WO2022255350A1 - カカオフルーツ粉砕物及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
カカオフルーツ粉砕物及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022255350A1 WO2022255350A1 PCT/JP2022/022078 JP2022022078W WO2022255350A1 WO 2022255350 A1 WO2022255350 A1 WO 2022255350A1 JP 2022022078 W JP2022022078 W JP 2022022078W WO 2022255350 A1 WO2022255350 A1 WO 2022255350A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fruit
- cacao
- pulverized
- cocoa
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
- A23G1/02—Preliminary treatment, e.g. fermentation of cocoa
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
- A23G1/0003—Processes of manufacture not relating to composition or compounding ingredients
- A23G1/0006—Processes specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of cocoa or cocoa products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
- A23G1/0003—Processes of manufacture not relating to composition or compounding ingredients
- A23G1/002—Processes for preparing or treating cocoa beans or nibs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G1/00—Cocoa; Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
- A23G1/30—Cocoa products, e.g. chocolate; Substitutes therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to pulverized cacao fruit and a method for producing the same. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
- the present invention is useful in fields such as food production.
- Cacao beans are generally fermented and dried in the country of origin before being exported, then roasted and ground at factories to produce chocolate.
- cacao mass and cocoa powder are well known as cacao-derived food materials, but several others have been studied.
- US Pat. No. 6,200,000 discloses a method for treating unfermented cocoa beans, comprising the steps (a) of adding water to the unfermented cocoa beans with or without pulp and mucilage in the cocoa to form a suspension; The step (b) of subjecting the suspension to wet pulverization treatment, the step (c) of subjecting the suspension to heat treatment at a temperature of 70 ° C.
- aqueous phase and cocoa butter as the main Separating the suspension into a fatty phase (light phase) containing as a component and containing solids and/or water as a minor component, and a solid phase containing cocoa powder and water ( d) and step (e) of treating said three phases separately, comprising separating cocoa butter from said fatty phase, separating cocoa powder from said solid phase, and cocoa separating flavor and polyphenol powders from at least said aqueous phase, wherein said unfermented cocoa beans have not been pre-dried, said unfermented cocoa beans having been dried prior to step (a); in which the unfermented cocoa beans are soaked in a sufficient amount of ethanol solution to cover the unfermented cocoa beans at a temperature of 10° C.
- US Pat. No. 6,000,000 discloses a method for producing a red or purple cocoa-derived material comprising the steps of (i) treating cocoa nibs obtained from beans or seeds having a higher polyphenol content than fermented cocoa beans with an acid, and ( ii) optionally drying the nibs, wherein said red or purple cocoa-derived material contains at least 20 mg/g of polyphenols, said beans or seeds are unfermented or fermented for up to 3 days, preserving cocoa beans or seeds; A method is proposed which further comprises the step of drying and/or heating to produce cocoa nibs and which does not involve the addition of enzymes.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a method for producing low-flavor cocoa from non-fermented cocoa beans, comprising a step of treating the cocoa beans to destroy the cell structure and oxidizing the cocoa beans.
- the pH of is proposed to be 4.5 or less or 6.0 or more.
- Patent Document 4 describes a fruity flavored cocoa product selected from the group consisting of cocoa powder, cocoa liquor and cocoa butter, containing fruity aroma compounds and containing at least 2.5 ⁇ g/kg of ethyl 2-methylpropanoate. , at least 7.5 ⁇ g/kg ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, at least 10 ⁇ g/kg ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, at least 50 ⁇ g/kg phenylacetaldehyde, and at least 100 ⁇ g/kg 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3
- a cocoa product is proposed which contains fruity aroma compounds in the amount of (2H)-furanones and is derived from well-fermented cocoa beans.
- Patent Document 5 proposes a method of reducing the polyphenol oxidase activity of cocoa beans in order to obtain cocoa beans with reduced polyphenol oxidase activity and a high polyphenol content.
- This method is a step of steaming unfermented, unroasted raw cacao beans with steam and drying them to provide cocoa beans with reduced polyphenol oxidase activity, wherein the unfermented, unroasted raw beans are provided. comprises a step selected from the group consisting of slate-colored, brown, or purple cocoa beans.
- US Pat. No. 6,200,401 discloses the steps of providing an underfermented or substantially unfermented cocoa bean composition, recovering nibs from the cocoa beans, treating the nibs with an acidic composition, followed by washing and removing the nibs.
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 2018-520701 Patent No. 6655177
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 2011-509681 Patent No. 5323862
- International publication WO2000/022935 Japanese Patent Publication No. 2014-509873
- cocoa nibs (cocoa beans from which the shell has been removed) are usually made from fermented cacao beans, roasted and coarsely ground to bring out the aroma. ) is the mainstream chocolate made from cocoa mass with a high oil content obtained by grinding. Cacao beans also contain anthocyanins, which exhibit a wide range of color tones from orange-yellow to red, purple, and blue depending on conditions such as pH. is usually brown.
- cacao beans contain procyanidins, which are functional ingredients, but there is concern that they will be greatly reduced by fermentation and roasting.
- the inventors of the present invention while earnestly studying new food materials derived from cacao, have found that by subjecting cacao fruits to an acidic pH treatment and a treatment to suppress the activity of enzymes that oxidize procyanidins, anthocyanin The inventors have found that it is possible to produce a food material that can be applied to various foods by making use of the characteristic color tone of cacao, or by maintaining a large amount of procyanidins, which are functional components of cacao, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides the following.
- the pH is 4.5 or less, and the color tone has an L* value of 29 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less, preferably an L* value of 40 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and b * Cocoa fruit pulverized product having a value of 25 or less and having electrical conductivity.
- the pulverized cacao fruit according to 1 or 2 which has a particle size that passes through 20 mesh.
- the color tone has an L* value of 29 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less, preferably an L* value of 40 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25, including the following steps.
- a method of manufacturing a food material that is: grinding the cocoa fruit in the presence of moisture and at an acidic pH; a step of inactivating polyphenol oxidase derived from cacao fruit; A step of obtaining, as a food material, the cocoa fruit pulverized product that has been pulverized and subjected to an enzyme inactivation treatment.
- the food material provided by the present invention can be applied to a wide range of foods such as beverages and frozen desserts by taking advantage of its color tone and properties (it blends well with water and is easily mixed with foods with a high water content).
- cacao-containing foods that contain a large amount of polyphenols and take advantage of the characteristic color tones derived from anthocyanins (for example, red, pale red, pink, pale pink, etc.).
- the shell portion of raw cacao can be used as a food material without being discarded.
- the present invention relates to ground cocoa fruit.
- cocoa fruit refers to the flesh (pulp) and bean (composed of nibs, germs and shells) portion of the cocoa pod, excluding the hard pulp, unless otherwise specified.
- Cocoa fruit unlike cocoa beans, contains pulp, although some of the pulp may be removed. Cocoa fruit also contains a shell, unlike cocoa nibs, although part of the shell may be removed.
- the pulverized cocoa fruit refers to a pulverized product containing part (or all) of cacao pulp and part (or all) of cocoa beans, unless otherwise specified. This includes cocoa pulp juice or concentrate and beans combined and ground, pulp and nibs ground.
- cacao which is the raw material for the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention
- cacao varieties include Forastero, Criollo, Trinitario, derivatives and hybrids thereof.
- localities include Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago.
- cacao beans used as a raw material for chocolate are extracted from cacao pods (cacao nuts) together with pulp, fermented, and dried. It may be fermented. Furthermore, after harvesting, it can be used after it has been dried by suppressing fermentation by known means.
- the raw cacao fruit has not undergone a process in which procyanidins are reduced.
- Procyanidins are reduced by the action of enzymes that are accelerated in fermentation conditions and by high temperatures. Therefore, the raw cacao beans preferably used in the present invention are preferably not completely fermented and preferably not roasted. Completely fermented is fermented for 7 days after harvest.
- the raw cacao fruits are fresh immediately after being taken out from the cacao pods.
- the pulverized material refers to the pulverized state.
- the particle size of the pulverized product is not particularly limited, one preferred example is a particle size that passes through 20 mesh (opening 0.70 to 1.05 mm, eg 0.87 mm).
- the pulverized cocoa fruit may contain uncrushed cocoa bean cells.
- Cocoa bean cells vary in size, but the smallest diameter is about 10 ⁇ m, so the cocoa fruit grinds of the present invention may contain particles of about 10 ⁇ m or larger.
- the particles refer to cocoa bean cells themselves or aggregates of cocoa bean cells. Aggregates of cocoa bean cells include a form in which cocoa bean cells are not separated and remain in a state of adherent tissue, and a form in which cocoa bean cells are aggregated after being separated.
- the particle size of the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention can be measured by particle size distribution measurement using a sample prepared using water as a dispersion medium. Three or more measurements are performed on the same measurement sample.
- the median diameter of the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention is, for example, 70 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 80 ⁇ m to 450 ⁇ m, more preferably 90 ⁇ m to 420 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention is, for example, 40 ⁇ m to 450 ⁇ m, preferably 50 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m, more preferably 60 ⁇ m to 350 ⁇ m.
- the particle size of a pulverized material is indicated, it is a value based on the volume/mass measured by a laser diffraction method/scattering method, unless otherwise specified.
- the particle size distribution of the pulverized cocoa fruit when the particle size distribution of the pulverized cocoa fruit is within a specific range, it means that the particle size distribution of the pulverized cocoa fruit is measured by a laser diffraction/scattering method. 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, even more preferably 95%, even more preferably 98% of is included within the specified range. % here is a value based on volume.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention may also be in the form of paste. Further, the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention can be processed into a processed product such as a dried product. Moreover, the paste or the dried product thereof can be further shaped (for example, disc-shaped, cube-shaped, etc.). In addition, the dried product is pulverized into powder, the paste or dried product is processed into granules by a general granulation technique, or the physical properties are changed by enzymatic treatment (for example, It can also be treated with an enzyme that decomposes sugars to reduce its viscosity). The pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention or its processed product may be in the form of a frozen product or in the form of a container.
- a processed product such as a dried product.
- the paste or the dried product thereof can be further shaped (for example, disc-shaped, cube-shaped, etc.).
- the dried product is pulverized into powder, the paste or dried product is processed into
- the cocoa fruit pulverized product of the present invention includes conventional chocolate, cacao mass, chocolate raw materials in which oil is a continuous phase such as cocoa butter, and solid or powdered chocolate raw materials such as cacao nibs, cocoa cake, cocoa powder (cocoa). Unlike , it has a continuous phase of water even though it contains abundant solids derived from cocoa beans that contain a lot of oil, and the conductivity (whether it is in a conductive state or not) can be confirmed by measurement with a tester. can be done. For example, the resistance is measured with a tester (Card High Tester: model 3244-60 manufactured by Hioki Electric Co., Ltd.), and if the measured value is displayed, it is judged to be "conductive". If the object does not have conductivity, the measured value is not displayed and "OF" is displayed because it exceeds the maximum display of 42 M ⁇ of the device.
- a tester Card High Tester: model 3244-60 manufactured by Hioki Electric Co., Ltd.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention contains water.
- the water content can be appropriately set according to the food using the pulverized cacao fruit, for example, it is 10% or more, may be 20% or more, may be 30% or more, may be 40% or more, It may be 50% or more, or 60% or more.
- the upper limit of the water content is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 90% or less, may be 80% or less, or may be 70% or less.
- the present invention when referring to the content of the components of the pulverized cacao fruit, it is based on the weight unless otherwise specified.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a pH at which anthocyanins can exhibit a vivid color tone.
- the pH is 4.5 or less, preferably 4.3 or less, and more preferably 4.2 or less.
- the lower limit of pH is not particularly limited, it may be acceptable as food, for example, pH 1 or higher, pH 2 or higher, pH 2.5 or higher, or pH 2.9 or higher.
- "pH" can be measured by directly contacting the electrode of the pH meter with the object to be measured.
- the cocoa fruit pulverized product of the present invention has a bright color tone.
- the color tone of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention is the same as that of R.I. S. It can be specified by color coordinates, developed by Hunter. In this system, color coordinates are indicated by any one selected from L*, a* and b*, C* and h° values. Color coordinate values can be determined by appropriate measuring means such as a color difference meter. A person skilled in the art can appropriately determine the conditions for the measurement, but it is preferable to perform the measurement within two days, preferably within the same day, after preparation of the object to be measured.
- a spectrophotometer CR-5 manufactured by Konica Minolta, Inc.
- a room temperature sample of about 40 ml is placed in a special petri dish (container) to measure CIE L*a*b*. .
- a high a* value indicates a red color to the object, and a high b* value indicates a yellow color to the object. As far as red is concerned, it can be said that the higher the a*/b* value, the more red.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has, for example, an L* value of 29 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less, an L* value of 40 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of It is preferably 25 or less, more preferably has an L* value of 40 or more, an a* value of 22 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less, and an L* value of 40 or more and an a* value of 25 or more. , b* values of 25 or less.
- the a* value / b* value which is an indicator of red color
- the a* value / b* value is 0.80 or more and 1.2 or more. is preferred, 1.5 or more is more preferred, and 2.0 or more is even more preferred.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention may have a relatively high b* value, for example, 13.0 or more.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention contains a relatively large amount of procyanidins. This is because, as will be described later, an enzyme that oxidizes procyanidins endogenously present in cacao fruit is deactivated by the enzyme deactivation treatment.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention contains procyanidins in a solid content of 3.5 mg/g or more, preferably 5.0 mg/g or more, and more preferably 6.0 mg/g or more. is more preferable, and it is even more preferable to contain 7.0 mg/g or more.
- procyanidins refer to catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1, and cinnamtannin A2, unless otherwise specified. Unless otherwise specified, the amounts, proportions, and residual ratios of procyanidins are values calculated by HPLC using epicatechin as a standard and these components in terms of epicatechin.
- the water content of the pulverized cocoa fruit is determined by the method described in the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2015 (7th revision) or according to it. It is measured by an appropriate method and refers to the value obtained by subtracting the water content from the total amount of pulverized cacao fruit.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a high residual rate of procyanidins derived from the raw cacao fruit. This is because, as will be described later, an enzyme that oxidizes procyanidins endogenously present in cacao fruit is deactivated by the enzyme deactivation treatment.
- the cocoa fruit pulverized product of the present invention has a residual rate of procyanidins derived from the raw material cacao fruit of 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more. More preferably, it is 90% or more.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention contains a relatively large amount of epicatechin among procyanidins.
- the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention contains epicatechin in an amount of 1.6 mg/g or more, preferably 1.8 mg/g or more, and more preferably 2.0 mg/g or more, per solid content. It is more preferable to contain 2.2 mg/g or more.
- the residual rate of epicatechin derived from the raw cacao fruit is high.
- the cocoa fruit pulverized product of the present invention has a residual rate of epicatechin derived from the raw cacao fruit of 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, More preferably, it is 90% or more.
- Epicatechin is a monomer, has high solubility in water, and high reactivity. Therefore, it is considered that, compared to other procyanidins, it is easily oxidized and polymerized, and is greatly affected by pH and heat (easily decomposed at high temperatures and alkaline regions). Therefore, the amount of epicatechin is reduced in prior art cocoa nibs and cocoa mass.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a property that oil hardly seeps out. This is presumed to be due to the low free fat content per oil content.
- free fat refers to fat present in the material in a free state. Free fat affects the fluidity, viscosity, etc. of chocolate. In addition, it is thought that oil tends to seep out from materials containing a large amount of free fat.
- the free fat content per sample weight (sometimes simply referred to as the free fat content), it is measured and calculated by the following method, unless otherwise specified.
- Free fat content measurement (1) Measure the exact weight of the 50ml capped glass bottle into which the sample is weighed (a) (2) Put about 5g (b) of the sample into the glass bottle of (1) above (3) Add 25 ml of n-hexane and mix vigorously (using a vortex stirrer) (4) Shake at 162 rpm x 3 hours at 25°C (5) Centrifugation at 3000 rpm, 25°C, 10 minutes (6) Discard the supernatant from (4) above and air-dry overnight in a fume hood. (7) Measure the weight (c) of (5) above after air drying
- the free fat content per sample weight of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention is, for example, 10% or less, preferably 9% or less, more preferably 8% or less, and still more preferably 7% or less, It is more preferably 6% or less, still more preferably 5% or less.
- the free fat content per oil content of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention is, for example, 60% or less, preferably 50% or less, more preferably 40% or less, and still more preferably 30% or less. , more preferably 25% or less, more preferably 20% or less, still more preferably 18% or less, still more preferably 15% or less, and particularly preferably 12% or less.
- the free fat content per solid content of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention is, for example, 3.5% or less, preferably 3.3% or less, more preferably 3.1% or less, and further It is preferably 2.9% or less, more preferably 2.8% or less, and particularly preferably 2.7% or less.
- the free fat content is within the above-described range, oil exudation is particularly small, and compatibility with water-based foods is excellent, which is preferable.
- unprocessed cocoa beans have a low free fat content
- conventional processed cocoa beans have a high free fat content because the cells are destroyed during the processing process.
- the free fat content per sample weight of cocoa mass is about 50%.
- the cocoa bean-derived fats and oils are sealed in the cocoa bean cells whose cell membranes are not destroyed, the cocoa bean-derived fats and oils are contained in a correspondingly high concentration. Nevertheless, it has a low free fat content, which is a distinguishing feature not found in conventional cocoa bean processed products.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention gives the food a high content of procyanidins and a characteristic color tone derived from anthocyanin (e.g. red, pale red, pink, pale pink) etc.). It felt like I was eating fresh raw cacao. In addition, a fruity acidity and a floral scent were felt.
- anthocyanin e.g. red, pale red, pink, pale pink
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention is also suitable for use in foods that preferably have little oil exudation.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention can impart appropriate viscosity and fluidity to raw material mixtures and foods when used as food materials. Therefore, the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention is suitable for the production of foods such as ice cream, which requires moderate fluidity in the process, and can also be used for beverages that require thirst quenching properties.
- it is also suitable for use in foods that require smoothness, a sticky texture, and a rich texture, since it allows foods to contain oils and fats at a high concentration.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention as a food material, it is possible to give the food a fresh raw cacao-like flavor, such as a fruity acidity and a floral aroma.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention may contain additives that are acceptable as food.
- additives include sweeteners, antioxidants, flavors, acidulants, excipients, surfactants, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, coating agents. , colorants, preservatives, buffers, pH adjusters, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and the like.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing a pulverized, enzyme-inactivated cocoa fruit pulverized product, comprising the steps of: a. - A pulverization step of pulverizing the cocoa fruit under conditions in which water is present and the activity of polyphenol oxidase derived from the cacao fruit is effectively suppressed; - An enzyme deactivation treatment step for deactivating polyphenol oxidase derived from cacao fruit.
- the method for producing pulverized cocoa beans of the present invention includes a pulverizing step. Grinding is carried out in the presence of moisture.
- the water content at the time of pulverization is not particularly limited as long as pulverization can be performed, but for example, pulverization is performed under conditions in which the water content is 30% or more, preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and particularly preferably 60% or more. do. In addition, it is 90% or less, preferably 80% or less, more preferably 70% or less together with cocoa beans. By adding water during pulverization, the pulverization efficiency can be improved.
- the fluidity of the pulverized product is increased by adding water, it can be easily transferred and conveyed through piping during the manufacturing process.
- the amount of water added is preferably as small as possible.
- cocoa fruit-derived polyphenol oxidase acts and procyanidins, which are functional ingredients, are oxidized, so pulverization is performed under conditions that effectively suppress the activity of polyphenol oxidase.
- conditions that effectively suppress the activity of polyphenol oxidase are acidic conditions or low temperature conditions.
- Acidic conditions include organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and phosphoric acid, fruit juice, concentrated fruit juice, cacao pulp that is itself acidic, and at least one or more processed products thereof (e.g., cacao pulp juice). It can be achieved by selective use. A person skilled in the art can appropriately determine the concentration and amount of the acid to be used in consideration of the pH to be achieved.
- the acidic condition can be, for example, pH 4.5 or less, preferably pH 4.3 or less, and more preferably pH 4.2 or less. Although the lower limit of pH is not particularly limited, it can be set to a level acceptable as food, for example, pH 1 or higher, pH 2 or higher, pH 2.5 or higher, or pH 2.9 or higher.
- the low temperature condition is, for example, 10°C or lower, 5°C or lower, or 0°C or lower.
- the raw cacao fruit may be frozen and pulverized.
- the pulverization may be carried out in the presence of antioxidants or reducing agents that are acceptable as food additives in order to suppress browning due to oxidation of anthocyanins and to maintain the stability of procyanidins.
- antioxidants or reducing agents acceptable as food additives are L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), erythorbic acid (isoascorbic acid), catechin, dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT), tocopherol (vitamin E), butyl Hydroxyanisole (BHA).
- the crushing means used in the crushing process is not particularly limited as long as the cocoa fruit can be crushed to the desired particle size.
- pulverizing means include mixers, mills, etc., which are general pulverizers.
- the production method of the present invention includes an enzyme deactivation treatment step.
- Procyanidins are considered to be decomposed and reduced by oxidation by polyphenol oxidase, an enzyme contained in cacao fruit, and non-enzymatic oxidation.
- Enzyme deactivation treatment can be carried out by placing at high temperature for a certain period of time.
- the high temperature is, for example, 80° C. or higher, more preferably 90° C. or higher.
- the enzyme deactivation treatment step of the production method of the present invention is performed at a temperature lower than the roasting temperature of cocoa beans, for example, 121° C. or lower.
- the treatment time is, for example, 5 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably 10 seconds to 5 minutes, depending on the temperature.
- An example of preferable conditions for enzyme inactivation treatment is 80 to 121° C. for 10 to 20 seconds.
- Cooling is also preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing the growth of microorganisms, maintaining functional ingredients, and preventing browning.
- the means for enzyme deactivation that is, heat treatment, is not particularly limited as long as the object can be heated to the required temperature.
- heating means include boiling (sometimes referred to as boiling or boiling), steaming, steaming, and microwave heating.
- a food material having a vivid color tone can be produced using cacao fruit as a raw material.
- Such manufacturing methods include the following steps: grinding the cocoa fruit in the presence of moisture and at an acidic pH; a step of inactivating polyphenol oxidase derived from cacao fruit; A step of obtaining, as a food material, the cocoa fruit pulverized product that has been pulverized and subjected to an enzyme inactivation treatment.
- Vivid color tone means that the color tone has an L* value of 29 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less, preferably an L* value of 40 or more, an a* value of 18 or more, and a b* value of 25 or less. Say things. Such tones have been described above.
- the method for producing a food material of the present invention preferably further includes a step of adjusting the pH of the enzyme-inactivated pulverized cacao fruit to 4.5 or less.
- the low pH range is important for maintaining the red color of anthocyanin contained in cacao fruit.
- a low pH range is also preferable from the viewpoint that procyanidins are stable.
- gas inclusion treatment may be performed during the cooling step described above.
- pneumatic treatment it is possible to obtain pulverized cacao fruit with a reduced specific gravity.
- cocoa fruit pulverized material having a reduced specific gravity may be frozen.
- the production method of the present invention may optionally include various steps commonly used in conventional food production, such as a concentration step, a drying step, a freezing step, and a container filling step.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention can be used as a raw material in the production of foods or pharmaceuticals.
- a raw material in the production of food that is, the case of using as a food material, among foods and pharmaceuticals, will be described as an example, but those skilled in the art can understand the explanation by applying it to the case of pharmaceuticals. .
- food includes not only food for humans but also food for animals other than humans.
- foods include general foods, functional foods, nutritious cacao fruit pulverized products, and therapeutic foods (those that serve the purpose of treatment.
- a diet prescription is issued by a doctor and prepared by a nutritionist, etc.).
- foods prepared based on a menu diet therapy foods, ingredient-adjusted foods, nursing care foods, and therapeutic support foods.
- Foods include not only solids but also liquids such as beverages, drinks, liquid foods, and soups, unless otherwise specified.
- Functional foods refer to foods that can impart predetermined functionality to living organisms. Functional foods, foods for special uses, dietary supplements, health supplements, supplements (for example, various dosage forms such as tablets, coated tablets, dragees, capsules, and liquids), beauty foods (for example, diet foods), etc. It includes general health foods.
- functional foods include health foods to which health claims based on food standards of Codex (FAO/WHO Joint Food Standards Committee) are applied.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has conductivity while containing a certain amount of cacao-derived oil. That is, water is the continuous phase.
- foods to which the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention can be preferably applied in addition to oil-based foods suitable for blending cacao mass and cocoa powder, which are conventional cacao-derived food materials, conventional cocoa beans
- Oil-based foods which have been difficult to apply to processed foods, can be mentioned.
- An oil-based food refers to a food in which oil is a continuous phase.
- Aqueous foods refer to foods in which water is a continuous phase.
- the cocoa fruit pulverized product has a low free fat content and is excellent in compatibility with water in that oil does not easily seep out, and is suitable for blending in water-based foods.
- Foods using the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention as a raw material can be in any form such as confectionery, beverages, seasonings, processed foods, side dishes, and soups. More specifically, chocolate products (chocolate, quasi-chocolate, chocolate confectionery, quasi-chocolate confectionery), gummy, tablet candy, chewing gum, candy, snacks, biscuits, crackers, sweet bean jelly, bean paste, ice cream, frozen desserts, sherbet, frozen yogurt , Frozen desserts, jelly, pudding, fillings, soft drinks, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, vegetable drinks, soy milk drinks, tea drinks, coffee drinks, powdered drinks, carbonated drinks, alcoholic drinks, spreads, margarine, flavor seasonings, dressings, sauces, Sauce, sauce, roux, yogurt, cream, cheese, milk drink, lactic acid drink, bread, pasta, pizza crust, cake, cake mix, powdered milk, liquid diet, food for the sick, nutritional food, supplement, tablet, frozen food , retort food, canned
- the color of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention can be red in a low pH range.
- foods to which the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention can be preferably applied include acidic foods such as beverages, frozen desserts, and fermented milk.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a high content of procyanidins.
- foods to which the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention can be preferably applied include foods that should contain a large amount of procyanidins.
- the content of the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention in the food is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined according to the form of the food.
- the content of the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention in food can be 1-99%, may be 10-90%, or may be 20-60%.
- the food containing the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention may contain other food raw materials, other active ingredients and nutritional ingredients acceptable as food, in addition to the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention.
- the pulverized cacao fruit may further contain additives that are acceptable as food.
- the step of blending the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the characteristics of the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- it can be blended with other raw materials in the initial stage of production.
- the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention and the food using the same contain cacao fruit, the amount thereof is large, the fact that it contains any of anthocyanins, procyanidins and polyphenols, and the amount thereof It is possible to label that the food contains a large amount of anthocyanins, procyanidins, or polyphenols, and that the food is recommended for specific subjects to consume. Labeling can be done directly or indirectly. Examples of direct labeling are descriptions on tangible objects such as the product itself, packages, containers, labels, tags, etc. Examples of indirect labeling are: Including advertising and publicity activities by place or means such as websites, stores, pamphlets, exhibitions, books, newspapers, magazines, television, radio, mail, e-mail, voice, etc. EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail using examples.
- A Especially preferred (L* is 39 or more, a* is 25 or more, and b* is 25 or less)
- procyanidin amount residual rate The above pH-adjusted paste was freeze-dried, and then degreased and extracted by heating to reflux. Then, using high performance liquid chromatography, the amount of procyanidins in the pH-adjusted paste was measured to evaluate the residual ratio of the amount of procyanidins.
- Procyanidins refer to catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1, and cinnamtannin A2 (the same applies to the following examples).
- Procyanidins were quantified by HPLC. Specifically, the column used was Deverosil-ODS-HG5 (4.6 mm ⁇ 250 mm, ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, manufactured by Nomura Chemical Co., Ltd.). The eluent was composed of liquids A and B, with liquid A being a 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution and liquid B being a 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile solution. The flow rate of the eluent passed through the column was 0.8 ml/min, and the gradient conditions were 10% at the start, 10% at 5 minutes after the start, and 10% at 35 minutes after the start.
- the pH range is preferably pH 1.0 to 4.5, more preferably pH 1.0 to pH 4.0.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Examples 2 and 4 were measured twice. Similarly, pastes 1 to 4 and pastes 5 to 11 were also measured twice. Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were calculated from Comparative Examples 1 and 2 by taking into consideration the blending ratio of cacao bean powder of 30%.
- the amount of procyanidins in pastes 1 to 5 prepared by the above method was 5.5 to 7.5 mg/g.
- Pastes 6-7 were 3.3-3.9 mg/g, and pastes 8-11 were 1.1-2.5 mg/g. Therefore, the pH range in which the amount of procyanidins is 3.5 mg/g or more is preferably pH 1.0 to 4.5, and most preferably pH 1.0 to pH 4.0 so that the amount of procyanidins is 5.0 mg/g or more. is in the range of
- pastes 1 to 5 prepared by the above method showed no decrease in the amount of epicatechin.
- paste 6 had a residual epicatechin amount of about 75%
- pastes 7 to 10 had a residual epicatechin amount of about 20% to 60%, as compared with the comparative example. Therefore, the pH range is preferably pH 1.0 to 4.5, most preferably pH 1.0 to pH 4.0.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 3 and Comparative Examples 2 and 4 were measured twice. Similarly, pastes 1 to 4 and pastes 5 to 11 were also measured twice. Comparative Examples 3 and 4 were calculated from Comparative Examples 1 and 2 considering the blending ratio of cacao bean powder of 30%.
- the amount of epicatechin in pastes 1-5 prepared by the above method was 2.6-3.4 mg/g.
- Pastes 6-7 were 1.6-1.9 mg/g, and pastes 8-11 were 0.5-1.3 mg/g. Therefore, the pH range in which the amount of epicatechin is 1.6 mg/g or more is preferably pH 1.0 to 4.5, and most preferably pH 1.0 to pH 4.0 so that the amount of epicatechin is 2.0 mg/g or more. is in the range of
- a cacao fruit paste was prepared by the following method, and the particle size was measured.
- Particle size distribution was measured using water as a dispersion medium.
- a small amount of cacao fruit paste was added to 50 ml of water in a glass beaker, stirred for 15 seconds, treated with a sonicator for 30 seconds, and stirred for 1 minute to prepare a measurement sample.
- Evaluation was performed by two expert panels. We made adjustments in advance and made a decision based on the consensus of the two people according to the following evaluation criteria. (Evaluation criteria) Fruity: 1 not fruity 2 slightly fruity 3 fruity 4 fruity enough but less than coarse 5 very fruity (same as coarse)
- Flavor persistence 1 No long lasting flavor 2 Somewhat long lasting flavor (same as coarsely pulverized product) 3 The flavor is felt a little longer than the coarsely ground product 4 The flavor is felt longer than the coarsely ground product 5 The flavor is clearly felt longer than the coarsely ground product
- a cacao fruit paste was prepared by the following method, and free fat was measured.
- the weight difference before and after degreasing by hexane degreasing was measured as free fat. Specifically, it was measured by the following method. 1. Place 5 g of sample in a 50 ml capped glass bottle and measure the exact weight including the tare. 2. Add 25ml of hexane and mix vigorously (using vortex) 3. Shake at room temperature 162 rpm, 25°C, about 3 hours 4. Centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at 25°C. Five. To discard the hexane and let it completely volatilize, 6. Air dried overnight in a fume hood 7. The tare weight after air-drying was measured.
- Free fat measurement sample ⁇ Cacao fruit paste (coarsely ground product) ⁇ Cacao bean powder (pulverized frozen cocoa beans) ⁇ Cacao mass
- the cacao fruit paste has a cacao bean blending ratio of about 43% and a fat content of about 24%. It was found that 2.6% of the fat content of 24% exuded as free fat. On the other hand, the fat content of cocoa bean powder is about 55%. It was found that about 3.8% of the fat content of 55% exuded as free fat.
- the results including cacao mass are shown in the table below.
- a cocoa fruit pulverized product was produced according to the formulation shown in the table below. Unfermented cocoa beans, including the pulp and shell, are removed from the cocoa pods. Pulp juice stored refrigerated at 10°C or less and cocoa beans containing the above pulp and shell are put into a mixer at the ratio shown in the table below and crushed for about 2 to 5 minutes (pH 3.26 at the time of crushing). A uniform pasty grind is obtained. After that, add drinking water that has been refrigerated at 10°C or less at the ratio shown in the table below, and stir vigorously for about 1 minute. After that, the pulverized material is passed through a 20 mesh (1 mm or less). After heating at 85°C for 15 seconds or more, it is cooled to 10°C or less for sterilization and blanching.
- the resulting pulverized cocoa fruit had a pH of 3.8, a particle size of 20 mesh pass, electrical conductivity, and a procyanidin content of 3.5 mg/g or more.
- the resulting pulverized product had a smooth mouthfeel, a red color tone, and had fruity sweetness and sourness.
- a cocoa fruit pulverized product was produced according to the formulation shown in the table below. Unfermented cocoa beans containing the pulp and shell were removed from the cocoa pods. Concentrated pulp juice that has been refrigerated at 10°C or less and cocoa beans containing the above pulp and shell are put into a mixer at the ratio shown in the table below and crushed for about 2 to 5 minutes to form a paste that is uniform in appearance. got stuff After that, the pulverized material was passed through 20 mesh (1 mm or less). Sterilization and blanching were performed by heating to 85°C for 15 seconds or more and then cooling to 10°C or less.
- the resulting cacao fruit pulverized product had a pH of 3.8, a particle size of 20 mesh, conductivity, and a procyanidin content of 3.5 mg/g or more (6.1 mg/g).
- the resulting pulverized product had a smooth mouthfeel, a red color tone, and had fruity sweetness and sourness.
- Drink 1 of Example contains 6% by mass of sugar in order to have a solid content of about 11% and a sweetness of about 6, following a typical drink, and the cacao fruit obtained in Production Example 2. 15% by mass of pulverized material was blended.
- cacao mass was added to drink 2 and cocoa powder was added to drink 3 so that the procyanidin content was about the same as that of drink 1, and sugar was used to adjust the solid content to about 11%. .
- Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield viscometer (TVB-10M, manufactured by Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd.) at 8 to 10°C with an M1 rotor at 60 rpm for 30 seconds. The results are shown in the table below.
- Drinks 2 and 3 had high viscosity and sticky physical properties.
- drink 1 had physical properties of low viscosity and high fluidity.
- the pH of drink 1 was lower than the pH of drinks 2 and 3.
- the drink containing the pulverized cocoa fruit of the present invention has a viscosity suitable for thirst-quenching beverages, compared to drinks with the same procyanidin content produced using cocoa mass or cocoa powder, which are conventional cacao raw materials. had Furthermore, the drink containing the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a low pH at which procyanidins are stable, so it is suitable as a health drink that promotes the incorporation of procyanidins. Also, Drink 1 had a light pink tint while Drinks 2 and 3 were brown.
- three items of sweetness, roughness, and refreshing feeling were evaluated in five stages according to the following criteria, and the average value of the scores of the three panelists was calculated. The results are shown in the table below.
- Drinks 2 and 3 did not feel rough, but had a remarkably weak sweetness and refreshing flavor.
- Drink 1 had a sweet and refreshing feeling and had a good flavor.
- Drinks incorporating the fruit pulverized product of the present invention had superior flavor qualities compared to drinks with the same procyanidin content produced using conventional cocoa raw materials.
- Ice cream was produced using the raw materials shown in the table below. After the temperature was raised to 30 to 40°C while stirring water, raw materials other than water were added and the temperature was raised to 70°C while stirring further. After pre-emulsifying for 10 minutes, the mixture was put into a mixer, mixed for 2 minutes, cooled and stored in a refrigerator at 10°C or lower for 16 hours to obtain an ice cream mix. 150 g to 500 g of the ice cream mix is frozen in a cylinder of a gelato machine (manufactured by CARPIGIANI, product name: FREEZE & GO), taken out after 10 minutes, placed in a paper container and hardened at -40 ° C for 1 hour to make ice cream. Obtained.
- a gelato machine manufactured by CARPIGIANI, product name: FREEZE & GO
- the ice cream 1 of the example has a solid content of about 38%, a sweetness of about 13, a vegetable fat content of 10% by mass, and skimmed milk powder of 5% by mass, following typical ice creams. Therefore, 13% by mass of sugar was blended, and 28% by mass of the pulverized cocoa fruit obtained in Production Example 2 was blended.
- cocoa mass was added to ice cream 2 and cocoa powder was added to ice cream 3 so that the content of procyanidins was about the same as that of ice cream 1, and the blending ratio of vegetable oils and fats and skimmed milk powder were constant. The composition was adjusted using sugar so that the solid content was about 38%.
- the ice cream mix produced using the cocoa fruit pulverized product of the present invention is more favorable than the ice cream mix produced using cocoa mass and cocoa powder, which are conventional cocoa raw materials, and having the same procyanidin content. It had manufacturability.
- Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield viscometer at 10-12°C, M2 rotor, 60 rpm, 30 seconds. The results are shown in the table below.
- Ice cream mix 1 has a low viscosity, which is within the range of appropriate viscosity (800 mPa s or less) for sterilization and cooling processes, which are industrial ice cream manufacturing processes, and appropriate viscosity (400 mPa s or less) for transportation processes. , had good manufacturability. Ice cream mixes 2 and 3 had very high viscosities, exceeding the appropriate viscosity range noted above. Furthermore, the ice cream mix containing the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention has a low pH at which procyanidins are stable, and is therefore suitable for the production of ice cream that promotes the incorporation of procyanidins. Also, while ice cream mixes 2 and 3 were brown, ice cream mix 1 had a pale pink hue.
- a sensory evaluation was conducted for each ice cream.
- three items of smoothness, smoothness, and sweetness were evaluated on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria, and the average score of the three panelists was calculated.
- the evaluation of each item was performed after adjusting the temperature of the ice cream in a constant temperature machine at -18 ° C for 1 hour or more. was performed 10 minutes after taking out from the constant temperature machine. The results are shown in the table below.
- Ice cream 1 had a good spoonability and had a good quality with a smoothness and sweetness. Ice creams 2 and 3 were hard and difficult to scoop, lacking smoothness, and were extremely weak in sweetness. Ice creams containing the fruit pulverized product of the present invention had superior flavor quality compared to ice creams with the same procyanidin content produced using conventional cocoa raw materials.
- the spreads 1 and 2 were filled in a small cup container, temperature-controlled at 5°C for 12 hours or more, stored in a constant temperature room at 30°C for 0-2 hours, and oil separation was visually observed. None of the spreads showed significant oil separation after 2 hours.
- the spread containing the pulverized cacao fruit of the present invention had a pale pink color tone, stable emulsification, and excellent spreadability.
- the resulting frozen dessert 1 had a bright red color, while the frozen dessert 2 had a light red color.
- Samples 1 to 8 were manufactured using the raw materials (see FIG. 9), composition, and manufacturing method shown in the table below.
- Freeze at -40°C. It is freeze-dried by shelf heating at 20° C. and 5.8 Pa for 96 hours in a freeze dryer (freeze dryer manufactured by TAKARA ATM (model TFS-80TANN)). Here, the freeze-dried products (FD products) of samples 5 to 8 are sampled.
- Freeze-dried products 5 to 8 were heated under reflux to extract procyanidins without degreasing.
- the extract was subjected to HPLC to quantify procyanidins.
- the column used was Deverosil-ODS-HG5 (4.6 mm ⁇ 250 mm, ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, manufactured by Nomura Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- the eluent was composed of liquids A and B, with liquid A being a 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution and liquid B being a 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile solution.
- the flow rate of the eluent passed through the column was 0.8 ml/min, and the gradient conditions were 10% at the start, 10% at 5 minutes after the start, and 10% at 35 minutes after the start. 25%, 100% 40 minutes after the start, and 100% 45 minutes after the start.
- the amount of sample injection was 10 ⁇ L, and epicatechin was used as a standard, and catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1, and cinnamtannin A2 were calculated as epicatechin-equivalent amounts. The results are shown in the table below.
- a sensory evaluation was conducted by two expert panels. We made adjustments in advance and made a decision based on the consensus of the two people according to the following evaluation criteria.
- Both the resulting paste and dried product had a favorable red color, and a variety of fruity, sour, and astringent flavors were felt.
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Abstract
Description
前記懸濁液を湿式粉砕処理に付す工程(b)と、前記懸濁液を70℃以下の温度での熱処理に付す工程(c)と、水相分(重質相)、ココアバターを主成分として含有し且つ固形分及び/又は水分を非主成分として含有する脂肪相分(軽質相)、並びに、ココア粉末及び水分を含有する固相分へと、前記懸濁液を分離させる工程(d)と、前記の三相を個別に処理する工程(e)とを含み、当該工程は、前記脂肪相分からココアバターを分離すること、前記固相分からココア粉末を分離すること、並びに、ココア香料及びポリフェノール粉末を少なくとも前記水相分から分離することのそれぞれを必要に応じて含み、前記未発酵カカオ豆は予備乾燥されていないものであり、前記未発酵カカオ豆は、工程(a)より前にインキュベーション工程に付されたものであり、前記インキュベーション工程は、未発酵カカオ豆について、当該未発酵カカオ豆を覆う充分量のエタノール溶液に、10℃~70℃の温度で2時間~10日間、浸漬することを含む、方法を提案する。また特許文献2は、赤色又は紫色のカカオ由来材料を生成する方法であって、(i)発酵カカオ豆より高いポリフェノール含量を有する豆又は種子から得られたカカオニブを酸で処理するステップ、及び(ii)場合によりニブを乾燥するステップを含み、前記赤色又は紫色のカカオ由来材料は少なくとも20mg/gのポリフェノールを含み、前記豆又は種子は未発酵又は3日間まで発酵され、カカオ豆又は種子を予備乾燥及び/又は加熱して、カカオニブを生成するステップをさらに含み、酵素の添加を含まない、方法を提案する。さらに特許文献3は、カカオ豆の細胞構造を破壊する処理をし、酸化処理をする工程を含む、低フレーバーココアを非醗酵カカオ豆から製造する方法であって、細胞構造を破壊する工程におけるカカオニブのpHは、4.5以下又は6.0以上とする方法を提案する。
[1] pHが4.5以下であり、色調が、L*値29以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下、好ましくはL*値40以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下であり、導電性を有する、カカオフルーツ粉砕物。
[2] プロシアニジン類を、固形分あたり3.5mg/g以上含有する、1に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
[3] 20メッシュを通過する粒子サイズである、1又は2に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
[4] 原料カカオ豆由来のプロシアニジン類の残存率が80%以上である、1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
[5] 以下の工程を含む、粉砕され、酵素失活処理されたカカオフルーツ粉砕物の製造方法:
カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつカカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼの活性を有効に抑制する条件で粉砕する工程;
カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する工程。
[6] カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼの活性を有効に抑制する条件が、酸性であることである、5に記載の製造方法。
[7] 酵素の失活処理が、80~121℃で10秒以上加熱した後、冷却することを含む、5又は6に記載の製造方法。
[8] 以下の工程を含む、色調が、L*値29以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下、好ましくはL*値40以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下である食品素材の製造方法:
カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつ酸性pHで、粉砕する工程;
カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する工程;
粉砕し、酵素失活処理したカカオフルーツ粉砕物を、食品素材として得る工程。
[9] 酵素失活処理したカカオフルーツ粉砕物のpHを、4.5以下に調整する工程をさらに含む、8に記載の製造方法。
本発明は、カカオフルーツ粉砕物に関する。
本発明に関し、カカオフルーツというときは、特に記載した場合を除き、カカオポッドから硬いからの部分を除いた、果肉(パルプ)と豆(ニブ、ジャーム、シェルで構成される。)の部分を指す。カカオフルーツは、カカオ豆とは異なり、パルプを含むが、パルプの一部は除かれていてもよい。カカオフルーツはまたカカオニブとは異なり、シェルを含むが、シェルの一部は除かれていてもよい。本発明に関し、カカオフルーツ粉砕物というときは、特に記載した場合を除き、カカオパルプの一部(又は全部)とカカオ豆の一部(又は全部)が含まれる粉砕物をいう。これには、カカオパルプ果汁又はその濃縮物と豆とを合わせて粉砕した物、パルプとニブとを粉砕した物が含まれる。
本発明に関し、粉砕物というときは、粉砕された状態のものをいう。粉砕物の粒子サイズは特に限定されないが、好ましい例の一つは、20メッシュ(目開き0.70~1.05 mm、例えば0.87 mm)を通過する粒子サイズである。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、従来のチョコレート、カカオマス、ココアバターのような油が連続相であるチョコレート類原料及びカカオニブ、ココアケーキ、ココアパウダー(ココア)のような固形あるいは粉状のチョコレート原料とは異なり、油を多く含むカカオ豆由来の固形分を豊富に含むにも関わらず、水の連続相を有し、テスターによる測定で導電性(導電状態であるか否か)を確認することができる。例えば、テスター(カードハイテスタ:型式3244-60 日置電機株式会社製)にて抵抗測定を行い、測定値が表示される場合は「導電性を有する」と判定する。対象が導電性を有さない場合は、前記装置の最大表示である42MΩを超えるため、測定値が表示されず「OF」と表示される。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、アントシアニン類が鮮やかな色調を呈しうるpHである。例えば、pH4.5以下であり、pH4.3以下であることが好ましく、pH4.2以下であることがより好ましい。pHの下限値は特に限定されないが、食品として許容される程度、例えばpH1以上であり、pH2以上、pH2.5以上、又はpH2.9以上であり得る。なお、本発明において、「pH」は、測定対象物にpHメーターの電極を直接接触させることで測定することができる。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は鮮やかな色調を有する。本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物の色調は、R.S.Hunterによって開発された、色座標によって明示することができる。この系では、色座標は、L*値、a*値及びb*値、C*値及びh°値から選択されるいずれかによって示される。色座標の値は、色彩色差計等の適切な測定手段により求めることができる。測定のための条件は、当業者であれば適宜とすることができるが、測定対象を調製してから2日以内、好ましくはその日のうちに測定することが好ましい。一例として、測定装置として分光測色計CR-5(コニカミノルタ株式会社製)を用いて、専用シャーレ(容器)に40ml程度の室温の試料を入れて、CIE L*a*b*を測定する。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、プロシアニジン類を比較的多く含む。後述するように酵素失活処理により、カカオフルーツに内在するプロシアニジン類を酸化する酵素が失活されているからである。具体的には、本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、プロシアニジン類を、固形分あたり3.5mg/g以上含有し、5.0mg/g以上含有することが好ましく、6.0mg/g以上含有することがより好ましく、7.0mg/g以上含有することがさらに好ましい。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、油がしみ出しにくい性質を有する。これは、含まれる油分あたりのフリーファット含有率が低いからだと推測される。チョコレート分野において、フリーファット(遊離油脂)とは、材料中に遊離状態で存在する油脂をいう。フリーファットは、チョコレートの流動性や粘度等に影響を与える。また、フリーファットを多く含む材料からは油がしみ出しやすいと考えられる。
(1) サンプルを量りこむ50ml蓋付きガラス瓶の正確な重量を測定する(a)
(2) サンプル約5g(b)を上記(1)のガラス瓶に入れる
(3) n-ヘキサン25mlを加えて激しく混合する(vortexスターラー使用)
(4) 162rpm×3時間、25℃で振とうする
(5) 3000rpm,25℃,10分間遠心分離
(6) 上記(4)の上澄を廃棄し、ドラフト内で一晩風乾する
(7) 風乾後の上記(5)の重量(c)を測定する
<y>油分当たりのフリーファット含有率(%)=<x>/b中の油分×100
<z>固形分当たりのフリーファット含有率(%)=<x>/(b-b中の水分)×100
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、食品素材として用いることにより、食品に対して、高いプロシアニジン類の含有量を与え、アントシアニン由来の特徴的な色調(例えば赤色、薄い赤色、ピンク色、淡いピンク色等)を与えうる。新鮮な生のカカオを食べていると感じられた。また、フルーティな酸味と花のような香りが感じられた。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、食品として許容される添加物を含んでいてもよい。そのような添加物の例は、甘味料、酸化防止剤、香料、酸味料、賦形剤、界面活性剤、結合剤、崩壊剤、滑沢剤、溶解補助剤、懸濁化剤、コーティング剤、着色剤、保存剤、緩衝剤、pH調整剤、乳化剤、安定剤、増粘剤等である。
本発明は、また、下記の工程を含む、粉砕され、酵素失活処理されたカカオフルーツ粉砕物の製造方法を提供する。
・カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつカカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼの活性を有効に抑制する条件で粉砕する、粉砕工程;
・カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する、酵素失活処理工程。
本発明のカカオ豆粉砕物の製造方法は、粉砕工程を含む。粉砕は、水分が存在する条件で行われる。粉砕時の水分含量は、粉砕を行うことができれば特に限定されないが、例えば30%以上、好ましくは40%以上、より好ましくは50%以上、特に好ましくは60%以上の水分が存在する条件で粉砕する。また、カカオ豆と合わせて90%以下、好ましくは80%以下、より好ましくは70%以下である。粉砕する際に、水を添加することにより、粉砕効率を向上させることができる。また、水を添加することにより粉砕物の流動性が高くなるため、製造工程中の配管での移送や搬送を容易にできる。ただし、水分が少ない濃縮タイプの粉砕物を得る場合は、水分の添加量は少ない方が好ましい。
本発明の製造方法は、酵素失活処理工程を含む。プロシアニジン類は、カカオフルーツに含まれる酵素・ポリフェノールオキシダーゼによる酸化と非酵素的な酸化を受け、分解、減少すると考えられる。プロシアニジン類を安定的に存在させ、高い含有量を維持するためには、製造工程においてポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活させるための加熱処理を行うことが重要である。酵素失活処理は、高温で一定時間置くことにより実施することができる。高温とは、例えば80℃以上であり、90℃以上であることがより好ましい。本発明の製造方法の酵素失活処理工程は、カカオ豆をローストする温度よりは低い温度、例えば、121℃以下で行われる。処理時間は、温度にもよるが、例えば5秒~10分であり、10秒~5分であることが好ましい。酵素失活処理の好ましい条件の例は、80~121℃、10~20秒である。
本発明により、鮮やかな色調を有する食品素材が、カカオフルーツを原料として製造できる。このような製造方法は、以下の工程を含む:
カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつ酸性pHで、粉砕する工程;
カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する工程;
粉砕し、酵素失活処理したカカオフルーツ粉砕物を、食品素材として得る工程。
本発明の製造方法は、前述の冷却工程の際に、含気処理を行ってもよい。含気処理により、比重を低下させた、カカオフルーツ粉砕物を得ることができる。このような比重を低下させたカカオフルーツ粉砕物は凍結させてもよい。
本発明のカカオフルーツ粉砕物は、食品又は医薬品の製造において、原料として用いることができる。以下では、食品及び医薬品のうち、食品の製造において原料として用いる場合、すなわち食品素材として用いる場合を例に説明するが、その説明は当業者であれば医薬品の場合に当てはめて理解することができる。
以下、実施例を用いて、本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。
〔カカオフルーツ粉砕物(カカオフルーツペースト)の調製〕
下記1~4の工程で、カカオフルーツペーストを調製した。
2.-20℃の室温で、取り出したパルプとカカオ豆を家庭用ミキサー(Panasonic ファイバーミキサーMX-X301)で粉砕後、さらに万能粉砕器(IKA M20)に液体窒素と粉砕物を入れ、さらに粉状になるまで粉砕する。このようにして得られた粉砕物を「カカオ豆パウダー」という。なお、-20℃で行うのは、粉砕物の酸化を抑制するためである。
3.カカオ豆パウダー、パルプジュース(伊藤忠商事)を下表の配合で加え、ハンドミキサー(bamix M300)で激しく攪拌する。その後、水を加え、さらに攪拌する。
4.クエン酸又は重曹を加え、pHを調整する。
色彩色差計(コニカミノルタ社製、 分光測色計CR-5)を用いて、上記のpH調整したペーストの色の違いを数値化し、色調の評価を行った。
B:好ましい(L*が39以上、かつa*が22以上、b*が25以下)
C:やや好ましい(L*が39以上、かつa*が18以上、b*が25以下)
D:好ましくない(L*が39未満、a*が18未満、b*が25を超えるのいずれか)
上記のpH調整したペーストをフリーズドライし、その後、脱脂と加熱還流による抽出を行った。その後、高速液体クロマトグラフィーを用いて、上記のpH調整したペーストのプロシアニジン類量を測定し、プロシアニジン類量の残存率を評価した。プロシアニジン類とは、カテキン、エピカテキン、プロシアニジンB2、プロシアニジンB5、プロシアニジンC1、シンナムタンニンA2をいう(以下の実施例において同じ。)。
プロシアニジン類は、HPLCで定量した。具体的には、カラムは、Deverosil-ODS-HG5(4.6mm×250mm、φ5μm、野村化学株式会社製)を使用した。溶離液は、A液とB液で構成され、A液は0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸水溶液、B液は0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸/アセトニトリル溶液を使用した。カラムへ通す溶離液の流速は0.8ml/分、グラジェントの条件は、溶離液全体に占めるB液の割合を、開始時点で10%、開始5分後で10%、開始35分後で25%、開始40分後で100%、開始45分後で100%とした。サンプルインジェクション量は10μLであり、エピカテキンを標準品として、各成分をエピカテキン換算量として算出した。
各成分:カテキン、エピカテキン、プロシアニジンB2、プロシアニジンB5、プロシアニジンC1、シンナムタンニンA2
A:特に好ましい(90%以上)
B:好ましい(85%以上90%未満)
C:やや好ましい(80%以上85%未満)
D:好ましくない(80%未満)
上記のpH調整したペーストをフリーズドライし、その後、脱脂と加熱還流による抽出を行った。その後、HPLCを用いて、上記のpH調整したペーストのプロシアニジン類量を測定し、評価した。
B:好ましい(4.0mg/g以上、4.3mg/g未満)
C:やや好ましい(3.5mg以上、4.0mg/g未満)
D:好ましくない(3.5mg/g未満)
HPLCを用いて、上記のpH調整したペーストのエピカテキン量を測定し、エピカテキン量の残存率を評価した。
B:好ましい(80%以上90%未満)
C:やや好ましい(70%以上80%未満)
D:好ましくない(70%未満)
上記のpH調整したペーストをフリーズドライし、その後、脱脂と加熱還流による抽出を行った。その後、HPLCを用いて、上記のpH調整したペーストのエピカテキン量を測定し、評価した。
B:好ましい(1.9mg/g以上2.1mg/g未満)
C:やや好ましい(1.7mg/g以上1.9mg/g未満)
D:好ましくない(1.7mg/g未満)
カカオフルーツペーストを下記の方法で作製し、粒度の測定を行った。
1. ミキサー(家庭用)を使用して、下表2種の原料を約5分間粉砕混合して、「粗粉砕品」を得た。なおカカオ豆は、冷凍保管のポッドから取り出したものを用意した。
2. 粉砕機(モルタ-グラインダ RM200、レッチェ製)を使用して、「粗粉砕品」を磨砕強度を振って粉砕し、「粉砕品4」、「粉砕品6」、「粉砕品8」を各50g程度得た。なお、粉砕品の4~8の数字は、粉砕機の磨砕程度を示す(クリアランスの径ではない)。数字が大きい程、磨砕の程度が大きく、粒度を細かくできる。
使用装置:SALD2100(島津製作所製)
測定方法:レーザー回析法
粗粉砕の方がフルーティ感は強いが、酸味、オイリー感、なめらかさ、風味持続性は磨砕強度が高い試験区の方がより強く、なめらかで、風味持続性が長かった。
(評価基準)
フルーティ:
1 フルーティではない
2 わずかにフルーティである
3 フルーティである
4 粗粉砕には劣るが十分にフルーティである
5 非常にフルーティである(粗粉砕と同じ)
1 酸味がない
2 わずかに酸味がある(粗粉砕品と同じ)
3 粗粉砕品より、やや酸味がある
4 粗粉砕品より、明らかに酸味がある
5 粗粉砕品より、明らかに強い酸味がある
1 オイリーではない
2 わずかにオイリーである(粗粉砕品と同じ)
3 粗粉砕品より、ややオイリーである
4 粗粉砕品より、明らかにオイリーである
5 粗粉砕品より、明らかに強くオイリーである
1 なめらかではない
2 わずかになめらかである(粗粉砕品と同じ)
3 粗粉砕品より、ややなめらかである
4 粗粉砕品より、明らかになめらかである
5 粗粉砕品より、著しくなめらかである
1 風味持続性がない
2 やや風味が持続する(粗粉砕品と同じ)
3 粗粉砕品より、風味がやや長く感じられる
4 粗粉砕品より、長く風味が感じられる
5 粗粉砕品より、明らかに長く風味が感じられる
カカオフルーツペーストを下記の方法で作製し、フリーファットの測定を行った。
粒度の評価の差異と同様に、ミキサー(家庭用)を使用して粗粉砕物を得た。
1.50mlの蓋付ガラス瓶に、試料を5g入れて、正確な風袋込み重量を測定する。
2.25mlのヘキサンを加え、激しく混合する(vortex使用)
3.常温下で振とうする 162rpm、25℃、3時間程度
4.3000rpm、10分間、25℃で遠心分離する。
5.ヘキサンを廃棄し、完全に揮発させるため、
6.一晩ドラフト内で風乾した
7.風乾後の風袋込み重量を測定した。
・カカオフルーツペースト(粗粉砕品)
・カカオ豆パウダー(冷凍下カカオ豆粉砕品)
・カカオマス
カカオフルーツペーストは、カカオ豆配合比が約43%であり、脂肪分は約24%程度。脂肪分24%の内、2.6%がフリーファットとして染み出していたことが分かった。一方、カカオ豆パウダーの脂肪分は約55%程度。脂肪分55%の内、約3.8%がフリーファットとして染み出していたことが分かった。カカオマスも含めた結果を下表に示す。
下表の配合でカカオフルーツ粉砕物を製造した。カカオポッドから、パルプとシェルを含む未発酵のカカオ豆を取り出す。10℃以下で冷蔵保管したパルプジュースと上記のパルプとシェルを含むカカオ豆を下表に示す割合でミキサーに投入し、2分~5分程度粉砕し(粉砕時のpH3.26)、外観上均一なペースト状の粉砕物を得る。その後、10℃以下で冷蔵保管した飲料水を下表に示す割合で投入し、さらに1分程度激しく攪拌する。その後、粉砕物を、20メッシュ(1mm以下)に通す。85℃15秒以上加熱後、10℃以下に冷却することで、殺菌・ブランチングを行う。
下表の配合でカカオフルーツ粉砕物を製造した。カカオポッドから、パルプとシェルを含む未発酵のカカオ豆を取り出した。10℃以下で冷蔵保管した濃縮パルプジュースと上記のパルプとシェルを含むカカオ豆を、下表に示す割合でミキサーに投入し、2分~5分程度粉砕し、外観上均一なペースト状の粉砕物を得た。その後、粉砕物を、20メッシュ(1mm以下)に通した。85℃15秒以上加熱後、10℃以下に冷却することで、殺菌・ブランチングを行った。
下表に示す原料を用いてドリンクを製造した。水を撹拌しながら昇温して30~40℃となった後、水以外の原料を投入してさらに撹拌しながら70℃に達するまで昇温した。10分間予備乳化した後、ミキサーに投入して2分間混合し、冷却して10℃以下で16時間冷蔵保管してドリンクを得た。
甘さ
1 甘さがない
2 わずかに甘さがある
3 やや甘さがある
4 明らかに甘さがある
5 明らかに強い甘さがある=ドリンク1を「5」とする
1 ざらつきがない=ドリンク1を「1」とする
2 わずかにざらつきがある
3 ややざらつきがある
4 明らかにざらつきがある
5 明らかに強いざらつきがある
1 さっぱりしない
2 わずかにさっぱりする
3 ややさっぱりする
4 明らかにさっぱりする
5 著しくさっぱりする=ドリンク1を「5」とする
下表に示す原料を用いてアイスクリームを製造した。水を撹拌しながら昇温して30~40℃となった後、水以外の原料を投入してさらに撹拌しながら70℃に達するまで昇温した。10分間予備乳化した後、ミキサーに投入して2分間混合し、冷却して10℃以下で16時間冷蔵保管してアイスクリームミックスを得た。前記アイスクリームミックス150g~500gをジェラートマシン(CARPIGIANI製、製品名:FREEZE&GO)のシリンダー内でフリージングし、10分後に取り出して、紙容器に入れて-40℃で1時間硬化させることによりアイスクリームを得た。なお、実施例のアイスクリーム1は、典型的なアイスクリームにならって固形分が38%程度、甘味度が13程度、植物性脂肪分を10質量%、脱脂粉乳5質量%となるようにするため、砂糖を13質量%配合し、製造例2で得られたカカオフルーツ粉砕物を28質量%配合した。比較例として、アイスクリーム1とプロシアニジン類含量が同程度となるように、アイスクリーム2にはカカオマス、アイスクリーム3にはココアパウダーを配合し、植物油脂配合率と脱脂粉乳配合率を一定として、固形分が38%程度となるように砂糖を用いて配合を調整した。
さじ通り
1 さじ通りが明らかに悪い
2 さじ通りが悪い
3 さじ通りが良い
4 明らかにさじ通りが良い=アイスクリーム1
5 著しくさじ通りが良い
1 甘さがない
2 わずかに甘さがある
3 やや甘さがある
4 明らかに甘さがある=アイスクリーム1
5 明らかに強い甘さがある
1 全くなめらかさが感じられない
2 あまりなめらかさが感じられない
3 ややなめらかである
4 なめらかである=アイスクリーム1
5 きわめてなめらかである
下表に示す原料を用いてスプレッドを製造した。液体油と固体脂を60℃に加温しながら乳化剤を添加して混合し、油相を得た。調合水を60℃に加温し、高果糖液糖とカカオフルーツ粉砕物を混合して水相を得た。調製した油相に水相を添加し、約60℃で10分間撹拌して予備乳化した後、95℃で20秒間殺菌処理を行い、続けて10℃まで急冷し、練り合わせを行い、脂肪分56.3%のスプレッドを得た。
下表に示す原料を用いてスムージーを製造した。全ての原料をミキサーに投入して2分間混合し、10℃以下に冷却して、スムージーを得た。
下表に示す原料を用いて冷菓(1:シャーベット、2:フローズンヨーグルト)を製造した。製造方法は、製造例4のアイスクリームと同じとした。
下表の原料(図9参照)、配合、製法で、試料1~8を製造した。
ペーストの配合を下表に示す。
1.カカオポッドから、パルプとシェルを含むカカオ豆(種子)を取り出す。(未発酵乾燥豆を用いる場合はこの工程はない。未発酵乾燥豆はシェルと豆の乾燥状態。)
2.1を濃縮パルプジュースと併せ、家庭用ミキサー(Panasonic ファイバーミキサーMX-X301)で一次粉砕する。
3.加熱(85℃、15秒)する。
4.粉砕機(SILVERSON ハイシェアミキサー(モデルL5M-A)、角穴ハイシェアスクリーン使用(クリアランス:2.00 mm))で二次粉砕する。
ここで、試料1~4のペーストをサンプリングする。
6.凍結乾燥機(TAKARA エーテーエム製フリーズドライヤー(モデルTFS-80TANN)、)で、96時間、20℃、5.8Paで棚加熱し、凍結乾燥する。
ここで、試料5~8の凍結乾燥品(FD品)をサンプリングする。
水分測定を、減圧乾燥法(100℃、4時間)により行った。測定結果に基づく固形分量を下表に示す。
フルーティ:
1 フルーティではない
2 わずかにフルーティである
3 フルーティをやや強く感じる
4 フルーティを強く感じる
5 フルーティを非常に強く感じる
1 酸味がない
2 わずかに酸味がある
3 酸味をやや強く感じる
4 酸味を強く感じる
5 酸味を非常に強く感じる
1 渋味がない
2 わずかに渋味がある
3 渋味をやや強く感じる
4 渋味を強く感じる
5 渋味を非常に強く感じる
Claims (9)
- pHが4.5以下であり、色調が、L*値29以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下であり、導電性を有する、カカオフルーツ粉砕物。
- プロシアニジン類を、固形分あたり3.5mg/g以上含有する、請求項1に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
- 20メッシュを通過する粒子サイズである、請求項1又は2に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
- 原料カカオ豆由来のプロシアニジン類の残存率が80%以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカカオフルーツ粉砕物。
- 以下の工程を含む、粉砕され、酵素失活処理されたカカオフルーツ粉砕物の製造方法:
カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつカカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼの活性を有効に抑制する条件で粉砕する工程;
カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する工程。 - カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼの活性を有効に抑制する条件が、酸性であることである、請求項5に記載の製造方法。
- 酵素の失活処理が、80~121℃で10秒以上加熱した後、冷却することを含む、請求項5又は6に記載の製造方法。
- 以下の工程を含む、色調が、L*値29以上、a*値18以上、かつb*値25以下である食品素材の製造方法:
カカオフルーツを、水分が存在し、かつ酸性pHで、粉砕する工程;
カカオフルーツ由来のポリフェノールオキシダーゼを失活処理する工程;
粉砕し、酵素失活処理したカカオフルーツ粉砕物を、食品素材として得る工程。 - 酵素失活処理したカカオフルーツ粉砕物のpHを、4.5以下に調整する工程をさらに含む、請求項8に記載の製造方法。
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