WO2022260007A1 - ポリチオフェン化合物および導電性材料組成物 - Google Patents
ポリチオフェン化合物および導電性材料組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022260007A1 WO2022260007A1 PCT/JP2022/022804 JP2022022804W WO2022260007A1 WO 2022260007 A1 WO2022260007 A1 WO 2022260007A1 JP 2022022804 W JP2022022804 W JP 2022022804W WO 2022260007 A1 WO2022260007 A1 WO 2022260007A1
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- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJAARRARQJZURR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium;hydroxide Chemical compound O.CN(C)C BJAARRARQJZURR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGQKOWPBEQAVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(triethylsilyl) phosphite Chemical compound CC[Si](CC)(CC)OP(O[Si](CC)(CC)CC)O[Si](CC)(CC)CC NGQKOWPBEQAVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel polythiophene compounds, conductive material compositions, and methods for producing them. More specifically, antistatic agents, capacitors, organic EL, secondary batteries, capacitors, antistatic agents, solar cells, electrode materials for plastic electrodes, EMI materials, organic ferromagnets, electrochromic materials, and polythiophene compounds that can be used as various sensors. , to conductive material compositions and methods of making them.
- Conductive polymers represented by polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, etc. are a group of compounds that have been actively developed in the field of "organic electronics" in recent years.
- the acidic substituent affects the electronic state of the main chain, so that the bipolaron state is relatively easily formed, and as a result, the conductive state is formed. known to improve performance.
- This phenomenon in which the side chain acidic substituents improve conductivity is called "self-doping".
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polythiophene compound having a phosphorus-based structural unit. Also in the polythiophene compound of Patent Document 1, it is considered that the phenomenon of self-doping occurs due to the acidic substituents in the side chains. However, the conductivity achieved in the examples of Patent Document 1 is relatively small and is not sufficient when used in applications that require high conductivity. Therefore, materials with even higher conductivity are desired. rice field. Moreover, in Patent Document 1, the state of electrons in the molecule and the state of bipolarons were completely unknown.
- Patent Document 2 describes improving conductivity by copolymerization, but does not describe improving conductivity of a homopolymer. Also, Patent Document 2 does not describe the state of electrons in molecules or the state of bipolarons.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a polythiophene that does not have a phosphorus-based structural unit, but does not describe a polythiophene that has a phosphorus-based structural unit.
- Non-Patent Document 1 does not describe at all that the conductivity of polythiophene having phosphorus-based structural units is improved, and the absorption near 400 nm is influenced by the phenomenon in which a bipolaron state occurs in the main chain of the polythiophene compound. It only shows that it will not be taken seriously.
- a conductive polymer polyethylenedioxyorthothiophene-polystyrenesulfonic acid association (PEDOT:PSS) is often used in the hole transport layer of the organic thin film solar cell.
- PEDOT:PSS polyethylenedioxyorthothiophene-polystyrenesulfonic acid association
- JP 2018-48322 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2020-105500
- the present invention provides novel polythiophene compounds and conductive material compositions.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel polythiophene compound and a conductive material composition having excellent conductivity.
- the present inventors found that the above object can be achieved by a polythiophene compound having a high absorbance ratio representing the relative intensity of absorption derived from bipolaron measured with a spectrophotometer.
- the present invention has been completed.
- the absorbance ratio also reflects the state of the electrons present in the molecule. Therefore, different absorbance ratios mean different states of electrons in the molecule. That is, the state of electrons in the molecule is different between a compound with a low absorbance ratio and a compound with a high absorbance ratio. In this respect, a compound with a low absorbance ratio and a compound with a high absorbance ratio are different compounds. In the present invention, the above problems are solved by a compound having a high absorbance ratio.
- the present inventors found that in the polythiophene compound disclosed in Patent Document 1 (JP-A-2018-48322), the absorbance of the compound at a wavelength of 2000 nm (A 2000 ) was found to be low compared to the absorbance of the compound at a wavelength of 407 nm (A407).
- the present inventors have conducted research focusing on this point, and as a result, the absorbance (A 2000 ) of the compound at a wavelength of 2000 nm and the absorbance (A 407 ) of the compound at a wavelength of 407 nm measured using a spectrophotometer. It has been found that a compound having a high absorbance ratio calculated by the formula (A 2000 /A 407 ) from the above can achieve dramatically high conductivity.
- the present invention provides the following compounds and the like.
- a conductive material composition containing a polythiophene compound contains a structural unit represented by where L is the formula (21): wherein R 5 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 6 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or a branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, n 1 is 0 or 1, n 2 is independently an integer of 1 to 6, n 3 is independently 0 or 1, n 4 is an integer from 0 to 12, and the left end of formula (21) is attached to the carbon atom of the dioxane ring in formula (A), M 1 and M 2 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group, provided that one of M 1 or M 2 is an alkaline earth When it is a metal group
- n 1 is 0, n 2 is independently an integer of 1 to 4, n 4 is 1 or 2, and R 5 and R 6 are each independently hydrogen or straight or branched carbon 7.
- (Section 9) A method for producing the compound according to item 1 or the conductive material composition according to any one of items 2 to 8, a step of oxidatively polymerizing a thiophene monomer corresponding to the polythiophene compound in the presence of an oxidizing agent; and purifying the obtained polymerization product using a chelate compound to obtain the compound according to item 1 or items 2 to 2 above.
- a method comprising preparing a conductive material composition according to any one of 8.
- a polythiophene compound and a conductive resin composition produced by the production method according to any one of Items 9 to 11 above are provided.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention exhibits excellent electrical conductivity that is significantly higher than that of conventional polythiophene compounds. Therefore, the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be expected to be applied to the field of electronic materials.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the absorbance ratio at each wavelength of the polythiophene compounds obtained in Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-3.
- the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm), and the vertical axis indicates the absorbance ratio. It is shown that the absorbance ratio at a wavelength of 2000 nm in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 is less than 1. On the other hand, the absorbance ratios of Examples 1-8 at a wavelength of 2000 nm are shown to be 2.4-6.
- FIG. 2 shows a layered structure of one example of a solar cell device.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of connecting a voltage applying device to a solar cell device. Arrows indicate simulated sunlight irradiation (100 mWcm ⁇ 2 ).
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the absorbance ratio at each wavelength of the polythiophene compounds obtained in Examples 1-8 and Comparative Examples 1-3.
- the horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm), and the vertical axis indicates the absorbance ratio. It is shown that the absorb
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between current density-voltage (JV) characteristics and parameters, and shows typical JV characteristics.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing JV characteristics of a solar cell device.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing changes over time in PCE of a solar cell device.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention has a chemical structural formula as described later, but it is difficult to strictly specify its chemical structure with an accurate chemical structural formula. The reason is explained below.
- the polythiophene compound undergoes the phenomenon of self-doping, so it is thought that a polaron or bipolaron state occurs in the main chain of the polythiophene compound.
- a polaron or bipolaron state occurs in the main chain of the polythiophene compound.
- the polaron or bipolaron state does not necessarily occur over the entire length from end to end of the main chain of one polythiophene compound, and the polaron or bipolaron state may occur only in a part of the main chain. .
- the polaron or bipolaron state does not necessarily occur in all of them, and there is a possibility that only a part of the molecules will have the polaron or bipolaron state. Therefore, it is impossible to quantitatively and accurately describe a polythiophene compound in which a polaron or bipolaron state occurs only in a portion of the molecule or only in a portion of the molecule.
- polythiophene compound includes (a) a polythiophene compound that is neither in a polaron nor a bipolaron state, (b) a polaron and (c) the polythiophene compound in the bipolaron state.
- the chemical structural formula is (a) a polythiophene compound that is neither in a polaron nor a bipolaron state, (b ) polythiophene compounds in the polaron state, and (c) polythiophene compounds in the bipolaron state.
- polythiophene compounds with specific absorbance ratios achieve high electrical conductivity.
- the formula (A 2000 /A 407 ) is 1 or more.
- the absorbance ratio is preferably 1.5 or more, more preferably 2 or more, still more preferably 2.5 or more, and particularly preferably 3 or more.
- the absorbance ratio may be 3.5 or greater, 4 or greater, or 4.5 or greater.
- the absorbance ratio also reflects the state of the electrons present in the molecule. Therefore, different absorbance ratios mean different states of electrons in the molecule. That is, the state of electrons in the molecule is different between a compound with a low absorbance ratio and a compound with a high absorbance ratio. In this respect, a compound with a low absorbance ratio and a compound with a high absorbance ratio are different compounds.
- the absorbance at a wavelength of 407 nm is considered to be largely unaffected by the phenomenon in which a bipolaron state occurs in the main chain of the polythiophene compound.
- a wavelength of 2000 nm it is believed that high absorbance is measured when a bipolaron state occurs. Therefore, when the absorbance ratio is large, it is understood that the density of bipolaron states is high.
- the length of the range in which holes can be delocalized in the main chain becomes longer, and the ratio of the length of the range in which holes can be delocalized out of the total length of the main chain increases. be done.
- Polythiophene compound Polythiophene compounds are represented, for example, by general formula (12): - (A) q - (12)
- each A is independently a thiophene monomer residue.
- q is the degree of polymerization and is any positive integer. Specifically, for example, it can be 3 or more, 6 or more, or 10 or more, and can be 2,000 or less, 1,000 or less, 800 or less, or 400 or less.
- E 1 -(A) q -E 2 (12A) where E 1 and E 2 are end groups respectively.
- one is the polymerization initiation terminal and the other is the polymerization termination terminal.
- the polythiophene compound is preferably a homopolymer. However, if desired, the polythiophene compound may be a copolymer. Copolymers may be block copolymers or random copolymers.
- a unit constituting a repeating structure of a polymer is referred to as a "structural unit”. That is, in the polymer of general formula (12A), "A” is a structural unit, and the polymer is composed of the structural unit and terminal groups. In other words, the portion of the polymer other than the polymerization initiation terminal and the polymerization termination terminal is composed of structural units. Therefore, in this specification, the description that "the polythiophene compound does not contain structural units other than general formula (A)” means that the portion other than the terminal group is composed only of structural units of general formula (A). means The polythiophene compound in the present invention contains a structural unit represented by general formula (A) below.
- R 5 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. , and more preferably a hydrogen atom.
- R 6 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably is a hydrogen atom.
- n1 is 0 or 1 , preferably 0; n2 is independently an integer of 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 2, still more preferably 1; n3 is independently 0 or 1, preferably 0; When n3 is 0, n4 is preferably 1 or 2 , more preferably n4 is 1. n4 is an integer of 0 to 12, preferably 0 to 6, more preferably 1 or 2, still more preferably 1; The product of n2 and n4 gives the total number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and phosphorus.
- the number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and phosphorus is preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 9, even more preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 3. , in one embodiment, 1 or 2.
- the left end of formula (21) is bonded to the carbon atom in the dioxane ring in formula (A), and the right end of formula (21) is bonded to the phosphorus atom in formula (A).
- R5 and R6 are hydrogen atoms, n1 is 0 , n3 is 0, and n4 is 1 .
- L is -(CH 2 ) n2 -, where n 2 is independently 0-12.
- n2 is preferably 0-4, more preferably 0-2. Particularly preferably n2 is 1.
- M 1 and M 2 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group. In one preferred embodiment, at least one of M 1 and M 2 is one selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal and an ammonium group, more preferably both M 1 and M 2 is a hydrogen atom.
- R 1A is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an acyl group, or a group represented by formula (15).
- An alkyl group or a hydrogen atom is preferred, and a hydrogen atom is more preferred.
- L 1 is given by formula (22): is represented by
- R 15 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. , and more preferably a hydrogen atom.
- R 16 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably is a hydrogen atom.
- m 4 is an integer of 0-12, preferably 0-6, more preferably 1 or 2, still more preferably 1; The product of m2 and m4 gives the total number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and the phosphorus.
- the number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and phosphorus is preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 9, even more preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 3. , in one embodiment, 1 or 2. Further, the sum of the number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and phosphorus in L and the number of carbon atoms between the dioxane ring and phosphorus in L 1 is preferably 1 to 16, more preferably 1 to 12. more preferably 1 to 8, particularly preferably 1 to 4, in one embodiment 1 or 2.
- the left end of formula (22) is bonded to the carbon atom in the dioxane ring in formula (A), and the right end of formula (22) is bonded to the phosphorus atom in formula (15).
- R 15 and R 16 are hydrogen atoms, m 1 is 0, m 3 is 0 and m 4 is 1.
- L 1 is -(CH 2 ) m2 -, where m 2 is independently 0-12.
- M 1c and M 2c are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group.
- M 1c or M 2c is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to form M 1c or M A structure in which the other of 2c does not exist, or a structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphate or phosphonate moieties.
- a phosphate or phosphonate site refers to a site having a structure of a phosphate group or a derivative thereof (e.g., salt or ester), or a phosphonic acid group or a derivative thereof (e.g., salt or ester).
- a site having a structure of a phosphate group or a derivative thereof e.g., salt or ester
- a phosphonic acid group or a derivative thereof e.g., salt or ester.
- each alkyl group in R 1A may independently be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic alkyl group may be composed only of a cyclic structure, or may have a structure in which a chain alkyl group is further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1-15, more preferably 1-8, and particularly preferably 1-4.
- Specific examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group and pentadecyl group. mentioned.
- Each alkoxy group in R 1A may independently be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic alkoxy group may be composed only of a cyclic structure, or may have a structure in which a chain alkyl group and/or a chain alkoxy group are further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group is preferably 1-15, more preferably 1-8, particularly preferably 1-4.
- Specific examples include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, heptyloxy group, octyloxy group, nonyloxy group, decyloxy group, undecyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, tridecyl Examples include oxy group, tetradecyloxy group and pentadecyloxy group.
- Each acyl group in R 1A may independently be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic acyl group may be composed of a cyclic structure only, or may be a structure in which a chain alkyl group and/or a chain acyl group are further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the acyl preferably has 1 to 15 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples include acetyl group, propionyl group, butanoyl group, pentanoyl group, hexanoyl group, heptanoyl group, octanoyl group, nonanoyl group, decanoyl group, undecanoyl group, dodecanoyl group, tridecanoyl group, tetradecanoyl group and pentadecanoyl group. etc.
- R 1A is a hydrogen atom.
- M 1 and M 2 may be the same or different from each other. In one preferred embodiment, M 1 and M 2 are the same. M 1c and M 2c may be the same or different from each other. In one preferred embodiment, M1c and M2c are the same.
- the alkyl groups in M 1 and M 2 and M 1c and M 2c may be linear or branched, and preferably have 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 8 is more preferred, and 1-5 is particularly preferred. In a more preferred embodiment, the alkyl group has 2 carbon atoms. If the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is within the preferred range, a polythiophene compound with good conductivity can be obtained.
- Specific examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group and pentadecyl group. is mentioned.
- alkali metals in M1 and M2 and M1c and M2c in general formula ( A ) include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Sodium and potassium are preferred from the standpoint of availability and operability of the starting metal compounds.
- Alkaline earth metals in M1 and M2 and M1c and M2c in the general formula ( A ) include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. Magnesium and calcium are preferred from the standpoint of availability and operability of the starting metal compounds.
- M 1 or M 2 is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to form M 1 or M 2 .
- a structure in which the other of 2 does not exist, or a structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites.
- M 1c or M 2c is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid moiety to form M 1c or M 2c .
- the polythiophene compound may combine with a basic substance at the hydrogen atom to form a salt.
- a basic substance may be a basic compound or a basic ion.
- Examples of basic substances include organic compounds having a basic nitrogen. In the case of an organic compound having a basic nitrogen, the portion of the basic nitrogen forms an ionic bond with the negatively charged oxygen atom of the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site of the polythiophene compound to form a salt.
- Examples of basic nitrogens include organic amine compounds.
- the organic amine may be an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound.
- the aliphatic amine may be a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, or a quaternary ammonium.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the aliphatic alkylamine is preferably 1-12, more preferably 1-6, still more preferably 1-4.
- Examples of primary amines include monoalkylamines.
- Examples of secondary amines include dialkylamines.
- Examples of tertiary amines include trialkylamines. Further specific examples include trimethylamine, triethylamine and tributylamine.
- Examples of quaternary amines include tetraalkylammonium salts.
- the alkyl chain may contain a hydroxyl group, for example dimethylaminoethanol.
- aromatic amines are aniline, toluidine, xylidine, and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are pyridine, picoline, lutidine, collidine, imidazole, 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
- guanidine may be used.
- both M 1 and M 2 may be alkyl groups, but from the viewpoint of conductivity, at least one should be a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an organic amine. is preferred. More preferably, at least one is a hydrogen atom, and particularly preferably two are hydrogen atoms. Moreover, although both M1c and M2c may be alkyl groups, at least one of them is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an organic amine from the viewpoint of conductivity. More preferably, at least one is a hydrogen atom, and particularly preferably two are hydrogen atoms. Specific examples of the structural unit of general formula (A) include the following formulas (9), (10), (11) and (13).
- the structural unit of the polythiophene compound of the present invention may consist only of the structural unit of general formula (A) above. In one embodiment, the polythiophene compound of the present invention does not substantially contain structural units other than structural units of general formula (A). If the structural unit of the polymer is composed only of the structural unit of the general formula (A), its advantageous properties can be highly exhibited.
- polythiophene compound of the present invention may contain structural units other than the structural units of general formula (A) as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the content of structural units other than those of general formula (A) is preferably 40 mol% or less, more preferably 30 mol% or less, and 20 mol% or less of the total structural units in the polythiophene compound. More preferably 10 mol% or less, particularly preferably 5 mol% or less, particularly preferably 3 mol% or less, most preferably 1 mol% or less . Furthermore, it is possible to make it 0.1 mol % or less, and it is also possible to make it 0.01 mol % or less.
- a conductive polythiophene compound with self-doping properties must have a hydrogen ion donating phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site.
- a hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonate site refers to a phosphate or phosphonate site in which at least one --P--OH group is present.
- the number of phosphorus-containing thiophene monomer residues containing hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonate sites in the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be arbitrarily selected.
- the ratio of phosphorus-containing monomer residues containing a hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonic acid moiety is, for example, 10% or more, or 20% or more, with the total number of phosphorus-containing monomer residues present in the polythiophene compound being 100%. , 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more. Alternatively, it may be 100%. Also, if for some reason it is desired to control the content of hydrogen ion donating groups (-P-OH), the number of hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonate sites is designed to be suppressed.
- the ratio of hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonate sites to the total number of phosphate or phosphonate sites can be designed arbitrarily. Taking the total number of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites present in the polythiophene compound of the present invention as 100%, the ratio of hydrogen ion donating phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites is, for example, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, It can be selected from 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more. Alternatively, it may be 100%.
- the number of hydrogen ion donating phosphate or phosphonate sites can be designed to be reduced.
- the total number of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites present in the polythiophene compound of the present invention is taken as 100%, and the ratio of hydrogen ion donating phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites is, for example, 95% or less, or 90%. % or less, 85% or less, 80% or less, 75% or less, or 70% or less.
- the ratio of the hydrogen ion donating phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites described above can be controlled, for example, by adjusting the type and amount of the thiophene compound used when producing the polythiophene compound.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be produced using the method described below.
- the molecular weight of the polythiophene compound of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polythiophene compound of the present invention is preferably 1,000 or more, more preferably 2,000 or more.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polythiophene compound of the present invention is preferably 500,000 or less, more preferably 200,000 or less. More preferably, it is 100,000 or less.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention preferably has a phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid structural moiety [—OP(O)(OH) 2 or -P(O)(OH) 2 ], a phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid monoalkyl ester structural moiety [ —OP(O)(OH)(OR) or —P(O)(OH)(OR), where R is an alkyl group of 1 to 15 carbon atoms] or monohydrogen phosphate or phosphonate structure a monomer having the moiety [--OP(O)(OH)(OM 6 ) or -P(O)(OH)(OM 6 ), where M 6 is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium group] Contains residues.
- a phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid structural site, a phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid monoalkyl ester structural site, or a phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid monohydrogen salt structural site is a hydrogen ion released from its hydrogen ion donating group (-P-OH), It is possible to dope the thiophene ring of the polythiophene compound main chain.
- the structural site of monohydrogen phosphate or phosphonate means a site having the structure of monohydrogen phosphate or phosphonate. That is, of the two hydrogen atoms in the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid structural site, only one hydrogen atom is substituted with a metal atom or the like to form a salt, and the other hydrogen atom remains as it is.
- a phosphorus-containing thiophene compound is used as a monomer to produce a polythiophene compound.
- the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (Am).
- L is the formula (21): wherein R 5 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 6 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or a branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, n 1 is 0 or 1, n 2 is independently an integer of 1 to 6, n 3 is independently 0 or 1, n 4 is an integer from 0 to 12, and the left end of formula (21) is attached to the carbon atom in the dioxane ring in formula (Am).
- L is -(CH 2 ) n -, where n is 0-12.
- M 1 and M 2 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group.
- M 1 or M 2 is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to form M 1 or M A structure in which the other of 2 does not exist, or a structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphate or phosphonate moieties.
- R 1A is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an acyl group, or a group represented by formula (15).
- L 1 has the formula (22): wherein R 15 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 16 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or a branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, m1 is 0 or 1 , m2 is independently an integer of 1 to 6 , m3 is independently 0 or 1, m 4 is an integer from 0 to 12, and the left end of formula (22) is attached to the carbon atom in the dioxane ring in formula (Am).
- M 1c and M 2c are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or an ammonium group.
- M 1c or M 2c is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to form M 1c or M A structure in which the other of 2c does not exist, or a structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphate or phosphonate moieties.
- the polythiophene compound may combine with a basic substance at the hydrogen atom to form a salt.
- a basic substance may be a basic compound or a basic ion.
- Examples of basic substances include organic compounds having a basic nitrogen. In the case of an organic compound having a basic nitrogen, the portion of the basic nitrogen forms an ionic bond with the negatively charged oxygen atom of the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site of the polythiophene compound to form a salt.
- Examples of basic nitrogens include organic amine compounds.
- the organic amine may be an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound.
- the aliphatic amine may be a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine, or a quaternary ammonium.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group of the aliphatic alkylamine is preferably 1-12, more preferably 1-6, still more preferably 1-4.
- Examples of primary amines include monoalkylamines.
- Examples of secondary amines include dialkylamines.
- Examples of tertiary amines include trialkylamines. Further specific examples include trimethylamine, triethylamine and tributylamine.
- Examples of quaternary amines include tetraalkylammonium salts.
- the alkyl chain may contain a hydroxyl group, for example dimethylaminoethanol.
- aromatic amines are aniline, toluidine, xylidine, and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are pyridine, picoline, lutidine, collidine, imidazole, 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
- guanidine may be used.
- the alkyl groups in M 1 and M 2 and M 1c and M 2c above may be either linear or branched alkyl groups. It preferably has 1 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Most preferably it has 2 carbon atoms. Specific examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group and pentadecyl group. are mentioned. Within the above range, the oxidative polymerization reaction proceeds smoothly, and in some cases it becomes easy to obtain the polythiophene compound of the present invention.
- Alkali metals in M1 and M2 and M1c and M2c above include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. Sodium and potassium are preferred from the standpoint of availability and operability of the starting metal compounds.
- Alkaline earth metals in M1 and M2 and M1c and M2c above include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. Magnesium and calcium are preferred from the standpoint of availability and operability of the starting metal compounds.
- M 1 or M 2 is an alkaline earth metal
- the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - in one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to form M 1 or M 2 .
- a structure in which the other of 2 does not exist, or a structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid sites. That is, it becomes a structure that crosslinks within a molecule or a structure that crosslinks two molecules.
- M 1c or M 2c when one of M 1c or M 2c is an alkaline earth metal, the alkaline earth metal atom is bound to two O - of one phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid site to give M 1c or M 2c or the structure in which the alkaline earth metal atom bridges the O 2 - of two phosphate or phosphonate moieties. That is, it becomes a structure that crosslinks within a molecule or a structure that crosslinks two molecules.
- M 1 and M 2 are hydrogen atoms.
- M 1 and M 2 are hydrogen atoms, there is an advantage that the production of polythiophene compounds containing diacid bodies is easy.
- the diacid form generally has better conductivity than the dialkyl and monoacid forms, so it is advantageous to be able to easily produce a polythiophene compound containing the diacid form.
- M 1c and M 2c are hydrogen atoms. If M1c and M2c are hydrogen atoms, there is an advantage that a polythiophene compound containing a diacid can be easily produced.
- M 1 and M 2 may be the same or different from each other. In one preferred embodiment, M 1 and M 2 are the same. Also, M 1c and M 2c may be the same or different from each other. In one preferred embodiment, M1c and M2c are the same.
- a polythiophene compound with good conductivity may be obtained by hydrolyzing a compound obtained by oxidative polymerization of a monomer mixture containing the thiophene compound.
- a polythiophene compound with good conductivity can be obtained by hydrolyzing a compound obtained by oxidative polymerization of a monomer mixture containing the thiophene compound. good too.
- the alkyl group in R 1A may be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic alkyl group may be composed only of a cyclic structure, or may have a structure in which a chain alkyl group is further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1-15, more preferably 1-8, and particularly preferably 1-4.
- Specific examples include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group and pentadecyl group. mentioned.
- the alkoxy group in R 1A may be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic alkoxy group may be composed only of a cyclic structure, or may have a structure in which a chain alkyl group and/or a chain alkoxy group are further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkoxy group is preferably 1-15, more preferably 1-8, particularly preferably 1-4.
- Specific examples include methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, heptyloxy group, octyloxy group, nonyloxy group, decyloxy group, undecyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, tridecyl Examples include oxy group, tetradecyloxy group and pentadecyloxy group.
- the acyl group in R 1A may be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the cyclic acyl group may be composed of a cyclic structure only, or may be a structure in which a chain alkyl group and/or a chain acyl group are further bonded to the cyclic structure.
- the acyl preferably has 1 to 15 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- R 1A is an alkyl group or a hydrogen atom, more preferably a hydrogen atom.
- Specific examples of the general formula (Am) include the following formulas (5), (9B), (10B) and (11C).
- the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound used in the present invention can be produced, for example, by the following method when R 1A is a hydrogen atom. In particular, considering the yield and operability, it is preferable to carry out the production in the following first and second steps.
- L is represented by formula (21): wherein R 5 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 6 is independently a hydrogen atom or a linear or a branched-chain alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, n 1 is 0 or 1, n 2 is independently an integer of 1 to 6, n 3 is independently 0 or 1, n4 is an integer from 0 to 12, and the left end of formula (21) is attached to the carbon atom of the dioxane ring in formula (3).
- L is -(CH 2 ) n -. where n is 0-12. n is preferably 0-4, more preferably 0-2. 1 is particularly preferred.
- X 1 is a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom.
- a chlorine atom or a bromine atom is preferred from the viewpoint of availability of raw materials and operability.
- a compound in which L is —(CH 2 ) n — in the above formula (3) can be obtained by the method described in JP-A-2014-74007.
- the acidic catalyst examples include sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and methanesulfonic acid. Preferred is p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate.
- reaction temperature The heating is carried out to advance the reaction, and the heating temperature is not particularly limited as long as the reaction proceeds at an appropriate rate.
- the above are particularly preferred. 200° C. or lower is preferable, 150° C. or lower is more preferable, and 120° C. or lower is particularly preferable.
- reaction time The heating time is not particularly limited, but a sufficient time for the starting materials to react may be appropriately selected under each condition. As long as the reaction proceeds sufficiently, the effect of the present invention is not significantly affected by the difference in reaction time. For example, 6 hours or more is preferable, and 12 hours or more is more preferable. Three days or less is preferable, and two days or less is more preferable.
- solvent A solvent may be used in the first step, if desired.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it has no reactivity in the oxidation polymerization reaction. Examples include aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-octane and n-decane.
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene
- ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dioxane and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether etc.
- Xylene, toluene and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether are preferred, and xylene and toluene are more preferred.
- the product obtained in the first step may be used in the second step without post-treatment such as purification. If necessary, the product obtained in the first step may be purified by a known method and used in the second step.
- the compound represented by the general formula (3) is reacted with tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite or trialkylphosphite to obtain X in the compound represented by the general formula (3) 1 is substituted with a phosphonate bis(trialkylsilyl) moiety or a phosphonate diester moiety.
- a method using tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is preferable in terms of reaction efficiency and the like.
- Tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is represented by the following general formula (11A).
- M 3a , M 4a and M 5a are each independently trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, preferably trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, preferably trimethylsilyl. More preferred.
- M 3a , M 4a and M 5a may be independently selected, but are preferably the same. Specific examples include tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphite and tris(triethylsilyl)phosphite.
- deprotection occurs by reacting the compound of general formula (2A) with a basic aqueous solution such as an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonia.
- a basic aqueous solution such as an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonia.
- the compound of the general formula (2C) can be obtained by hydrolyzing the general formula (2B), which will be described later, by a known method. Obtainable.
- the trialkyl phosphite is represented by the following general formula (11B).
- M 3b , M 4b and M 5b are each independently alkyl having 1 to 15 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms is preferably 1-12, more preferably 1-8, and particularly preferably 1-5.
- the alkyl group has 2 carbon atoms.
- M3b and M4b are the same as M1 and M2 in general formula (Am), respectively .
- M3b and M4b are selected according to the desired M1 and M2 in the compound of general formula (Am).
- M3b and M4b may be the same or different.
- M 5b may be independently selected from M 1 and M 2 of interest in compounds of general formula (Am), but it is preferred that M 5b is the same as either M 3b or M 4b .
- M 3b , M 4b and M 5b are identical. Specific examples include trimethylphosphite and triethylphosphite.
- M 3b and M 4b are each independently alkyl having 1 to 15 carbon atoms.
- the mixing ratio (molar ratio) of the compound represented by the general formula (3) and the trialkylphosphite or tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is not particularly limited. However, from the viewpoint of yield, etc., the mixing ratio (molar ratio) of the compound represented by the general formula (3) and the trialkylphosphite or tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is represented by the general formula (3).
- the amount of trialkylphosphite or tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is preferably 0.8 mol or more, more preferably 1 mol or more, relative to 1 mol of the compound.
- trialkylphosphite or tris(trialkylsilyl)phosphite is preferably 10 mol or less, more preferably 5 mol or less, per 1 mol of the compound represented by the general formula (3), 3 mol or less is particularly preferred.
- reaction temperature The heating is carried out to advance the reaction, and the temperature during the reaction is not particularly limited as long as the reaction proceeds at an appropriate rate. , 120° C. or higher are particularly preferred. Also, the temperature is preferably 220° C. or lower, more preferably 200° C. or lower, and particularly preferably 160° C. or lower.
- reaction time The heating time is not particularly limited. A sufficient time for the reaction materials to react under the conditions such as the temperature may be appropriately selected. As long as the reaction proceeds sufficiently, the effect of the present invention is not greatly affected by the difference in reaction time. It is preferably 6 hours or longer, more preferably 12 hours or longer. Also, it is preferably 3 days or less, more preferably 2 days or less.
- a solvent may be used.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a liquid that is not reactive in the second step and can dissolve or disperse the reaction material.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and mesitylene; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as n-hexane, cyclohexane, n-octane and n-decane; dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chloroform carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene and o-dichloromethane; Halogenated hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, t-butyl methyl ether, dimethoxyethane, dioxane and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- Preferred solvents are toluene, xylene and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- the compound of general formula (2B) obtained by the above reaction may be hydrolyzed if necessary.
- ion exchange may be further carried out.
- a compound of general formula (2B) in which M3b and M4b are a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, or the like can be obtained.
- the types of M3b and M4b can be converted to the desired types.
- hydrolysis method Various known methods can be used as the hydrolysis method. Also, the methods and conditions described below for hydrolysis of polythiophene compounds can be used.
- ion exchange method Various known methods can be used as the ion exchange method. Also, the methods and conditions described below for the ion exchange of the phosphorus-containing thiophene copolymer can be used.
- the product obtained in the second step may be used in the polymerization step as a phosphorus-containing thiophene compound without post-treatment such as purification.
- post-treatment such as purification by a known method may be performed.
- Phosphorus-containing thiophene compounds can be produced by basically the same method as described above even when R 1A is other than a hydrogen atom.
- the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- R 1A is a group represented by the following general formula (15).
- the mixing ratio of the intermediate and the phosphite is preferably 1.6 mol or more, more preferably 2 mol or more, of the phosphite per 1 mol of the intermediate.
- the amount of the phosphite is preferably 20 mol or less, more preferably 10 mol or less, particularly preferably 6 mol or less, relative to 1 mol of the intermediate.
- R 1A is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or an acyl group
- the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be obtained by oxidatively polymerizing the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound using an appropriate oxidizing agent, followed by appropriate purification steps.
- an appropriate oxidizing agent for polymerizing a thiophene compound.
- a conventionally known oxidation polymerization method for polymerizing a thiophene compound can be used. Considering the yield and operability, it is preferable to produce under the conditions described below.
- oxidative polymerization means a reaction in which a thiophene monomer compound or a thiophene monomer mixture is polymerized using an oxidizing agent to synthesize a polythiophene compound.
- oxidation means abstraction of hydrogen atoms at positions 2 and 5 from the thiophene monomer compound in this polymerization reaction.
- oxidizing agent refers to a reagent that induces such an oxidation reaction.
- oxidative polymerization is defined in the Encyclopedia of Chemistry as ⁇ a process in which a compound having a hydrocarbon residue containing a double bond is gradually polymerized in contact with oxygen. The best example is the drying of fats and oils. ” is stated. However, the polymerization of thiophene monomers generally does not use oxygen in the air as an oxidizing agent. has a slightly different meaning than
- a polythiophene compound containing the structural unit of the general formula (A) can be obtained by oxidative polymerization using the phosphorus-containing thiophene compound of the general formula (Am) as a monomer for polymerization.
- the oxidative polymerization may be carried out using only one kind of thiophene compound represented by the general formula (Am), or the oxidative polymerization may be carried out using two or more kinds of the thiophene compounds represented by the general formula (Am).
- the amount of the monomer other than the general formula (Am) is preferably 40 mol% or less, more preferably 30 mol% or less, and 20 mol% or less of the total amount of monomers used in the polymerization reaction. More preferably 10 mol % or less, particularly preferably 5 mol % or less, particularly preferably 3 mol % or less, and most preferably 1 mol % or less.
- the oxidative polymerization reaction in the present invention is carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent.
- an oxidizing agent generally used for oxidative polymerization reaction of thiophene compounds can be used. Specific examples include ammonium persulfate, ferric chloride, ferric p-toluenesulfonate, ferric sulfate, and ferric nitrate. Oxidizing agents containing iron atoms can be preferably used. More preferred are ferric chloride, ferric p-toluenesulfonate, ferric sulfate, and ferric nitrate. Two or more of the above oxidizing agents may be used in combination.
- an oxidizing agent containing an iron atom is used as one of them.
- a preferred combination when used together is a combination of ferric sulfate and ammonium persulfate.
- the amount of oxidizing agent used is not particularly limited as long as the oxidative polymerization reaction proceeds well. It is preferably 1 equivalent or more, more preferably 2 equivalents or more, particularly preferably 3 equivalents or more, relative to the monomer used in the oxidation polymerization reaction. Also, it is preferably 100 equivalents or less, more preferably 60 equivalents or less, and particularly preferably 20 equivalents or less.
- Oxygen in the air usually does not act as an oxidizing agent for the polymerization of the thiophene monomer, so even when the polymerization reaction is carried out in the presence of air, oxygen in the air is usually used for the polymerization reaction. not included in the amount of oxidizing agent used. That is, the term "oxidative polymerization” is sometimes used to mean a polymerization reaction that uses oxygen present in the air as an oxidizing agent, but the polymerization reaction in the present invention is not such a polymerization reaction. different.
- solvent A solvent may be used in the polymerization reaction of the present invention, if necessary.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve or disperse the reaction material.
- Specific examples of the solvent include water, aqueous ammonia, aqueous solutions such as hydrochloric acid, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene, acetone, Examples include ketones such as 2-butanone, halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform and chlorobenzene, acetonitrile, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
- Water, aqueous ammonia, hydrochloric acid, methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and toluene are preferred, and water, methanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide are more preferred.
- one type of solvent may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used.
- a mixed solvent in which two or more kinds are mixed is preferable.
- reaction temperature The reaction temperature during polymerization is not particularly limited. -20°C or higher is preferred, 0°C or higher is more preferred, 10°C or higher is even more preferred, and 20°C or higher is particularly preferred. Moreover, 80 degrees C or less is preferable and 60 degrees C or less is still more preferable.
- reaction time The polymerization reaction time in the present invention may be appropriately selected from a time sufficient for the reaction under each condition. As long as the reaction proceeds sufficiently, the effect of the present invention is not significantly affected by the difference in reaction time.
- the reaction time is preferably 1 hour or longer, more preferably 3 hours or longer, still more preferably 6 hours or longer, still more preferably 9 hours or longer, and particularly preferably 12 hours or longer. Yes, and can be 15 hours or longer, 18 hours or longer, 21 hours or longer, or 24 hours or longer, as required. Also, preferably 7 days or less, more preferably 5 days or less, still more preferably 3 days or less, still more preferably 2 days or less, particularly preferably 36 hours or less, If necessary, it can be 30 hours or less, 28 hours or less, or 26 hours or less.
- the polythiophene compound obtained by the polymerization reaction may be hydrolyzed.
- the ester bond of the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid alkyl ester moiety in the polythiophene compound is decomposed to form the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid structural site [-OP(O)(OH) 2 or -P(O)( OH) 2 ], phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid monoalkyl ester structural moiety [-OP(O)(OH)(OR) or -P(O)(OH)(OR), where R has 1 to 15 carbon atoms or a monohydrogen phosphate or phosphonate structural moiety [-OP(O)(OH)(OM 6 ) or -P(O)(OH)(OM 6 ), where M 6 is is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or ammonium group].
- hydrolysis can be performed by a method of treatment with a strong acid or a method of treatment with a strong alkali.
- hydrolysis can be carried out by heating in an acidic aqueous solution or an alkaline aqueous solution.
- Strong acids include, for example, protonic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and Lewis acids such as trimethylsilyl bromide.
- Lewis acids such as trimethylsilyl bromide.
- strong alkalis include potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
- a Lewis acid for example, a method of reacting with water after reacting with Lewis acid can be preferably used. Considering the stability of the polythiophene compound skeleton, treatment with an alkali is preferred.
- the temperature is not particularly limited. It is preferably 30° C. or higher, more preferably 50° C. or higher. Also, it is preferably 100° C. or lower, more preferably 90° C. or lower.
- the time for hydrolysis is not particularly limited. It is preferably 1 hour or longer, more preferably 6 hours or longer. Also, it is preferably 4 days or less, more preferably 2 days or less.
- ion exchange may be further performed as necessary to adjust the amount of hydrogen ion donating phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid structural sites.
- the polythiophene compound obtained by the polymerization reaction is subjected to an appropriate purification operation.
- Any known method for purifying a polythiophene compound can be used as the purification operation.
- operations such as centrifugation, filtration, dehydration, drying, washing, ultrafiltration, and dialysis can be performed.
- the number and type of purification operations are not particularly limited.
- the purification operation may be completed by performing one type of purification operation only once, but if necessary, the purification operation may be performed twice or more. For example, the purification operation may be performed three or more times, four or more times, or five or more times.
- one type of refining operation may be repeated two or more times, or a plurality of types of refining operations may be combined to perform a total of two or more refining operations.
- There is no particular upper limit to the number of purification operations but it is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 15 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less. If the number of times is too large, the manufacturing process as a whole will take a long time, and the manufacturing efficiency will decrease.
- purification is performed using a chelate compound.
- a resin having high conductivity can be obtained by performing purification using a chelate compound.
- a chelate compound refers to a compound having multiple ligands. Any method that can bring the polythiophene compound and the chelate compound into contact can be used as the purification method using the chelate compound. A method that allows contact between the polythiophene compound and the chelate compound in a liquid is preferred.
- the polythiophene compound can be purified by adding a solvent and a chelate compound to the polythiophene compound and stirring. A preferred solvent is water.
- the temperature for purification is not particularly limited. It may be room temperature or may be a heated temperature. The temperature at which the mixture containing the polythiophene compound and the chelate compound can be maintained in a liquid state during purification is preferred.
- Any conventionally known chelate compound can be used as the chelate compound.
- bisphosphonates can be used.
- a particularly preferred example is etidronic acid.
- the polythiophene compound obtained by the polymerization reaction may be subjected to ion exchange to adjust the dope amount.
- Ion exchange can be performed with an acidic aqueous solution, an ion exchange resin, or the like.
- the hydrogen ion donating groups of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid, monoalkyl phosphoric acid or phosphonate, or monohydrogen salt of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid in the polythiophene compound obtained by polymerization are less than the desired amount in the polymer as a whole.
- the effect of doping can be increased by ion-exchanging metal ions or ammonium ions bound to phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid to hydrogen ions.
- the polythiophene compound obtained by polymerization contains too many hydrogen ion donating groups of phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid, monoalkyl phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid, or monohydrogen phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid in the polymer as a whole.
- the effect of doping can be reduced.
- Ion exchange can be performed after the polythiophene compound is polymerized. It can be carried out simultaneously with the above-mentioned purification operation, it may be carried out before the purification operation, or it may be carried out after the purification operation. For example, when purification is performed by filtration, ion exchange can be performed simultaneously with purification by filtration by filling an ion-exchange resin in a column for filtration.
- a conventionally known ion exchange method can be used as the ion exchange method.
- ion exchange can be performed by bringing the polythiophene compound product obtained by polymerization into contact with the acidic aqueous solution. Specifically, for example, the polythiophene compound product is stirred in an acidic aqueous solution to react the salt portion of the phosphoric acid or phosphonate compound present in the polythiophene compound product with hydrogen ions in the aqueous solution. , ion exchange can be carried out.
- increasing hydrogen ions in order to increase the effect of doping, it is preferable to use an excess amount of acid relative to the acidic substituents of the polythiophene compound product.
- the amount of acid used should be reduced. That is, the doping effect can be arbitrarily set by the amount of acid used.
- the time for reacting the polythiophene compound product and the acid can be set arbitrarily.
- ion exchange can be performed by a method such as bringing the polythiophene compound product into contact with the ion exchange resin in water.
- a strongly acidic cation exchange resin When increasing hydrogen ions in order to increase the dope effect, it is preferable to use a strongly acidic cation exchange resin.
- hydrogen ions When hydrogen ions are reduced to reduce the dope effect, it is preferable to use a strongly basic cation exchange resin. Any method can be used to bring the polythiophene compound product into contact with the ion exchange resin.
- a column may be packed with an ion exchange resin and a solution containing the polythiophene compound product may be run through, or simply a container may be filled with the ion exchange resin and the container may be filled with a solution containing the polythiophene compound product. good too.
- the efficiency may be improved by shaking the container or stirring the solution.
- the time for contacting the polythiophene compound product and the ion exchange resin can be set arbitrarily.
- the time from when the small amount of solution contacts the ion exchange resin to the top of the ion exchange resin until it leaves the bottom of the ion exchange resin is set.
- the time from the time when the first part of the solution comes into contact with the ion exchange resin at the top until it leaves the bottom of the ion exchange resin is set as the average of the time from when the last portion of .
- the time is set as the time during which the solution and the ion exchange resin are mixed in the container.
- the time for performing one ion exchange operation of the polythiophene compound product is determined by the desired ion Although it is arbitrarily set according to the degree of replacement, for example, it is preferably 5 seconds or more, more preferably 10 seconds or more, still more preferably 1 minute or more, and still more preferably 10 minutes or more. is. If the contact time is too short, ion exchange tends to be insufficient. Also, it is preferably 1 day or less, more preferably 12 hours or less, and still more preferably 2 hours or less. If the contact time is too long, the entire manufacturing process will take a long time, and the manufacturing efficiency will decrease.
- the number of times the ion exchange operation is performed is not particularly limited.
- the ion exchange may be completed by performing only one ion exchange operation on the polythiophene compound product, or the ion exchange operation may be repeated two or more times.
- a polythiophene compound having a high doping effect can be easily obtained by repeating the process two or more times. Specifically, it is preferably repeated three times or more, more preferably four times or more, and even more preferably five times or more.
- the number of ion exchange operations is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 15 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less. If the number of times is too large, the manufacturing process as a whole will take a long time, and the manufacturing efficiency will decrease.
- ion exchange operation when the ion exchange operation is performed twice or more, only the same ion exchange operation may be repeated twice or more, or two or more types of ion exchange operations may be performed.
- the ion exchange operation can be combined with the purification operation into a series of steps. For example, after ion exchange is performed by adding an acidic aqueous solution to the polythiophene compound product, the polythiophene compound product is purified (for example, by centrifugation) to remove water and the like to obtain a polythiophene compound with increased purity. By taking out, a polymer with high doping efficiency and high purity can be obtained. Further, a series of steps in which the ion exchange operation is combined with the purification operation can be regarded as one cycle, and this cycle can be repeated multiple times.
- the polythiophene compound product is subjected to a purification step (for example, centrifugation) to take out the polythiophene compound with increased purity.
- a purification step for example, centrifugation
- the number of times a cycle consisting of a series of steps including an ion exchange operation and a purification operation is repeated is not particularly limited. Specifically, it is preferably repeated three times or more, more preferably four times or more, and even more preferably five times or more. Also, it is preferably 20 times or less, more preferably 15 times or less, and still more preferably 10 times or less. If the number of times is too large, the manufacturing process as a whole will take a long time, and the manufacturing efficiency will decrease.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be used for various conventionally known uses of conductive polythiophene compounds. Specifically, for example, it can be used as an antistatic agent or a member of a conductive polymer capacitor. It can also be used as a material for the hole transport layer of solar cells.
- Antistatic agent As a method of using the polythiophene compound of the present invention as an antistatic agent, various known methods in which a conventional conductive polythiophene compound is used as an antistatic agent can be employed. For example, by coating a substrate with a solution or dispersion of the polythiophene compound of the present invention in water or other suitable solvent, the surface of the substrate is imparted with an antistatic effect.
- Substrates include any solid material for which antistatic action is desired. Specific examples include polymer films, polymer fibers, polymer resin moldings, and the like.
- any method used for coating a substrate with a conventional polythiophene compound can be used for the polythiophene compound of the present invention.
- Specific examples include spin coating and dip coating.
- a conductive polymer capacitor is a kind of electrolytic capacitor, and a conductive polymer is used for the electrolyte, cathode, or cathode conductive layer of the electrolytic capacitor.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be used for the conductive polymer.
- the polythiophene compounds of the present invention can be used as materials for solar cells.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention can be used, for example, in the hole transport layer of solar cells.
- Conductive materials for the hole-transporting layer of solar cells require properties for the hole-transporting layer as well as having high electrical conductivity.
- High performance for example, high photoelectric conversion efficiency
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention is considered to have some excellent properties as a hole transport layer, such as matching the energy level with ITO .
- a conventionally known method for manufacturing a solar cell can be used.
- a method of laminating each layer constituting a solar cell can be used.
- a method including a step of forming a hole transport layer containing a material containing the polythiophene compound of the present invention and a step of forming other layers constituting a solar cell can be used.
- a material for forming the hole transport layer an aqueous solution of the polythiophene compound of the present invention may be used.
- amines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylamine and dibutylamine and a base such as ammonia may be added to the aqueous solution of the polythiophene compound.
- Substrate A circle with a diameter of 1 cm was made with polyimide tape on a non-alkali glass substrate and used as the substrate.
- Samples were prepared according to the following procedure. Water and trimethylamine were added to and dissolved in the polythiophene compound to be measured, and the pH was adjusted to the range of 9.2 to 9.4 to prepare a 0.2 wt % polymer solution. After that, ultrasonic irradiation was performed for about 1 hour. A UV-ozone treated alkali-free glass substrate (1.3 cm ⁇ 2.6 cm) was prepared, and 35 ⁇ l of the resulting liquid was drop-cast onto this glass substrate. After that, it was allowed to stand at room temperature under the atmosphere for 2 hours to obtain a dried thin film.
- the obtained filtrate and washing liquid of the filter residue were mixed, the solvent was distilled off, and the mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase then obtained was dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent was distilled off.
- the resulting black liquid was purified by column chromatography to obtain 2.23 g of a white solid compound represented by the following formula (4). 0.50 g (2.13 mmol) of the obtained compound represented by formula (4) and 5.0 g (16.75 mmol) of tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite were added, stirred at 150°C for 24 hours, and then stirred at room temperature (20°C). ⁇ 25°C).
- Polythiophene compound 1 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) A mixed solution was prepared by adding 0.3 g (1.27 mmol) of the thiophene monomer obtained in Synthesis Example 1, 1.28 g (3.17 mmol) of ferric nitrate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent, and 5 ml of water to a flask. and stirred for 24 h. 1N Hydrochloric acid was added to the resulting mixed solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature to precipitate a solid. The solid was separated by filtration through a Kiriyama funnel, washed with several ml of acetone and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a black blue solid.
- Polythiophene compound 2 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) A mixed solution was prepared by adding 0.3 g (1.27 mmol) of the thiophene monomer obtained in Synthesis Example 1, 2.11 g (3.75 mmol) of ferric sulfate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent, and 4 ml of water to a flask. After stirring for 7 hours, a solution of 0.37 g (1.65 mmol) of ammonium persulfate in 3 ml of water was added dropwise over 17 hours. 1N Hydrochloric acid was added to the resulting mixed solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature to precipitate a solid.
- the solid was separated by filtration through a Kiriyama funnel, washed with several ml of acetone and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a black-blue solid. (purification)
- the resulting black blue solid was purified in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain 0.25 g of polythiophene compound 2 as a black blue solid.
- a test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in "Measurement of electrical conductivity” above, The absorbance of polythiophene compound 2 was measured by the method described in “Measurement of Absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 3 was synthesized by the following procedure.
- synthetic A dark blue solid was obtained by carrying out the same procedure as in Example 1 except that 0.86 g (3.18 mmol) of ferric chloride hexahydrate was used as an oxidizing agent.
- purification The obtained black blue solid was purified in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain 0.13 g of polythiophene compound 3 as a black blue solid.
- a test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in "Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of Absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 4 was synthesized by the following procedure.
- synthetic A dark blue solid was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 2.15 g (3.18 mmol) of ferric p-toluenesulfonate hexahydrate was used as the oxidizing agent.
- purification The obtained black blue solid was purified in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain 0.18 g of polythiophene compound 4 as a black blue solid.
- a test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in "Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of Absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 5 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) Except for using 2.86 g (5.08 mmol) of ferric sulfate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent, the same operation as in Example 1 was performed to obtain a black blue solid. (purification) The obtained black blue solid was purified in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain 0.24 g of polythiophene compound 5 as a black blue solid.
- a test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in "Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Example 4 of JP-A-2018-48322 it is described that the conductivity of the thiophene monomer polymer of Synthesis Example 1 was 0.27 S/m. This value is 2.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm when converted into units of cm. However, this value cannot be directly compared with the results of the above example because the measurement method is different from the present application. Therefore, polythiophene compound 6 was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 4 of JP-A-2018-48322, and a test piece was prepared using polythiophene compound 6 by the method described in "Preparation of test piece" above.
- Polythiophene compound 7 was synthesized by the following procedure. 0.3 g of polythiophene compound 7 was obtained by the same procedure as in Example 5 without purification. Using the obtained polythiophene compound 7, a test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in "Measurement of electrical conductivity” above, The absorbance of polythiophene compound 7 was measured by the method described in "Measurement of absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 8 was synthesized by the following procedure. A mixed solution was prepared by adding 0.3 g (1.27 mmol) of the thiophene monomer obtained in Synthesis Example 1, 2.86 g (5.08 mmol) of ferric sulfate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent, and 5 ml of water to a flask. and stirred for 24 h. Several ml of diethyl ether was added to the resulting mixed solution, and the precipitated solid was filtered off to obtain 0.3 g of polythiophene compound 8 as a black-blue solid.
- test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in “Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of Absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 9 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) 0.3 g (0.97 mmol) of the thiophene monomer (formula (9B)) obtained in Synthesis Example 2, 2.1 g (7.8 mmol) of ferric chloride hexahydrate as an oxidizing agent, water and dimethylformamide were mixed. After creating a mixed solution by adding 1.3 ml of each and stirring for 3 hours, a mixed solution of 0.16 g (0.70 mmol) of ammonium persulfate, 1.3 ml of water and 1.3 ml of dimethylformamide was added dropwise over 4.5 hours. did.
- Polythiophene compound 10 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) Example except that 0.3 g (1.02 mmol) of the thiophene monomer (formula 10B) obtained in Synthesis Example 3 and 2.3 g (4.09 mmol) of ferric sulfate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent were used. A black blue solid was obtained by performing the same operation as in the synthesis of 1. (purification) Using the resulting blue-black solid, the same purification procedure as in Example 1 was performed to obtain 0.3 g of polythiophene compound 10 as a black-blue solid.
- test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in “Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Polythiophene compound 11 was synthesized by the following procedure. (synthetic) Example except that 0.3 g (1.19 mmol) of the thiophene monomer (formula 11C) obtained in Synthesis Example 4 and 2.7 g (4.80 mmol) of ferric sulfate nonahydrate as an oxidizing agent were used. A black blue solid was obtained by performing the same operation as in the synthesis of 1. (purification) Using the resulting black-blue solid, the same purification procedure as in Example 1 was performed to obtain 0.2 g of polythiophene compound 11 as a black-blue solid.
- test piece was prepared by the method described in "Preparation of test piece” above, and the conductivity of the test piece was measured by the method described in “Measurement of electrical conductivity” above. was measured by the method described in “Measurement of Absorbance” above, and the absorbance ratio was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and Table 1.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 the absorbance ratio at a wavelength of 2000 nm was low. Since the absorbance ratio at a wavelength of 2000 nm is thought to reflect the level of the bipolaron state, it is understood that the level of the bipolaron state is low in all of Comparative Examples 1 to 3. On the other hand, in Examples 1 to 8, the absorbance ratio at a wavelength of 2000 nm was high. Therefore, in Examples 1 to 8, it is understood that the level of the state of bipolaron is high.
- a polythiophene compound with an absorbance ratio of 1 or more at a wavelength of 2000 nm can achieve significantly higher electrical conductivity than a polythiophene compound with an absorbance ratio of less than 1 at a wavelength of 2000 nm.
- a polythiophene compound having an absorbance ratio of 3 or more or 4 or more at a wavelength of 2000 nm can achieve extremely high electrical conductivity.
- the polythiophene compound of the present invention achieves dramatically high conductivity.
- compounds and conductive material compositions having extremely high electrical conductivity are provided.
- Example 9> (Preparation of material for forming hole transport layer) (Preparation of polythiophene compound 5/DBA solution (hole transport layer forming material 1)) Polythiophene compound 5 synthesized in Example 5, n-dibutylamine and distilled water were mixed, and the resulting mixture was subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 3 hours. At that time, polythiophene compound 5 was adjusted to 1.8 wt % and n-dibutylamine to 1.9 wt %. The remaining 96.3 wt% was water. The resulting solution was used as hole transport layer film-forming material 1 for the production of a solar cell.
- PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer film forming material 2
- a commercially available dispersion of polyethylenedioxyorthothiophene/polystyrenesulfonic acid association (described as “PEDOT:PSS” in this specification) (the total amount of polyethylenedioxyorthothiophene and polystyrenesulfonic acid in the dispersion is 2 .8 wt %) (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Co., dispersion medium: water) and distilled water were mixed and stirred for 21 hours.
- the total amount of polyethylenedioxyorthothiophene and polystyrenesulfonic acid was adjusted to 1.1 wt % in the resulting dispersion.
- the resulting dispersion was used as material 3 for forming a hole transport layer in the production of a solar cell.
- a second layer (ITO electrode) is laminated on the first layer (glass substrate) with a thickness of 150 nm, a third layer (hole transport layer) is laminated on the second layer, and a third layer is laminated on the third layer.
- Four layers (zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), p-type, photoelectric conversion layer) are stacked, and a fifth layer (fullerene (C 70 ), n-type, photoelectric conversion layer) is stacked on the fourth layer with a thickness of 30 nm each.
- FIG. 2 shows the laminated structure of the obtained device.
- the chemical structures of ZnPc and BCP are as follows. ZnPc (zinc phthalocyanine) BCP (Basocuproine) Twenty-four evaluation devices using the hole transport layer forming material 1 for the hole transport layer and 24 evaluation devices using the hole transport layer forming material 2 for the hole transport layer were produced.
- FIG. 3 shows the structure of the device shown in FIG. 2 with a voltage applying device connected between the ITO layer and the Al layer. In the measurement of the JV characteristics, a source meter was used as the voltage application device in FIG.
- the graph in FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the JV characteristic and each parameter.
- the horizontal axis is voltage (V) and the vertical axis is current density J/mA cm ⁇ 2 .
- the solid line indicates the current density when light is applied, and the dotted line indicates the current density when no light is applied (dark).
- the arrow indicating the difference indicates the photocurrent.
- the open circuit voltage (Voc) is the voltage at which the current density becomes zero.
- Short circuit current density (Jsc) is the current density at which the voltage becomes zero.
- the fill factor (FF) is calculated by the following formula from the voltage (Vmax) and current density (Jmax) at the maximum output point.
- the graph of FIG. 5 shows typical JV characteristics during light irradiation for devices using the hole transport layers of the hole transport layer forming material 1 and the hole transport layer forming material 2.
- the horizontal axis is voltage (V) and the vertical axis is current density J/mAcm ⁇ 2 .
- the solid line indicates the current density when the polythiophene compound 5/DBA (hole transport layer forming material 1) is used.
- the dotted line indicates the current density when PEDOT:PSS (hole transport layer forming material 2) is used.
- FIG. 6 shows a typical result of the normalized (initial value set to 1) PCE change over time.
- the horizontal axis indicates the elapsed time, and the vertical axis indicates the normalized PCE value (that is, the ratio of the PCE value after a certain period of time has elapsed to the initial PCE value).
- the normalized PCE values for polythiophene compound 5/DBA are indicated by squares.
- the normalized PCE values for PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer forming material 3 are indicated by triangles.
- PCE decreased with time in any device, but the rate of decrease was faster for polythiophene compound 5/DBA (hole transport layer film forming material 1) than for PEDOT:PSS (hole transport layer film forming material 2). ) was slower than Specifically, in the material 1 for forming a hole transport layer, the PCE after storage for 45 days was about 50% of the PCE on the first day. On the other hand, in the material 2 for forming a hole transport layer, the PCE after storage for 45 days was about 20% of the PCE on the first day. Therefore, it was confirmed that the material 1 for forming a hole transport layer is significantly superior to the material 2 for forming a hole transport layer in terms of PCE stability. From the above results, it is understood that the conductive material of the present invention not only has excellent conductivity, but also has properties suitable for the hole transport layer of solar cells.
- a polythiophene compound having excellent conductivity and a conductive material composition are provided.
- the polythiophene compound and the conductive material composition of the present invention can be used as antistatic agents, capacitors, organic EL, secondary batteries, capacitors, antistatic agents, solar cells, electrode materials for plastic electrodes, EMI materials, organic ferromagnets, electro It can be applied to various uses such as chromic materials and various sensors.
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Abstract
Description
また、地球環境への意識の高まりから、二酸化炭素や窒素酸化物など、大気汚染・地球温暖化の原因となる物質を排出しないクリーンエネルギーに注目が集まっている。その中の1つとして太陽電池(太陽光発電)がある。近年は従来の太陽電池(シリコン系等)よりも製造コストを抑えられる有機薄膜太陽電池の研究が盛んに行われている。その有機薄膜太陽電池の正孔輸送層では導電性高分子のポリエチレンジオキシオルトチオフェン・ポリスチレンスルホン酸会合体(PEDOT:PSS)が用いられることが多い。しかしながら充分な性能が得られているとは言い難く、光電変換効率や寿命などの性能の更なる改善が望まれている。そのため、太陽電池の分野においては、有機薄膜太陽電池の正孔輸送層に用いることで、光電変換効率および寿命を改善する導電性材料組成物が望まれている。
下記一般式(A):
ここで、Lは、式(21):
M1およびM2は各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1またはM2の一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1またはM2の他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合、該水素原子の部分において、該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
R1Aは、水素原子、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アシル基、または式(15)で表される基であり、
M1cおよびM2cは各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1cまたはM2cの一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1cまたはM2cの他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1cおよびM2cのうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合、該水素原子の部分において、該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
ここで、分光光度計を用いて測定される波長2000nmにおける該化合物の吸光度(A2000)および波長407nmにおける該化合物の吸光度(A407)から計算式(A2000/A407)によって計算される吸光度比が1以上である、
ポリチオフェン化合物。
ポリチオフェン化合物を含む導電性材料組成物であって、
該ポリチオフェン化合物は、下記一般式(A):
ここで、Lは、式(21):
M1およびM2は各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1またはM2の一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1またはM2の他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合、該水素原子の部分において、該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
R1Aは、水素原子、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アシル基、または式(15)で表される基であり、
M1cおよびM2cは各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1cまたはM2cの一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1cまたはM2cの他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1cおよびM2cのうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合、該水素原子の部分において、該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
ここで、分光光度計を用いて測定される波長2000nmにおける該組成物の吸光度(A2000)および波長407nmにおける該組成物の吸光度(A407)から計算式(A2000/A407)によって計算される吸光度比が1以上である、
導電性材料組成物。
前記吸光度比が2以上である、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2に記載の導電性材料組成物。
M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、およびアンモニウム基から選ばれる構造単位を含む、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
R1Aが水素、アルキル基、アルコキシ基またはアシル基である、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~4のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物。
(項6)
R1Aが水素である、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~5のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物。
n1が0であり、n2が独立して1~4の整数であり、n4が1または2であり、R5およびR6が各々独立して水素または直鎖もしくは分岐鎖状の炭素原子数1~3のアルキル基である、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~6のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物。
n1およびn3が0であり、n2およびn4が1であり、R5およびR6が水素である、上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~7のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物。
上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~8のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物を製造する方法であって、
酸化剤の存在下で前記ポリチオフェン化合物に対応するチオフェンモノマーを酸化重合する工程、および
得られた重合生成物を、キレート化合物を用いて精製を行って上記項1に記載の化合物または上記項2~8のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物を調製する工程
を含む、方法。
前記酸化剤が、鉄原子を含む酸化剤を含む、上記項9に記載の方法。
前記キレート化合物が、複数のホスホン酸構造部位(-P(=O)(OH)2)を有する化合物である、上記項9または10に記載の方法。
上記項2~8のいずれか1項に記載の導電性材料組成物を含む正孔輸送層を有する有機薄膜太陽電池。
ポリチオフェン化合物は、例えば、一般式(12)で表される:
-(A)q- (12)
ここで、Aはそれぞれ独立してチオフェンモノマー残基である。qは重合度であって、任意の正の整数である。具体的には、例えば、3以上、6以上または10以上とすることが可能であり、また、2,000以下、1,000以下、800以下または400以下とすることが可能である。
ここで、E1およびE2はそれぞれ末端基である。通常は、一方が重合開始末端であって他方が重合終了末端である。
本発明におけるポリチオフェン化合物は、下記一般式(A)で表される構造単位を含む。
R6は、独立して、水素原子または直鎖もしくは分岐鎖状の炭素原子数1~5のアルキル基であり、好ましくは、水素原子または炭素原子数1~3のアルキル基であり、より好ましくは水素原子である。
n2は、独立して1~6の整数であり、好ましくは、1~4であり、より好ましくは、1~2であり、更に好ましくは1である。
n3は、独立して、0または1であり、好ましくは、0である。n3が0である場合には、n4が1または2であることが好ましく、n4が1であることがより好ましい。
n4は、0~12の整数であり、好ましくは、0~6であり、より好ましくは、1または2であり、さらに好ましくは、1である。
n2とn4の積が、ジオキサン環とリンとの間の合計炭素数になる。
(ジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数)=n2×n4
ジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数は、好ましくは、1~12であり、より好ましくは、1~9であり、更に好ましくは、1~6であり、特に好ましくは、1~3であり、1つの実施形態では、1または2である。
R16は、独立して、水素原子または直鎖もしくは分岐鎖状の炭素原子数1~5のアルキル基であり、好ましくは、水素原子または炭素原子数1~3のアルキル基であり、より好ましくは水素原子である。
m2は、独立して1~6の整数であり、好ましくは、1~4であり、より好ましくは、1~2であり、更に好ましくは、1である。
m3は、独立して、0または1であり、好ましくは、0である。m3が0である場合には、m4が1または2であることが好ましく、m4が1であることがより好ましい。
m4は、0~12の整数であり、好ましくは、0~6であり、より好ましくは、1または2であり、更に好ましくは、1である。
m2とm4の積が、ジオキサン環とリンとの間の合計炭素数になる。
(ジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数)=m2×m4
ジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数は、好ましくは、1~12であり、より好ましくは、1~9であり、更に好ましくは、1~6であり、特に好ましくは、1~3であり、1つの実施形態では、1または2である。
また、Lにおけるジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数と、L1におけるジオキサン環とリンとの間の炭素数との合計は、好ましくは、1~16であり、より好ましくは、1~12であり、更に好ましくは、1~8であり、特に好ましくは、1~4であり、1つの実施形態では、1または2である。
上記一般式(A)の構造単位の具体例としては、下記式(9)、(10)、(11)および(13)などが挙げられる。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物の分子量は、特に限定されない。本発明のポリチオフェン化合物の重量平均分子量は、好ましくは、1千以上であり、より好ましくは2千以上である。本発明のポリチオフェン化合物の重量平均分子量は、好ましくは、50万以下であり、より好ましくは20万以下である。さらに好ましくは10万以下である。
本発明の方法においては、ポリチオフェン化合物を製造するために、モノマーとして、含リンチオフェン化合物を使用する。
〔含リンチオフェン化合物〕
含リンチオフェン化合物は、下記一般式(Am)で表される化合物である。
1つの実施形態において、Lは、-(CH2)n-であり、ここで、nは0~12である。
M1およびM2は、各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基である。ただし、M1またはM2の一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1またはM2の他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となる。
ここで、M1cおよびM2cは、各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基である。ただし、M1cまたはM2cの一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1cまたはM2cの他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となる。
1つの好ましい実施形態において、R1Aはアルキル基または水素原子であり、更に好ましくは水素原子である。)
上記一般式(Am)の具体例としては、下記式(5)、(9B)、(10B)および(11C)などが挙げられる。
本発明に使用される含リンチオフェン化合物は、R1Aが水素原子である場合には、例えば、以下の方法で製造することができる。特に、収率および操作性を考慮すると、下記第一工程および第二工程で製造することが好ましい。
第一工程においては、公知の方法により、下記一般式(3)で表される化合物を得る。
1つの実施形態において、Lは、-(CH2)n-である。ここで、nは0~12である。nは好ましくは0~4であり、より好ましくは0~2である。特に好ましくは1である。X1はハロゲン原子であり、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子およびヨウ素原子などが挙げられる。原料の入手のし易さおよび操作性の観点から塩素原子または臭素原子が好ましい。
上記加熱は反応を進行させるために行うものであり、適切な速度で反応が進行するのであれば、加熱温度に特に制限はないが、60℃以上が好ましく、70℃以上が更に好ましく、80℃以上が特に好ましい。200℃以下が好ましく、150℃以下が更に好ましく、120℃以下が特に好ましい。
上記加熱の時間は特に制限はないが、各々の条件において、出発材料が反応するのに充分な時間を適宜選択すればよい。反応が充分に進行していれば、反応時間の違いが本発明の効果に大きな影響を及ぼすことはない。例えば、6時間以上が好ましく、12時間以上がより好ましい。3日間以下が好ましく、2日間以下がより好ましい。
第一工程では、必要に応じて、溶媒を使用してもよい。溶媒としては酸化重合反応において反応性がないものであれば特に制限はなく、例えば、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンおよびメシチレン等の芳香族炭化水素、n-ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、n-オクタンおよびn-デカン等の脂肪族炭化水素、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム、四塩化炭素、クロロベンゼンおよびo-ジクロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素、テトラヒドロフラン、ジエチルエーテル、t-ブチルメチルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン、ジオキサンおよびジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等のエーテル等が挙げられる。好ましくはキシレン、トルエンおよびジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルであり、更に好ましくはキシレンおよびトルエンである。
第一工程において得られた生成物については、精製等の後処理を行わずに第二工程に用いても良い。また、必要に応じて、第一工程で得られた生成物に、公知の方法による精製を行った精製物を第二工程に用いても良い。
第二工程においては、上記一般式(3)で表される化合物とトリス(トリアルキルシリル)ホスファイトもしくはトリアルキルホスファイトとを反応させて、一般式(3)で表される化合物中のX1をホスホン酸ビス(トリアルキルシリル)部位もしくはホスホン酸ジエステル部位で置換する。ホスホン酸部位を含むチオフェンすなわちジアシッド体を合成する場合は、トリス(トリアルキルシリル)ホスファイトを用いる方法が、反応の効率等において好ましい。
上記加熱は反応を進行させるために行うものであり、適切な速度で反応が進行するのであれば、特に反応の際の温度に制限はないが、100℃以上が好ましく、110℃以上が更に好ましく、120℃以上が特に好ましい。また、220℃以下が好ましく、200℃以下が更に好ましく、160℃以下が特に好ましい。
上記加熱の時間は特に制限はない。その温度などの条件下において、反応材料が反応するのに充分な時間を適宜選択すればよい。反応が充分に進行していれば、反応時間の違いが本発明の効果に大きな影響を及ぼすことはない。好ましくは、6時間以上であり、より好ましくは、12時間以上である。また、好ましくは、3日間以下であり、より好ましくは、2日間以下である。
第二工程では、必要に応じて、溶媒を使用してもよい。溶媒としては第二工程において反応性のない液体であって反応材料を溶解または分散できる液体であれば特に制限はない。例えば、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンおよびメシチレン等の芳香族炭化水素、n-ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、n-オクタンおよびn-デカン等の脂肪族炭化水素、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、クロロホルム四塩化炭素、クロロベンゼンおよびo-ジクロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素、テトラヒドロフラン、ジエチルエーテル、t-ブチルメチルエーテル、ジメトキシエタン、ジオキサンおよびジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル等のエーテル等が挙げられる。好ましい溶媒は、トルエン、キシレンおよびジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルであり、更に好ましくはキシレンおよびトルエンである。
上記反応により得られた一般式(2B)の化合物においては、必要に応じて加水分解またはイオン交換を行ってもよい。
第二工程において得られた生成物については、精製等の後処理を行わずに含リンチオフェン化合物として、重合工程に用いても良い。あるいは、公知の方法による精製などの後処理を行っても良い。
含リンチオフェン化合物は、R1Aが水素原子以外である場合にも、上記方法と基本的に同様の方法で製造することができる。
第一工程においては、以下の反応により、一般式(17A)のジオールと一般式(18)の3,4-ジアルコキシチオフェンを反応させて一般式(19A)で表される中間体を得る。
第一工程で得られた一般式(19A)の中間体と一般式(11A)の化合物とを上記方法で反応させて、脱保護を行うことにより、または一般式(19A)の中間体と一般式(11B)の化合物とを上記方法で反応させることにより、一般式(Am)の含リンチオフェン化合物が得られる。
第一工程で得られた一般式(19B)の中間体と一般式(11A)の化合物とを上記方法で反応させて、脱保護を行うことにより、または一般式(19B)の中間体と一般式(11B)の化合物とを上記方法で反応させることにより、一般式(Am)の含リンチオフェン化合物が得られる。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物は、適切な酸化剤を用いて上記含リンチオフェン化合物を酸化重合し、そして適切な精製工程を行うことで得られる。酸化重合の方法としては、チオフェン化合物を重合する酸化重合方法として従来公知の方法を使用することができる。収率および操作性を考慮すると、後述する条件で製造することが好ましい。
上記一般式(Am)の含リンチオフェン化合物を重合用モノマーとして用いて酸化重合を行うことにより、上記一般式(A)の構造単位を含むポリチオフェン化合物を得ることができる。
本発明における酸化重合反応は酸化剤の存在下で行われる。酸化剤としては、チオフェン化合物の酸化重合反応に一般的に用いられている酸化剤が使用できる。具体的には、過硫酸アンモニウム、塩化第二鉄、パラトルエンスルホン酸第二鉄、硫酸第二鉄、および硝酸第二鉄などが挙げられる。
鉄原子を含む酸化剤が好ましく使用できる。より好ましくは、塩化第二鉄、パラトルエンスルホン酸第二鉄、硫酸第二鉄、および硝酸第二鉄が挙げられる。
上記酸化剤は2種類以上併用して用いてもよい。2種類以上を併用する場合においては、そのうちの1種類として鉄原子を含む酸化剤を用いることが好ましい。具体的には、併用する場合の好ましい組み合わせは、硫酸第二鉄と過硫酸アンモニウムの組み合わせである。
本発明の重合反応は、必要に応じて、溶媒を用いてもよい。
重合の際の反応温度は、特に限定されない。-20℃以上が好ましく、0℃以上がより好ましく、10℃以上が更に好ましく、20℃以上が特に好ましい。また、80℃以下が好ましく、60℃以下が更に好ましい。
本発明における重合の反応時間は、各々の条件において、反応するのに充分な時間を適宜選択すればよい。反応が充分に進行していれば、反応時間の違いが本発明の効果に大きな影響を及ぼすことはない。
重合反応により得られたポリチオフェン化合物は、必要に応じて、加水分解を行っても良い。加水分解を行うことにより、ポリチオフェン化合物中のリン酸またはホスホン酸アルキルエステル部分のエステル結合を分解してリン酸またはホスホン酸構造部位[-OP(O)(OH)2または-P(O)(OH)2]、リン酸またはホスホン酸モノアルキルエステル構造部位[-OP(O)(OH)(OR)または-P(O)(OH)(OR)、ここでRは炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基である]またはリン酸またはホスホン酸一水素塩構造部位[-OP(O)(OH)(OM6)または-P(O)(OH)(OM6)、ここでM6は、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基である]を得ることができる。
重合反応により得られたポリチオフェン化合物には、適切な精製操作を行う。精製操作としては、ポリチオフェン化合物の精製方法として公知の任意の方法を使用することができる。例えば、遠心分離、濾過、脱水、乾燥、洗浄、限外濾過、透析などの操作を行うことができる。精製操作の回数および種類は特に限定されない。1種類の精製操作を1回行うことのみによって精製操作を終了しても良いが、必要に応じて、2回以上の精製操作を行ってもよい。例えば、精製操作を3回以上、4回以上または5回以上行ってもよい。ここで、1種類の精製操作を繰り返して2回以上行ってもよく、複数種類の精製操作を組み合わせて合計として2回以上の精製操作を行ってもよい。精製操作の回数に特に上限はないが、好ましくは20回以下であり、より好ましくは15回以下であり、さらに好ましくは10回以下である。回数が多すぎる場合には、製造プロセス全体として長時間を要することになり、製造効率が低下する。
重合反応により得られたポリチオフェン化合物には、必要に応じて、イオン交換を行ってドープの量を調節しても良い。イオン交換は酸性水溶液やイオン交換樹脂などにより行うことが出来る。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物は、導電性ポリチオフェン化合物の用途として従来公知の各種用途に使用することができる。具体的には、例えば、帯電防止剤や導電性高分子コンデンサの部材として使用することができる。また、太陽電池の正孔輸送層の材料として使用することができる。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物を帯電防止剤に使用する方法としては、従来の導電性ポリチオフェン化合物が帯電防止剤に用いられていた各種公知の方法を採用することができる。例えば、水あるいはその他適切な溶剤中に、本発明のポリチオフェン化合物を溶解または分散させたものを基材にコーティングすれば、その基材の表面に帯電防止作用が付与される。基材としては、帯電防止作用が望まれる任意の固体物質が挙げられる。具体例としては、例えば、高分子フィルム、高分子繊維、高分子樹脂成形品などが挙げられる。
(導電性高分子コンデンサ)
導電性高分子コンデンサとは電解コンデンサの一種であり、電解コンデンサの電解質あるいは陰極または陰極導電層に導電性高分子を用いたものである。その導電性高分子に本発明のポリチオフェン化合物を使用することができる。
1つの実施形態において、本発明のポリチオフェン化合物は、太陽電池のための材料として使用することができる。本発明のポリチオフェン化合物は、例えば、太陽電池の正孔輸送層に使用することができる。
太陽電池の正孔輸送層のための導電性材料は、高い導電性を有するだけでなく、正孔輸送層のための特性を必要とする。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物を太陽電池の正孔輸送層に使用した場合に高い性能(例えば、高い光電変換効率)を達成することができる。要因は定かではないが、本発明のポリチオフェン化合物はエネルギー準位がITOとマッチしているなど、正孔輸送層として優れた何かしらの特性を有しているものと考えられる。
太陽電池の製造方法としては、従来公知の太陽電池の製造方法を使用することができる。例えば、太陽電池を構成する各層を積層する方法を使用することができる。より具体的には、本発明のポリチオフェン化合物を含む材料を含む正孔輸送層を形成する工程と、太陽電池を構成するその他の層を形成する工程とを含む方法などが使用可能である。正孔輸送層を形成する材料としては、本発明のポリチオフェン化合物の水溶液を用いてもよい。また、必要に応じて、ポリチオフェン化合物の水溶液にトリメチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、トリブチルアミン、ジエチルアミンおよびジブチルアミンなどのアミン類やアンモニアなどの塩基を添加して用いてもよい。
本発明のポリチオフェン化合物の導電性は、その電気伝導度を下記方法で測定することで確認した。
測定するポリチオフェン化合物20mgを水に加えた後、1Nトリメチルアミン水をポリチオフェン化合物が溶解するまで加え、合計1mlの水溶液とした。その水溶液20uLをドロップキャスト法で下記基板の円内に薄膜を作成し、ホットプレートで加熱し乾燥させた。
低抵抗率計(日東精工アナリテック社製,LORESTA-GX MCP-T700)を用いて,四探針法により測定した表面抵抗値と膜厚計(ミツトヨ製,高精度デジマチックマ
イクロメーター MDH-25MB)で測定した膜厚とで下記式にて算出した。
導電率(S/cm) = 1 /(表面抵抗値(Ω/□) × 膜厚(cm))
以下の手順で試料を調製した。
測定するポリチオフェン化合物に水およびトリメチルアミンを添加して溶解させ、pHを9.2~9.4の範囲に調整し、0.2wt%のポリマー溶液を作製した。その後、約1時間超音波照射した。UV-オゾン処理した無アルカリガラス基板(1.3cm×2.6cm)を準備し、得られた液体のうちの35μlを、このガラス基板上にドロップキャストした。その後、大気下、常温で2時間静置して、乾燥した薄膜を得た。
波長Xnmにおける吸光度比は、下記式により計算した。
波長Xnmにおける該組成物の吸光度:AX
波長407nmにおける該組成物の吸光度:A407
波長Xnmにおける吸光度比=AX/A407
フラスコ内で、パラトルエンスルホン酸・一水和物0.34g(1.79mmol)、トルエン75mL、3-ブロモ-1,2-プロパンジオール6.76g(43.6mmol)、3,4-ジメトキシチオフェン2.51g(17.4mmol)を加えた混合溶液を100℃で24時間撹拌後、室温(20~25℃)に冷却してから、固形物をセライトでろ別し、濾滓を塩化メチレンで洗浄した。得られたろ液と濾滓の洗浄液を混合し、溶媒を留去した後、塩化メチレンで抽出した。その時に得られた有機相を硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させた後、溶媒を留去した。得られた黒色液体をカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製し、白色固体の下記式(4)で表される化合物2.23gを得た。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物1を合成した。
(合成)
フラスコに合成例1で得られたチオフェンモノマー0.3g(1.27mmol)、酸化剤として硝酸第二鉄・九水和物1.28g(3.17mmol)および水5mlを加えて混合溶液を作成し24h攪拌した。得られた混合溶液に1N塩酸を加え、室温で攪拌したところ、固体が析出した。桐山ろうとで固体をろ別し、アセトン数mlで洗浄して減圧下乾燥して黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体に、水5mlおよび4.2Mエチドロン酸水溶液7.6mlを加え、室温(20℃~25℃)で2時間攪拌した。その後、桐山ろうとで固体をろ別し、アセトン数mlで洗浄して、減圧下乾燥して、黒色固体のポリチオフェン化合物1を0.18g得た。得られたポリチオフェン化合物1を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物1の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物2を合成した。
(合成)
フラスコに合成例1で得られたチオフェンモノマー0.3g(1.27mmol)、酸化剤として硫酸第二鉄・九水和物2.11g(3.75mmol)および水4mlを加えて混合溶液を作成し7h攪拌した後、過硫酸アンモニウム0.37g(1.65mmol)を水3mlに加えた溶液を17hかけて滴下した。得られた混合溶液に1N塩酸を加え、室温で攪拌したところ、固体が析出した。桐山ろうとで固体をろ別し、アセトン数mlで洗浄して減圧乾燥し黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物2を0.25g得た。得られたポリチオフェン化合物2を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物2の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物3を合成した。
(合成)
酸化剤として塩化第二鉄・六水和物0.86g(3.18mmol)を用いる以外実施例1の合成と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物3を0.13g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物3を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物3の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物4を合成した。
(合成)
酸化剤としてパラトルエンスルホン酸第二鉄・六水和物2.15g(3.18mmol)を用いた以外は実施例1の合成と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物4を0.18g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物4を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物4の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物5を合成した。
(合成)
酸化剤として硫酸第二鉄・九水和物2.86g(5.08mmol)を用いた以外は、実施例1の合成と同様の操作を行い、黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物5を0.24g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物5を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物5の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
特開2018-48322の実施例4においては、合成例1のチオフェンモノマーの重合物の導電性が0.27S/mであったことが記載されている。この値は、cmの単位に換算すると、2.7×10-3S/cmである。しかしながら、本願と測定方法が異なるためこの値は、上記実施例の結果と直接比較することができない。
そのため、特開2018-48322の実施例4と同様の方法でポリチオフェン化合物6を合成し、ポリチオフェン化合物6を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物6の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物7を合成した。
実施例5の合成と同様の操作を行い、精製は行わずにポリチオフェン化合物7を0.3g得た。
得られたポリチオフェン化合物7を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物7の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物8を合成した。
フラスコに合成例1で得られたチオフェンモノマー0.3g(1.27mmol)、酸化剤として硫酸第二鉄・九水和物2.86g(5.08mmol)および水5mlを加えて混合溶液を作成し24h攪拌した。得られた混合溶液にジエチルエーテル数mlを加え、析出した固体をろ別し、黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物8を0.3g得た。
ポリチオフェン化合物8を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物8の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して、吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
<合成例2>チオフェンモノマーの合成
合成例1中で得られた式(4)で表される化合物4.6g(19.5mmol)、酢酸カリウム3.1g(31.6mol)、トリエチルアミン3.3g(32.6mol)、ジメチルスルホキサイド45mlの混合溶液を100℃で14時間攪拌した後、室温(20~25℃)に冷却し、トルエンおよび水を添加した後に静置分離した。分離して得られた有機層を水で洗浄した後、溶媒を除去して褐色液体の下記式(6)で表される化合物3.9gを得た。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物9を合成した。
(合成)
合成例2で得られたチオフェンモノマー(式(9B))0.3g(0.97mmol)、酸化剤として塩化第二鉄・六水和物2.1g(7.8mmol)および水とジメチルホルムアミドをそれぞれ1.3ml加えた混合溶液を作成し3時間攪拌した後、過硫酸アンモニウム0.16g(0.70mmol)と水1.3mlとジメチルホルムアミド1.3mlを混合した溶液を4.5時間かけて滴下した。得られた混合溶液に1N塩酸を加え、室温で攪拌したところ、固体が析出した。桐山ろうとで固体をろ別し、アセトン数mlで洗浄して減圧乾燥し黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物9を0.1g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物9を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物9の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
<合成例3>チオフェンモノマーの合成
合成例2中で得られた式(7)で表される化合物1.0g(5.81mmol)、1,3-ジブロモプロパン15.0g(74.2mmol)、テトラブチルアンモニウムブロミド0.26g(0.81mmol)、THF3.6mlの混合溶液に30%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液15.5g(116mmol)を氷浴下15分で滴下し、9.5時間攪拌した。その後、水、酢酸エチルおよびヘキサンを加えて攪拌した後、静置分離した。分離して得られた有機層に無水硫酸ナトリウムを添加して脱水し、溶剤を除去し、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製して、透明液体の下記式(10A)で表される化合物0.6gを得た。
得られた式(10B)で表される化合物を用いて、合成例2の式(9A)の化合物から式(9B)の化合物を得た方法と同様の方法を行い、式(10B)で表される化合物を得た。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物10を合成した。
(合成)
合成例3で得られたチオフェンモノマー(式10B)0.3g(1.02mmol)、酸化剤として硫酸第二鉄・九水和物2.3g(4.09mmol)を用いた以外は、実施例1の合成と同様の操作を行い、黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を用いて、実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物10を0.3g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物10を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物10の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
<合成例4>チオフェンモノマーの合成
合成例2中で得られた式(7)で表される化合物0.6g(3.48mmol)、トリエチルアミン0.5g(4.95mmol)、シクロペンチルメチルエーテル12mlの混合溶液中に、オキシ塩化リン0.7g(4.76mmol)およびシクロペンチルメチルエーテル4mlの混合溶液を、氷浴下10分かけて滴下し、その後2.5時間攪拌した。その後、反応溶液中のトリエチルアミン塩酸塩をろ過で取り除き、ろ液に1Mアンモニア水溶液20mlを加え2.5時間攪拌した後、水およびシクロペンチルメチルエーテルを追加し、静置分離した。分離して得られた水層に水酸化カルシウム0.26g(3.51mmol)、水を加え、白色沈殿を得て、ろ過で回収し水で洗浄した。その後、陽イオン交換樹脂によりカルシウムイオンを取り除き、減圧脱水して下記式(11C)で表される乳白色の固体0.2gを得た。
以下の手順でポリチオフェン化合物11を合成した。
(合成)
合成例4で得られたチオフェンモノマー(式11C)0.3g(1.19mmol)、酸化剤として硫酸第二鉄・九水和物2.7g(4.80mmol)を用いた以外は、実施例1の合成と同様の操作を行い、黒青色固体を得た。
(精製)
得られた黒青色固体を用いて、実施例1の精製と同様の操作を行い黒青色固体のポリチオフェン化合物11を0.2g得た。ポリチオフェン化合物11を用いて上記「試験片の作成」に記載した方法で試験片を作成し、該試験片の導電性を上記「電気伝導度の測定」に記載した方法により測定し、ポリチオフェン化合物11の吸光度を上記「吸光度の測定」に記載した方法にて測定して吸光度比を計算した。その結果を図1および表1に示す。
*APS;過硫酸アンモニウム
Fe2(SO4)3;硫酸鉄(III)九水和物
FeCl3;塩化鉄(III)六水和物
Fe(OTs)3;パラトルエンスルホン酸鉄(III)六水和物
Fe(NO3)3;硝酸鉄(III)九水和物
すなわち、実施例における導電率は、比較例における導電率の約1000倍以上であった。特に、波長2000nmにおける吸光度比が3以上の実施例3~8における導電率は、比較例における導電率の約20000倍以上であった。
(正孔輸送層製膜用材料の調製)
(ポリチオフェン化合物5/DBA溶液(正孔輸送層製膜用材料1)の調製)
実施例5で合成したポリチオフェン化合物5、n-ジブチルアミンおよび蒸留水を混合して、得られた混合物に3時間超音波照射を行った。その際、ポリチオフェン化合物5が1.8wt%、n-ジブチルアミンが1.9wt%となるようにした。残りの96.3wt%が水であった。得られた溶液を正孔輸送層製膜用材料1として太陽電池の作製に使用した。
(PEDOT:PSS分散液(正孔輸送層製膜用材料2)の調製)
ポリエチレンジオキシオルトチオフェン・ポリスチレンスルホン酸会合体(本明細書中で「PEDOT:PSS」と記載する)の市販の分散液(ポリエチレンジオキシオルトチオフェンおよびポリスチレンスルホン酸の合計量が分散液中の2.8wt%)(シグマアルドリッチ社製、分散媒:水)および蒸留水を混合して21時間攪拌した。その際、ポリエチレンジオキシオルトチオフェンおよびポリスチレンスルホン酸の合計量が得られた分散液中の1.1wt%となるようにした。得られた分散液を正孔輸送層製膜用材料3として太陽電池の作製に使用した。
ガラス基板の上にITO電極を積層した。実施例9で得られた正孔輸送層製膜用材料1または比較例4で得られた正孔輸送層製膜用材料2を用いて、ITO(+)電極上にスピンコート法で製膜し、150℃で加熱して正孔輸送層を積層した。その後、真空蒸着法で亜鉛フタロシアニン(ZnPc)、フラーレン(C70)、バソクプロイン(BCP)、アルミニウム(Al)をこの順に積層した。第1層(ガラス基板)の上に第2層(ITO電極)が150nmの厚さで積層され、第2層の上に第3層(正孔輸送層)が、第3層の上に第4層(亜鉛フタロシアニン(ZnPc)、p型、光電変換層)が、第4層の上に第5層(フラーレン(C70)、n型、光電変換層)が各々30nmの厚さで積層され、第5層の上に第6層(バソクプロイン(BCP)、電子輸送層)が12nmの厚さで積層され、第6層の上に第7層(アルミニウム(Al))が60nmの厚さで積層されたデバイスを得た。得られたデバイスの積層構造を図2に示す。
ZnPcおよびBCPの化学構造は以下のとおりである。
ZnPc(亜鉛フタロシアニン)
BCP(バソクプロイン)
正孔輸送層に正孔輸送層製膜用材料1を用いた評価用デバイス24個および正孔輸送層に正孔輸送層製膜用材料2を用いた評価用デバイス24個を作製した。
(電流密度-電圧(J-V)特性の評価)
最初に、上記作成した評価用デバイスについて、暗時におけるJ-V特性をソースメーター(ケースレー社製、型式:2400)で測定して電極間が明らかに導通しているもの、および逆バイアス印加時に漏れ電流が大きいものに関しては不良セルとして除外した。残った正孔輸送層製膜用材料1を用いたデバイス21個および正孔輸送層製膜用材料2を用いたデバイス23個に、疑似太陽光(AM1.5G、100mW cm-2)を照射した。その照射下におけるJ-V特性をソースメーターで測定した。測定結果から、短絡光電流(Jsc)、開放電圧(Voc)、曲線因子(FF)、そして光電変換効率(PCE)(%)を算出した。その結果を下記表に示す。
図2に示されたデバイスのITO層とAl層との間に電圧引加装置を接続した構造を図3に示す。上記J-V特性の測定においては、図3中の電圧引加装置として、ソースメーターを使用した。
開放電圧(Voc)は、電流密度が0になる電圧である。短絡電流密度(Jsc)は、電圧が0になる電流密度である。
曲線因子(FF)は、最大出力点における電圧(Vmax)および電流密度(Jmax)から、以下の式で計算される。
FF= (Jmax×Vmax)/(Jsc×Voc)
光電変換効率(PCE)は、以下の式で計算される。
PCE=(Jmax×Vmax)/照射光エネルギー
=(Voc×Jsc×FF)/照射光エネルギー
上記のデバイスを遮光し、窒素置換したグローブボックス内で保管した。その間、光照射時のJ-V特性の経時変化を追跡することで、保管中のデバイスの特性が低下する様子を調べた。
規格化した(初期値を1とした)PCEの経時変化を表した結果のうち、典型的なものを図6に示す。横軸が経過時間を示し、縦軸が規格化したPCEの値(すなわち、一定時間経過した後のPCEの値の、初期のPCEの値に対する比)を示す。ポリチオフェン化合物5/DBA(正孔輸送層製膜用材料1)についての規格化したPCEの値が四角で示されている。PEDOT:PSS(正孔輸送層製膜用材料3)についての規格化したPCEの値が三角で示されている。
上記結果から、本発明の導電性材料は、導電性に優れるだけでなく、太陽電池の正孔輸送層に適切な特性を有することが理解される。
Claims (12)
- 下記一般式(A):
ここで、Lは、式(21):
M1およびM2は各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1またはM2の一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1またはM2の他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合には、該化合物が、該水素原子の部分において塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
R1Aは、水素原子、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アシル基、または式(15)で表される基であり、
M1cおよびM2cは各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1cまたはM2cの一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1cまたはM2cの他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1cおよびM2cのうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合には、該水素原子の部分において該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
ここで、分光光度計を用いて測定される波長2000nmにおける該化合物の吸光度(A2000)および波長407nmにおける該化合物の吸光度(A407)から計算式(A2000/A407)によって計算される吸光度比が1以上である、
ポリチオフェン化合物。 - ポリチオフェン化合物を含む導電性材料組成物であって、
該ポリチオフェン化合物は、下記一般式(A):
ここで、Lは、式(21):
M1およびM2は各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1またはM2の一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1またはM2の他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合、該水素原子の部分において、該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
R1Aは、水素原子、アルキル基、アルコキシ基、アシル基、または式(15)で表される基であり、
M1cおよびM2cは各々独立して、炭素原子数1~15のアルキル基、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはアンモニウム基であり、ただし、M1cまたはM2cの一方がアルカリ土類金属である場合には、1つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位中の2つのO-に該アルカリ土類金属原子が結合していてM1cまたはM2cの他方が存在しない構造となるか、または、2つのリン酸またはホスホン酸部位のO-を該アルカリ土類金属原子が架橋する構造となり、
M1cおよびM2cのうちの少なくとも1つが水素原子である場合には、該水素原子の部分において該化合物が塩基性物質と結合して塩を形成してもよく、
ここで、分光光度計を用いて測定される波長2000nmにおける該組成物の吸光度(A2000)および波長407nmにおける該組成物の吸光度(A407)から計算式(A2000/A407)によって計算される吸光度比が1以上である、
導電性材料組成物。 - 前記吸光度比が2以上である、請求項2に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- M1およびM2のうちの少なくとも1つが、水素原子、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、およびアンモニウム基から選ばれる構造単位を含む、請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- R1Aが水素、アルキル基、アルコキシ基またはアシル基である、請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- R1Aが水素である、請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- n1が0であり、n2が独立して1~4の整数であり、n4が1または2であり、R5およびR6が各々独立して水素または直鎖もしくは分岐鎖状の炭素原子数1~3のアルキル基である、請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- n1およびn3が0であり、n2およびn4が1であり、R5およびR6が水素である、請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物。
- 請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物を製造する方法であって、
酸化剤の存在下で前記ポリチオフェン化合物に対応するチオフェンモノマーを酸化重合する工程、および
得られた重合生成物を、キレート化合物を用いて精製を行って請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物を調製する工程
を含む、方法。 - 前記酸化剤が、鉄原子を含む酸化剤を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記キレート化合物が、複数のホスホン酸構造部位(-P(=O)(OH)2)を有する化合物である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 請求項2または3に記載の導電性材料組成物を含む正孔輸送層を有する有機薄膜太陽電池。
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