WO2022202576A1 - 非水電解質蓄電素子 - Google Patents

非水電解質蓄電素子 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022202576A1
WO2022202576A1 PCT/JP2022/012104 JP2022012104W WO2022202576A1 WO 2022202576 A1 WO2022202576 A1 WO 2022202576A1 JP 2022012104 W JP2022012104 W JP 2022012104W WO 2022202576 A1 WO2022202576 A1 WO 2022202576A1
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Prior art keywords
positive electrode
electrode active
active material
aqueous electrolyte
negative electrode
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PCT/JP2022/012104
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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泰幸 古谷
翼 松好
保宏 十河
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GS Yuasa International Ltd
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GS Yuasa International Ltd
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Priority to EP22775364.7A priority Critical patent/EP4290617A4/en
Priority to JP2023509084A priority patent/JP7803334B2/ja
Priority to CN202280023835.1A priority patent/CN117044001A/zh
Priority to US18/283,299 priority patent/US20240178391A1/en
Publication of WO2022202576A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022202576A1/ja
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements.
  • Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries typified by lithium-ion non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally includes an electrode body having a pair of electrodes electrically isolated by a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte interposed between the electrodes, and exchanges ions between the electrodes. It is configured to charge and discharge by performing.
  • Capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors and electric double layer capacitors are also widely used as non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements other than non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
  • Patent Document 1 describes a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a positive electrode containing lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode containing graphite as a negative electrode active material.
  • the charge/discharge curve (SOC-OCV curve) is relatively flat, that is, the SOC (state of charge) changes.
  • the voltage is relatively constant, and it is difficult to detect the SOC based on the voltage.
  • conventional non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements using polyanion-based positive electrode active materials are particularly desired to be improved in terms of input performance. .
  • the present invention has been made based on the circumstances as described above, and an object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element that facilitates SOC detection and has high input performance.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element includes a positive electrode containing a polyanionic positive electrode active material and a negative electrode containing non-graphitic carbon, and the specific surface area A (m 2 /g ) to the average particle size B ( ⁇ m) of the non-graphitic carbon is 4 or more.
  • non-aqueous electrolyte storage element that facilitates SOC detection and has high input performance.
  • FIG. 1 is a see-through perspective view showing one embodiment of a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a power storage device configured by assembling a plurality of non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
  • 3 is a charge curve (SOC-OCV curve) of each non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the ratio A/B and the input performance in each of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements of Examples 1-3 and Comparative Examples 2-4.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element includes a positive electrode containing a polyanionic positive electrode active material and a negative electrode containing non-graphitic carbon, and the specific surface area A (m 2 /g ) to the average particle size B ( ⁇ m) of the non-graphitic carbon is 4 or more.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element facilitates SOC detection and has high input performance. Although the reason for this is not certain, the following reason is presumed.
  • the charge/discharge potential of a polyanionic positive electrode active material such as lithium iron phosphate is relatively constant even if the SOC changes.
  • the charge/discharge potential of graphite, which is the negative electrode active material is also relatively constant even if the SOC changes. Therefore, in the case of a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element in which a polyanionic positive electrode active material and graphite are combined as positive and negative electrode active materials, the charge/discharge curve (SOC-OCV curve) is relatively flat.
  • the charge/discharge potential of non-graphitic carbon varies depending on the SOC, and the lower the SOC, the lower the charge/discharge potential. Therefore, in the case of a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element in which a polyanionic positive electrode active material and non-graphitic carbon are combined as positive and negative electrode active materials, the charge and discharge curve has a slope, so the SOC can be easily detected based on the voltage. becomes.
  • the input (reaction during charging) of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is rate-determined by the desorption reaction of charge carrier ions (lithium ions, etc.) from the positive electrode active material and the insertion reaction of charge carrier ions into the negative electrode active material.
  • reaction resistance for desorption of charge carrier ions from the positive electrode active material is reduced by increasing the specific surface area A of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material, which is the positive electrode active material, and the reaction for the insertion of charge carrier ions into the negative electrode active material is reduced. It is considered that the resistance is reduced by decreasing the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon that is the negative electrode active material.
  • Non-graphitic carbon refers to a carbon material having an average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane determined by X-ray diffraction before charging/discharging or in a discharged state of 0.34 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less.
  • discharged state means a state in which the carbon material, which is the negative electrode active material, is discharged such that lithium ions that can be intercalated and deintercalated are sufficiently released during charging and discharging.
  • the open circuit voltage is 1.3 V or more.
  • Specific surface area means a value obtained by performing pore size distribution measurement using a nitrogen adsorption method in accordance with JIS-Z-8830 (2013). This measurement is carried out using a specific surface area measuring device "trade name: Flow Soap III2310" manufactured by Micromeritics, with an input amount of the measurement sample of 0.5 ⁇ 0.01 g, preheating at 110 ° C. for 90 minutes, and liquid nitrogen. It can be carried out by cooling using and measuring the nitrogen gas adsorption amount during the cooling process.
  • Average particle size is based on JIS-Z-8825 (2013), based on the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction / scattering method for a diluted solution in which the particles are diluted with a solvent, JIS-Z-8819- 2 (2001) at which the volume-based integrated distribution is 50%.
  • the specific surface area A of the polyanionic positive electrode active material is preferably more than 14.0 m 2 /g. In such a case, the input performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is further enhanced.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device, a storage device, a method for manufacturing a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device, and other embodiments according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail. Note that the name of each component (each component) used in each embodiment may be different from the name of each component (each component) used in the background art.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element includes an electrode body having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte, the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte and a container that houses the
  • the electrode body is usually a laminated type in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are laminated with separators interposed therebetween, or a wound type in which positive electrodes and negative electrodes are laminated with separators interposed and wound.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte exists in a state contained in the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery hereinafter also simply referred to as "secondary battery" will be described.
  • the positive electrode has a positive electrode base material and a positive electrode active material layer disposed directly on the positive electrode base material or via an intermediate layer.
  • a positive electrode base material has electroconductivity. Whether or not a material has "conductivity" is determined using a volume resistivity of 10 7 ⁇ cm as a threshold measured according to JIS-H-0505 (1975).
  • the material for the positive electrode substrate metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum and stainless steel, or alloys thereof are used. Among these, aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of potential resistance, high conductivity, and cost.
  • the positive electrode substrate include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil is preferable as the positive electrode substrate. Examples of aluminum or aluminum alloys include A1085, A3003, A1N30, etc. defined in JIS-H-4000 (2014) or JIS-H4160 (2006).
  • the positive electrode base material may be provided with a coating layer made of a carbon material or the like on the surface thereof.
  • the average thickness of the positive electrode substrate is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
  • the intermediate layer is a layer arranged between the positive electrode substrate and the positive electrode active material layer.
  • the intermediate layer contains a conductive agent such as carbon particles to reduce the contact resistance between the positive electrode substrate and the positive electrode active material layer.
  • the composition of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a binder and a conductive agent.
  • the positive electrode active material layer contains a polyanionic positive electrode active material, which is a positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode active material layer contains optional components such as other positive electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, thickeners, and fillers, if necessary.
  • a polyanion-based positive electrode active material is a polyanion compound that can occlude and release ions such as lithium ions.
  • Polyanion compounds include compounds containing oxoacid anions (PO 4 3- , SO 4 2- , SiO 4 4- , BO 3 3- , VO 4 3- , etc.).
  • the oxoacid anion may be a condensed anion (P2O74-, P3O105- , etc. ) .
  • the polyanionic positive electrode active material is preferably a polyanion compound containing an alkali metal element or an alkaline earth metal element and a transition metal element.
  • the polyanionic positive electrode active material may further contain other elements (eg, halogen elements, etc.).
  • the alkali metal element or alkaline earth metal element contained in the polyanionic positive electrode active material a lithium element is preferable.
  • the transition metal element contained in the polyanionic positive electrode active material iron element, manganese element, nickel element and cobalt element are preferable, and iron element is more preferable.
  • Phosphate anion (PO 4 3- ) is preferable as the oxoacid anion possessed by the polyanionic positive electrode active material.
  • the polyanionic positive electrode active material is preferably a compound represented by Formula 1 below.
  • M is at least one transition metal element.
  • A is at least one element selected from B, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ti, V, Cr, Mo and W;
  • X is at least one halogen element.
  • a, b, c, d, and e are numbers satisfying 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 2, 2 ⁇ c ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ d ⁇ 3, and 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 1.
  • Each of a, b, c, d and e may be an integer or a decimal.
  • M in Formula 1 is preferably any one of Fe, Mn, Ni and Co, or a combination of any two of these, and the content of such elements is high (for example, Fe or Mn is contained in an amount of 50 mol % or more). Of these, Fe or Mn, or a combination of two of Fe and Mn is preferred, and it is particularly preferred that M is only Fe or that the content of Fe is high. As A, P is preferred.
  • the technology disclosed herein can be preferably implemented in a mode in which the polyanionic positive electrode active material contains at least one of Fe, Mn, Ni and Co.
  • polyanionic positive electrode active material examples include LiFePO4 , LiCoPO4 , LiFe0.5Co0.5PO4 , LiMnPO4 , LiNiPO4 , LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 , LiCrPO4 , LiFeVO4 , Li2FeSiO4 , Li 2Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3 , LiFeBO3 , LiFePO3.9F0.2 , Li3V2 ( PO4 ) 3 , Li2MnSiO4 , Li2CoPO4F and the like.
  • the atoms or polyanions in these polyanionic positive electrode active materials may be partially substituted with other atoms or anionic species.
  • the surface of the polyanionic positive electrode active material may be coated with another material.
  • Polyanionic positive electrode active materials may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
  • the polyanionic positive electrode active material is usually particles (powder).
  • the average particle size of the polyanionic positive electrode active material is preferably, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. By setting the average particle diameter of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material to the above lower limit or more, the production or handling of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material becomes easy.
  • the electron conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer is improved by setting the average particle size of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material to the above upper limit or less.
  • Pulverizers, classifiers, etc. are used to obtain powder with a predetermined particle size.
  • Pulverization methods include, for example, methods using a mortar, ball mill, sand mill, vibrating ball mill, planetary ball mill, jet mill, counter jet mill, whirling jet mill, or sieve.
  • wet pulverization in which water or an organic solvent such as hexane is allowed to coexist can also be used.
  • a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as necessary, both dry and wet.
  • the specific surface area A of the polyanionic positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as the ratio (A/B) to the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon satisfies 4 or more, but is preferably 10 m 2 /g or more. 12 m 2 /g or more is more preferable, and more than 14.0 m 2 /g is even more preferable.
  • the specific surface area A of the polyanionic positive electrode active material is preferably 30 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 20 m 2 /g or less.
  • the specific surface area A of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material is 10 m 2 /g or more and 30 m 2 /g or less (for example, 12 m 2 /g or more and 25 m 2 /g or less, 14.0 m 2 /g or more and 20 m 2 /g or more). 2 /g or less).
  • the surface of the polyanionic positive electrode active material may be coated with a carbonaceous material (graphite, non-graphitic carbon, etc.) or the like.
  • the Raman spectrum of the coated positive electrode active material has a wave number of 965 cm ⁇ 1 to 1790 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the ratio (C/L) of the intensity area (C) of the Raman peak of carbon appearing at 1 to the intensity area (L) of the Raman peak of lithium iron phosphate appearing at wave numbers of 935 cm -1 to 965 cm -1 is 400 In some cases, it may be preferable to have no more.
  • the Raman spectrum is a Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectrometry at a laser wavelength of 532 nm.
  • the specific surface area A of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material is covered with a carbonaceous material or the like.
  • the content of the polyanionic positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 50% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, and even more preferably 80% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
  • the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a positive electrode active material other than the polyanion-based positive electrode active material.
  • a positive electrode active material other positive electrode active materials, conventionally known various positive electrode active materials can be used.
  • the content of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material with respect to all the positive electrode active materials (total of the polyanion-based positive electrode active material and other positive electrode active materials) contained in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 90% by mass or more, and 99% by mass. The above is more preferable, and 100% by mass is even more preferable.
  • the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material.
  • Examples of such conductive agents include carbonaceous materials, metals, and conductive ceramics.
  • Carbonaceous materials include graphite, non-graphitic carbon, graphene-based carbon, and the like.
  • Examples of non-graphitic carbon include carbon nanofiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, and carbon black.
  • Examples of carbon black include furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black.
  • Graphene-based carbon includes graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, and the like.
  • the shape of the conductive agent may be powdery, fibrous, or the like.
  • As the conductive agent one type of these materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used. Also, these materials may be combined for use.
  • a composite material of carbon black and CNT may be used.
  • carbon black is preferable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and coatability
  • acetylene black is particularly preferable
  • the content of the conductive agent in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less. By setting the content of the conductive agent within the above range, the energy density of the secondary battery can be increased.
  • the content of the conductive agent does not include the carbonaceous material or the like that coats the surface of the polyanionic positive electrode active material.
  • Binders include, for example, fluorine resins (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.), thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide; ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), sulfone Elastomers such as modified EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and fluororubber; polysaccharide polymers and the like.
  • fluorine resins polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.
  • thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
  • fluororubber polysaccharide polymers and the like.
  • the content of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
  • thickeners examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
  • CMC carboxymethylcellulose
  • methylcellulose examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
  • the functional group may be previously deactivated by methylation or the like.
  • the filler is not particularly limited.
  • Fillers include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, inorganic oxides such as silicon dioxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminosilicate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide Hydroxides such as aluminum, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, sparingly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and barium sulfate, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, talc, montmorillonite, boehmite, zeolite, Mineral resource-derived substances such as apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof may be used.
  • the positive electrode active material layer contains typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, and the like.
  • typical metal elements, transition metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Nb, W are used as positive electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, thickeners, fillers It may be contained as a component other than
  • the negative electrode has a negative electrode base material and a negative electrode active material layer disposed directly on the negative electrode base material or via an intermediate layer.
  • the structure of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and can be selected from, for example, the structures exemplified for the positive electrode.
  • the negative electrode base material has conductivity.
  • materials for the negative electrode substrate metals such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, alloys thereof, carbonaceous materials, and the like are used. Among these, copper or a copper alloy is preferred.
  • the negative electrode substrate include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, copper foil or copper alloy foil is preferable as the negative electrode substrate.
  • Examples of copper foil include rolled copper foil and electrolytic copper foil.
  • the average thickness of the negative electrode substrate is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
  • the negative electrode active material layer contains non-graphitic carbon, which is the negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode active material layer contains optional components such as other negative electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, thickeners, fillers, etc., if necessary.
  • Optional components such as conductive agents, binders, thickeners, and fillers can be selected from the materials exemplified for the positive electrode.
  • the negative electrode active material layer contains an aqueous binder (a water-soluble or water-dispersible binder) as the binder. Examples of water-based binders include SBR and PTFE. By including the water-based binder in the negative electrode active material layer, the effects described above can be exhibited more favorably.
  • the negative electrode active material layer does not contain the conductive agent described above.
  • the negative electrode active material layer contains typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, and the like. and transition metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Ta, Hf, Nb, and W are used as negative electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, and thickeners. You may contain as a component other than a sticky agent and a filler.
  • Non-graphitizable carbon includes non-graphitizable carbon and easily graphitizable carbon, with non-graphitizable carbon being preferred.
  • Examples of non-graphitic carbon include resin-derived materials, petroleum pitch or petroleum pitch-derived materials, petroleum coke or petroleum coke-derived materials, plant-derived materials, and alcohol-derived materials.
  • non-graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material having the above d 002 of 0.36 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less.
  • Graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material having the above d 002 of 0.34 nm or more and less than 0.36 nm.
  • the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon is not particularly limited as long as the ratio (A/B) to the specific surface area A of the polyanionic positive electrode active material satisfies 4 or more, but is preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less. preferable. By setting the average particle diameter B of the non-graphitic carbon to the above upper limit or less, the input performance of the secondary battery is further enhanced.
  • the average particle diameter B of the non-graphitic carbon is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more.
  • the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon By making the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon equal to or higher than the above lower limit, it becomes easy to manufacture or handle the negative electrode active material layer containing the non-graphitic carbon. Specifically, the aggregation of non-graphitic carbon is suppressed in the negative electrode mixture paste used for forming the negative electrode active material layer, and the stability when forming the negative electrode active material layer by coating is enhanced.
  • a pulverizer, a classifier, or the like is used to obtain non-graphitic carbon with a predetermined particle size.
  • the pulverization method and the powder class method can be selected from, for example, the methods exemplified for the positive electrode.
  • the average particle size B of the non-graphitic carbon is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less (for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 3.5 ⁇ m or less, 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, 2 ⁇ m or more and 2.8 ⁇ m or less). It can be preferably implemented in a mode.
  • the content of non-graphite carbon in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 60% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less.
  • the negative electrode active material layer may further contain a negative electrode active material other than non-graphitic carbon.
  • a negative electrode active material other negative electrode active materials
  • conventionally known various negative electrode active materials can be used.
  • the content of non-graphitic carbon with respect to all negative electrode active materials (total of non-graphitic carbon and other negative electrode active materials) contained in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 90% by mass or more, and is preferably 99% by mass or more. More preferably, 100% by mass is even more preferable.
  • the negative electrode active material layer does not contain amorphous carbon or activated carbon.
  • the ratio A/B of the specific surface area A (m 2 /g) of the polyanionic positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material layer to the average particle diameter B ( ⁇ m) of the non-graphitic carbon contained in the negative electrode active material layer The lower limit is 4, preferably 4.5. In some aspects, the ratio A/B may be 5 or more, or 6 or more. By setting the ratio A/B to be equal to or higher than the lower limit, the input performance is enhanced. On the other hand, although the upper limit of the ratio A/B is not particularly limited, 20 is preferable, 10 is more preferable, and 8 is even more preferable.
  • the ratio A/B may be 6 or less (eg, less than 6) or 5.5 or less (eg, 5 or less). If the ratio A/B is too large, the effect of improving the input performance described above tends to decrease, and the durability of the storage element fabricated using the positive electrode and the negative electrode tends to decrease. Further, by setting the ratio A/B to be equal to or less than the upper limit, the electric storage device disclosed herein can be manufactured with good production stability.
  • the technology disclosed herein can be preferably implemented in a mode in which the ratio A/B is 4 or more and 20 or less (preferably 4.5 or more and 15 or less, more preferably 5 or more and 10 or less, for example 6 or more and 8 or less). .
  • the separator can be appropriately selected from known separators.
  • a separator consisting of only a substrate layer, a separator having a heat-resistant layer containing heat-resistant particles and a binder formed on one or both surfaces of a substrate layer, or the like can be used.
  • Examples of the shape of the base layer of the separator include woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, and porous resin film. Among these shapes, a porous resin film is preferred from the viewpoint of strength, and a non-woven fabric is preferred from the viewpoint of non-aqueous electrolyte retention.
  • polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferable from the viewpoint of shutdown function, and polyimide, aramid, and the like are preferable from the viewpoint of oxidative decomposition resistance.
  • a material obtained by combining these resins may be used as the base material layer of the separator.
  • the heat-resistant particles contained in the heat-resistant layer preferably have a mass loss of 5% or less when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 500 ° C. in an air atmosphere of 1 atm, and the mass loss when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 800 ° C. is more preferably 5% or less.
  • An inorganic compound can be mentioned as a material whose mass reduction is less than or equal to a predetermined value. Examples of inorganic compounds include oxides such as iron oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminosilicate; nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride.
  • carbonates such as calcium carbonate
  • sulfates such as barium sulfate
  • sparingly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and barium titanate
  • covalent crystals such as silicon and diamond
  • Mineral resource-derived substances such as zeolite, apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof.
  • the inorganic compound a single substance or a composite of these substances may be used alone, or two or more of them may be mixed and used.
  • silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or aluminosilicate is preferable from the viewpoint of the safety of the electric storage device.
  • the porosity of the separator is preferably 80% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength, and preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of discharge performance.
  • the "porosity” is a volume-based value and means a value measured with a mercury porosimeter.
  • a polymer gel composed of a polymer and a non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the separator.
  • examples of polymers include polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and the like.
  • the use of polymer gel has the effect of suppressing liquid leakage.
  • a polymer gel may be used in combination with the porous resin film or non-woven fabric as described above.
  • Non-aqueous electrolyte The non-aqueous electrolyte can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous electrolytes. A non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in this non-aqueous solvent.
  • the non-aqueous solvent can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous solvents.
  • Non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, carboxylic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, sulfonic acid esters, ethers, amides, nitriles and the like.
  • the non-aqueous solvent those in which some of the hydrogen atoms contained in these compounds are substituted with halogens may be used.
  • Cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), chloroethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and difluoroethylene carbonate. (DFEC), styrene carbonate, 1-phenylvinylene carbonate, 1,2-diphenylvinylene carbonate and the like. Among these, EC is preferred.
  • chain carbonates examples include diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diphenyl carbonate, trifluoroethylmethyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, and the like. Among these, EMC is preferred.
  • the non-aqueous solvent it is preferable to use a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate, and it is more preferable to use a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate.
  • a cyclic carbonate it is possible to promote the dissociation of the electrolyte salt and improve the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • a chain carbonate By using a chain carbonate, the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be kept low.
  • the volume ratio of the cyclic carbonate to the chain carbonate is preferably in the range of, for example, 5:95 to 50:50.
  • the electrolyte salt can be appropriately selected from known electrolyte salts.
  • electrolyte salts include lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, onium salts and the like. Among these, lithium salts are preferred.
  • Lithium salts include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 and LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalate borate (LiFOB).
  • lithium oxalate salts such as lithium bis(oxalate) difluorophosphate ( LiFOP ), LiSO3CF3 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ), LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiC(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 3 and other lithium salts having a halogenated hydrocarbon group.
  • inorganic lithium salts are preferred, and LiPF 6 is more preferred.
  • the content of the electrolyte salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.1 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.5 mol/dm 3 or less, more preferably 0.3 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.0 mol/dm at 20° C. and 1 atm. 3 or less, more preferably 0.5 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.7 mol/dm 3 or less, and particularly preferably 0.7 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.5 mol/dm 3 or less.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives in addition to the non-aqueous solvent and electrolyte salt.
  • additives include halogenated carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalateborate (LiFOB), lithium bis(oxalate ) oxalates such as difluorophosphate (LiFOP); imide salts such as lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene , t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran and other aromatic compounds; 2-fluorobiphenyl, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene
  • the content of the additive contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.1% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte. More preferably, it is 0.2% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
  • a solid electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, or a non-aqueous electrolyte and a solid electrolyte may be used together.
  • the solid electrolyte can be selected from any material that has ion conductivity, such as lithium, sodium, and calcium, and is solid at room temperature (for example, 15°C to 25°C).
  • Examples of solid electrolytes include sulfide solid electrolytes, oxide solid electrolytes, oxynitride solid electrolytes, polymer solid electrolytes, and the like.
  • Examples of sulfide solid electrolytes for lithium ion secondary batteries include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , LiI-Li 2 SP 2 S 5 and Li 10 Ge-P 2 S 12 .
  • the shape of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include cylindrical batteries, square batteries, flat batteries, coin batteries, button batteries, and the like.
  • Fig. 1 shows a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element 1 as an example of a square battery.
  • An electrode body 2 having a positive electrode and a negative electrode wound with a separator sandwiched therebetween is housed in a rectangular container 3 .
  • the positive electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 4 via a positive electrode lead 41 .
  • the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative terminal 5 via a negative lead 51 .
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of the present embodiment is a power source for automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals, or electric power It can be installed in a power source for storage or the like as a power storage unit (battery module) configured by collecting a plurality of non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1 .
  • the technology of the present invention may be applied to at least one non-aqueous electrolyte storage element included in the storage unit.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a power storage device 30 in which a power storage unit 20 in which two or more electrically connected non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1 are assembled is further assembled.
  • the power storage device 30 includes a bus bar (not shown) electrically connecting two or more non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1, a bus bar (not shown) electrically connecting two or more power storage units 20, and the like. good too.
  • the power storage unit 20 or the power storage device 30 may include a state monitoring device (not shown) that monitors the state of one or more non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
  • a method for manufacturing the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of the present embodiment can be appropriately selected from known methods.
  • the manufacturing method includes, for example, preparing an electrode body, preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte, and housing the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container.
  • Preparing the electrode body includes preparing a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and forming the electrode body by laminating or winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween.
  • Containing the non-aqueous electrolyte in the container can be appropriately selected from known methods.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may be injected through an inlet formed in the container, and then the inlet may be sealed.
  • non-aqueous electrolyte storage device of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
  • the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment, and part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment or a known technique.
  • some of the configurations of certain embodiments can be deleted.
  • well-known techniques can be added to the configuration of a certain embodiment.
  • the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element is used as a chargeable/dischargeable nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery).
  • a chargeable/dischargeable nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery for example, a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • the capacity and the like are arbitrary.
  • the present invention can also be applied to capacitors such as various secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, and lithium ion capacitors.
  • the electrode body in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated with a separator interposed therebetween has been described, but the electrode body does not have to have a separator.
  • the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be in direct contact with each other in a state in which a layer having no conductivity is formed on the active material layer of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
  • Example 1 (Preparation of positive electrode) Lithium iron phosphate (specific surface area A: 10 m 2 /g), which is a polyanionic positive electrode active material, acetylene black (AB), which is a conductive agent, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which is a binder, and N-methyl, which is a non-aqueous dispersion medium.
  • a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared using pyrrolidone (NMP). The mass ratio of lithium iron phosphate, AB, and PVDF was 90:5:5 in terms of solid content.
  • This positive electrode mixture paste was applied to a carbon-coated aluminum foil as a positive electrode substrate, dried, and roll-pressed to prepare a positive electrode active material layer, thereby obtaining a positive electrode.
  • Non-graphitizable carbon (HC: average particle size B 2.5 ⁇ m) as non-graphitic carbon, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as binder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as thickener, and dispersion medium
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • a negative electrode mixture paste was prepared by mixing water. The mass ratio of HC, SBR and CMC was 96:3.3:0.7 in terms of solid content.
  • This negative electrode mixture paste was applied to a copper foil as a negative electrode base material, dried, and roll-pressed to prepare a negative electrode active material layer, thereby obtaining a negative electrode.
  • Non-aqueous electrolyte LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.1 mol/dm 3 in a solvent obtained by mixing ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) at a volume ratio of 30:35:35. Prepared by dissolution.
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DMC dimethyl carbonate
  • EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
  • Comparative Example 1 A non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that graphite (Gr) was used instead of HC as the negative electrode active material.
  • Example 2 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the specific surface area A of lithium iron phosphate, which is a polyanionic positive electrode active material, and the average particle size B of HC, which is non-graphitic carbon, were as shown in Table 1. , 3 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4 were obtained.
  • the battery was charged with a charging current of 1 C and an amount of electricity corresponding to 10% of the discharge capacity, and the SOC was set to 10% and rested for 2 hours.
  • the average value of OCV (open circuit voltage) from 1 hour and a half to 2 hours after the start of rest was taken as the OCV at the corresponding SOC.
  • the battery was repeatedly charged with an amount of electricity equal to 10% of the discharge capacity and rested until SOC reached 100%.
  • the obtained charging curve (SOC-OCV curve) is shown in FIG.
  • the charging curve of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Comparative Example 1, which is a combination of lithium iron phosphate and Gr is relatively flat.
  • the charging curve of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Example 1 which is a combination of lithium iron phosphate and HC, slopes over a wide range of SOC, making it easy to detect the SOC based on the voltage. It turns out that it can be done to
  • the input performance of each of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4 was evaluated according to the following procedure.
  • the batteries were charged at a charging current of 1 C until the SOC reached 50%, discharged at a discharging current of 15 C for 10 seconds, provided a rest period of 10 minutes, and then charged at a charging current of 15 C for 10 seconds.
  • the discharge current and charge current were adjusted to 30 C and 45 C, and the input performance was obtained from the battery voltage 10 seconds after the start of charging at each charge current. Table 1 shows the results.
  • Example 1 in which the ratio A/B between the specific surface area A (m 2 /g) of the polyanionic positive electrode active material and the average particle size B ( ⁇ m) of the non-graphitic carbon is 4 or more
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte storage device of 3 to 3 had an input performance exceeding 1400 W, resulting in a high input performance. Also from FIG. 4, it can be seen that the ratio A/B has a high correlation with the input performance.
  • the present invention is suitably used as a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element, including a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery used as a power source for electronic devices such as personal computers, communication terminals, and automobiles.
  • Non-aqueous electrolyte storage element 1 Non-aqueous electrolyte storage element 2 Electrode body 3 Container 4 Positive electrode terminal 41 Positive electrode lead 5 Negative electrode terminal 51 Negative electrode lead 20 Storage unit 30 Storage device

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