WO2023079800A1 - 金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法及び自動車部品 - Google Patents
金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法及び自動車部品 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023079800A1 WO2023079800A1 PCT/JP2022/028479 JP2022028479W WO2023079800A1 WO 2023079800 A1 WO2023079800 A1 WO 2023079800A1 JP 2022028479 W JP2022028479 W JP 2022028479W WO 2023079800 A1 WO2023079800 A1 WO 2023079800A1
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- bent portion
- bending
- metal plate
- crack
- fatigue
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 206010053759 Growth retardation Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005480 shot peening Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
- B21D22/26—Deep-drawing for making peculiarly, e.g. irregularly, shaped articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D5/00—Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves
- B21D5/01—Bending sheet metal along straight lines, e.g. to form simple curves between rams and anvils or abutments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/88—Making other particular articles other parts for vehicles, e.g. cowlings, mudguards
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P9/00—Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings; Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified
- B23P9/04—Treating or finishing by hammering or applying repeated pressure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
- C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
- C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
- C21D7/06—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by shot-peening or the like
Definitions
- the present invention is a method for suppressing the growth of fatigue cracks in a bent portion of a metal sheet by bending a metal sheet. method), and an automotive part that has a bent portion formed by bending a metal plate and suppresses the propagation of fatigue cracks in the bent portion.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2, 1 In the second step, bending is performed with a radius of curvature different from the final shape (including an infinite curvature radius, that is, a straight line), and in the second step, bending is performed to the curvature radius of the final shape, and the inner surface of the bend is A technique is disclosed for suppressing the occurrence of cracks on the inner surface of a curved portion by introducing tensile stress. Moreover, in Patent Document 3, the yield stress is increased by applying a surface hardening treatment by shot peening to the surface of the metal plate to which the bending stress is applied, and shot peening is performed. Techniques for improving post-fatigue strength have been proposed.
- Patent Document 4 as a method for repairing fatigue cracks generated in a curved plate portion of a steel material, at least one of both sides sandwiching the fatigue crack on the surface of the steel material is peened parallel to the fatigue crack. ) to close the opening of the fatigue crack, and then peening directly above the fatigue crack.
- Patent Document 1 has the problem of high manufacturing costs because it requires two types of molds because there are two bending processes.
- Patent Literature 2 has a problem in that its applicable location is limited to the burring portion. Since the technique disclosed in Patent Document 3 uses shot peening, it was necessary to perform the processing in a sealed container to prevent scattering of the projection material.
- the technique disclosed in Patent Document 4 is a method of peening a flat plate or weld toe using an air hammer peening device. When applied to a part that has a bent part that has been processed, the entire inside of the bent part, which is a risk of cracking, must be hit, resulting in low productivity, and the impact pin used for peening. ), the entire part will be deformed by the impact load, and if the tip radius of the impact pin is larger than the curvature radius of the bent portion, the bending angle of the bent portion will increase. was there.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and is applicable to a bent portion after bending without increasing the manufacturing cost of bending a metal plate, A method for suppressing the growth of fatigue cracks in a bent portion of a metal plate, which can suppress the propagation of fatigue cracks in the bent portion without reducing productivity and without changing the bending angle of the entire part or the bent portion.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an automobile part that has a bent portion formed by bending a metal plate and suppresses the propagation of fatigue cracks in the bent portion.
- a method for suppressing fatigue crack propagation in a bent portion of a metal plate according to the present invention suppresses propagation of a fatigue crack in a bent portion obtained by bending a metal plate, and comprises: (valley line direction) with a space equal to or greater than the plate thickness of the metal plate, in a direction orthogonal to the valley line direction, at least from the bending start point on the inner side of the bending portion to the bending end point A plastic strain is applied within the range up to the bending end point to generate compressive residual stress.
- the compressive residual stress is reduced by forming an indentation band, which is a series of indentations, on the inner side of the bent portion by needle peening treatment using an impact pin.
- an indentation band which is a series of indentations
- the radius of curvature in the cross section perpendicular to the direction of the valley line of the tip portion is less than or equal to the radius of curvature of the bent portion.
- an automobile part according to the present invention has a bent portion formed by bending a metal plate, and suppresses the propagation of fatigue cracks in the bent portion.
- a striking pin is used in the direction perpendicular to the valley line direction, at least within the range from the bending start point to the bending end point on the inner side of the bend of the bent portion, with a space equal to or greater than the plate thickness of the metal plate along the It has an indentation band, which is a series of impact marks from the needle peening process.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a method for suppressing fatigue crack propagation in a bent portion of a metal plate according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention and an automobile component according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention ((a) bending (b) Cross-sectional view, (c) Explanatory drawing of crack fracture surface and compressive residual stress occurring inside the bent portion).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the progress of fatigue cracks in the bent portion and the concept of suppressing the growth of the fatigue cracks as the background to the present invention ((a) normal (general) Crack growth in metal plate, (b) Crack growth in bent portion).
- FIG. 3A and 3B are diagrams for explaining the stress distribution in the bent portion in the background to the present invention ((a) immediately after bending, (b) after springback).
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of examining the stress intensity factor in the bending part in the background to the present invention ((a) schematic diagram of the crack fracture surface, (b) (c) Correspondence between the stress intensity factor K(0) in the lateral direction at the crack tip and the fracture surface).
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a fatigue test piece used in a fatigue test in an example of the present invention ((a) front view, (b) cross-sectional view).
- FIG. 6 is a diagram explaining a fatigue test method in an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fatigue cracks occurring on the surface of the metal plate generally extend laterally (along the surface of the metal plate 1) and in the depth direction from the location where the crack 5 occurs, as shown in FIG.
- a semi-elliptical crack fracture surface expands in both directions (thickness direction of the metal plate 1), and eventually, the crack fracture surface reaches the back surface side of the metal plate 1 and fatigue fracture occurs. up to.
- the inventor observed in detail the propagation process of fatigue cracks generated on the inner side of bending of the bent portion 3 obtained by bending the metal plate 1.
- the crack 5 generated on the inner side of the bend of the bent portion 3 immediately after the crack 5 occurs in the depth direction (thickness direction of the metal plate 1) and the lateral direction (the valley line direction of the inner side of the bend) in the bent portion 3.
- the crack 5 propagates in both directions, as shown in Fig. 2(b), the propagation of the crack 5 in the plate thickness direction stops when it reaches a depth of about 1/4 of the plate thickness t. Crack 5 was found to develop only laterally.
- the inventor focused on the stress distribution in the bent portion 3 as shown in FIG.
- the bent portion 3 Immediately after bending the metal plate 1, the bent portion 3 has a compressive stress in the area inside the bending from the neutral axis, and a compressive stress in the area outside the neutral axis in the bending, as shown in FIG. is a tensile stress.
- the compressive stress remains at a position about 1/4 of the plate thickness t from the inner surface of the bent portion 3 .
- the present invention has been made through various studies based on the above ideas, and specifically has the following configurations.
- Embodiment 1 ⁇ Method for Suppressing Fatigue Crack Propagation in Bent Part of Metal Plate>
- a method for suppressing fatigue crack propagation in a bent portion of a metal plate according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention suppresses the propagation of fatigue cracks occurring in the bent portion 3 obtained by bending the metal plate 1.
- along the valley line direction inside the bend in the bent portion 3 at least the bent portion 3
- a compressive residual stress is generated by applying plastic strain within the range from the bending start point 3a to the bending end point 3b on the inside of the bending.
- the compressive residual stress is reduced from the bending start point 3a to the bending end point 3b on the inner side of bending of the bent portion 3 by needle peening treatment using the striking pin 11. It is generated by forming an indentation zone 9 (see FIG. 1(a)), which is a series of impact indentations 7, within a range of up to .
- the interval d in the valley line direction of the indentation bands 9 is equal to or greater than the plate thickness t of the metal plate 1 .
- the curvature radius r of the tip portion 13 of the striking pin 11 in a cross section orthogonal to the valley line direction is less than the curvature radius R of the bent portion 3 on the inner side of the bend.
- FIG. 4 shows the reason why the method for suppressing the growth of fatigue cracks in the bent portion of a metal plate according to the first embodiment suppresses the propagation of cracks occurring in the bending inner side of the bent portion 3 in the direction of the valley line. A description will be given based on the results of examination of the stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack generated inside the bend of the bent portion 3 of the metal plate 1 shown.
- FIG. 4(a) is a diagram schematically showing the shape of the crack surface. As shown in FIG. 4(a), the crack generated on the inner surface of the bent portion 3 of the metal plate 1 expands in a semielliptical shape in both the depth direction and the lateral direction. Assuming that
- FIG. 4(b) is the Newman-Raju equation shown below (publicly known literature: J. C. Newman Jr. and I.S. Raju: Eng. Fract. Mech., Vol. 15, No. 1-2 (1981 ), p.185) was used to calculate the stress intensity factor K at the tip of a crack propagating in both the lateral direction (the valley line direction inside the bend) and the depth direction (thickness direction).
- ⁇ t is the tensile stress
- ⁇ c is the bending stress
- a is the depth direction length of the crack fracture surface (thickness direction)
- c is the lateral length of the crack fracture surface (crack initiation location to the crack tip in the horizontal direction)
- b is the plate width of the metal plate 1
- t is the plate thickness of the bent part 3 (metal plate 1)
- ⁇ is the straight line L connecting the crack initiation point and the crack tip and the surface of the bent portion 3
- Q (a, c) and F (a, c, b, t, ⁇ ) are given by each variable function (see above publication).
- the crack depth a was set to 0.7 mm, which is 1/4 of the plate thickness t of 2.8 mm.
- FIG. 4(b) shows the relationship between the crack fracture surface ratio c/a, which is an index representing the shape of the semi-elliptic crack fracture surface, and K(0) and K(90). In the above formula, the effect of compressive residual stress at a depth of about 1/4 of the plate thickness t from the inner surface of the bend is not considered.
- the stress intensity factor K(0) in the lateral direction that is, when the shape of the crack fracture surface is close to a semicircular shape, the value is almost constant and high, and it can be seen that the driving force for crack propagation (growth) in the lateral direction is large.
- region Q the region where the crack fracture surface ratio
- region Q the shape of the crack fracture surface spreads in the lateral direction (the absolute value of c/a increases )
- the stress intensity factor K(0) decreases and the driving force for crack propagation in the lateral direction decreases as the shape becomes semielliptical. That is, the magnitude of the driving force for crack propagation in the lateral direction changes with the crack fracture surface ratio
- 2 as the boundary.
- the propagation of cracks in the depth direction is the plate thickness t , and the crack propagates only in the lateral direction.
- the stress intensity factor K(0) in the depth direction is larger than the stress intensity factor K(90) in the depth direction. It is considered difficult to stop.
- the stress intensity factor K(0) is The stress intensity factor K(90) of the crack fracture surface ratio c/a is smaller than the stress intensity factor K(90), and it gradually decreases as the absolute value of the crack fracture surface ratio c/a increases. Stopping the propagation would be easy.
- the crack extends to the region Q where the stress intensity factor K(0) is low in the lateral direction. If the growth of is allowed, compressive residual stress lower than that of region P can stop or suppress cracking.
- FIG. 4(c) shows a graph showing the relationship between the stress intensity factor K(0) in the lateral direction at the crack tip and the crack fracture surface ratio c/a, and the needle peening treatment using the striking pin 11 as shown in Fig. 1.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram schematically showing a crack fracture surface when an indentation zone 9 is formed in the crack region Q by applying compressive residual stress.
- the stress intensity factor K(0) at the position where compressive residual stress is applied by needle peening is 10 to 12% lower value.
- the compressive residual stress of the bent portion 3 is generated by the needle peening treatment using an impact pin.
- the impact pin 11 is generated by forming a is preferably
- buckling deformation may occur during bending and the curvature radius may become extremely small locally, but the curvature radius R of the bending portion 3 is a macroscopic radius of curvature, except when the radius of curvature of the bent portion 3 changes globally due to buckling.
- the bending portion 3 of the metal plate 1 and its surroundings are deformed by the striking load of the striking pin, which was a problem in the technique described in the above-mentioned Patent Document 4, and the radius of curvature of the striking pin 11 is less than the bent portion.
- an impact pin having a radius of curvature r smaller than the radius of curvature of the inner side of the bend of the bent portion 3 is used.
- the range in which the indentation band 9 is formed in the direction orthogonal to the valley line direction on the inner side of the bent portion 3 may be all or part of the range from the bending start point to the bending end point on the inner side of the bend.
- the bending start point and the bending end point refer to the bending R stop on the bending inner side of the bent portion 3 .
- the bent portion in the width direction of the bent portion 3, if the crack generation position is clear due to the stress conditions loaded on the metal plate, such as cracks and wrinkles, the bent portion along the valley line direction on the inner side of the bend. It is not necessary to apply the treatment over the entire range of 3, and compressive residual stress may be generated by forming the indentation zone 9 only around the crack initiation position and applying plastic strain.
- the life required for the part obtained by bending the metal plate and the allowable crack length for the part It may be determined based on the permissible crack length, such as the lower limit of the crack length that can be found during periodic inspection.
- the present invention may perform needle peening treatment simultaneously with a plurality of striking pins, and if combined with an automatic construction method using a robot arm or the like, a further improvement in productivity can be expected. Furthermore, in the case of parts with many bending parts such as automobile parts, applying this treatment to the entire bending part reduces productivity, so it is necessary to apply this treatment to parts with a small curvature radius of the bending part, or to prevent fatigue in advance. Testing and stress analysis should be performed only in areas where there is concern about fatigue fracture on the inner side of the bend.
- the present invention only needs to generate compressive residual stress in the bent portion that can suppress the propagation of cracks in the valley line direction of the bent portion.
- the treatment is not limited to needle peening, and similar treatment may be performed by methods such as laser peening, shot peening, and cold spray.
- shot peening the same effect can be obtained by masking the position other than the position where the indentation is to be introduced so as not to cause unnecessary plastic deformation.
- shot peening the same effect can be obtained by masking the position other than the position where the indentation is to be introduced so as not to cause unnecessary plastic deformation.
- These methods apply impact to the material to give plastic strain and generate compressive residual stress.
- Laser peening uses shock waves during laser irradiation, while shot peening and cold spray use By projecting the projecting material, a plastic strain is imparted by giving an impact to the bent portion.
- the present invention it is possible to effectively improve the fatigue life of a part having a bent portion formed by bending a metal plate. Furthermore, according to the present invention, since it is not necessary to perform a peening treatment on the entire inner surface of the bend in the bent portion, an improvement in productivity can be expected. The effect of improving fatigue life due to stress and work hardening can also be expected.
- an automobile component according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention has a bent portion 3 obtained by bending a metal plate 1, and suppresses the propagation of fatigue cracks in the bent portion. , along the valley line direction of the bent portion 3, at least from the bending start point to the bending end point on the inner side of the bend of the bent portion 3, in a direction orthogonal to the valley line direction, with a space equal to or greater than the plate thickness of the metal plate. It has an indentation zone, which is a series of impact marks produced by needle peening treatment using an impact pin.
- the fatigue life is improved because the compressive residual stress generated by the indentation zone created by the needle peening treatment with a gap greater than the plate thickness of the metal plate along the crack suppresses the growth of the crack in the valley line direction.
- the plastic strain imparted to the bent portion in the automobile component according to Embodiment 2 is due to the needle peening treatment.
- Needle peening treatment is not a limitation, and laser peening, shot peening, cold spray treatment, or the like may be used.
- a fatigue test was performed using the fatigue test piece 21 shown in FIG. 5 as a test object, and the fatigue strength was evaluated.
- the bent portion 23 of the fatigue test piece 21 is subjected to needle peening treatment, and indentations are made at predetermined intervals d along the valley line direction on the inner side of the bend.
- a band 29 was formed.
- the fatigue test piece 21 with a different interval d between the indentation bands 29 is subjected to a fatigue test.
- the test piece 21 was designated as Invention Example 1, Invention Example 2, and Invention Example 3. Further, for comparison, Comparative Example 1 was obtained in which the distance d between the indentation bands 29 was set to 2 mm, which is outside the range of the present invention. Table 1 shows the distance d between the indentation bands 29 formed on the fatigue test piece 21 and the results of the fatigue test.
- Comparative Example 1 the crack progressed through two or more indentation zones 29 at 200,000 cycles, so it was judged to be unacceptable.
- invention examples 1 to 3 all reach the fatigue limit without cracks passing through two or more indentation zones 29 even after 500,000 cycles, and are considered acceptable. judged.
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Abstract
Description
金属板の表面に発生する疲労き裂は、一般的には図2(a)に示すように、き裂5の発生箇所から横方向(金属板1の表面に沿った方向)と深さ方向(金属板1の板厚方向)の双方に半だ円状のき裂破面が拡大しながら進展し、やがて、き裂破面が金属板1の裏面側にまで到達して疲労破壊(fatigue fracture)に至る。
<金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法>
本発明の実施の形態1に係る金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法は、金属板1を曲げ加工した曲げ加工部3に発生する疲労き裂の進展を抑制するものであって、図1に示すように、曲げ加工部3における曲げ内側の谷線方向に沿って金属板1の板厚t以上の間隔を空けて、谷線方向に直交する方向に、少なくとも曲げ加工部3の曲げ内側における曲げ始点3aから曲げ終点3bまでの範囲内に塑性ひずみを付与して圧縮残留応力を発生させるものである。
<自動車部品>
本発明の実施の形態2に係る自動車部品は、図1に示すように、金属板1を曲げ加工した曲げ加工部3を有し、曲げ加工部における疲労き裂の進展を抑制したものであって、曲げ加工部3の谷線方向に沿って金属板の板厚以上の間隔を空けて、谷線方向に直交する方向に、少なくとも曲げ加工部3の曲げ内側における曲げ始点から曲げ終点までの範囲内に打撃ピンを用いたニードルピーニング処理による一連の打撃痕である圧痕帯を有するものである。
3 曲げ加工部
3a 曲げ始点
3b 曲げ終点
5 き裂
7 打撃痕
9 圧痕帯
11 打撃ピン
13 先端部
21 疲労試験片
23 曲げ加工部
25a、25b 片部
27a、27b 穴部
29 圧痕帯
Claims (3)
- 金属板を曲げ加工した曲げ加工部の疲労き裂の進展を抑制する金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法であって、
前記曲げ加工部の谷線方向に沿って前記金属板の板厚以上の間隔を空けて、前記谷線方向に直交する方向に、少なくとも前記曲げ加工部の曲げ内側における曲げ始点から曲げ終点までの範囲内に塑性ひずみを付与して圧縮残留応力を発生させる、金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法。 - 前記圧縮残留応力は、打撃ピンを用いたニードルピーニング処理により前記曲げ加工部の曲げ内側に一連の打撃痕である圧痕帯を形成することにより発生させ、
前記打撃ピンとして、その先端部の前記谷線方向に直交する断面における曲率半径が、前記曲げ加工部の曲率半径以下のものを用いる、請求項1に記載の金属板の曲げ加工部の疲労き裂進展抑制方法。 - 金属板を曲げ加工した曲げ加工部を有し、該曲げ加工部における疲労き裂の進展を抑制した自動車部品であって、
前記曲げ加工部の谷線方向に沿って前記金属板の板厚以上の間隔を空けて、前記谷線方向に直交する方向に、少なくとも前記曲げ加工部の曲げ内側における曲げ始点から曲げ終点までの範囲内に打撃ピンを用いたニードルピーニング処理による一連の打撃痕である圧痕帯を有する、自動車部品。
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Citations (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS5811284B2 (ja) * | 1979-04-17 | 1983-03-02 | 安田 克彦 | 深絞り成形方法 |
JPH01259118A (ja) * | 1988-04-07 | 1989-10-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | プレス成形用粗材 |
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