WO2022172123A1 - 正極活物質の作製方法及び二次電池、及び車両 - Google Patents
正極活物質の作製方法及び二次電池、及び車両 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022172123A1 WO2022172123A1 PCT/IB2022/050839 IB2022050839W WO2022172123A1 WO 2022172123 A1 WO2022172123 A1 WO 2022172123A1 IB 2022050839 W IB2022050839 W IB 2022050839W WO 2022172123 A1 WO2022172123 A1 WO 2022172123A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- secondary battery
- electrode active
- aqueous solution
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- 229910001195 gallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011874 heated mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009878 intermolecular interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001646 magnetic resonance method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940071125 manganese acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940099607 manganese chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000019635 sulfation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002203 sulfidic glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material, a secondary battery, and a manufacturing method thereof.
- the present invention relates to a mobile information terminal and a vehicle having a secondary battery.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a product or a manufacturing method. Alternatively, the invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. One embodiment of the present invention relates to semiconductor devices, display devices, light-emitting devices, power storage devices, lighting devices, electronic devices, or manufacturing methods thereof.
- a semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics
- electro-optical devices, semiconductor circuits, and electronic devices are all semiconductor devices.
- a power storage device generally refers to elements and devices having a power storage function. Examples include power storage devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries (also referred to as secondary batteries), lithium ion capacitors, and electric double layer capacitors.
- power storage devices such as lithium ion secondary batteries (also referred to as secondary batteries), lithium ion capacitors, and electric double layer capacitors.
- lithium-ion secondary batteries which have high output and high energy density
- portable information terminals typified by mobile phones, smart phones, or notebook computers, portable music players, digital cameras, medical equipment, or hybrid vehicles (HV).
- HV high output and high energy density
- EVs electric vehicles
- PSVs plug-in hybrid vehicles
- Patent Literature 1 discloses a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery that has a high capacity and is excellent in charge-discharge cycles.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material with high charge/discharge capacity. Another object is to provide a positive electrode active material with high charge/discharge voltage. Another object is to provide a positive electrode active material that is less likely to deteriorate. Another object is to provide a novel positive electrode active material. Another object is to provide a secondary battery with high charge/discharge capacity. Another object is to provide a secondary battery with high charge/discharge voltage. Another object is to provide a secondary battery with high safety and reliability. Another object is to provide a secondary battery that is less likely to deteriorate. Another object is to provide a long-life secondary battery. Another object is to provide a novel secondary battery.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel substance, an active material, a power storage device, or a manufacturing method thereof.
- the inventive configuration of the method disclosed herein is to obtain a cobalt compound (also called a precursor) containing nickel, cobalt, and manganese using a coprecipitation method, and then mix the cobalt compound with a lithium compound.
- the resulting mixture is heated at a first temperature, the heated mixture is pulverized or pulverized, and then heated at a second temperature higher than the first temperature to produce a positive electrode active material.
- heating is performed at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and the mixed state of the mixture is improved by performing a total of two heat treatments.
- voids in the secondary particles can be reduced when a secondary battery is produced.
- the crystallinity can be improved by performing the heat treatment twice in total.
- the first temperature range is 400° C. or higher and 700° C. or lower.
- the second temperature range is higher than 700°C and lower than or equal to 1050°C.
- the lithium compound is added before the heat treatment at the first temperature, the aluminum compound is added after the two heat treatments, and the third heat treatment is performed.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material in which an aqueous solution in which a water-soluble salt of nickel, a water-soluble salt of cobalt, and a water-soluble salt of manganese are dissolved, and an alkaline solution are supplied to a reaction vessel and mixed inside the reaction vessel. to precipitate a cobalt compound, heating a first mixture obtained by mixing a cobalt compound and a lithium compound at a first temperature, pulverizing or pulverizing the first mixture, and further heating to a temperature higher than the first temperature and heating the second mixture obtained by mixing the first mixture and the aluminum compound at a third temperature to prepare the positive electrode active material.
- the method is described in which an aqueous solution in which a water-soluble salt of nickel, a water-soluble salt of cobalt, and a water-soluble salt of manganese are dissolved, and an alkaline solution are supplied to a reaction vessel and mixed inside the reaction vessel.
- an aqueous solution in which a water-soluble salt of nickel, a water-soluble salt of cobalt, and a water-soluble salt of manganese are dissolved, and an alkaline solution are supplied to a reaction tank and mixed inside the reaction tank.
- a cobalt compound (hydroxide containing cobalt, manganese, and nickel).
- the reaction may be described as a neutralization reaction, an acid-base reaction, or a co-precipitation reaction, wherein the compound containing at least nickel, cobalt, and manganese contains at least a cobalt compound containing at most cobalt, or a lithium cobalt oxide.
- a precursor A cobalt compound (hydroxide containing cobalt, manganese, and nickel) obtained by a coprecipitation reaction may be referred to as a precursor. After that, a mixture of the cobalt compound and the lithium compound is obtained.
- an aqueous nickel sulfate solution or an aqueous nickel nitrate solution can be used as the aqueous solution in which the water-soluble salt of nickel is dissolved.
- an aqueous solution of cobalt sulfate or an aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate can be used.
- a manganese sulfate aqueous solution or a manganese nitrate aqueous solution can be used as the aqueous solution in which the water-soluble salt of manganese is dissolved.
- an aqueous solution containing aluminum is further supplied to the reaction vessel.
- magnesium is added as an additive element to be contained in the mixture
- an aqueous solution containing magnesium is further supplied to the reaction vessel.
- calcium is further supplied to the reaction tank.
- the pH inside the reaction tank is preferably 9.0 or more and 11.0 or less, more preferably 10.0 or more and 10.5 or less.
- a chelating agent is added when the aqueous solution and the alkaline solution are mixed to precipitate the cobalt compound.
- Chelating agents include, for example, glycine, oxine, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole or EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Plural kinds selected from glycine, oxine, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole may be used.
- a chelating agent is dissolved in pure water and used as an aqueous chelate solution.
- a chelating agent is a complexing agent that forms a chelating compound and is preferred over common complexing agents.
- a complexing agent may be used instead of the chelating agent, and a common complexing agent such as an aqueous ammonia solution may be used.
- the use of the chelate aqueous solution is preferred because it facilitates control of the pH of the reaction tank when obtaining the cobalt compound. Further, the use of a chelate aqueous solution is preferable because it suppresses unnecessary generation of crystal nuclei and promotes their growth. Suppression of the generation of unnecessary nuclei suppresses the generation of fine particles, so that a hydroxide having a good particle size distribution can be obtained. Further, by using the chelate aqueous solution, the acid-base reaction can be delayed, and the reaction progresses gradually, so that secondary particles having a nearly spherical shape can be obtained. Glycine has the effect of keeping the pH value constant at a pH of 9.0 or more and 10.0 or less and its vicinity.
- the glycine concentration of the glycine aqueous solution is preferably 0.05 mol/L or more and 0.09 mol/L or less in the aqueous solution in which the transition metal salt is dissolved.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the above method has a crystal having a hexagonal layered structure, and the crystal is not limited to a single crystal (also referred to as a crystallite).
- Form primary particles A primary particle means a particle recognized as one particle during SEM observation.
- secondary particles refer to aggregates of primary particles. Aggregation of primary particles is irrelevant to the bonding force acting between a plurality of primary particles. It may be covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic interaction, van der Waals force, or other intermolecular interaction, or multiple bonding forces may work.
- secondary particles may be formed.
- the crystal having the hexagonal layered structure contains one or more selected from a first transition metal, a second transition metal and a third transition metal.
- the first transition metal is nickel
- the second transition metal is cobalt
- the third transition metal is manganese
- LiNixCoyMnzO2 ( x >0, y > A NiCoMn system (also referred to as NCM) represented by 0, z>0, 0.8 ⁇ x+y+z ⁇ 1.2) can be used.
- NCM NiCoMn system
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the above method may contain, in addition to the first transition metal, the second transition metal and the third transition metal, if necessary, Al, Mg, Ca, Zr, V, Cr, One or more selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Sn, Ba and La may be included. It is preferable to contain Al, Mg, Ca or Zr from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles of the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- a secondary battery using the positive electrode active material is also one of the structures disclosed in this specification.
- a secondary battery has a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material. Moreover, it has a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a separator is used for short-circuit prevention, and can provide a secondary battery with high safety or reliability.
- a second method is to add aluminum as an oxide before the first heat treatment.
- a third method is to use an aqueous solution containing aluminum as one of the aqueous solutions used in the coprecipitation method.
- any one of the above three methods or a combination of a plurality thereof can be used.
- aluminum is included in the coprecipitation step using an aqueous solution containing aluminum, then lithium and aluminum are added and mixed, and heated at a first temperature. It is also possible to perform heating at a second temperature higher than the first temperature after moisture is desorbed, and then add aluminum after the second heating to perform a third heating.
- the mixed state of the mixture can be improved, and the number of voids in the secondary particles can be reduced in the case of manufacturing a secondary battery.
- the crystallinity can be improved by performing heat treatment twice before adding aluminum and once after adding aluminum, a total of three times. Therefore, a high-capacity positive electrode active material can be provided.
- a secondary battery with high safety or reliability can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a production flow of a positive electrode active material showing one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a production flow of a positive electrode active material showing one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a reaction vessel used in one embodiment of the present invention.
- 4A is an exploded perspective view of the coin-type secondary battery
- FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the coin-type secondary battery
- FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional perspective view thereof.
- FIG. 5A shows an example of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- FIG. 5B shows an example of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- FIG. 5C shows an example of a plurality of cylindrical secondary batteries.
- 5D shows an example of a power storage system having a plurality of cylindrical secondary batteries.
- 6A and 6B are diagrams for explaining an example of a secondary battery
- FIG. 6C is a diagram showing the internal state of the secondary battery.
- 7A to 7C are diagrams illustrating examples of secondary batteries.
- 8A and 8B are diagrams showing the appearance of the secondary battery.
- 9A to 9C are diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 10A to 10C are diagrams showing configuration examples of battery packs.
- 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- 12A to 12C are diagrams illustrating examples of secondary batteries.
- 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 14A is a perspective view of a battery pack showing one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 14B is a block diagram of the battery pack
- FIG. 14C is a block diagram of a vehicle having a motor
- 15A to 15D are diagrams illustrating an example of a transportation vehicle.
- 16A and 16B are diagrams illustrating a power storage device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 17A is a diagram showing an electric bicycle
- FIG. 17B is a diagram showing a secondary battery of the electric bicycle
- FIG. 17C is a diagram explaining an electric motorcycle.
- 18A to 18D are diagrams illustrating examples of electronic devices.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional observation photograph of the positive electrode.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional observation photograph of the positive electrode.
- 21A and 21B are diagrams showing charge-discharge cycle characteristics of a secondary battery at 25°C.
- 22A and 22B are diagrams showing charge-discharge cycle characteristics of a secondary battery at 45°C.
- FIG. 1 shows the order of elements connected by lines. It does not indicate temporal timing between elements that are not directly connected by lines.
- the mixed liquids 901 and 902 in FIG. 1 are shown at the same height in the figure, they do not necessarily have to be produced at the same time.
- a precursor also referred to as a coprecipitate precursor
- a precursor in which Co, Ni, or Mn is present in one particle is prepared by a coprecipitation method, and Li salt is mixed with the coprecipitate precursor. A process of heating twice and then adding aluminum is used.
- a cobalt aqueous solution is prepared as the aqueous solution 890, and an alkaline solution is prepared as the aqueous solution 892.
- a mixture 901 is prepared by mixing an aqueous solution 890 and an aqueous solution 893 .
- a mixture 902 is prepared by mixing an aqueous solution 892 and an aqueous solution 894 .
- These mixed liquids 901 and 902 are reacted to produce a cobalt compound.
- the reaction may be described as a neutralization reaction, an acid-base reaction, or a coprecipitation reaction, and the cobalt compound may be described as a precursor of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the reaction caused by performing the treatment surrounded by the dashed line in FIG. 1 can also be called a coprecipitation reaction.
- Cobalt aqueous solution Cobalt aqueous solution, cobalt sulfate (eg CoSO 4 ), cobalt chloride (eg CoCl 2 ) or cobalt nitrate (eg Co(NO 3 ) 2 ), cobalt acetate (eg C 4 H 6 CoO 4 ), cobalt alkoxide, or organic cobalt Aqueous solutions containing complexes or hydrates thereof may be mentioned. Further, an organic acid of cobalt such as cobalt acetate, or a hydrate thereof may be used instead of the aqueous solution of cobalt. In addition to acetic acid, the term "organic acid” as used herein includes citric acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, and butyric acid.
- an aqueous solution in which these are dissolved using pure water can be used. Since the cobalt aqueous solution exhibits acidity, it can be described as an acid aqueous solution. Further, the cobalt aqueous solution can be referred to as a cobalt source in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material.
- Nickel aqueous solution nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, or an aqueous solution of these hydrates can be used.
- Organic acid salts of nickel such as nickel acetate, or aqueous solutions of these hydrates can also be used.
- Aqueous solutions of nickel alkoxides or organic nickel complexes can also be used.
- the aqueous nickel solution can be referred to as a nickel source in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material.
- a manganese salt such as manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, or an aqueous solution of these hydrates can be used.
- Organic acid salts of manganese such as manganese acetate, or aqueous solutions of these hydrates can also be used.
- Aqueous solutions of manganese alkoxides or organomanganese complexes can also be used.
- the aqueous solution 890 may be prepared by preparing the aqueous cobalt solution, the aqueous nickel solution, and the aqueous manganese solution, and then mixing them. Alternatively, for example, nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate may be mixed and then mixed with water. An aqueous solution 890 may be produced.
- nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate are mixed by weighing desired amounts of each.
- An aqueous solution 890 in which these are mixed is mixed with an aqueous solution 893 to prepare a mixed solution 901, and a mixed solution 902 of an aqueous solution 892 and an aqueous solution 894, which are alkaline solutions, is prepared.
- the aqueous solutions 893 and 894 are aqueous solutions that function as chelating agents, but are not particularly limited, and may be pure water.
- the manganese aqueous solution can be referred to as a manganese source in the manufacturing process of the positive electrode active material.
- Alkaline solutions include aqueous solutions with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide or ammonia.
- aqueous solutions in which these are dissolved using pure water can be used.
- An aqueous solution obtained by dissolving a plurality of kinds selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide in pure water may be used.
- the pH of the reaction system should be 9.0 or more and 11.0 or less, preferably 9.8 or more and 10.3 or less.
- the pH of the aqueous solution in the reaction tank should be maintained within the range of the above conditions. The same applies to the case where the aqueous solution 890 is placed in the reaction tank and the aqueous solution 892 is added dropwise.
- the dropping rate of the aqueous solution 890 or the aqueous solution 892 is preferably 0.1 mL/min or more and 0.8 mL/min or less, which is preferable because the pH condition can be easily controlled.
- the reaction vessel has a reaction vessel.
- the stirring means has a stirrer or stirring blades. Two to six stirring blades can be provided. For example, when four stirring blades are used, they are preferably arranged in a cross shape when viewed from above.
- the rotation speed of the stirring means is preferably 800 rpm or more and 1200 rpm or less.
- the temperature of the reactor is adjusted to 50°C or higher and 90°C or lower. Dropping of the aqueous solution 892 or the aqueous solution 890 is preferably started after reaching the temperature.
- the inside of the reaction vessel is preferably an inert atmosphere.
- nitrogen gas should be introduced at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min or more and 2 L/min.
- a reflux condenser allows nitrogen gas to be vented from the reactor and water to be returned to the reactor.
- a cobalt compound precipitates in the reaction tank.
- Filtration is performed to recover the cobalt compound.
- cobalt compound it is dried for 0.5 hours or more and 3 hours or less under a vacuum of 60° C. or more and 90° C. or less.
- a cobalt compound can be obtained in this manner.
- the cobalt compound obtained in the above reaction has cobalt hydroxide (eg Co(OH) 2 ).
- Cobalt hydroxide after filtration is obtained as secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated.
- primary particles refer to particles (lumps) of the smallest unit that do not have grain boundaries when observed with a SEM (scanning electron microscope) at a magnification of, for example, 5,000.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- primary particles refer to the smallest unit particles surrounded by grain boundaries.
- the secondary particles refer to particles (particles independent of others) that are aggregated so that the primary particles share a part of the grain boundary (periphery of the primary particles) and are not easily separated. That is, secondary particles may have grain boundaries.
- Lithium compounds include Li salts such as lithium hydroxide (eg LiOH), lithium carbonate (eg Li 2 CO 3 ), or lithium nitrate (eg LiNO 3 ).
- Li salts such as lithium hydroxide (eg LiOH), lithium carbonate (eg Li 2 CO 3 ), or lithium nitrate (eg LiNO 3 ).
- a material with a low melting point such as lithium hydroxide (melting point: 462°C).
- a positive electrode active material with a high nickel content is more likely to cause cation mixing than lithium cobalt oxide, so the first heating needs to be performed at a low temperature. Therefore, it is preferable to use a material with a low melting point.
- a mixture 904 is obtained by weighing desired amounts of each and mixing the cobalt compound and the lithium compound. Mixing uses a mortar or a stirring mixer.
- An electric furnace or a rotary kiln furnace can be used as a baking apparatus for performing the first heating.
- the secondary particles are crushed or pulverized in a mortar to loosen the agglomeration of the secondary particles, and then collected. Furthermore, it may be classified using a sieve.
- a crucible made of aluminum oxide (also called alumina) with a purity of 99.9% is used.
- the mortar is preferably made of a material that does not easily release impurities. Specifically, it is suitable to use an alumina mortar with a purity of 90% or higher, preferably 99% or higher.
- An electric furnace or a rotary kiln furnace can be used as a baking apparatus for performing the second heating.
- the second temperature is at least higher than the first temperature, preferably higher than 700° C. and lower than or equal to 1050° C. Moreover, the time for the second heating is preferably 1 hour or more and 20 hours or less.
- the second heating is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere, particularly preferably while supplying oxygen. For example, the flow rate is 10 L/min per 1 L of internal volume of the furnace. Further, specifically, the heating is preferably performed while the container containing the mixture 904 is covered.
- the secondary particles are crushed or pulverized in a mortar to loosen the agglomeration of the secondary particles, and then collected. Furthermore, it may be classified using a sieve.
- Compound 910 As the additive element source, one or more selected from aluminum salts, magnesium salts and calcium salts is used.
- Compound 910 can also be prepared from aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, basic magnesium carbonate ( MgCO3 )3Mg ( OH) 2.3H2O ), calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide. Selected one or more are used.
- an aluminum salt is used as the additive element source, and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ) is used as the compound 910 .
- the amount of the compound 910 used as the additive element source is appropriately weighed by the practitioner so that the desired amount is contained, and aluminum, magnesium, or calcium is added in the range of 0.5 atm% or more and 3 atm% or less with respect to the cobalt compound. It is desirable to add Note that the concentration of the additive element here is a value based on the amount added at the time of production of the secondary particles, and may not match the actual analysis concentration.
- the third temperature is at least higher than the first temperature, preferably higher than 700° C. and 1050° C. or lower. Moreover, the time of the third heating is shorter than that of the second heating, and is preferably 1 hour or more and 20 hours or less.
- the third heating is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere, particularly preferably while supplying oxygen. For example, the flow rate is 10 L/min per 1 L of internal volume of the furnace. Further, specifically, it is preferable to heat the container in which the mixture 905 is put with a lid.
- the secondary particles are crushed or pulverized in a mortar to loosen the agglomeration of the secondary particles, and then collected. Furthermore, it may be classified using a sieve. By including the crushing step, the particle size and/or shape of the positive electrode active material 200A can be made more uniform.
- the positive electrode active material 200A can be produced. Since the positive electrode active material 200A obtained in the above process is NCM to which Al is added, it is sometimes called NCMA.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the process flow of FIG.
- nickel sulfate, cobalt sulfate, and manganese sulfate are mixed by weighing desired amounts of each. These are mixed with an aqueous solution 893 to prepare a mixed solution 901, a mixed solution 902 of an aqueous solution 892 and an aqueous solution 894 which are alkaline solutions, and a mixed solution 906 obtained by mixing an aqueous solution 896 and an aqueous solution 895 containing additive elements.
- the aqueous solutions 893, 894, and 895 are aqueous solutions that function as chelating agents, but are not particularly limited, and may be pure water.
- an aqueous solution 896 containing additional elements is used as a material for producing a cobalt compound by a coprecipitation method.
- an aqueous solution of aluminum is further supplied to the reaction vessel.
- magnesium is further supplied to the reaction vessel.
- calcium is further supplied to the reaction vessel.
- the pH inside the reaction tank is preferably 9.0 or more and 11.0 or less, more preferably 10.0 or more and 10.5 or less.
- a compound 910 is prepared as an oxide containing a lithium compound and an additive element.
- the cobalt compound obtained by the coprecipitation method and the lithium compound are mixed to obtain a mixture 908 .
- a first heating is performed.
- An electric furnace or a rotary kiln furnace can be used as a baking apparatus for performing the first heating.
- An electric furnace or a rotary kiln furnace can be used as a baking apparatus for performing the second heating.
- the second temperature is at least higher than the first temperature, preferably higher than 700° C. and lower than or equal to 1050° C. Moreover, the time for the second heating is preferably 1 hour or more and 20 hours or less.
- the second heating is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere, particularly preferably while supplying oxygen. For example, the flow rate is 10 L/min per 1 L of internal volume of the furnace. Further, specifically, it is preferable to heat the container in which the mixture 908 is put with a lid.
- the secondary particles are crushed or pulverized in a mortar to loosen the agglomeration of the secondary particles, and then collected. Furthermore, it may be classified using a sieve.
- the third temperature is at least higher than the first temperature, preferably higher than 700° C. and 1050° C. or lower. Moreover, the time for the third heating is preferably 1 hour or more and 20 hours or less.
- the third heating is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere, particularly preferably while supplying oxygen. For example, the flow rate is 10 L/min per 1 L of internal volume of the furnace. Further, specifically, the heating is preferably performed while the container containing the mixture 909 is covered.
- the secondary particles are crushed or pulverized in a mortar to loosen the agglomeration of the secondary particles, and then collected. Furthermore, it may be classified using a sieve. By including the crushing step, the particle size and/or shape of the positive electrode active material 200B can be made more uniform.
- the positive electrode active material 200B can be manufactured. Since the process is partially different from that of the positive electrode active material 200A obtained in FIG. 1, the finally obtained composition may not be the same between the manufacturing flow of FIG. 2 and the manufacturing flow of FIG.
- FIG. 2 shows an example in which the additive elements are mixed three times, the process is not particularly limited, and any one or a plurality of additive elements may be mixed. Also, different types of additive elements may be combined. Using the production flow of FIG. 2, three different additive elements can be added to the positive electrode active material 200B.
- the coprecipitation synthesis apparatus 170 shown in FIG. 3 has a reaction vessel 171, and the reaction vessel 171 has a reaction vessel. It is preferable to use a separable flask in the lower part of the reaction vessel and a separable cover in the upper part.
- the separable flask may be cylindrical or round. In the cylindrical type, the separable flask has a flat bottom.
- At least one inlet of the separable cover can be used to control the atmosphere in the reaction vessel 171 .
- the atmosphere preferably comprises nitrogen. In that case, it is preferable to flow nitrogen into the reaction tank 171 . Also, it is preferable to bubble nitrogen through the aqueous solution 192 in the reaction tank 171 .
- the coprecipitation synthesis apparatus 170 may include a reflux condenser connected to at least one inlet of the separable cover, and the reflux condenser discharges atmospheric gas such as nitrogen in the reaction vessel 171. , the water can be returned to the reaction vessel 171 .
- the atmosphere in the reaction vessel 171 may contain an air flow in an amount necessary for discharging the gas generated by the thermal decomposition reaction caused by the heat treatment.
- an aqueous solution 894 (chelating agent) is placed in the reaction vessel 171 , and then the mixed liquid 901 and the aqueous solution 892 (alkaline solution) are dropped into the reaction vessel 171 .
- the aqueous solution 192 in FIG. 3 shows the state in which dripping is started.
- the aqueous solution 894 may be referred to as a charging solution.
- the charging solution may be referred to as an adjustment solution, and may refer to an aqueous solution before reaction, that is, an aqueous solution in an initial state.
- the coprecipitation synthesis apparatus 170 includes a stirring unit 172, a stirring motor 173, a thermometer 174, a tank 175, a pipe 176, a pump 177, a tank 180, a pipe 181, a pump 182, a tank 186, a pipe 187, a pump 188, and a controller. 190.
- the stirring section 172 can stir the aqueous solution 192 in the reaction vessel 171 and has a stirring motor 173 as a power source for rotating the stirring section 172 .
- the stirring unit 172 has paddle-type stirring blades (referred to as paddle blades), and the paddle blades have two or more and six or less blades, and the blades have an inclination of 40 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less. may be
- thermometer 174 can measure the temperature of the aqueous solution 192 .
- the temperature of the reaction vessel 171 can be controlled using a thermoelectric element so that the temperature of the aqueous solution 192 remains constant.
- Thermoelectric elements include, for example, Peltier elements.
- a pH meter (not shown) is also arranged in the reaction tank 171 to measure the pH of the aqueous solution 192 .
- Each tank can store a different raw material aqueous solution.
- each tank can be filled with mixed liquid 901 and aqueous solution 892 .
- a tank filled with an aqueous solution 894 may be provided to serve as a charging solution.
- Each tank is provided with a pump, and the raw material aqueous solution can be dripped into the reaction vessel 171 through the pipe by using the pump.
- Each pump can control the dropping amount of the raw material aqueous solution, that is, the liquid feeding amount.
- a valve may be provided in the tube 176 to control the dropping amount of the raw material aqueous solution, that is, the liquid feeding amount.
- the control device 190 is electrically connected to the stirring motor 173, the thermometer 174, the pumps 177, 182, and 188, and controls the rotation speed of the stirring section 172, the temperature of the aqueous solution 192, and the dropping amount of each raw material aqueous solution. can be controlled.
- the number of rotations of the stirring section 172 may be, for example, 800 rpm or more and 1200 rpm or less. Further, the stirring may be performed while the aqueous solution 192 is heated to 50° C. or higher and 90° C. or lower. At that time, the mixture 901 may be dropped into the reaction tank 171 at a constant rate.
- the number of rotations of the paddle blades is not limited to a constant value, and can be adjusted as appropriate. For example, it is possible to change the rotation speed according to the amount of liquid in the reaction tank 171 . Furthermore, the dropping speed of the mixed liquid 901 can also be adjusted.
- the dropping speed may be controlled so that the mixed liquid 901 is dropped and the aqueous solution 892 is dropped when the pH value is changed from the desired value.
- the above pH value is 9.0 or more and 11.0 or less, preferably 9.8 or more and 10.3 or less.
- reaction product precipitates in the reaction tank 171 through the above steps.
- the reaction product has a cobalt compound.
- the reaction may be referred to as co-precipitation or co-precipitation, and the process may be referred to as the co-precipitation process.
- FIG. 4A is an exploded perspective view of a coin-type (single-layer flat type) secondary battery
- FIG. 4B is an external view
- FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- Coin-type secondary batteries are mainly used in small electronic devices.
- coin cell batteries include button cells.
- FIG. 4A for the sake of clarity, a schematic diagram is used so that the overlapping of members (vertical relationship and positional relationship) can be understood. Therefore, FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B do not correspond to each other completely.
- positive electrode 304, separator 310, negative electrode 307, spacer 322, and washer 312 are stacked. These are sealed with a negative electrode can 302 and a positive electrode can 301 .
- a gasket for sealing is not shown in FIG. 4A.
- the spacer 322 and the washer 312 are used to protect the inside or fix the position inside the can when the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are pressure-bonded. Spacers 322 and washers 312 are made of stainless steel or an insulating material.
- a positive electrode 304 has a laminated structure in which a positive electrode active material layer 306 is formed on a positive electrode current collector 305 .
- a separator 310 and a ring-shaped insulator 313 are arranged so as to cover the side and top surfaces of the positive electrode 304, respectively.
- the separator 310 has a larger planar area than the positive electrode 304 .
- FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a completed coin-type secondary battery.
- a positive electrode can 301 which also serves as a positive electrode terminal
- a negative electrode can 302 which also serves as a negative electrode terminal
- the positive electrode 304 is formed of a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed of a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the negative electrode 307 is not limited to a laminated structure, and may be a lithium metal foil or a lithium-aluminum alloy foil.
- the active material layers of the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307 used in the coin-type secondary battery 300 may be formed only on one side.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are made of nickel, aluminum, titanium metals, alloys thereof, and alloys thereof with other metals (for example, stainless steel), which are corrosion-resistant to the liquid electrolyte. can be done. Also, nickel and aluminum are preferably coated to prevent corrosion by the liquid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are electrically connected to the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307, respectively.
- negative electrode 307, positive electrode 304 and separator 310 are immersed in a liquid electrolyte, and as shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are pressure-bonded via a gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped secondary battery 300 .
- the coin-shaped secondary battery 300 can have high capacity, high charge/discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics. Note that in the case of a secondary battery having a solid electrolyte layer between the negative electrode 307 and the positive electrode 304, the separator 310 may be omitted.
- a cylindrical secondary battery 616 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on its top surface and battery cans (armor cans) 602 on its side and bottom surfaces.
- the positive electrode cap 601 and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610 .
- FIG. 5B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- the cylindrical secondary battery shown in FIG. 5B has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the top surface and battery cans (armor cans) 602 on the side and bottom surfaces.
- the positive electrode cap and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610 .
- a battery element in which a strip-shaped positive electrode 604 and a strip-shaped negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 interposed therebetween is provided inside a hollow columnar battery can 602 .
- the battery element is wound around the central axis.
- Battery can 602 is closed at one end and open at the other end.
- the battery can 602 is made of metals such as nickel, aluminum, and titanium that are resistant to corrosion against liquid electrolytes, alloys thereof, and alloys thereof with other metals (for example, stainless steel). can be used.
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and 609 facing each other.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) is filled inside the battery can 602 in which the battery element is provided. The same non-aqueous electrolyte as used in coin-type secondary batteries can be used.
- FIGS. 5A to 5D illustrate the secondary battery 616 in which the height of the cylinder is greater than the diameter of the cylinder, but the invention is not limited to this.
- the diameter of the cylinder may be a secondary battery that is larger than the height of the cylinder. With such a configuration, for example, the size of the secondary battery can be reduced.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive collector lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604
- a negative electrode terminal (negative collector lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606 .
- Both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607 can use a metal material such as aluminum.
- the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607 are resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 613 and the bottom of the battery can 602, respectively.
- the safety valve mechanism 613 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) element 611 .
- the safety valve mechanism 613 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold.
- the PTC element 611 is a thermal resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the increase in resistance limits the amount of current to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) based semiconductor ceramics can be used for the PTC element.
- FIG. 5C shows an example of an electrical storage system 615 .
- a power storage system 615 includes a plurality of secondary batteries 616 .
- the positive electrode of each secondary battery contacts and is electrically connected to a conductor 624 separated by an insulator 625 .
- Conductor 624 is electrically connected to control circuit 620 via wiring 623 .
- a negative electrode of each secondary battery is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 through a wiring 626 .
- a protection circuit that prevents overcharge or overdischarge can be applied as the control circuit 620 .
- FIG. 5D shows an example of an electrical storage system 615 .
- a power storage system 615 includes a plurality of secondary batteries 616 that are sandwiched between a conductive plate 628 and a conductive plate 614 .
- the plurality of secondary batteries 616 are electrically connected to the conductive plates 628 and 614 by wirings 627 .
- the plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in series after being connected in parallel.
- a plurality of secondary batteries 616 may be connected in series after being connected in parallel.
- a temperature control device may be provided between the secondary batteries 616 .
- the secondary battery 616 When the secondary battery 616 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device, and when the secondary battery 616 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device. Therefore, the performance of power storage system 615 is less likely to be affected by the outside air temperature.
- the power storage system 615 is electrically connected to the control circuit 620 via wiring 621 and wiring 622 .
- the wiring 621 is electrically connected to the positive electrodes of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 through the conductive plate 628
- the wiring 622 is electrically connected to the negative electrodes of the plurality of secondary batteries 616 through the conductive plate 614 .
- FIG. 6 A structural example of a secondary battery will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
- FIG. 6 A structural example of a secondary battery will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
- FIG. 6 A structural example of a secondary battery will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
- a secondary battery 913 illustrated in FIG. 6A includes a wound body 950 provided with a terminal 951 and a terminal 952 inside a housing 930 .
- the wound body 950 is immersed in the liquid electrolyte inside the housing 930 .
- the terminal 952 is in contact with the housing 930, and the terminal 951 is not in contact with the housing 930 by using an insulating material.
- the housing 930 is shown separately for the sake of convenience. exist.
- a metal material for example, aluminum
- a resin material can be used as the housing 930 .
- the housing 930 shown in FIG. 6A may be made of a plurality of materials.
- a housing 930a and a housing 930b are bonded together, and a wound body 950 is provided in a region surrounded by the housings 930a and 930b.
- An organic resin insulating material can be used for the housing 930a.
- shielding of the electric field by the secondary battery 913 can be suppressed by using an organic resin for the surface on which the antenna is formed.
- an antenna may be provided inside the housing 930a.
- a metal material for example, can be used as the housing 930b.
- a wound body 950 has a negative electrode 931 , a positive electrode 932 , and a separator 933 .
- the wound body 950 is a wound body in which the negative electrode 931 and the positive electrode 932 are laminated with the separator 933 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound. Note that the negative electrode 931, the positive electrode 932, and the separator 933 may be stacked more than once.
- a secondary battery 913 having a wound body 950a as shown in FIGS. 7A to 7C may be used.
- a wound body 950 a illustrated in FIG. 7A includes a negative electrode 931 , a positive electrode 932 , and a separator 933 .
- the negative electrode 931 has a negative electrode active material layer 931a.
- the positive electrode 932 has a positive electrode active material layer 932a.
- a battery having high capacity, high charge/discharge capacity, and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained. It can be a secondary battery 913 .
- the separator 933 has a wider width than the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a, and is wound so as to overlap with the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a.
- the width of the negative electrode active material layer 931a is wider than that of the positive electrode active material layer 932a.
- the wound body 950a having such a shape is preferable because of its good safety and productivity.
- negative electrode 931 is electrically connected to terminal 951 .
- Terminal 951 is electrically connected to terminal 911a.
- the positive electrode 932 is electrically connected to the terminal 952 .
- Terminal 952 is electrically connected to terminal 911b.
- the casing 930 covers the wound body 950 a and the liquid electrolyte to form the secondary battery 913 .
- the housing 930 is preferably provided with a safety valve and an overcurrent protection element.
- the safety valve is a valve that opens the interior of housing 930 at a predetermined internal pressure in order to prevent battery explosion.
- the secondary battery 913 may have a plurality of wound bodies 950a. By using a plurality of wound bodies 950a, the secondary battery 913 with higher charge/discharge capacity can be obtained.
- the description of the secondary battery 913 illustrated in FIGS. 6A to 6C can be referred to for other elements of the secondary battery 913 illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B show an example of an external view of an example of a laminated secondary battery.
- 8A and 8B have a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an outer package 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510 and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- FIG. 8A and 8B have a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an outer package 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510 and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- FIG. 9A shows an external view of the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506.
- the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode current collector 501 , and the positive electrode active material layer 502 is formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 501 .
- the positive electrode 503 has a region where the positive electrode current collector 501 is partially exposed (hereinafter referred to as a tab region).
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode current collector 504 , and the negative electrode active material layer 505 is formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 504 .
- the negative electrode 506 has a region where the negative electrode current collector 504 is partially exposed, that is, a tab region.
- the area and shape of the tab regions of the positive and negative electrodes are not limited to the example shown in FIG. 9A.
- FIG. 9B shows the negative electrode 506, separator 507 and positive electrode 503 stacked.
- an example is shown in which five sets of negative electrodes and four sets of positive electrodes are used. It can also be called a laminate consisting of a negative electrode, a separator, and a positive electrode.
- the tab regions of the positive electrode 503 are joined together, and the positive electrode lead electrode 510 is joined to the tab region of the outermost positive electrode.
- ultrasonic welding may be used.
- bonding between the tab regions of the negative electrode 506 and bonding of the negative electrode lead electrode 511 to the tab region of the outermost negative electrode are performed.
- the negative electrode 506 , the separator 507 , and the positive electrode 503 are arranged over the exterior body 509 .
- the exterior body 509 is bent at the portion indicated by the broken line. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. Thermocompression bonding, for example, may be used for bonding. At this time, a region (hereinafter referred to as an introduction port) that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that a liquid electrolyte can be introduced later.
- an introduction port a region that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that a liquid electrolyte can be introduced later.
- a liquid electrolyte (not shown) is introduced into the exterior body 509 through an inlet provided in the exterior body 509 . It is preferable to introduce the liquid electrolyte under a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert atmosphere. And finally, the inlet is joined. In this manner, a laminated secondary battery 500 can be manufactured.
- a secondary battery 500 can be used.
- Battery pack example An example of a secondary battery pack of one embodiment of the present invention that can be wirelessly charged using an antenna will be described with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10C.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram showing the appearance of the secondary battery pack 531, which has a thin rectangular parallelepiped shape (also called a thick flat plate shape).
- FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating the configuration of the secondary battery pack 531. As shown in FIG.
- the secondary battery pack 531 has a circuit board 540 and a secondary battery 513 .
- a label 529 is attached to the secondary battery 513 .
- Circuit board 540 is secured by seal 515 .
- the secondary battery pack 531 has an antenna 517 .
- the inside of the secondary battery 513 may have a structure having a wound body or a structure having a laminated body.
- the secondary battery pack 531 has a control circuit 590 on a circuit board 540 as shown in FIG. 10B. Also, the circuit board 540 is electrically connected to the terminals 514 . In addition, the circuit board 540 is electrically connected to the antenna 517 , one of the positive and negative leads 551 and the other of the positive and negative leads 552 of the secondary battery 513 .
- FIG. 10C it may have a circuit system 590a provided on circuit board 540 and a circuit system 590b electrically connected to circuit board 540 via terminals 514.
- FIG. 10C it may have a circuit system 590a provided on circuit board 540 and a circuit system 590b electrically connected to circuit board 540 via terminals 514.
- antenna 517 is not limited to a coil shape, and may have a linear shape or a plate shape, for example. Also, antennas represented by planar antennas, aperture antennas, traveling wave antennas, EH antennas, magnetic field antennas, and dielectric antennas may be used. Alternatively, antenna 517 may be a planar conductor. This flat conductor can function as one of conductors for electric field coupling. That is, the antenna 517 may function as one of the two conductors of the capacitor. As a result, electric power can be exchanged not only by electromagnetic fields and magnetic fields, but also by electric fields.
- Secondary battery pack 531 has layer 519 between antenna 517 and secondary battery 513 .
- the layer 519 has a function of shielding an electromagnetic field generated by the secondary battery 513, for example.
- a magnetic material for example, can be used as the layer 519 .
- secondary battery 400 of one embodiment of the present invention includes positive electrode 410 , solid electrolyte layer 420 , and negative electrode 430 .
- the positive electrode 410 has a positive electrode current collector 413 and a positive electrode active material layer 414 .
- a positive electrode active material layer 414 includes a positive electrode active material 411 and a solid electrolyte 421 .
- the positive electrode active material 411 the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 414 may contain a conductive aid and a binder.
- Solid electrolyte layer 420 has solid electrolyte 421 .
- Solid electrolyte layer 420 is a region located between positive electrode 410 and negative electrode 430 and having neither positive electrode active material 411 nor negative electrode active material 431 .
- the negative electrode 430 has a negative electrode current collector 433 and a negative electrode active material layer 434 .
- a negative electrode active material layer 434 includes a negative electrode active material 431 and a solid electrolyte 421 . Further, the negative electrode active material layer 434 may contain a conductive aid and a binder. Note that when metal lithium is used as the negative electrode active material 431, particles do not need to be formed, so that the negative electrode 430 without the solid electrolyte 421 can be formed as shown in FIG. 11B.
- FIG. 11B shows an example in which the negative electrode active material 431 is formed using a sputtering method.
- the use of metallic lithium for the negative electrode 430 is preferable because the energy density of the secondary battery 400 can be improved.
- solid electrolyte 421 included in the solid electrolyte layer 420 for example, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, or a halide-based solid electrolyte can be used.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes include thiolysicone-based (Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 ), sulfide glass (70Li 2 S, 30P 2 S 5 , 30Li 2 S ⁇ 26B 2 S 3 ⁇ 44LiI, 63Li 2 S ⁇ 36SiS 2 ⁇ 1Li 3 PO 4 , 57Li 2 S ⁇ 38SiS 2 ⁇ 5Li 4 SiO 4 , 50Li 2 S ⁇ 50GeS 2 ), sulfide crystallized glass (Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3.25 P 0.95 S 4 ).
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes have the advantages that they include materials with high conductivity, can be synthesized at low temperatures, and are relatively soft, so that conductive paths are easily maintained even after charging and discharging.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte includes a material having a perovskite crystal structure (La2 /3- xLi3xTiO3 ) , a material having a NASICON crystal structure (Li1- YAlYTi2-Y ( PO4 ) 3 ), a material having a garnet - type crystal structure ( Li7La3Zr2O12 ), a material having a LISICON - type crystal structure ( Li14ZnGe4O16 ) , LLZO ( Li7La3Zr2O12 ), oxidation material glass ( Li3PO4 - Li4SiO4 , 50Li4SiO4.50Li3BO3 ) , oxide crystallized glass ( Li1.07Al0.69Ti1.46 ( PO4 ) 3 , Li1 .5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 ). Oxide-based solid electrolytes have the advantage of being stable in the atmosphere.
- Halide-based solid electrolytes include LiAlCl 4 , Li 3 InBr 6 , LiF, LiCl, LiBr and LiI. Composite materials in which pores of porous aluminum oxide or porous silica are filled with these halide-based solid electrolytes can also be used as solid electrolytes.
- Li1 + xAlxTi2 -x ( PO4) 3 ( 0[x[1) (hereinafter referred to as LATP) having a NASICON-type crystal structure is aluminum and titanium in the secondary battery 400 of one embodiment of the present invention. Since it contains an element that may be contained in the positive electrode active material used in , a synergistic effect can be expected for improving cycle characteristics, which is preferable. Also, an improvement in productivity can be expected by reducing the number of processes.
- the NASICON - type crystal structure is a compound represented by M 2 (XO 4 ) 3 (M: transition metal, X: S, P, As, Mo, or W). It has a structure in which a tetrahedron and an XO 4 tetrahedron share a vertex and are arranged three-dimensionally.
- Exterior body and shape of secondary battery Various materials and shapes can be used for the exterior body of the secondary battery 400 of one embodiment of the present invention, but it preferably has a function of pressurizing the positive electrode, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode.
- FIG. 12 is an example of a cell for evaluating materials for an all-solid-state battery.
- FIG. 12A is a schematic cross-sectional view of the evaluation cell.
- the evaluation cell has a lower member 761, an upper member 762, and a fixing screw or wing nut 764 for fixing them.
- a plate 753 is pressed to secure the evaluation material.
- An insulator 766 is provided between a lower member 761 made of stainless steel and an upper member 762 .
- An O-ring 765 is provided between the upper member 762 and the set screw 763 for sealing.
- the evaluation material is placed on an electrode plate 751, surrounded by an insulating tube 752, and pressed from above by an electrode plate 753. As shown in FIG. FIG. 12B is an enlarged perspective view of the periphery of this evaluation material.
- FIG. 12C As an evaluation material, an example of lamination of a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c is shown, and a cross-sectional view thereof is shown in FIG. 12C. The same symbols are used for the same portions in FIGS. 12A to 12C.
- the electrode plate 751 and the lower member 761 electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a correspond to a positive electrode terminal. It can be said that the electrode plate 753 and the upper member 762 electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c correspond to a negative electrode terminal.
- the electrical resistance can be measured while pressing the evaluation material through the electrode plate 751 and the electrode plate 753 .
- a highly airtight package is preferably used for the exterior body of the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a ceramic package or resin package can be used.
- FIG. 13A shows a perspective view of a secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention having an exterior body and a shape different from those in FIG.
- the secondary battery of FIG. 13A has external electrodes 771 and 772 and is sealed with an exterior body having a plurality of package members.
- FIG. 13B shows an example of a cross section taken along the dashed line in FIG. 13A.
- a laminate having a positive electrode 750a, a solid electrolyte layer 750b, and a negative electrode 750c includes a package member 770a in which an electrode layer 773a is provided on a flat plate, a frame-shaped package member 770b, and a package member 770c in which an electrode layer 773b is provided on a flat plate. , and has a sealed structure.
- the package members 770a, 770b, 770c can be made of insulating materials such as resin materials and ceramics.
- the external electrode 771 is electrically connected to the positive electrode 750a through the electrode layer 773a and functions as a positive electrode terminal.
- the external electrode 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode 750c through the electrode layer 773b and functions as a negative electrode terminal.
- FIG. 14C shows an example of application to an electric vehicle (EV).
- EV electric vehicle
- the electric vehicle is provided with first batteries 1301a and 1301b as secondary batteries for main driving, and a second battery 1311 that supplies power to an inverter 1312 that starts the motor 1304 .
- the second battery 1311 is also called cranking battery (also called starter battery).
- the second battery 1311 only needs to have a high output and does not need a large capacity so much, and the capacity of the second battery 1311 is smaller than that of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b.
- the internal structure of the first battery 1301a may be the wound type shown in FIG. 6A or 7C, or the laminated type shown in FIG. 8A or 8B. Further, the all-solid-state battery of Embodiment 5 may be used as the first battery 1301a. By using the all-solid-state battery of Embodiment 5 for the first battery 1301a, the capacity can be increased, the safety can be improved, and the size and weight can be reduced.
- This embodiment mode shows an example in which two first batteries 1301a and 1301b are connected in parallel, but three or more batteries may be connected in parallel. Further, if the first battery 1301a can store sufficient electric power, the first battery 1301b may be omitted. A large amount of electric power can be extracted by forming a battery pack including a plurality of secondary batteries. A plurality of secondary batteries may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in series after being connected in parallel. A plurality of secondary batteries is also called an assembled battery.
- a secondary battery for vehicle has a service plug or a circuit breaker that can cut off high voltage without using a tool in order to cut off power from a plurality of secondary batteries.
- the power of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b is mainly used to rotate the motor 1304, but is also used to power the 42V in-vehicle components (electric power steering 1307, heater 1308, defogger 1309) via the DCDC 1306. supply.
- the first battery 1301a is also used to rotate the rear motor 1317 when the rear wheel has the rear motor 1317 .
- the second battery 1311 supplies power to 14V in-vehicle components (audio 1313, power window 1314, lamps 1315) through the DCDC 1310 .
- the first battery 1301a will be described with reference to FIG. 14A.
- FIG. 14A shows an example in which nine prismatic secondary batteries 1300 are used as one battery pack 1415 .
- Nine square secondary batteries 1300 are connected in series, one electrode is fixed by a fixing portion 1413 made of an insulator, and the other electrode is fixed by a fixing portion 1414 made of an insulator.
- an example of fixing by fixing portions 1413 and 1414 is shown; Since it is assumed that the vehicle is subject to vibration or shaking from the outside (road surface), it is preferable to fix a plurality of secondary batteries with the fixing portions 1413 and 1414 and the battery housing box.
- One electrode is electrically connected to the control circuit portion 1320 through a wiring 1421 .
- the other electrode is electrically connected to the control circuit section 1320 by wiring 1422 .
- FIG. 14B shows an example of a block diagram of the battery pack 1415 shown in FIG. 14A.
- the control circuit unit 1320 includes a switch unit 1324 including at least a switch for preventing overcharge and a switch for preventing overdischarge, a control circuit 1322 for controlling the switch unit 1324, a voltage measurement unit for the first battery 1301a, have
- the control circuit unit 1320 is set with upper and lower voltage limits of the secondary battery to be used, and limits the upper limit of the current from the outside and the upper limit of the output current to the outside. The range from the lower limit voltage to the upper limit voltage of the secondary battery is within the voltage range recommended for use.
- the control circuit section 1320 controls the switch section 1324 to prevent over-discharging and over-charging, it can also be called a protection circuit.
- control circuit 1322 detects a voltage that is likely to cause overcharging
- the switch of the switch section 1324 is turned off to cut off the current.
- a PTC element may be provided in the charging/discharging path to provide a function of interrupting the current according to the temperature rise.
- the control circuit section 1320 also has an external terminal 1325 (+IN) and an external terminal 1326 (-IN).
- the switch portion 1324 can be configured by combining an n-channel transistor and a p-channel transistor.
- the switch unit 1324 is not limited to a switch having a Si transistor using single crystal silicon. indium), SiC (silicon carbide), ZnSe (zinc selenide), GaN (gallium nitride), GaOx (gallium oxide; x is a real number greater than 0).
- the first batteries 1301a and 1301b mainly supply power to 42V system (high voltage system) in-vehicle equipment, and the second battery 1311 supplies power to 14V system (low voltage system) in-vehicle equipment.
- the second battery 1311 is often adopted as a lead-acid battery because of its cost advantage.
- Lead-acid batteries have the drawback of being more susceptible to deterioration due to a phenomenon called sulfation, which is more self-discharging than lithium-ion secondary batteries.
- Using a lithium-ion secondary battery as the second battery 1311 has the advantage of being maintenance-free.
- the second battery 1311 that starts the inverter becomes inoperable, the second battery 1311 is lead-free in order to prevent the motor from being unable to start even if the first batteries 1301a and 1301b have remaining capacity.
- power is supplied from the first battery to the second battery and charged so as to always maintain a fully charged state.
- the second battery 1311 may use a lead-acid battery, an all-solid battery, or an electric double layer capacitor.
- the all-solid-state battery of Embodiment 3 may be used.
- Regenerative energy generated by rotation of tire 1316 is sent to motor 1304 via gear 1305 and charged to second battery 1311 via control circuit section 1321 from motor controller 1303 and battery controller 1302 .
- the battery controller 1302 charges the first battery 1301 a through the control circuit unit 1320 .
- the battery controller 1302 charges the first battery 1301 b through the control circuit unit 1320 . In order to efficiently charge the regenerated energy, it is desirable that the first batteries 1301a and 1301b be capable of rapid charging.
- the battery controller 1302 can set the charging voltage and charging current of the first batteries 1301a, 1301b.
- the battery controller 1302 can set charging conditions according to the charging characteristics of the secondary battery to be used and perform rapid charging.
- the outlet of the charger or the connection cable of the charger is electrically connected to the battery controller 1302 .
- Electric power supplied from an external charger charges the first batteries 1301 a and 1301 b via the battery controller 1302 .
- Some chargers are provided with a control circuit and do not use the function of the battery controller 1302, but the first batteries 1301a and 1301b are charged via the control circuit unit 1320 to prevent overcharging. is preferred.
- the connection cable or the connection cable of the charger is provided with the control circuit.
- the control circuit section 1320 is sometimes called an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
- the ECU is connected to a CAN (Controller Area Network) provided in the electric vehicle.
- CAN is one of serial communication standards used as an in-vehicle LAN.
- the ECU includes a microcomputer.
- the ECU uses a CPU or a GPU.
- External chargers installed at charging stations include 100V outlet, 200V outlet, 3-phase 200V and 50kW.
- the battery can be charged by receiving power supply from an external charging facility by a non-contact power supply method.
- the secondary battery of this embodiment described above uses the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2. Furthermore, by using graphene as a conductive agent, even if the electrode layer is thickened and the amount supported is increased, the decrease in capacity can be suppressed and the high capacity can be maintained. realizable. To provide a vehicle which is effective especially for a secondary battery used in a vehicle and has a long cruising distance, specifically, a traveling distance of 500 km or more per charge without increasing the weight ratio of the secondary battery to the total weight of the vehicle. be able to.
- the operating voltage of the secondary battery can be increased by using the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2. and the usable capacity can be increased as the charging voltage increases.
- the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 for the positive electrode it is possible to provide a vehicle secondary battery with excellent cycle characteristics.
- the secondary battery shown in any one of FIGS. 5D, 7C, and 14A is mounted on a vehicle, it is represented by a hybrid vehicle (HV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV).
- HV hybrid vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PHS plug-in hybrid vehicle
- Next-generation clean energy vehicles can be realized.
- agricultural machinery, motorized bicycles including electric assisted bicycles, motorcycles, electric wheelchairs, electric carts, small and large ships, submarines, fixed and rotary wing aircraft, rockets, satellites, space probes, planets
- a secondary battery can also be mounted on a transport vehicle for an explorer or a spacecraft.
- the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention can be a high-capacity secondary battery. Therefore, the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention is suitable for miniaturization and weight reduction, and can be suitably used for transportation vehicles.
- a vehicle 2001 shown in FIG. 15A is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for running. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as power sources for running.
- a secondary battery is mounted in a vehicle, an example of the secondary battery described in Embodiment 4 is installed at one or more places.
- a car 2001 shown in FIG. 15A has a battery pack 2200, and the battery pack has a secondary battery module to which a plurality of secondary batteries are connected. Furthermore, it is preferable to have a charging control device electrically connected to the secondary battery module.
- the vehicle 2001 can charge the secondary battery of the vehicle 2001 by receiving power from an external charging facility by a plug-in system or a contactless power supply system.
- the charging method and the standard of the connector may appropriately be a predetermined method of CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or Combo.
- the charging device may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility, or may be a household power source.
- plug-in technology can charge a power storage device mounted on the automobile 2001 by power supply from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power through a conversion device typified by an ACDC converter.
- the power receiving device can be mounted on a vehicle, and power can be supplied from a power transmission device on the ground in a non-contact manner for charging.
- this non-contact power supply system it is possible to charge the vehicle not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while the vehicle is running by installing a power transmission device on the road or the outer wall.
- power may be transmitted and received between two vehicles.
- a solar battery may be provided on the exterior of the vehicle, and the secondary battery may be charged while the vehicle is stopped and while the vehicle is running.
- An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic resonance method can be used for such contactless power supply.
- FIG. 15B shows a large transport vehicle 2002 with electrically controlled motors as an example of a transport vehicle.
- the secondary battery module of the transportation vehicle 2002 has a maximum voltage of 170 V, for example, a four-cell unit of secondary batteries having a nominal voltage of 3.0 V or more and 5.0 V or less, and 48 cells connected in series. Except for the number of secondary batteries forming the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2201, the function is the same as that of FIG. 15A, so the description is omitted.
- FIG. 15C shows, as an example, a large transport vehicle 2003 with electrically controlled motors.
- the secondary battery module of the transportation vehicle 2003 has a maximum voltage of 600 V, for example, a hundred or more secondary batteries with a nominal voltage of 3.0 V or more and 5.0 V or less connected in series.
- a secondary battery using positive electrode active material 200A shown in Embodiment 1 or positive electrode active material 200B shown in Embodiment 2 as a positive electrode, a secondary battery having good rate characteristics and charge/discharge cycle characteristics is manufactured. This can contribute to improving the performance and extending the service life of the transportation vehicle 2003 .
- 15A except that the number of secondary batteries forming the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2202 is different, the description is omitted.
- FIG. 15D shows an aircraft 2004 having an engine that burns fuel as an example. Since the aircraft 2004 shown in FIG. 15D has wheels for takeoff and landing, it can be said to be part of a transportation vehicle, and a secondary battery module is configured by connecting a plurality of secondary batteries, and the secondary battery module and the charging device can be charged. It has a battery pack 2203 including a controller.
- the secondary battery module of the aircraft 2004 has a maximum voltage of 32V, for example, eight 4V secondary batteries connected in series. Except for the number of secondary batteries forming the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2203, the function is the same as that of FIG. 15A, so the explanation is omitted.
- the house illustrated in FIG. 16A includes a power storage device 2612 including a secondary battery that is one embodiment of the present invention and a solar panel 2610 .
- the power storage device 2612 is electrically connected to the solar panel 2610 through wiring 2611 .
- the power storage device 2612 and the ground-mounted charging device 2604 may be electrically connected.
- a power storage device 2612 can be charged with power obtained from the solar panel 2610 .
- Electric power stored in power storage device 2612 can be used to charge a secondary battery of vehicle 2603 via charging device 2604 .
- Power storage device 2612 is preferably installed in the underfloor space. By installing in the space under the floor, the space above the floor can be effectively used. Alternatively, power storage device 2612 may be installed on the floor.
- the power stored in the power storage device 2612 can also supply power to other electronic devices in the house. Therefore, the use of the power storage device 2612 according to one embodiment of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply makes it possible to use the electronic device even when power cannot be supplied from a commercial power supply due to a power failure.
- FIG. 16B illustrates an example of a power storage device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a power storage device 791 according to one embodiment of the present invention is installed in an underfloor space 796 of a building 799.
- the control circuit described in Embodiment 6 may be provided in the power storage device 791, and the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode.
- the power storage device 791 can have a long life.
- a control device 790 is installed in the power storage device 791, and the control device 790 is connected to the distribution board 703, the power storage controller 705 (also referred to as a control device), the display 706, and the router 709 by wiring. electrically connected.
- Power is sent from commercial power supply 701 to distribution board 703 via drop wire attachment 710 .
- Electric power is sent to the distribution board 703 from the power storage device 791 and the commercial power supply 701, and the distribution board 703 distributes the sent power to the general load via an outlet (not shown). 707 and power storage system load 708 .
- the general load 707 is, for example, electrical equipment such as a television and a personal computer, and the power storage system load 708 is electrical equipment such as a microwave oven, a refrigerator, and an air conditioner.
- the power storage controller 705 has a measurement unit 711 , a prediction unit 712 and a planning unit 713 .
- the measuring unit 711 has a function of measuring the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 during a day (for example, from 00:00 to 24:00).
- the measurement unit 711 may also have a function of measuring the amount of power in the power storage device 791 and the amount of power supplied from the commercial power source 701 .
- the prediction unit 712 predicts the demand to be consumed by the general load 707 and the storage system load 708 during the next day based on the amount of power consumed by the general load 707 and the storage system load 708 during the day. It has a function of predicting power consumption.
- the planning unit 713 also has a function of planning charging and discharging of the power storage device 791 based on the amount of power demand predicted by the prediction unit 712 .
- the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 707 and the power storage system load 708 measured by the measuring unit 711 can be checked on the display 706 .
- the amount of power demand predicted by the prediction unit 712 for each time period (or for each hour) can be confirmed using the display 706, the electric device, and the portable electronic terminal.
- FIG. 17A illustrates an example of an electric bicycle using the power storage device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the power storage device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the electric bicycle 8700 illustrated in FIG. 17A.
- a power storage device of one embodiment of the present invention includes, for example, a plurality of storage batteries and a protection circuit.
- Electric bicycle 8700 includes power storage device 8702 .
- the power storage device 8702 can supply electricity to a motor that assists the driver. Also, the power storage device 8702 is portable, and is shown removed from the bicycle in FIG. 17B.
- the power storage device 8702 includes a plurality of storage batteries 8701 included in the power storage device of one embodiment of the present invention, and the remaining battery level can be displayed on a display portion 8703 .
- the power storage device 8702 also includes a control circuit 8704 capable of controlling charging of the secondary battery or detecting an abnormality, one example of which is shown in Embodiment 6.
- the control circuit 8704 is electrically connected to the positive and negative electrodes of the storage battery 8701 .
- control circuit 8704 may be provided with the small solid secondary battery shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B.
- the small solid secondary battery shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B in the control circuit 8704, power can be supplied to hold data in the memory circuit included in the control circuit 8704 for a long time.
- a synergistic effect in terms of safety can be obtained by combining a secondary battery in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode.
- FIG. 17C illustrates an example of a two-wheeled vehicle using the power storage device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a scooter 8600 shown in FIG. The power storage device 8602 can supply electricity to the turn signal lights 8603 .
- the power storage device 8602 containing a plurality of secondary batteries in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode can have a high capacity. It can contribute to miniaturization.
- the scooter 8600 shown in FIG. 17C can store a power storage device 8602 in the underseat storage 8604 .
- the power storage device 8602 can be stored in the underseat storage 8604 even if the underseat storage 8604 is small.
- FIG. 9 An example of mounting a secondary battery, which is one embodiment of the present invention, in an electronic device will be described.
- electronic devices that implement secondary batteries include television devices (also referred to as televisions or television receivers), computer monitors, digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, mobile phones (mobile phones, mobile Also called a telephone device), a portable game machine, a personal digital assistant, a sound reproducing device, and a large game machine represented by a pachinko machine.
- Portable information terminals include notebook personal computers, tablet terminals, electronic book terminals, and mobile phones.
- FIG. 18A shows an example of a mobile phone.
- a mobile phone 2100 includes a display unit 2102 incorporated in a housing 2101 , operation buttons 2103 , an external connection port 2104 , a speaker 2105 , or a microphone 2106 .
- the mobile phone 2100 has a secondary battery 2107 .
- the secondary battery 2107 By including the secondary battery 2107 in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode, the capacity can be increased and the size of the housing can be reduced. It is possible to realize a configuration that can cope with the accompanying space saving.
- the mobile phone 2100 is capable of running a variety of applications typified by mobile telephony, e-mail, text viewing and writing, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the operation button 2103 has various functions such as time setting, power on/off operation, wireless communication on/off operation, manner mode execution/cancellation, and power saving mode execution/cancellation. be able to.
- the operating system installed in the mobile phone 2100 can freely set the functions of the operation buttons 2103 .
- mobile phone 2100 is capable of performing short-range wireless communication that is standardized. For example, by intercommunicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, hands-free communication is also possible.
- the mobile phone 2100 has an external connection port 2104 and can directly exchange data with another information terminal via a connector. Also, charging can be performed via the external connection port 2104 . Note that the charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without using the external connection port 2104 .
- Mobile phone 2100 preferably has a sensor.
- sensors for example, a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, a human body sensor represented by a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, or an acceleration sensor is preferably mounted.
- FIG. 18B is an unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 with multiple rotors 2302 .
- Unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 may also be referred to as a drone.
- Unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 has a secondary battery 2301 that is one embodiment of the present invention, a camera 2303, and an antenna (not shown).
- Unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 can be remotely operated via an antenna.
- a secondary battery in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode has a high energy density and is highly safe. It can be used safely over time and is suitable as a secondary battery to be mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle 2300 .
- FIG. 18C shows an example of a robot.
- a robot 6400 shown in FIG. 18C includes a secondary battery 6409, an illuminance sensor 6401, a microphone 6402, an upper camera 6403, a speaker 6404, a display unit 6405, a lower camera 6406 and an obstacle sensor 6407, a moving mechanism 6408, and an arithmetic device.
- a microphone 6402 has a function of detecting the user's speech and environmental sounds. Also, the speaker 6404 has a function of emitting sound. Robot 6400 can communicate with a user using microphone 6402 and speaker 6404 .
- the display unit 6405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 6400 can display information desired by the user on the display unit 6405 .
- the display portion 6405 may include a touch panel. Further, the display unit 6405 may be a detachable information terminal, and by installing it at a fixed position of the robot 6400, charging and data transfer are possible.
- Upper camera 6403 and lower camera 6406 have the function of capturing images of the surroundings of robot 6400 .
- the obstacle sensor 6407 can detect the presence or absence of an obstacle in the direction in which the robot 6400 moves forward using the movement mechanism 6408 .
- Robot 6400 uses upper camera 6403, lower camera 6406, and obstacle sensor 6407 to recognize the surrounding environment and can move safely.
- the robot 6400 includes a secondary battery 6409 according to one embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device or an electronic component in its internal region.
- a secondary battery in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode has a high energy density and is highly safe. It can be used safely over time and is suitable as the secondary battery 6409 mounted on the robot 6400 .
- FIG. 18D shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 6300 has a display unit 6302 arranged on the upper surface of a housing 6301, a plurality of cameras 6303 arranged on the side surface, a brush 6304, an operation button 6305, a secondary battery 6306, or various sensors.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is equipped with tires or a suction port.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can run by itself, detect dust 6310, and suck the dust from a suction port provided on the bottom surface.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can analyze images captured by the camera 6303 and determine the presence or absence of obstacles such as walls, furniture, or steps. Further, when an object such as wiring that is likely to get entangled in the brush 6304 is detected by image analysis, the rotation of the brush 6304 can be stopped.
- Cleaning robot 6300 includes a secondary battery 6306 according to one embodiment of the present invention and a semiconductor device or an electronic component in its internal region.
- a secondary battery in which the positive electrode active material 200A described in Embodiment 1 or the positive electrode active material 200B described in Embodiment 2 is used for the positive electrode has a high energy density and is highly safe. It can be used safely over time, and is suitable as the secondary battery 6306 mounted on the cleaning robot 6300 .
- the average particle size of the comparative example (NCM) is 11 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of this example is 9.6 ⁇ m.
- NCMA positive electrode active material
- the positive electrode active material of each sample the positive electrode active material obtained by the method described in Embodiment 1 was used.
- Acetylene black was used as a conductive agent, mixed to prepare a slurry, and the slurry was applied to an aluminum current collector.
- FIG. 19 shows a cross-sectional observation photograph of a part of the positive electrode. A partially enlarged view thereof is shown in FIG.
- a CR2032 type coin-shaped battery cell (20 mm in diameter and 3.2 mm in height) was produced.
- Lithium metal was used as the counter electrode.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Polypropylene having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used for the separator.
- the cathode can and the anode can were made of stainless steel (SUS).
- the charging voltage was set to 4.5 V, and the temperature of the incubator in which the half cell was placed was set to 45°C.
- Charging was constant current (CC)/constant voltage (CV), rate 0.5C (1C is 200 mA/g), and charging was terminated when the rate was 0.05C.
- Discharge was constant current (CC), rate 0.5C (1C is 200mA/g), voltage 2.5V.
- a rest period may be provided between discharging and the next charging, and in this example, a rest period of 10 minutes was provided.
- the charging and discharging were repeated 100 times.
- 21A and 21B show cycle characteristics when the measurement temperature is 25°C.
- the vertical axis is the discharge capacity
- the vertical axis is the maintenance rate of the discharge capacity.
- FIG. 22A and 22B show cycle characteristics when the measurement temperature is 45°C.
- the vertical axis is the discharge capacity
- the vertical axis is the maintenance rate of the discharge capacity.
- NCMA in which the crushing strength of the positive electrode active material is higher than that of the NCM of the comparative example, has a higher capacity retention rate during charging cycles.
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Abstract
Description
図2は本発明の一態様を示す正極活物質の作製フローの一例を示す図である。
図3は本発明の一態様に用いる反応槽を示す断面図である。
図4Aはコイン型二次電池の分解斜視図であり、図4Bはコイン型二次電池の斜視図であり、図4Cはその断面斜視図である。
図5Aは、円筒型の二次電池の例を示す。図5Bは、円筒型の二次電池の例を示す。図5Cは、複数の円筒型の二次電池の例を示す。図5Dは、複数の円筒型の二次電池を有する蓄電システムの例を示す。
図6A及び図6Bは二次電池の例を説明する図であり、図6Cは二次電池の内部の様子を示す図である。
図7A乃至図7Cは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図8A、及び図8Bは二次電池の外観を示す図である。
図9A乃至図9Cは二次電池の作製方法を説明する図である。
図10A乃至図10Cは、電池パックの構成例を示す図である。
図11A及び図11Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図12A乃至図12Cは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図13A及び図13Bは二次電池の例を説明する図である。
図14Aは本発明の一態様を示す電池パックの斜視図であり、図14Bは電池パックのブロック図であり、図14Cはモータを有する車両のブロック図である。
図15A乃至図15Dは、輸送用車両の一例を説明する図である。
図16A及び図16Bは、本発明の一態様に係る蓄電装置を説明する図である。
図17Aは電動自転車を示す図であり、図17Bは電動自転車の二次電池を示す図であり、図17Cは電動バイクを説明する図である。
図18A乃至図18Dは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図19は、正極の断面観察写真図である。
図20は、正極の一部を拡大した断面観察写真図である。
図21A及び図21Bは、25℃での二次電池の充放電サイクル特性を示す図である。
図22A及び図22Bは、45℃での二次電池の充放電サイクル特性を示す図である。
本実施の形態では、共沈法で得られるコバルト化合物に添加元素を添加した正極活物質200Aの作製方法の一例について図1に説明する。なお図1に示すフロー図は、線で繋がれた要素の順序を示すものである。線で直接繋がっていない要素同士の時間的なタイミングを示すものではない。例えば図1における混合液901と混合液902の作製は図中で同じ高さに記載されているが、必ずしも同時に行わなくてもよい。
コバルト水溶液として、硫酸コバルト(たとえばCoSO4)、塩化コバルト(たとえばCoCl2)若しくは硝酸コバルト(たとえばCo(NO3)2)、酢酸コバルト(たとえばC4H6CoO4)、コバルトアルコキシド、若しくは有機コバルト錯体、またはこれらの水和物を有する水溶液が挙げられる。また、コバルト水溶液に代えて酢酸コバルトをはじめとするコバルトの有機酸、またはこれらの水和物を用いてもよい。なお本明細書において、有機酸とは、酢酸以外に、クエン酸、シュウ酸、ギ酸、または酪酸を含む。
ニッケル水溶液として、硫酸ニッケル、塩化ニッケル、硝酸ニッケル、またはこれらの水和物の水溶液を用いることができる。また酢酸ニッケルをはじめとするニッケルの有機酸塩、またはこれらの水和物の水溶液を用いることができる。またニッケルアルコキシドまたは有機ニッケル錯体の水溶液を用いることができる。またニッケル水溶液は、正極活物質の製造工程においてニッケル源と記すことができる。
マンガン水溶液として、マンガン塩、たとえば硫酸マンガン、塩化マンガン、硝酸マンガン、またはこれらの水和物の水溶液を用いることができる。また酢酸マンガンをはじめとするマンガンの有機酸塩、またはこれらの水和物の水溶液を用いることができる。またマンガンアルコキシド、または有機マンガン錯体の水溶液を用いることができる。
アルカリ溶液として、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化リチウムまたはアンモニアを有する水溶液が挙げられる。たとえば純水を用いてこれらを溶解させた水溶液を用いることができる。水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、または水酸化リチウムから選ばれた複数種を純水に溶解させた水溶液でもよい。
共沈法に従って水溶液890および水溶液892を反応させる場合、反応系のpHは9.0以上11.0以下、好ましくはpHを9.8以上10.3以下となるようにする。たとえば水溶液892を反応槽に入れ水溶液890を反応槽へ滴下する場合、反応槽内の水溶液のpHを上記条件の範囲に維持するとよい。また水溶液890を反応槽に入れておき、水溶液892を滴下する場合も、同様である。水溶液890または水溶液892の滴下速度は、0.1mL/分以上0.8mL/分以下とするとよく、pH条件を制御しやすく好ましい。反応槽は反応容器を有する。
リチウム化合物として、Li塩、例えば水酸化リチウム(たとえばLiOH)、炭酸リチウム(たとえばLi2CO3)、または硝酸リチウム(たとえばLiNO3)が挙げられる。特に水酸化リチウム(融点462°C)のように、リチウム化合物のなかでは融点の低い材料を用いると好ましい。ニッケルの割合が高い正極活物質は、コバルト酸リチウムと比較してカチオンミキシングが生じやすいため、第1の加熱を低温で行う必要がある。そのため融点の低い材料を用いることが好ましい。
添加元素源としては、アルミニウム塩、マグネシウム塩、カルシウム塩から選ばれる一または複数を用いる。また、化合物910は、酸化アルミニウム、水酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、水酸化マグネシウム、塩基性炭酸マグネシウム(MgCO3)3Mg(OH)2・3H2O)、酸化カルシウム、炭酸カルシウム、水酸化カルシウムから選ばれる一または複数を用いる。本実施の形態では、添加元素源としてアルミニウム塩を用い、化合物910として水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)を用いる。添加元素源に用いる化合物910の量は、実施者が適宜、所望の量が含有されるように秤量し、コバルト化合物に対して0.5atm%以上3atm%以下の範囲でアルミニウム、マグネシウム、またはカルシウムを添加することが望ましい。なお、ここでの添加元素の濃度は、二次粒子の製造時における添加量に基づく値であり、実際の分析濃度とは一致しない場合がある。
また、本発明の一形態は、図1の工程フローに限定されない。本実施の形態では、それぞれ所望の分量を秤量して、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガンを混合する。これらを水溶液893で混合して混合液901と、アルカリ溶液である水溶液892と水溶液894との混合液902と、添加元素を含む水溶液896と水溶液895とを混合した混合液906とを用意する。水溶液893、894、895は、キレート剤として機能する水溶液を用いるが、特に限定されず、純水でもよい。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態1乃至3の作製方法において、共沈法を行う共沈装置を以下に説明する。
コイン型の二次電池の一例について説明する。図4Aはコイン型(単層偏平型)の二次電池の分解斜視図であり、図4Bは、外観図であり、図4Cは、その断面図である。コイン型の二次電池は主に小型の電子機器に用いられる。本明細書において、コイン型電池は、ボタン型電池を含む。
円筒型の二次電池の例について図5Aを参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池616は、図5Aに示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面及び底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップ601と電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
二次電池の構造例について図6及び図7を用いて説明する。
次に、ラミネート型の二次電池の例について、外観図の一例を図8A及び図8Bに示す。図8A及び図8Bは、正極503、負極506、セパレータ507、外装体509、正極リード電極510及び負極リード電極511を有する。
ここで、図8Aに外観図を示すラミネート型二次電池の作製方法の一例について、図9B及び図9Cを用いて説明する。
アンテナを用いて無線充電が可能な本発明の一態様の二次電池パックの例について、図10A乃至図10Cを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態1で示した正極活物質200Aまたは実施の形態2に示した正極活物質200Bを用いて全固体電池を作製する例を示す。
本発明の一態様の二次電池400の外装体には、様々な材料および形状のものを用いることができるが、正極、固体電解質層および負極を加圧する機能を有することが好ましい。
本実施の形態では、円筒型の二次電池である図5Dとは異なる例である。図14Cを用いて電気自動車(EV)に適用する例を示す。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を建築物に実装する例について図16Aおよび図16Bを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、二輪車、自転車に本発明の一態様である蓄電装置を搭載する例を示す。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器に実装する例について説明する。二次電池を実装する電子機器として、例えば、テレビジョン装置(テレビ、又はテレビジョン受信機ともいう)、コンピュータ用のモニタ、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、携帯電話機(携帯電話、携帯電話装置ともいう)、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、パチンコ機で代表される大型ゲーム機が挙げられる。携帯情報端末としてはノート型パーソナルコンピュータ、タブレット型端末、電子書籍端末、または携帯電話機がある。
Claims (8)
- 正極活物質を作製する方法であり、
反応槽にニッケルの水溶性塩、コバルトの水溶性塩、及びマンガンの水溶性塩が溶解した水溶液と、アルカリ溶液を供給し、前記反応槽の内部で混合してコバルト化合物を析出させ、
前記コバルト化合物とリチウム化合物とを混合した第1の混合物を第1の温度で加熱し、
前記加熱した第1の混合物を解砕または粉砕した後、
さらに前記第1の温度より高い温度である第2の温度で加熱し、
前記第1の混合物とアルミニウム化合物とを混合して得られた第2の混合物を第3の温度で加熱して正極活物質を作製する、正極活物質の作製方法。 - 請求項1において、前記第3の温度は、前記第1の温度よりも高い正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1または請求項2において、さらに前記反応槽にマグネシウムを含む水溶液を供給する正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1または請求項2において、さらに前記反応槽にカルシウムを含む水溶液を供給する正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一において、前記アルカリ溶液は、水酸化ナトリウムを含む水溶液である正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれか一において、前記水溶液と、前記アルカリ溶液とを混合して得られた混合液のpHが9以上11以下である正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれか一において、前記水溶液と、前記アルカリ溶液とを混合して前記コバルト化合物を析出させる際に、グリシンを含む水溶液を添加する正極活物質の作製方法。
- 請求項1乃至7のいずれか一において、前記第1の温度の範囲は400℃以上700℃以下であり、前記第2の温度の範囲は、700℃より高く1050℃以下の範囲である正極活物質の作製方法。
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