiment can—like any other composite materials according to the invention—be used as an electrophotocatalyst in the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water.
• a hydrogen production rate of about 35.3 mmol/(g*h) can be achieved.
• An overvoltage of about 96 mV can be measured during the generation of hydrogen.
• the current density is about 2.67 mA/cm.

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• 2021
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