Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
  • E04B1/14—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements being composed of two or more materials
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
  • E04B5/10—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with metal beams or girders, e.g. with steel lattice girders
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
  • B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B21/00—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board
  • B32B21/04—Layered products comprising a layer of wood, e.g. wood board, veneer, wood particle board comprising wood as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
  • B32B37/15—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer being manufactured and immediately laminated before reaching its stable state, e.g. in which a layer is extruded and laminated while in semi-molten state
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/08—Interconnection of layers by mechanical means
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
  • E04B1/61—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other
  • E04B1/6108—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together
  • E04B1/6116—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by locking means on lateral surfaces
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
  • E04B1/61—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other
  • E04B1/6108—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together
  • E04B1/612—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces
  • E04B1/6145—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces with recesses in both frontal surfaces co-operating with an additional connecting element
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
  • E04B1/61—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other
  • E04B1/6108—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together
  • E04B1/612—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces
  • E04B1/6145—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces with recesses in both frontal surfaces co-operating with an additional connecting element
  • E04B1/6154—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces with recesses in both frontal surfaces co-operating with an additional connecting element the connection made by friction-grip
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
  • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
  • E04B1/61—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other
  • E04B1/6108—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together
  • E04B1/612—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces
  • E04B1/6145—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces with recesses in both frontal surfaces co-operating with an additional connecting element
  • E04B1/6162—Connections for building structures in general of slab-shaped building elements with each other the frontal surfaces of the slabs connected together by means between frontal surfaces with recesses in both frontal surfaces co-operating with an additional connecting element the connection made by an additional locking key
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
  • E04B5/12—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with wooden beams
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
  • E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
  • E04B5/26—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with filling members between the beams
  • E04B5/266—Filling members covering the undersurface of the beams
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/10—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular acoustical properties
  • B32B2307/102—Insulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
  • B32B2315/06—Concrete
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2317/00—Animal or vegetable based
  • B32B2317/16—Wood, e.g. woodboard, fibreboard, woodchips
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
  • E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
  • E04B2005/232—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with special provisions for connecting wooden stiffening ribs or other wooden beam-like formations to the concrete slab
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
  • E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
  • E04B2005/232—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with special provisions for connecting wooden stiffening ribs or other wooden beam-like formations to the concrete slab
  • E04B2005/235—Wooden stiffening ribs or other wooden beam-like formations having a special form
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/17—Floor structures partly formed in situ
  • E04B5/23—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
  • E04B2005/232—Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with special provisions for connecting wooden stiffening ribs or other wooden beam-like formations to the concrete slab
  • E04B2005/237—Separate connecting elements

Definitions

• the invention relates to a wood-concrete composite ceiling with a flat wooden element. Compared to pure concrete ceilings, this ceiling is characterized by a significantly lower dead weight. Also in comparison to conventional wood-concrete composite ceilings, the ceiling according to the invention impresses with a lighter and slimmer construction. With this ceiling system, spans can be realized with an extremely small dependence on the relative dead weight of the ceiling (i.e. calculated on the ceiling area).
• the invention also relates to a method for producing such ceilings, a use and a building with one or more such wood-concrete composite ceilings.
• US Pat. No. 2,268,311 A published in 1941, discloses a floor construction with a concrete supporting structure.
• the concrete top layer with its V-shaped cross-section and downwards projecting ribs is completely bordered on its underside.
• a lower, horizontally running layer of plaster covering can be hung on it, as follows: According to the embodiment shown in FIG postponed. The tips of the individual wooden slats touch each other just below the flange.
• the slats are pushed along a precisely fitting recess in the longitudinal direction of the ribs over an inverted U-shaped hanger fastened therein and then the ends of the hanger are bent laterally.
• Plaster boards can be attached to the slats fastened in this way.
• the connections between the concrete structure and the plaster base battens are only realized at the points on the beams where the battens are suspended.
• the load-bearing wooden component of the floor structure presented therein is again designed in the form of parallel and spaced beams. These form the bottom edge of the floor. Above this, held by formwork, is an insulating layer, over which the concrete top layer is finally placed. The latter is connected to the wooden beams via steel tubes. For this purpose, there are recesses in both the formwork and the insulating layer, through which the connecting pipes penetrate downwards into the wooden beams. With their upper end section, the connecting pipes are cast in the concrete of the upper ceiling. The shear connection is thus only realized at the points of the beams.
• In-situ concrete ribs shaped downwards are bordered on the sides by support rails made of wood, metal or plastic. These support rails serve as supports for prefabricated concrete slabs. On the other hand, they act together with a plaster base arranged below them, namely a tubular mesh mat, panel or lightweight panel, as permanent formwork for the in-situ concrete ribs. On the one hand, the support rails are supported on a load-bearing wall and, on the other hand, on a wooden yoke made of supports and crossbeams. The document does not disclose shear connectors that engage both the concrete and the bearing battens or the timber truss.
• the insulating material of the upper Hourdis layer thus has a much greater density than the foamed lightweight material of the thick, middle Hourdis layer, which in turn rests on the wood chip layer.
• Another layer of the same foamed lightweight material of the thick, middle Hourdis layer Suspended from this Hourdis or nailed to the chipboard from below is another layer of the same foamed lightweight material of the thick, middle Hourdis layer. This is provided below with a plasterboard layer as a visual finish. Again, no shear connection with shear connectors protruding into the concrete as well as into the wood is disclosed.
• US 2018/0328019 A1 shows a floor-ceiling field made up of a floor panel and a ceiling panel spaced apart therefrom, with girders installed in between in the form of steel profiles with a C-shaped cross section.
• the connection between the floor and ceiling panels is formed solely by these metal beams made of aluminum or steel, which are screwed to a metal partition layer at the top and to a ceiling layer advantageously made of non-combustible material at the bottom.
• an insulating material for thermal or acoustic insulation is inserted at a distance from the lower ceiling layer.
• a single hardwood dowel can also be shorter be executed.
• the board stack elements are not tensioned against each other.
• the board stack elements can, however, be tensioned along their length, for which purpose recesses are planed out in their lowest section, which form channels when the board stack elements are put together, for inserting a cable or similar.
• Such a board stack timber construction system is also suitable for timber Concrete composite floors, as will be explained later.
• CA 2 176 450 A1 published in 1997, presents a wooden beam consisting of numerous individual wooden components stacked together in the transverse direction of the beam. A cable runs through these wooden components and is stretched on both sides of the wooden beam. For this purpose, an anchor plate or a hollow box is placed on the outermost wooden components of the beam and the cable is finally clamped to it using a hydraulic press.
• This type of bracing is suitable where there is space on both sides of a wooden beam, for example in the case of a mast beam that is stored at a distance from its actual concrete base.
• the ceiling should allow large spans with a small increase in dead weight. This should allow it to be spanned across rooms, and in buildings with separate residential, office or utility units also across such units. Due to its nature, the ceiling should also be able to close on the room side with a layer of wood, i.e. a basically combustible, light and therefore good sound-conducting material, while complying with fire protection and/or sound insulation requirements. In this way, the wooden layer can be experienced as a ceiling soffit in terms of interior design.
• the object is also to specify such a wood-concrete composite ceiling and a method for its efficient industrial production, as well as a soundproofing design of the wood-concrete composite ceiling using insulating material.
• the object of the invention is to specify a building with one or more such wood-concrete composite ceilings.
• a device wood-concrete Create or create composite ceiling, building
• a device wood-concrete Create or create composite ceiling, building
• a device composite wood-concrete ceiling, building
• the invention relates to a wood-concrete composite ceiling, the supporting structure of which comprises a concrete component and a wood component connected thereto in a shear-resistant manner, the ceiling having a layered structure which, from bottom to top, first has a surface area that can be subjected to tensile loads in the composite ceiling extensive wood component, namely a wood layer, followed by an insulation layer and finally a concrete layer, with shear connectors being installed in the composite floor, under which at least one shear connector protrudes both into the wood layer and into the concrete layer and thereby traverses the insulation layer, and wherein the layer structure of Ceiling is interrupted by at least one joist by measuring at least the concrete layer and the insulation layer and consequently extending down at least to the wood layer.
• the wood-concrete composite floor according to the invention comprises the combination of the features according to section [0020], the at least one joist protruding partially or completely over its length from the composite floor by moving downwards and/or upwards protrudes from the same.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises the combination of the features according to one of sections [0020] or [0021], the overhang of the joist, which is partially shaped downward over its length, as a capital the support adjoining the joist is formed.
• the inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling includes any combination of Features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0022], wherein the at least one beam contains reinforcing steel and/or a steel profile with at least one lower flange as reinforcement.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0023], wherein the one joist or several joists is/are dimensioned or are dimensioned in number so that his/her weight is/are up to 10% of the total blanket weight.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0024], with an up to 50% extension of the span of the composite ceiling, up to towards a total length of 9 m of the extended span, the span-dependent weight increase of the slab does not exceed 10% of the slab weight and the slab thickness varies by only 5-10 cm, to ensure greater flexibility in the layout design.
• the invention also relates to a method for producing a wood-concrete composite ceiling with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], with at least two ceiling modules, a. where the ceiling modules are each created with their layer structure, so that from the bottom up first the wooden layer with the shear connectors anchored in it with their lower ends is made, then the insulating layer is formed and finally the concrete layer with its reinforcement is applied, so that the upper ends of the Shear connectors are anchored in the concrete layer, b. the ceiling modules are laid in their predetermined position on one or more carriers, with either i.
• At least one of the girders is a prefabricated downstand beam, which forms a lower cantilever which forms a step on both sides, on each of which steps a ceiling module on the downstand beam is then placed, with a gap above the downstand beam being left between the concrete layers of the ceiling modules supported in this way, c .
• a beam reinforcement is placed in the gap and connected to the adjacent concrete reinforcement, and d. the gap is filled with concrete and the beam is finished when it hardens.
• the method includes the combination of the features according to section [0026], wherein for each ceiling module aO.
• first the wood layer is processed by inserting the shear connectors into the same and fastening them therein, with formwork enclosing the wood layer for the construction of the further layers and the formwork delimiting any contact surface on the wood layer, a1.
• the insulation layer is formed over the wood layer within the formwork, a2.
• the reinforcement for the concrete layer is placed inside the formwork over the insulating layer, and a3.
• the concrete layer is poured inside the formwork and after it has hardened, the formwork is removed, with which the ceiling module is created.
• the method includes the Combination of the features according to one of the sections [0026] or [0027], wherein for a beam projecting at the top dO. an upwardly extending concrete formwork adjoining the intermediate space is applied, d1 . the corresponding limited space is filled with concrete, and d2. the concrete formwork is removed again after the concrete has hardened, completing the cantilever beam at the top.
• the invention also relates to a wood-concrete composite ceiling, the supporting structure of which comprises a component concrete and a component wood connected thereto in a shear-resistant manner, the ceiling having a layered structure which, from bottom to top, first has a tensile load in the composite ceiling, extensive wood component, namely a wood layer, followed by an insulation layer and finally a concrete layer, with shear connectors being built into the composite floor, under which at least one shear connector protrudes both into the wood layer and into the concrete layer and thereby traverses the insulation layer, the insulation layer at least comprises two insulating materials of different densities or specific weights and the denser insulating material is arranged directly on this wooden layer that can be subjected to tensile loads in the composite ceiling or rests directly on it, which increases the inertia of the wooden layer and is intended to act as vibration damping.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises the combination of the features according to section [0029], the layer structure of the ceiling either extending over the ceiling without a beam or at least one beam running through at least the concrete layer and the insulating layer and extending itself consequently extends down at least to the layer of wood.
• the inventive wood-concrete composite floor comprises the combination of features according to one of sections [0029] or [0030], with an upper layer of less dense insulation material rests on a lower layer of denser insulation material.
• the inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0031], wherein a cavity is formed in the ceiling, so that the less dense insulating material Air exists, with the concrete layer resting on permanent concrete formwork over the cavity.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0032], air being excluded as the material for the less dense insulating material or the ceiling being free of air cavities.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0033], the difference in the densities or specific weights of the insulating materials being 0.5 to 2 t/ m3 .
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0034], the bearing pressure of the denser insulating material being between 0.7 and 1.4 kN per m 2 , and the bearing pressure of the less dense insulation material is between 0.1 and 0.4 kN per m 2 .
• the inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling includes any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0035], wherein the denser insulating material consists of concrete granules from broken concrete or from consists of a mixed granulate of broken concrete and masonry, and the less dense insulating material consists of lightweight material.
• the invention also relates to the use of at least two insulating materials of different densities or specific weights as soundproofing by means of vibration damping of the wood layer in a wood-concrete composite floor according to any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0036 ] or the use of at least two insulating materials of different densities or specific weights in a direction-dependent arrangement or direction-dependent sequence as soundproofing by means of vibration damping of the wood layer in a wood-concrete composite floor according to any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [ 0036].
• the invention also relates to a method for producing a wood-concrete composite ceiling according to any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0029] to [0036] with at least two ceiling modules, a.
• the ceiling modules are each created with their layer structure, so that first the wooden layer with the shear connectors anchored in it with their lower ends is produced from bottom to top, b. then the insulating layer is formed with at least two insulating materials by first introducing the denser insulating material, which increases the inertia of the wood layer and is intended to act as vibration damping, and then the less dense insulating material is arranged or a cavity is left free for this purpose, c.
• the concrete layer is created with its reinforcement, so that the shear connectors are anchored with their upper ends in the concrete layer, with their reinforcement protruding from the same for the connection to the at least second ceiling module in recesses of the concrete layer, and i.e. the finished ceiling module is laid in its predetermined position on one or more supports and connected to the at least second ceiling module by the reinforcements of the adjacent concrete layers being non-positively connected, and the recesses are then concreted.
• the method includes the combination of the features according to section [0038], wherein for each ceiling module aO.
• the wood layer is processed by inserting the shear connectors into the same and fastening them therein, with formwork enclosing the wood layer for the construction of the other layers, cO.
• the reinforcement for the concrete layer is inserted inside the formwork, and c1.
• the concrete layer is poured inside the formwork and after it has hardened, the formwork is removed, with which the ceiling module is created.
• the invention also relates to a wood-concrete composite ceiling, the supporting structure of which comprises a component concrete and a component wood connected thereto in a shear-resistant manner, the ceiling having a layered structure which, from bottom to top, first has a tensile load in the composite ceiling, extensive wood component, namely a wood layer, followed by either an insulation layer and finally a concrete layer, or in the absence of an insulation layer followed or directly followed by a concrete layer, the wood layer including at least two butt wooden panels which are mutually tensioned, in that one wooden panel in each case presses perpendicularly against the other wooden panel on a separating plane formed when the joint is joined, with at least one recess being created in each of the wooden panels stretched against one another in this way, while leaving their underside intact, by removing material such that this at least one box-like space in the Shaped wood panel and with a recess located beyond the parting plane wood panel one forms a recessed passage spanning both wooden panels, the wooden panels, seen from the parting plane
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises the combination of features according to section [0040], the layer structure of the ceiling either extending over the ceiling without a joist or, if there is an insulating layer, at least one joist covering at least the concrete layer and through the insulation layer and consequently extends down at least to the wood layer.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises the combination of features according to section [0040] or [0041], the area left intact directly behind one or rear box-like room and extending in a direction perpendicular to extending away from the parting plane.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0042], the area left intact extending either to one end of the wooden panel, which is opposite to the end of the wooden panel located at the parting plane, or the area extends up to a box-like space of the same wooden panel arranged for bracing with another wooden panel.
• the inventive wood-concrete composite floor comprises any combination of Features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0043], wherein the clamping means strikes at a point within the wooden panel that is upstream in relation to the parting plane.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0044], the clamping means not being or not directly on a parting plane or an end surface of the wooden panel strikes.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0045], wherein the at least one box-like space is open at the top or open at the top and at the front is executed.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0046], wherein the at least one box-like space for accommodating an anchoring of the tensioning means is recessed in the shape of a cuboid .
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0047], with either i. a clamping device is loosely inserted into the passage and clamped by being attached to an intact material of the wooden panel that is formed with release and is at the front, as seen from the parting plane, which is not intact in the case of a hollow channel running in it or which, in the case of a hollow channel running in it, is for the clamping device acting orthogonally to the parting plane is not intact for this reason alone, with pressure strikes, so that the wood panels adjoining the butt joint are mutually tensioned perpendicularly to the parting plane, and/or ii. the clamping means is anchored in at least one box-like space or, seen from the parting plane, in the rear box-like space in such a way that at least one end face of the rear intact material remains free of anchoring means.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0048], wherein the passage spanning the two wooden panels is symmetrically recessed to the parting plane, so that the Recesses of the wooden panels can be manufactured identically and/or the clamping means can be used independently of the side and/or the clamping means can be used independently of the side, acting orthogonally to the parting plane.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0049], the clamping means components forming an arrangement symmetrical to the parting plane and/or the Clamping components are laid orthogonally to the parting plane.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0050], the tensioning means i. as a threaded connection with end-anchored screw heads or ii. as a lever-operated latch with clamping blocks anchored at the end and gripped by a clamping arm or iii.
• the tensioning means i. as a threaded connection with end-anchored screw heads or ii. as a lever-operated latch with clamping blocks anchored at the end and gripped by a clamping arm or iii.
• a wedge connection whereby for the wedge connection that front intact material, which is not intact in the case of a hollow channel running in it or which is not intact in the case of a hollow channel running in it for the clamping means acting orthogonally to the parting plane, extends on both wooden plates to the parting plane and a clamping wedge and a counter-wedge are arranged within a box-like space of a wooden panel on this side, seen from the parting plane, behind the front intact material, and a threaded rod with the counter wedge and with a clamping block is anchored in the opposite box-like space of the wooden panel on the other side, so that when the Clamping wedge between the clamping block and the clamped wedges acting as a clamping block located at the front intact material is subjected to pressure.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0040] to [0051], the recesses each having a rear chamber and, seen from the parting plane form a front chamber, which are connected via a hollow channel in the front intact material, as a result of which this is not intact solely because of the hollow channel or whereby it is not intact solely because of the hollow channel for the clamping means acting orthogonally to the parting plane, with the clamping means at each end in the rear Chamber is anchored by means of screw heads or clamping blocks and the front chamber of a wooden panel on this side forms a common, open-topped chamber with the front chamber of the wooden panel located beyond the impact axis, with a continuous threaded connection being realized via the hollow channels and common chamber, which is realized either by stationary Turning a sleeve, a Dutch fitting or a nipple can be braced in the common chamber.
• the invention also relates to a method for producing a wood-concrete composite floor according to any combination of features one or more of sections [0040] to [0052] in which a. the at least one recess is created in each of the wooden panels to be braced by removing material in such a way that it forms at least one box-like space, b. the wooden panels are then laid end to end, with their recesses forming a recessed passage spanning the two wooden panels, and c. the clamping means is introduced into the passage and anchored at each end in at least one or rear box-like space, d. and the clamping device is clamped from above.
• the method comprises the combination of the features according to section [0053], in that i. the clamping means is loosely inserted into the passage and is anchored in such a way that it is under tensile stress on a front intact material formed with release, which in the case of a hollow channel running therein is not intact solely because of this, or which, in the case of a hollow channel running therein, for the orthogonal to the parting plane the sole reason why the effective clamping device is not intact, strikes with pressure, so that the wooden panels adjoining the butt joint are alternately clamped against each other perpendicularly to the parting plane, and/or ii. the clamping means is anchored in at least one or rear box-like space in such a way that at least one end face of the rear intact material remains free of anchoring means.
• the method comprises the features according to one of sections [0053] or [0054], where a. the recesses each form a rear chamber and a front chamber, which are connected via a hollow channel in the front intact material, as a result of which this is not intact solely because of the hollow channel or whereby this is not intact solely because of the hollow channel for the clamping means acting orthogonally to the parting plane, and b. the front chamber of a wooden panel on this side forms a common, open-topped chamber with the front chamber of the wooden panel on the other side of the joint, and c. the clamping means being anchored at each end in the rear chamber by means of a screw head or clamping block, and d. a continuous threaded connection via the hollow channels and common chamber is realized, which is tightened in the common chamber by turning a socket, a Dutch screw connection or a nipple in a fixed position.
• the wood-concrete composite floor according to the invention comprises any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], [0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052] and one or more of the features presented in the following sections [0057] to [00111], namely:
• the wood layer is free of material-removing processing in the wood and thus left intact in a lowermost layer section, or the wood layer is free of material-removing processing in the wood and therefore intact in a lowermost section of its layer in relation to the layer thickness, or the wood layer in a lowest section of its layer thickness is free from material-removing processing in the wood and is therefore left intact;
• the at least one joist is made of reinforced concrete
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor connects a bottom support layer to a top support layer of the composite in a shear-resistant manner
• the wood layer can be subjected to tensile loads in the composite of the ceiling bottom base layer and/or the concrete layer is designed as the top base layer;
• Shear forces occurring between the wood layer and the concrete layer can be absorbed by the shear connectors in at least two distinct directions or can be absorbed to a greater extent by the shear connectors in at least two distinct directions or can be absorbed by the shear connectors in at least two distinct directions that are perpendicular to one another or can be absorbed to a greater extent by the shear connectors in at least two distinct directions perpendicular to one another, or shear forces occurring between the wood layer and the concrete layer can be absorbed to a greater extent in two distinct directions, namely in those two mutually perpendicular directions in which the Form shear connectors per row or shear forces occurring between the wood layer and the concrete layer can be absorbed to an increased extent by the shear connectors in two distinct directions, namely in those two mutually perpendicular directions in which the shear connectors form rows;
• shear forces occurring between the wood layer and the concrete layer can be absorbed in any direction or shear forces occurring between the wood layer and the concrete layer can be absorbed in any direction by the shear connectors;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector crossing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor protrudes simultaneously into the wood layer and into the concrete layer and is held in the wood of the wood layer and in the concrete of the concrete layer;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite deck leads over an integral portion from the wood layer into the concrete layer; [0066] wherein at least one shear connector or each shear connector crossing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor is built into the wood layer and the concrete layer in a form-fitting manner and thus without play, so that the shear connector is immovably and undeformably embedded;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector crossing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor has such a shape that it can be installed unchanged or its shape can be installed unchanged to create a shear-resistant connection between the wood layer and the concrete layer;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite deck is not configured as a stirrup;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector crossing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite deck is made as a tube, profile or extruded profile, i.e. profile from an extrusion process;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector passing through the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor is designed as a tube with or without a flange, the tube having or forming a tube section with a round or elliptical cross-section or a tube section in the form of a polygonal tube;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite deck is made in one piece;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite ceiling protrudes with its one end section into the wood layer and with its other end section into the concrete layer, and is therefore fully embedded in the wood and concrete;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector traversing the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor runs outside the at least one joist or is not embedded in the at least one joist and/or runs outside of concrete-filled grooves of the wood layer or not in concrete-filled grooves notches of the wood layer are embedded and/or run outside of concrete overhangs from the concrete layer, in particular downward overhangs of the concrete, or is not embedded in overhangs of the concrete from the concrete layer, especially downward overhangs of the concrete;
• At least one shear connector or each shear connector passing through the insulation layer or each shear connector of the composite floor does not form part of or is not connected to a joist or is not designed as a joist and/or does not form part of a concrete-filled notch of the timber layer or does not exist as such or is not connected to such and/or does not form part of or is not present as such or is not connected to any overhang of the concrete from the concrete layer, in particular a downward overhang of the concrete;
• shear connectors with a weight proportion of at least 50% or at least 60% or at least 70% or at least 75% or at least 80% or at least 90% or shear connectors built into the ceiling overall outside of the at least one joist and /or outside of grooves in the wood layer filled with concrete and/or outside of concrete overhangs from the concrete layer, in particular Concrete overhangs, runs or is built in;
• wood layer is designed without notches
• Shear connectors held within the wood layer and within the concrete layer are mechanically installed in the composite floor or the shear connection between the wood layer and concrete layer is realized exclusively by mechanically installed shear connectors, which are held within the wood layer and within the concrete layer, whereby the shear connection is neither is realized via a form fit or via a surface composite;
• At least one shear connector whose end sections protrude into the wood layer and into the concrete layer, leads directly through the insulating material of the insulating layer and is thus surrounded on all sides by it, the insulating material not consisting of air;
• each shear connector traversing the insulating layer with its end sections protruding into the wood layer and into the concrete layer, leads directly through the insulating material of the insulating layer and is thus surrounded on all sides by the insulating material, the insulating material not consisting of air;
• insulation layer is of the same thickness up to and/or up to the shear connector passing through it and any existing joists;
• the wood layer with uniaxial load-bearing effect of the ceiling ie at uniaxial load transfer of the ceiling, which can be subjected to tensile loads in the direction of the load transfer;
• the wood layer can be subjected to tensile loads over the maximum span of the ceiling
• the wood layer can be subjected to tensile loads over the entire length or along the entire length of the at least one joist;
• the layer of wood is configured so that it need not itself rest on one or more joists running beneath it;
• the layer of wood is configured in such a way that it does not in turn have to rest on one or more joists designed as wooden beams running below it;
• wood layer terminates with its lowest layer section towards the bottom
• the wood layer encloses or is formed from wood panels which are flat edged butting against one another;
• the recess is created by removing material in such a way that it forms at least one box-like space within the wooden panel when viewed from above;
• bracing of the at least two butt ends, mutually tensioned wooden panels means that the same are tensioned against one another with a permanent tension force, and are not merely held in position relative to one another;
• wood of the lowermost layer section of the wood layer is seamlessly continuous except for seams at locations and/or along the parting planes, which run perpendicular to the direction of tension of the wooden panels tensioned against one another;
• the bottom layer portion has an upward dimension or height; wherein the upward extension of the bottom layer portion or the height of the bottom layer portion is at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, or at least 15 mm, or at least 20 mm, or at least 25 mm;
• the wood layer is not composed of wooden beams arranged in a row or the wood layer does not consist of components in the form of individual wooden beams or the wood layer does not include any components in the form of individual wooden beams;
• the wood layer is made of a wood material made of cross-laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber or solid wood;
• wood layer is not formed from board stacks
• wood layer is not formed from wood chip materials
• the at least one joist or a projection of the concrete of the concrete layer in particular a projection of the concrete downwards, is flush with the wood layer;
• shear connectors are installed in the composite floor, under which at least one shear connector protrudes both into the wood layer and into the concrete layer and thereby traverses the insulating layer;
• the invention relates to a building with one or more built-in wood-concrete composite floors with any combination of Features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], [0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052], [0056] to [00111].
• An advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a building with the combination of features according to section [00112], whereby it can be used as a residential and/or office building, administration building, school, educational establishment, meeting place, trade fair or town hall, congress and concert hall, library, museum, archive, shopping mall, hotel, swimming pool, sports stadium, train station or airport.
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a building with the combination of features according to one of sections [00112] or [00113], wherein it is designed as a high-rise building with a total height of 25 m or more.
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a building according to one or more of sections [00112] to [00114] with one or more built-in wood-concrete composite ceilings with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], [0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052], [0056] to [00111], wherein the ceilings are in a horizontal position and/or in an inclined position of up to 45° or in an inclined position of up to 60° “are installed;
• An advantageous embodiment of the invention also relates to a method with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0026] to [0028], [0038] to [0039], [0053] to [0055].
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a method with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0026] to [0028], [0038] to [0039], [0053] to [0055] for creating a Wood-concrete composite floors having any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], [0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052], [0056] to [00111].
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to a method with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0026] to [0028], [0038] to [0039], [0053] to [0055] for creating a Structure having any combination of features according to one or more of Sections [00112] to [00115].
• an advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to use with the combination of features according to section [0037] in a wood-concrete composite floor with any combination of features according to one or more of sections [0020] to [0025], [ 0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052], [0056] to [00111].
• a further advantageous embodiment of the invention relates to use with the combination of features according to Section [0037] in a wood-concrete composite floor with any combination of features according to one or more of Sections [0020] to [0025], [ 0029] to [0036], [0040] to [0052], [0056] to [00111], incorporated in a structure having any combination of features according to one or more of sections [00112] to [00115].
• the object of the invention is also achieved by a wood-concrete composite ceiling with the features according to one of claims 1, 10 or 20.
• Advantageous embodiments of the inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling are in the dependent claims 2 to 6, 11 to 16, 21-30 and 34-86.
• the task is solved by a method with the features according to one of claims 7, 18 or 31 and advantageous embodiments of the method according to claims 8 to 9, 19, 32 to 33 and 91 to 93 Claim 17 or as an advantageous embodiment of the use according to one of claims 94 or 95.
• a solution to the problem is also provided by a building according to claim 87 and advantageous embodiments of the building according to claims 88 to 90.
• a typical area of application for the ceiling according to the invention relates to multi-storey construction, in particular high-rise construction, because apartments and/or office units of different sizes and varying floor plans are to be accommodated there regularly and the ceiling offers this flexibility thanks to the tensioning mass that can be realized with it.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention also relieves the load on the supporting structure and foundation of the building, especially in the case of high-rise buildings. And even then, or particularly when high demands are placed on soundproofing, the ceiling design according to the invention can impress with its comparatively light weight. It thus meets modern demands for sustainable, environmentally friendly construction and living quality at the same time and is therefore ideal for urban multi-storey and high-rise construction.
• the height of a building from which it qualifies as a high-rise building according to the applicable standards usually varies between around 25 and 50 meters for its overall height.
• a high-rise is always understood to mean a building with a total height of approx. 25 meters or more.
• the ceiling according to the invention can also be installed to advantage in less complex or less demanding building structures and its field of application relates generally, although not exclusively, to building construction.
• inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling and a building with one or more such built-in ceilings is illustrated using exemplary embodiments and in the following description their characteristics and their production are described in detail and explained.
• FIG. 1a An example of a conventional wood-concrete composite ceiling with linear wooden components and connecting elements running along them, shown in a perspective top view;
• FIG. 1b An example of a conventional wood-concrete composite ceiling with a flat wooden element made from a stack of boards with connecting elements running in grooves therein, partially cut open, shown in a perspective plan view;
• FIG. 2a A cross section through the layer structure of an embodiment of the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention with a reinforced concrete beam embedded internally in the ceiling;
• FIG. 2b A cross-section through the layered structure of an embodiment of the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention with a joist embedded internally in the ceiling, which encloses a steel girder;
• FIG. 3 A cross section through the layer structure of another
• Figure 4a A longitudinal section through a wooden panel with a loosely inserted
• FIG. 4b A longitudinal section through two flat-edged butt joints
• FIG. 4c The longitudinal section through the configuration according to FIG. 4b, but now with wooden panels clamped together in a non-positive manner;
• FIG. 4 d A longitudinal section through two butt joints
• Wooden panels which are braced against each other with a loosely inserted tension lock
• FIG. 4e A feed spindle with threaded rods and a sleeve running thereon;
• FIG. 4f A cross-section through the anterior one formed with release
• FIG. 4g A longitudinal section through two butt joints
• FIG. 4h a cross section through a recess in a wooden panel with a clamping block anchored at the side;
• FIG. 4i A longitudinal section through two butt joints
• Figure 4 j A clamping wedge with a U-shaped incision or
• FIG. 5 a-m A method for producing a wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention in chronological order;
• FIG. 6 A schematic structural concept of an inventive
• Wood-concrete composite ceiling based on an example floor plan, with advantageously arranged internal beams;
• FIG. 7 A cross section through a wood-concrete joint according to the invention
• FIG. 8 A cross section through a wood-concrete joint according to the invention
• FIG. 9 A cross section through a wood-concrete joint according to the invention
• Figure 10a A cross-section analogous to Figure 9, with the overhang of the internal beam formed as an arm of a capital extending from the lower support on both sides perpendicular to the plane of the sheet and sloping downwards towards the support on the one visible here Page with broken guides is indicated;
• Figure 10b A section through the support configuration according to section line A-A in Figure 10a, with a view of the capital extending lengthwise behind the plane of the drawing, with the associated part of the beam connecting at the top, as can be seen in Figure 10a is concealed by the layered composite of the ceiling running in the plane of the sheet, and the ceiling encloses two further, internally routed beams which extend away from the upper support on both sides perpendicular to the plane of the sheet, one beam of which can be seen in cross-section;
• FIG. 11 The outline of a building with at least one and typically a large number of built-in wood-concrete composite ceilings according to the invention.
• Wood-concrete composite slab A slab whose load-bearing structure comprises a concrete component (concrete element) and a timber component (wooden element) connected to it in a shear-resistant manner;
• Shear connection in a wood-concrete composite floor Shear-resistant connection which offers sufficient resistance to shearing of the concrete load-bearing element from the wood load-bearing element.
• Layer A uniform (i.e. not interspersed with another type of mass or otherwise affected by a material change occurring over the expansion of the layer) mass lying in a planar extent at a certain height above, below or between other things, thus having a height in addition to the planar extent;
• Wood layer of the wood-concrete composite floor layer of wood lying in the composite of said floor / planar wood element / planar extended wood, in contrast to wood in the form of beams; • Supporting elements: In addition to their shape, these are differentiated by the type of load transfer into bar and surface structures or columns, beams or arches (bar structures) and disks, plates and shells (surface structures).
• Rods One-dimensional, i.e. linear elements are rods whose cross-sectional dimensions for the width (b) and for the height (h) are small compared to their length (I). In general, the delimitation is: I > 2b and I > 2h;
• beams mainly perpendicular to their axis, i.e. bars subjected to bending;
• Ceiling joist beam that absorbs the load of the ceiling and transfers it to other components
• Base layer part of the structure designed as a layer.
• FIG. 1a a section of a conventional wood-concrete composite ceiling with linear wooden components is described and explained with reference to FIG. 1a.
• the wooden beams 5 which are spaced apart from one another and project visibly into the interior of the building, follow from bottom to top, then permanent concrete formwork 2 and finally the concrete layer 4.
• a number of wood-concrete connecting elements 6, here in the form of regular along the wooden beams 5 are arranged at an oblique angle and cross in pairs 6, penetrating the composite.
• the formwork 2 also marks the parting line between the wooden structure and the concrete layer 4 created above it, in which the upper sections of the screws 6 are cast and produce a shear-resistant connection with the wooden beams 5 .
• a minimum reinforcement (not visible in FIG. 1a) is cast into the concrete layer 4 for absorbing tensile stresses and for minimizing cracks in the concrete.
• the wooden beams 5 are mainly subjected to tension, while the concrete of the concrete layer 4 is primarily subjected to compression.
• Figure 1 b is a section of an alternative embodiment of a conventional wood-concrete composite floor, namely a planar wood-concrete composite floor.
• the wooden structure is designed as a flat wooden element or as a wooden layer 1, usually made of a wood material such as cross laminated timber, glued laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber or solid wood.
• the wood layer 1 is formed from board layers arranged vertically one behind the other and stacked on edge, which are also called board stack elements. To connect these elements without glue, hardwood dowels are installed dry in the elements perpendicular to their surface and precisely fitting drill holes are drilled into the adjacent elements.
• a thicker layer of wood 1 then leads to a significant increase in the cost of the ceiling. If instead mainly or even only the concrete layer 4 is made thicker, the wood partner, as a comparatively thin layer, can soon no longer pay for the contribution in the composite that was actually intended for him. The concrete-wood ratio in the bond is getting worse. The question then arises as to the usefulness of the comparatively expensive wooden layer 1 in a ceiling which, in view of the concrete mass to be used, could also be made entirely of concrete. However, if a classic concrete ceiling is installed, the omission of the wooden layer 1 results in a significantly higher dead weight. For comparison: reinforced concrete has a density of approx.
• a 50% extension of the span eg from 6 m to 9 m
• a span-dependent weight increase of the ceiling of 10% or less.
• the ceiling thickness only varies by approx. 5-10 cm.
• the span-dependent weight increase with a 1.5-fold increase in the slab span is only approx. 5-7% of the slab weight, with a variation in slab thickness of around 5-7 cm. This enables a level of flexibility in the floor plan design that was previously unknown for wood-concrete composite ceilings.
• FIG 2a is a cross section through the layer structure of an embodiment the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention is shown with a flat wooden element.
• a linear beam that is embedded within the spatial extent of the ceiling and is therefore referred to as an 'internal beam'. It penetrates at least the concrete layer 4 and the insulation layer 3 and thus interrupts the layer structure 3, 4 of the ceiling, so that the composite layers 3, 4 are spatially attached to each lateral flank 16 of the beam 8, which extends perpendicularly to the plane of the page in Figure 2a adjoin, ie connect to the same on both sides.
• the height H of the internal beam 8, which is made of reinforced concrete is 280 mm and its width B is 600 mm.
• This mass of the beam 8 is to be understood here only as an example mass. They are chosen according to the building-specific requirements, but typically lie in the ranges between 300 mm and 700 mm for the width of the joist 8 and between 150 mm and 350 mm for its height.
• the joist 8 here is flush with the surface of the concrete layer 4 and extends downwards to the flat wooden element, ie the wooden layer 1.
• its height usually measures even between 400 and 700 mm.
• the beams 8 can also be combined in a ceiling with different dimensions or with and without a cantilever.
• the internal joist 8 presented here extends down to the wood layer 1, with which it is non-positively connected.
• connecting elements 6 in the form of wood construction screws are introduced into the wood layer 1 . These were screwed here at right angles into the wood layer 1 and thus arranged within the joist 8 to save as much space as possible. Depending on this, they can also be screwed in at an oblique angle.
• the upper part of the connecting elements or wood construction screws 6 protruding from the wood layer 1 is cast into the concrete of the internal beam 8 , which creates an intimate connection between the concrete of the beam 8 and the wood layer 1 .
• wood-concrete connecting means 6 such as metal fasteners or composite dowels can also be inserted mechanically by hand or glued in, or the internal joist 8 can be glued to the wooden layer 1 over the entire area.
• the internal joist 8 connected to it with a non-positive fit acts as a covering.
• wood materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), and in particular also laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
• CLT cross-laminated timber
• LDL laminated veneer lumber
• Glass or carbon fiber reinforced variants of such cross-layered wood materials are also suitable for a rigid wood layer 1.
• a LVL made of beech wood is preferably used, called 'BauBuche' in German-speaking expert circles. Thanks to its extraordinarily high strength and rigidity, BauBuche can be processed into much slimmer components than softwood materials.
• the wood layer 1 forms a 60 mm thick - and thus only about half as thick - subfloor as in comparable planar wood-concrete composite floors according to the prior art.
• an insulating layer 3 is accommodated.
• the insulating layer 3 is made of multiple layers of insulating materials of different densities or different specific weights, with the layer of greatest density resting on the wood layer 1 at the bottom. This will be discussed later.
• this spacing or the height of the intermediate space is 170 mm and is also usually between 100 and 250 mm, preferably between 120 mm and 190 mm high in other versions of the ceiling.
• shear connectors 9 in the form of steel tubes are installed between the wood layer 1 and the concrete layer 4 and are perpendicular thereto.
• the load-bearing concrete and wood layers 1, 4 are connected to one another in a shear-resistant manner by means of this grid of steel tube couplings.
• Square or polygonal tubes or rolled sections can also be made are committed to this as long as they absorb the shearing forces or effectively prevent shearing movements between the composite layers 1, 4 as reliable spacers.
• the masses of said shear connectors 9 are usually between 200 mm and 350 mm in length/height and between 50 mm and 150 mm in diameter or across their diagonal.
• the shear connectors 9 protrude a bit into the concrete layer 4 in which they are concreted. Below they protrude a bit into the wood layer 1.
• the shear connectors 9 are each inserted, glued or mortared directly into a milled recess 30 in the wood layer 1 .
• they can also be used indirectly, for example by being welded into a steel frame, the steel frame then being glued or mortared into a recess 30 in the wood layer 1 .
• an internal thread is milled into the wood layer 1 for each steel pipe 9 to be used, in order to subsequently screw in a steel pipe 9 with an external thread at the end.
• between three and six steel pipes per m 2 are usually installed, distributed according to the shear flow.
• the ceiling closes with the reinforced concrete upper ceiling made of concrete layer 4 and the upper section of the internal joist 8 .
• the reinforcement 15 of the concrete layer 4 is extended with a socket joint 14 via a connecting reinforcement 12 into the area of the internal beam 8 .
• bent reinforcement bars are used here.
• Tension reinforcement 10 and compression reinforcement 11 as well as stirrup reinforcement 13 in the internal joist 8 are also shown schematically as typical joist reinforcement 42.
• a floor covering follows on top of the screed 23.
• a ceiling constructed in this way, including the floor covering above it, can be realized with a total thickness of between 350 mm and 450 mm.
• FIG 2 b is a cross section through the layer structure of the inventive wood-concrete composite ceiling with an alternative design of the internal joist 8 is shown.
• this is designed with a steel girder 20 in a modified H-profile shape and extends along its length on both sides perpendicularly to the sheet plane of FIG. 2b.
• the upper flange 21a of the profile 20 has deliberately shorter wings compared to the lower flange 21b, so that the timber construction screws 6 can be screwed into the wood layer 1 in situ during the assembly of the joist 8 and the access for this is free.
• the internal joist 8 contains conventional reinforcement steels as reinforcement, which is indicated in FIG.
• the upper section of the internal beam 8 with the connection reinforcement 12 is filled with in-situ concrete, so that a continuous concrete top layer is formed.
• the internal joist 8 in this embodiment also connects to the concrete 4 and insulating layer 3 of the ceiling with each lateral flank 16, the lateral steel profile surface and the lateral concrete surface, and thus interrupts their layer structure 3, 4.
• the above applies.
• a combination of internal reinforced concrete and steel profile beams 8 can also be embedded in the layered composite of a ceiling.
• the concept of the beams 8 embedded within the ceiling and interrupting their layer structure offers space-optimized and at the same time highly efficient bending reinforcement. With the best possible use of the gap, which increases the ceiling statically, it is flexurally stiffened with minimal weight input.
• the insulation material occupying the space is comparatively light, while one or more internal beams 8, heavily reinforced if necessary, are used where the reinforcement is most effective.
• the internal beam(s) 8 run through the ceiling as highly effective 'reinforcing ribs', regardless of room architectural peculiarities that would have to be taken into account when arranging conventional beams. Thanks to the very targeted reinforcement, the rigidity and load-bearing capacity of the ceiling can be significantly increased with comparatively little use of steel and concrete.
• the proportion of weight of an optimized wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention, which is accounted for by the internal joist(s) 8, is only about 10% of the ceiling weight or even less. With the ceiling according to the invention, the weight saving compared to a comparable concrete ceiling is around 30%, which is considerable.
• a 50% extension of the span of the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention can easily be realized up to a total length of 9 m with or even less than a 10%, even 5-7% span-dependent weight increase of the ceiling.
• the intermediate layer 3 has at least two layers, ie multiple layers, with different insulating materials.
• the insulating layer 3 has a lower layer 3a with comparatively heavy or dense insulating material. This allows additional mass to be concentrated on and above the wood layer 1 in order to weigh it down and thus make it sufficiently inert to vibrations.
• the remaining space of the intermediate layer meanwhile, is covered with a light or less dense insulation material.
• the quantitative ratio of these insulating materials can be adapted to the respective noise protection regulations, so that very high requirements, such as those that are typical for an upscale residential building standard and in single-family houses, can also be met. This allows ceilings to be created across rooms and units, whereas conventional wood-concrete composite ceilings above dividing walls of apartments or offices and other separate units or parts of the building have to be cut through in order to prevent the passage of sound.
• a comparatively dense or heavy insulating material is used in conjunction with a less dense or light insulating material.
• the wooden layer 1 which is spaced apart from the concrete upper ceiling by a gap, is specifically loaded for the purpose of reducing the ceiling's susceptibility to vibration.
• FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention in a cross section through its layer structure. From bottom to top, one first sees the wood layer 1, then an insulation layer 3a made of a comparatively dense/heavy insulation material that weighs it down directly. The wood layer 1 can thus be loaded in a concentrated manner.
• an insulating material of such a density or specific weight is selected for the lower insulating layer 3a that it only takes up a maximum of half the space for the sound-specific weighting of the ceiling or wood layer, and advantageously also less than half of the gap, only a fraction, as can be seen here from FIG.
• the lower insulating layer 3a is followed at the top by an insulating layer 3b made of a less dense or light insulating material, which is finally covered by the concrete layer 4.
• insulating layer 3b made of a less dense or light insulating material, which is finally covered by the concrete layer 4.
• the density or the specific weight of their insulating materials will increase in the direction of the wood layer 1 in each case. This should be one bring about targeted loading of the wood layer 1 in order to make it sufficiently inert to vibrations.
• a bulk material is primarily suitable as the insulating material.
• the lower layer 3a e.g. concrete granulate from concrete rubble or a mixed granulate from concrete and masonry rubble is recommended. Such granules can be made from 100% recycled building materials, which is why they are referred to as recycled concrete granules or recycled mixed granules. Filler or lean concrete, preferably made of such granules, can also be used as an insulating material for the soundproofing-specific weighting of the wooden layer 1.
• a lightweight material has proven to be suitable for the insulating material of the upper insulating layer 3b, for example in the form of a bulk material such as foam glass gravel, which is made from pure waste glass. Recycled building material makes up a negligible proportion of the ecological balance of a building, which is why such insulating material is to be preferred.
• the insulating materials of the at least two-layer insulating layer 3 have very different material densities.
• the weighting of the wood layer 1 is all the more concentrated and therefore more targeted, while the remaining space is not particularly important.
• a comparatively heavy insulation layer made of recycled concrete granules density: approx. 1.3 to 2.0 t/m 3
• a significantly lighter insulation layer made of foam glass gravel density: approx. 0.2 to 0.3 t/m 3 ] saves the ceiling according to the invention while ensuring the sound insulation requirements dead weight per ceiling area.
• the difference in the densities or specific weights of the two selected insulating materials is preferably about 0.5 to 2 t/m 3 .
• the layers 3a, 3b of insulation are then placed in an appropriate space relationship in the space 3, with the heavy layer 3a at the bottom.
• Very good values for the acoustic separation of room units and storeys result from a bearing pressure of the heavy insulation material of between approx. 0.7 and 1.4 kN per m 2 ceiling area and of between approx. 0.1 and 0.4 kN per m 2 ceiling area for the light insulation material .
• a contact pressure of approx. 0.9 kN per m 2 ceiling area for the heavy insulation material and approx. 0.25 kN per m 2 ceiling area for the light insulation material offers a good ceiling weight-acoustic ratio, depending on the specific circumstances.
• the space filled by the multi-layered insulation layer 3 affects the weight balance of the ceiling in such a way that it can still fulfill the task of an increased span with a minimal increase in weight and at the same time achieve high sound insulation values. With its soundproofing-specific weighting, it can individually meet the respective specifications for the sound insulation index.
• the section shown has no internal beam 8 here. It goes without saying that one or more such beams 8 can be accommodated in the same way in the vertical section next to the insulation as was shown in the preceding FIGS. 2a and 2b.
• the insulating layer 3 is then advantageously only interrupted structurally by one or more possible internal beams 8, apart from interruptions in the insulating layer 3 caused by the connection, as will be explained later.
• This type of ceiling weighting with multi-layer insulation layers 3a, 3b is used where the acoustic separation requires it.
• the ceiling according to the invention can also do without an internal joist arrangement in a soundproofing-optimized variant with at least two-layer insulation layer 3 .
• the insulation layers 3a, 3b extend over the entire span of the composite deck without to be interrupted by supporting structures.
• Such an embodiment of the ceiling according to the invention is used when sufficient flexural rigidity of the ceiling is ensured solely by the shear-resistant secured spacing of the wood layer 1 from the concrete layer 4 . The production of such a ceiling with at least two layers of insulating layer 3 will be discussed later.
• wood-concrete composite ceiling Another key to increasing the rigidity and load-bearing capacity of a wood-concrete composite ceiling consists in the connection of wooden panels that join together to form a flat wooden element 1 . While the concrete upper deck with its reinforcement 15 is always carried out in two axes, the wood layer 1 of the deck carries - at least according to the prior art - as a whole only in one direction. It is true that the wood-based materials used in wood-concrete composite ceilings are usually at least partially cross-layered. Wood panels made of such layered wood materials can thus carry biaxially. In practice, however, the wood layer 1 of a ceiling with the usual spans can usually not be produced as a single, continuously veneered panel.
• this wood layer 1 is composed of several wood panels, with each ceiling element for the sake of simplicity consisting of a single veneered wood panel and the concrete top cover 4 or the composite layers 3, 4 located above it.
• each ceiling element for the sake of simplicity consisting of a single veneered wood panel and the concrete top cover 4 or the composite layers 3, 4 located above it.
• a large-area wood layer 1, formed by a large number of adjacent ceiling element wood panels can continuously carry biaxially, a tensile connection of the individual wood panels is required. Therefore, in one embodiment, the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention provides for an intimate bracing of wooden panels that are biaxially load-bearing. In this way, a very high load-bearing capacity of the ceiling can be achieved without additional weight, especially since the weight of the connecting elements or tensioning devices is negligible.
• this includes at least two wooden panels laid butt-to-butt, which are tension-locked against one another with the connection systems presented below become tense.
• at least one recess 24 is cut or milled out above the wooden panels while leaving their undersides intact in such a way that firstly they form at least one box-like space for accommodating a clamping device 26a, 26b, 26c and secondly in the abutting position of the panels these recesses 24
• the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c is anchored in the rearmost box-like space 24, 24a of the wooden panel, so that when the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c is subjected to tensile stress, the wooden panels anchored with it are pulled against one another and thus braced against one another. Tensile forces can be effectively conducted through a connection formed from at least two wooden panels clamped together in this way. This creates the biaxial load-bearing capacity of the wooden panels connected to form a continuous, flat wooden element 1 . Typically, several such recesses 24 are arranged at regular intervals in the wooden panels along the joint axis.
• the wooden panels advantageously have recesses 24 that are identically dimensioned and arranged.
• wooden panels can be prefabricated with the same recesses 24 in the same place, so that when creating a connection, it is generally not necessary to pay attention to a specific side.
• any prefabricated wooden panel for the connection can be on this side or on the other side the shock axis lie.
• a recess 24 can also be formed from several smaller box-like spaces 24a, 24c and their continuous connections 24b, as will be presented later.
• the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c need only be loosely inserted into the recesses 24.
• the tensioning means 26a, 26b, 26c does not need to be screwed, dowelled, glued to the wooden panels, or fixed in any other way with engagement on the wood. Rather, the wooden panels can be left intact except for the recesses 24, which are required for bracing. This variant is therefore particularly simple, quick to implement and, above all, extremely easy to assemble. In the event of errors in the assembly of the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c, the wood cannot be irretrievably damaged.
• the components 26a, 26b, 26c of the clamping means are combined to form a symmetrical arrangement, which further simplifies the connection system.
• one end face of the wooden board is advantageously provided with a tongue tapering from an acute to an obtuse angle, and the end face of the other wooden board is provided with a correspondingly narrowing groove in depth, so that the wooden boards can be easily pushed against one another and then precisely aligned with one another are. Otherwise, the end faces of the wooden panels to be braced can also be flat and join together to form a butt joint.
• All of the versions of the connection system presented here can be realized on wood-concrete composite ceilings with a flat wooden element 1 with or without an insulating layer 3, and thus also on wood-concrete composite ceilings according to the prior art.
• FIG. 4a A specific embodiment with a symmetrical bracing arrangement is explained using the longitudinal section of the wood panel according to FIGS. 4a to 4c.
• the wooden panel has a special recess 24 on. It consists of a rear and front box-shaped space or chamber 24a, 24c and a hollow channel 24b connecting these chambers 24a, 24c.
• the wooden panel behind the rearmost chamber 24a is intact and is referred to there as rear intact material 29, while the hollow channel 24b runs in the front intact material 27, which is intact except for this hollow channel 24b.
• Both chambers 24a, 24c are open towards the top and the front chamber 24c is also open at the front.
• a screw head 26a is loosely inserted into the rear chamber 24a and screwed to a threaded rod 26b, which was guided through the hollow channel 24b into the rear chamber 24a. Because of the dimensioning, the screw head 26a does not fit into the hollow channel 24b. It can thus be moved as far as the rear end face 28a of the front intact material 27 and strikes against it, as a result of which it acts as a clamping block 26a.
• FIG. 4b two such wooden panels are pushed together in a form-fitting manner, as illustrated by the broken dividing line.
• the shock axis runs in the plane of the sheet.
• the front chambers 24c are each open at the end, in the abutting position they form a common chamber 25 that is open toward the top.
• all the chambers 24a, 24c are connected across the plates or continuously.
• a clamping means is loosely introduced into the common chamber 25, in the example shown a sleeve 26c. Because the screw head 26a has play in the rear chamber 24a, it can be pushed back so far that it is at the front of the common chamber
• the mechanically contractible connection system also works with a sleeve-nipple connection. Instead of the sleeve 26c, it is then a nipple with counter-rotating threads, which for clamping in the stationary position is rotated in the common chamber 25 and thus pulls together two sleeves with corresponding internal threads, instead of the threaded rods 26b. All variants of these threaded connections form with their components 26a, 26b, 26c an embodiment that is symmetrical to the parting plane of the wooden panels (for which the directions of rotation of the threads are not taken into account).
• the tensioning means does not have to be firmly connected or fastened to a wooden panel, for example by screwing, dowelling or gluing, etc., of the anchoring means 26a. Accordingly, the wooden panels can be clamped together easily and efficiently. They are prefabricated identically for this purpose and can easily be interchanged for the installation of the connection system.
• a clamping lock with a clamping lever 26c is also suitable as the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c.
• Each wooden panel is cut out in such a way that it has a box-like space that is open at the top and partially open at the front side as a single recess 24, with the intact material 27 at the front extending as far as the parting plane.
• the wooden panels are intact behind these recesses 24, as can be seen from the intact material 29 at the rear in FIG. 4d.
• the recesses 24 can be made identical, which avoids errors in the prefabrication of the wooden panels.
• the clamping arm 26b By pivoting the clamping lever 26c, the clamping arm 26b is pulled to the right, which presses the clamping blocks 26a against the front intact material 27 and tightly clamps the wooden panels against one another.
• the latch is not symmetrical here, it can be used on either side.
• a double-sided clamping lever closure designed symmetrically to the parting plane can also be used.
• a threaded design with hooks or handles articulated on both sides can also be used, which act on the two clamping blocks 26a, for example in order to grasp a cam, bolt or the like formed there.
• a tension spindle with threaded rods 26b and a hexagonal sleeve 26c running thereon is shown in FIG. 4e.
• the present figures are only schematic representations.
• the front intact material 27, against which the anchors 26a strike directly with pressure will be made much longer or deeper, eg 0.2 to 0.5 m long or more, and thus be dimensioned far longer than the clamping blocks 26a.
• the contracting connection system thus attacks the wooden panels over a long and deep area and withstands strong tension.
• it can also be guided through a hollow channel 24b, which is drilled through the front intact material 27 in order to engage the clamping block 26a of the neighboring plate adjoining the joint.
• a hollow channel 24b is shown in FIG.
• the clamping blocks 26a are each firmly connected to a wooden panel, for example glued or screwed, as in the example according to FIG. 4g.
• the anchoring is only attached to the floor and/or the side walls of the box-like space or recess 24 .
• the clamping block 26a is U-shaped and can be anchored laterally from the inside in the recess 24 .
• the clamping block 26a can be anchored laterally and downwards in both versions, which makes sense depending on the space available.
• the wooden panels can be braced by means of a clamping wedge 26c and counter wedge 26a, as shown in FIG. 4i.
• the wedges 26a, 26c are arranged within the same box-like recess 24 of a wooden panel, to be seen on the right in FIG. 4i.
• the counter-wedge 26a moves translationally to the right and pulls a threaded rod 26b with it, which is anchored in a clamping block 26a in the opposite box-like recess 24 of the wooden panel on the other side and with the counter-wedge 26a in the wooden panel on this side is.
• the Intact material 27 at the front on both wooden panels is pressed against one another by the clamping block 26a and by the wedges 26a, 26c, which also act as clamping blocks, which tightly clamps the wooden panels against one another.
• This wedge connection can also be used independently of the side.
• the clamping wedge 26c has a preferably U-shaped recess at the bottom, with which it is slipped over the threaded rod 26b. This wedge shape is shown in Figure 4j. In a shorter version of the clamping wedge 26c, this does not reach down to the threaded rod 26b even when fully clamped.
• 4k shows a symmetrical variant of the wedge bracing with a clamping wedge 26c and a counter-wedge 26a each in a box-like recess 24.
• the recesses 24 in the wooden panels can be cut out identically for all the bracing variants presented. Behind the box-like recesses 24, the wooden panels remain intact and can be used there for the use of shear connectors 6, 9, for example.
• a high degree of industrial prefabrication can be achieved with the production of the wood-concrete composite ceilings according to the invention, because the ceiling can be prefabricated in a modular design and then assembled on site at the construction site. Above all, this increases the construction and assembly efficiency when producing ceilings with large tensioning masses.
• Such a method for producing the cover according to the invention is described in detail below.
• the lowermost ceiling layer the wood layer 1
• This is typically veneered as a single seamless panel of wood.
• the recesses 30 explained above were cut or milled out in the wood layer 1, as can be seen in FIG. 5a.
• steel pipes 9 were glued in, with the epoxy adhesive oozing out being shown in a ring shape around their circumference.
• a formwork 31 covered with a film 32 encloses the wooden subfloor 1 along its edge area. You can also see bulges in the film 32 at regular intervals along the side areas of the formwork 31.
• Placeholders 33 are hidden underneath, made of polystyrene rigid foam, for example, the space for which is kept free when the material is subsequently applied so that the ceiling module can be connected there later with a force fit.
• FIG 5 c one looks again at the top of the bottom ceiling layer or the wood layer 1, but in this view without formwork 31.
• a sprinkler system 34 was installed on this upper side, as is usual for fire protection in buildings that are not exactly used as museums, libraries and archives with irreplaceable objects to be protected against water ingress.
• the front recesses 24c cut or milled into the wood layer 1 in this preferred ceiling design which here are distributed regularly over the long side of the wood layer 1, for their later connection and bracing with the wood layer 1 of a module adjoining it at the side.
• the bracing of the wooden layers 1 of the individual modules only relates to a preferred embodiment of the invention if the wooden layers 1 are to be designed to be continuously biaxially load-bearing.
• the lifting device 44 is advantageously anchored in the wood layer 1 .
• lifting straps 44 for example, clamping blocks anchored in the wood layer 1, preferably slightly chamfered, are suitable which clamp the bands 44 to the surface of the wood layer 1. If there is no anchoring of load handling devices 44 in the ceiling element, the finished element can instead be lifted, for example, by means of lifting straps wrapped around it.
• the next step is shown, in which the insulating material for the construction of the insulating layer 3 is filled or poured over the wood layer 1, etc. is.
• cellulose fibers are blown in as insulation material, creating a compact mass.
• the heaps of cellulose fibers which can be seen on both sides along the module, just cover the shear connectors 9 protruding from the insulation layer 3.
• the foil 32 was laid in the formwork 31 in such a way that it can enclose the insulation layer 3 via its edge areas.
• a multi-layer insulating layer 3 is also filled in or poured in, blown in, etc., in this way, preferably with a separating film 36 between the individual layers of material.
• a lower layer of concrete granulate and a lighter layer of foam glass gravel above it, preferably with a height ratio of between 1:1 and 1:4 of heavier to lighter insulation layer, are suitable as insulation layers for a two-layer insulation layer 3 .
• measuring rods 43 are advantageously used in order to maintain the height of the insulating layer 3.
• Through the supports of the auxiliary scaffolding 37 for the formwork 31 one can see a part of the wood layer 1 which is not surrounded by the formwork 31 and is thus left out of the insulating layer 3 and the concrete layer 4 to be applied later. This part of the wood layer 1 forms a contact surface 35 for an internal beam 8 to be cast later on and over the wood layer 1.
• the flaps of the film 32 are folded inwards so that the insulating layer 3 is surrounded by the film 32 all around via its side surfaces.
• a layer separating film 36 is placed over the top of the insulating layer so that the fresh concrete to be subsequently introduced does not infiltrate the insulating layer 3 .
• openings are cut into the release film 36, from which then the upper ends of the Shear connectors 9 and, in the case of anchored load handling devices 44, the same can emerge in guides 45, as can be seen in FIG. 5e.
• the ends of the shear connectors 9 thus protrude into the next concrete layer 4 to be applied, with which they then intimately connect.
• the reinforcement 15 for the concrete layer 4 is inserted, with the usual multi-layer, here two-layer—typically also four-layer—arrangement of the reinforcing rods in a lattice structure.
• the placeholders 33 protruding from the insulating layer 3 at the top left of the formwork 31 can also be clearly seen in FIG. 5e. These areas are thus spared for the subsequent application of concrete.
• the figure 5 g shows two such ceiling modules on bearings 38 as they are typically stacked for transport.
• the modules are made in a size that can be transported by road, so that they can be driven to the construction site and assembled there to form a wood-concrete composite floor. It can be seen how the insulating layer 3 is surrounded all around by the foil 32 over its side surfaces and is therefore held back. Cantilevers of the wooden layer 1 of the modules, which protrude below the assembly and form surfaces 35 that are free at the top, can also be seen. These are decayed on site with fresh concrete, as will be explained below.
• Figure 5 h shows how a single ceiling module is lifted on the lifting straps 44 with a crane device to it in the predetermined position to stock up.
• recesses 39 are arranged at regular intervals on both long sides, namely where placeholders 33 were previously located. Correspondingly, these places are free of concrete or above the wooden recesses 24c free of insulating material and concrete. Thanks to the recesses 39 left open, this module can be positively connected to an adjacent module on each long side.
• modules to be laid at the ends do not have any recesses 39 on their end sides.
• the module sides can be provided with such recesses 39 for one-, two-, three- or four-sided bracing of the respective module with neighboring elements.
• FIG 5 i is shown a part of the resulting ceiling from a plurality of modules laid in abutment with one another.
• the recesses 39 of neighboring elements come to lie opposite one another and form a common recess 40 with them, partly only in the concrete layer 1, but here mostly also through the insulating layer 3, whereby the recesses 24c, which are also joined together to form a common recess 25, from above for bracing the module wood layers 1 are accessible.
• the clamping means 26a, 26b, 26c are then clamped in the recesses 25 in the wood layers 1 and the hollow space above them is filled with insulating material up to the lower edge of the respectively adjoining modular concrete layers 4.
• FIG. 5i clearly shows an exposed contact point 35 on a layer of wood 1, which, after connecting one or more further modules, forms an intermediate space 41 with these or delimits it at the bottom. This one will later poured out to form an internal girder 8 .
• the group of modules shown here already encloses two intermediate spaces 41 running perpendicularly to one another above its wood layers 1 . They can be recognized by the fact that the insulating and concrete layers 3, 4 are continuously spaced apart from one another along these intermediate spaces 41.
• the beam reinforcement 42 is installed in these intermediate spaces 41, which initially remain free. A picture as shown in FIG. 5 j results. In addition, the reinforcing rods 15 emerging from the concrete layers 4 can be seen in the recesses 40 . Such a recess
• FIG. 5I shows a typical beam reinforcement 42 with its tensile and compressive reinforcement 10, 11 as longitudinal reinforcement, with the compressive reinforcement 11 in particular being visible in this plan view.
• the longitudinal reinforcement 10, 11 is surrounded by a stirrup reinforcement 13.
• the connection reinforcement 12 is formed from bent reinforcement rods and, for reasons of space, is inserted horizontally here as an alternative to the embodiment according to FIG. 2a. This connecting reinforcement 12 is non-positively connected to the reinforcing rods 15 emerging from the concrete layer 4 via a socket joint 14 .
• the internal beam 8 with a steel support profile 20 the same is inserted into the intermediate space 41 and connected to the wood layer 1 in a non-positive manner.
• the space that remains free is then covered with insulating material until the same is flush with the lower edge of the adjacent concrete layers 4 at the top. After that, reinforcement with connection reinforcement 12 is placed in the remaining space to be filled with concrete
• the intermediate spaces 41 are filled with concrete 48 derelict and smoothed out, as are the recesses 40, as is being done in Figure 5m. If no insulating material is arranged in the recesses 40 reaching up to the wood layer 1, the recesses are then completely covered with in-situ concrete 48. However, this is rather atypical because the final outflow of fresh concrete 48 is kept as small as possible. But even in the case of connection-related concrete interruptions, the insulating layer 3 of the ceiling would be composed almost continuously over the modules. An internal beam 8 has been freshly created here, as can be seen from the concrete 48 that is still wet. In addition, the recesses 40 still to be concreted are shown schematically. When the fresh concrete 48 hardens, the wood-concrete composite ceiling with a flat wooden element is made load-bearing.
• the modular production method of the ceiling according to the invention represents an innovative, time-saving and cost-effective method. These advantages result from the high degree of prefabrication, with which a large-area composite ceiling can be assembled very efficiently.
• the internal beams 8 were created here exclusively on site, which, however, will not always be the case. In the case of designs for the internal beams 8 that protrude downwards, it has proven to be sensible to use prefabricated beam components 49 . Only the final casting of the beams 8 is still made of in-situ concrete 48, as will be explained later.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention can be produced in one variant as a highly soundproof composite ceiling without underlays in a modular manner from at least two ceiling modules: For its layer structure, first the wooden layer 1 is made from bottom to top, including the one with its lower ends in it anchored shear connectors 9. The insulating layer 3 is then formed with at least two layers 3a, 3b, in that a comparatively denser insulating material is introduced for the lower layer 3a in order to bring in concentrated mass on and above the wood layer 1, so that it weighs down and is consequently vibration-resistant becomes.
• a comparatively less dense insulating material is introduced for the at least one upper layer 3b.
• the concrete layer 4 is applied with its reinforcement 15, so that the shear connectors 9, which penetrate the insulating layer 3, are anchored in the concrete layer 4 with their upper ends.
• the modules are not non-positively connected via an internal beam 8
• recesses 39 are provided in the concrete layer 4 of at least one module, from which the reinforcement 15 emerges in order to be non-positively connected to the reinforcement 15 of the adjacent concrete layer 4. These recesses 39 are then concreted. It goes without saying that, depending on the situation, the wooden layers 1 of the modules can also be braced against one another in a non-positive manner.
• recesses 39 are provided not only in the concrete layer 4, but also in the insulating layer 3, so that the wooden layers 1 to be braced are accessible from above for their bracing.
• the finished ceiling module is then laid in the position predetermined for it on one or more supports and connected to the at least second ceiling module as described, and the recesses 39 are concreted.
• the manufacturing process for such an acoustically optimized wood-concrete composite ceiling is characterized by high construction and assembly efficiency. A ceiling with large spans can be created in basically just a few steps using such modules.
• conventional wood-concrete composite ceilings also offer good structural safety.
• regular building operation is assumed, with its various combinations of main, additional and special loads measured in terms of the probability of their occurrence, their duration, etc.
• comfortable static reserves are normally achieved, which are also sufficient in the event of a fire if the combustible wood layer 1 is impaired.
• such wood-concrete composite ceilings benefit from the fact that they are mostly made of coniferous wood such as spruce and therefore for static reasons must be of considerable strength/thickness.
• adequate fire protection requires that the structure of a building remains collapse-proof for at least as long as is necessary for its complete evacuation.
• the duration of the evacuation is based on the structure of the building, in particular on the design and dimensioning of the escape routes, and is all the longer as a building has floors.
• components are classified in terms of fire protection, usually according to load-bearing and/or fire compartment-forming function. A distinction is also made between linear and flat components. In view of this, the building is then subject to higher or lower requirements.
• the wood layer 1 of a wood-concrete composite ceiling is a combustible, flat, load-bearing component, it is often objected to as such in terms of fire protection - although its static performance would basically be sufficient even in the event of a fire.
• This can usually be remedied by complex measures in the planning and dimensioning of escape routes and/or a fireproof cladding of the wood layer with e.g. gypsum boards, etc
• Use of a wood-concrete composite ceiling with a flat wooden element is not sensible or not worthwhile, despite significant advantages.
• the ceiling system according to the invention is also able to open up such hitherto unused areas of application.
• occupancy of a building tends towards zero.
• a supporting structure affected by fire only has to be able to carry around 50-60% of the maximum load, and not permanently, but only until the evacuation is complete.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention can meet this condition in such a way that the load-bearing wood layer 1 is not subject to the requirements of a flat, load-bearing component: the non-combustible ceiling structure or the residual structure made of concrete layer 4 and internal beams 8 can completely compensate for the omission of the combustible wood layer 1, so that the wood layer 1 does not have to make a static contribution for the critical period of time. While in the case of a fire in a conventional planar wood-concrete composite ceiling a load-bearing, flat component that is indispensable as a whole would be damaged, in the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention only a statically dispensable component would be affected.
• FIG. 6 shows a schematic structural concept based on a floor plan for a multi-storey building or high-rise building using a wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention.
• the building core 17 there are no load-bearing walls inside the building.
• the internal joists 8 can be made entirely of reinforced concrete or with a steel profile 20, as explained at the beginning, or these variants can be combined with one another.
• the internal beams 8 can be divided into two categories.
• the primary internal beams 8a are located in the longitudinal direction of the floor plan (horizontal direction in FIG. 6), each with one end supported on the building core 17 and the other end on the facade supports 18.
• the load-bearing directions of the four large slab fields were given and drawn in distributed over the entire slab:
• the main load-bearing direction of such a large slab field (the load-bearing direction with the greatest stress) with a large arrow
• its secondary load-bearing direction the load-bearing direction with the lower load
• the secondary beams 8b are to be hidden for this purpose, because they normally do not contribute significantly or critically to the load transfer of the ceiling - the ceiling bears without them for the present analysis.
• the ceiling areas supported on the actively acting beams 8a, 8b are consequently smaller, so that in this coffered ceiling structure of the ceiling, the comparatively thin concrete layer 4 can span the storey for the relevant evacuation period in a collapse-proof manner.
• the wood layer 1, or at least the relevant fire-endangered part thereof, can be considered static as a cladding during this period. Therefore, the wood layer 1 does not need to be clad in a fireproof manner and rather offers an aesthetic, continuous, and thus uninterrupted ceiling soffit in the interior of the floor.
• the wood layer 1 can still be plastered on the room side, or only in places if this is desired with regard to the respective aesthetics or if such is fundamentally prescribed, eg along escape routes.
• the building core 17 also forms the escape route. In any case, thanks to such an internal beam concept with normally superfluous internal beams 8b, the fire protection-related requirements for a building can be significantly reduced.
• internal joists 8 can also be designed solely as a static expedient in the event of a fire.
• the reverse case with one or more beams 8 only as primary or only as primary internal beams 8 is also conceivable if this can be implemented in terms of fire protection.
• the rigidity/mass ratio of the ceiling is optimized with the integration of internal beams 8 in the supporting structure to be regularly loaded, its weight reduced, its height minimized and the feasible number of floors of the building maximized, as was already stated at the beginning.
• the proportion of weight of an optimized wood-concrete composite ceiling, which is allotted to the internal beams 8, 8a, 8b, is only about 10% of the ceiling weight or even less.
• the floor plan according to FIG. 6 is only to be understood as an exemplary embodiment.
• the dimensioning of the ceiling, in particular of the internal joists 8, can of course be adapted to the peculiarities of each building.
• the internal beams 8 are distributed in such a way that they follow the distribution of forces in the ceiling and divide this into usefully small ceiling areas. Meaningful means that the associated vertical support of the internal beams 8 does not impair the interior of the building as far as possible and the ceiling is nevertheless designed to be sufficiently rigid for its purpose.
• the internal beams 8 are therefore advantageously only supported on supports 18 .
• Supports 18 are understood to mean vertically installed components which absorb and transmit loads mainly in the direction of their longitudinal axis. These restrict the space only minimally.
• a floor plan can be repurposed as desired, because at most non-load-bearing walls have to be erected or dismantled.
• FIG. 7 shows a support configuration with supports 18 adjoining the ceiling at the top and bottom in the background.
• the ceiling section shows the structure as is known from FIG. However, the wood-concrete connecting elements are shown in the form of wood screws 6 used here.
• the wood layer 1 has a recess so that it is flush with the support 18 on all sides.
• the prefabricated ceiling modules are laid around the column 18 on a temporary support.
• the dividing line of the wood layers 1 of the two ceiling elements laid butt to end can be seen.
• the internal joist 8 is cast on the contact surfaces 35 left free and connects monolithically with the lower support 18 at the point of the recess in the wood layer 1.
• the supporting configuration according to FIG. 8 is suitable for cavity floors, ie for system floor types that include a cavity for accommodating electrical connections, telecommunications, sanitary, heating, ventilation installations, etc., for example.
• the cavity 46 creates space for an enlargement of the cross section of the internal beam 8 beyond the concrete layer 4 .
• Such a cross-sectional enlargement can either take place over the entire length of the internal beam 8, or only locally, e.g. in a limited area above supports 18.
• the only local projection proves to be an advantage because it does not create a continuous barrier for the cable routing in the cavity 46 forms.
• the internal beam 8, however, remains invisible from the outside after the final construction.
• the assembly is carried out analogously to that described above for FIG finished cast joist 8 consequently protrudes from the top of the ceiling.
• the internal beam 8 is usually not poured up to the subfloor/screed 23, but leaves out an air gap for the laying of cables, especially if it is designed as a continuous beam.
• the height section of the internal beam 8 exiting at the top can be dimensioned according to the respective circumstances. If the storey above is not used, for example in the case of an attic, the beams 8 protruding at the top can also project beyond the ceiling floor as steps or an underlay floor 23 can be dispensed with.
• FIG. 9 shows an internal joist 8 emerging downwards from the composite floor. Due to its overhang, the internal beam is visually perceptible and resembles a conventional beam. This type of joist design is particularly useful when the floor structure does not allow for a corresponding upward projection. In the case of such visible designs, it will primarily be a question of primary or statically indispensable undercarriages 8a whose optical effect is therefore acceptable.
• a joist 49 as provided with uniform hatching in FIG. 9, is advantageously prefabricated as a separate component and placed on the support 18 that has already been produced. The likewise prefabricated ceiling elements are then laid on the joist 49 .
• the joist 49 forms a lower cantilever, which forms a step 47 on each side, on which the ceiling elements can be supported.
• the still free area above the joist 49 between the concrete layers 4 of the ceiling modules is poured with concrete 48 in situ, whereby the upper end of the internal joist 8 is then monolithically connected to it.
• the concrete layers 4 also leave out an edge area above the insulating layers 3, which is then also poured out for the particularly strong connection of the modules to the internal beam 8 prefabricated ceiling elements as well as the prefabricated joist beam 49. It goes without saying that internal joists 8 projecting below can also be poured out projecting upwards by attaching appropriate temporary concrete formwork.
• FIG. 10a A capital construction as shown in cross section in FIG. 10a can help.
• the configuration shown here corresponds to that of FIG. 9, with the difference that the overhang of the internal beam 8 does not run at the same depth over its length, but its depth increases towards the support 18 and is thus optically shaped into the lateral arm of a capital.
• this capital arm runs in the direction of view from the plane of the page to the support 18 behind the plane of the page.
• the inclination of the arm of the capital towards the support 18 was indicated with broken lines directed at an angle to one another.
• FIG. 10b shows a view through the section line A-A in FIG. 10a, so that the capital can be seen as the upper end of the lower support 18 in a transverse view.
• the two capital arms of the internal truss 8 each extend from the support 18 and apparently only extend over a limited section.
• the section of the beam 8 that runs internally and is covered here can meanwhile run continuously to the next support structure or beyond.
• the section line A-A for the view given in the previous figure 10a is also drawn in and provides information about the viewing direction there. In FIG. 10b, however, it becomes clear why this variant of the joist guidance or design of the overhang of the internal joists 8 can also be architecturally advantageous.
• the internal beam 8 is prefabricated on the basis of a beam 49 with capital arms and installed analogously to the configuration according to FIG.
• another internal joist 8 can be seen transversely to the direction of the capital.
• a purely internally guided beam 8 runs on the opposite side of the arrangement shown here.
• the cantilevered variants of the internal beams 8 show how the manufacturing method of the ceiling described above can be adapted or modified, for example.
• the ceiling production process can be summarized as follows for both variants of the joist production - entirely on site or partly prefabricated and partly on site:
• the ceiling according to the invention is composed of at least two ceiling modules, with the ceiling modules each being created with their layer structure, so that from bottom to top first the wood layer 1 is made, with the shear connectors 9 anchored therein with their lower ends.
• the insulating layer is then created.
• insulating material 3a, 3b It is preferably formed with at least two layers of insulating material 3a, 3b, in that a comparatively denser insulating material is introduced for the lower layer 3a in order to introduce concentrated mass on and above the wood layer 1 in order to weigh it down and thus make it vibration-sluggish, while for the at least one upper layer 3b is introduced with a comparatively less dense insulating material.
• the shear connectors 9 pass through the insulating layer 3.
• the concrete layer 4 is produced with its reinforcement 15, with the shear connectors 9 being anchored therein with their upper ends.
• the ceiling modules are laid in their predetermined position on one or more carriers.
• the two ceiling modules are either i. connect butt and thereby form a gap 41. This is delimited towards the bottom by a contact surface 35 on the wood layer 1 of at least one of the ceiling modules, which is temporarily left free from application of material, and delimited laterally by its insulating and concrete layers 3, 4.
• the ceiling modules on ii. at least one prefabricated joist 49 is supported, which forms a lower projection, which forms a step 47 on both sides.
• a ceiling module is then placed on each of these steps 47 on the downstand beam 49 .
• An intermediate space 41 between the concrete layers 4 of the modules remains above the joist 49 .
• a joist reinforcement 42 is inserted and connected to a reinforcement 15 of the adjacent concrete layers 4 of the ceiling modules.
• the intermediate space 41 is then filled with concrete 48, so that when the concrete hardens, a beam 8 embedded within the composite ceiling and possibly projecting from the layered composite at the top and/or bottom is completed.
• a concrete formwork extending upwards adjoining the respective intermediate space 41 is applied and the consequently widened space 41 is filled with concrete 48 .
• the concrete formwork is removed again after the concrete 48 has hardened, with which a beam 8 projecting at the top is completed.
• an internal beam 8 can be designed in many different ways, sometimes with aesthetically designed overhang shapes.
• Internal beams 8 protruding from the ceiling layer composite allow even greater flexibility in the design of the floor plan, because the vertical supports have to be arranged less densely due to their very large bending reinforcement.
• only the primary internal beams 8a can project, while the secondary beams 8b, which, with the exception of fire, make a static contribution that can be dispensed with anyway, are fully integrated into the ceiling.
• makeshift elements they then also have no visual effect whatsoever, while this is accepted in the case of the primary internal beams 8 .
• the decision as to where which internal beams 8 should protrude from the ceiling can also be architecturally motivated and sufficiently implemented in terms of statics. After all, every building has its own character, which is why one or the other variant is more suitable, depending on the situation. In any case, the internal beams 8 can be selected individually and, if required, can be combined with one another and also with different designs conventional beams, which are not built into the ceiling, can be added as desired.
• a building 50 which is designed here as a high-rise building 50a with a total height of 80 m.
• the wood-concrete composite ceiling according to the invention is installed on every floor and spans the same with the exception of the building core 17. Fire and sound insulation requirements are met in such a way that the composite ceiling closes with the wood layer 1 on the room side and can be experienced in terms of interior design. Thanks to the use of the ceiling according to the invention, a total of 28 storeys can be realized with the present high-rise construction 50a.

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