WO2022137977A1 - 電極スラリー用カーボンナノチューブ分散液、負極スラリー、非水電解質二次電池、及び、電極スラリー用カーボンナノチューブ分散液の製造方法 - Google Patents

電極スラリー用カーボンナノチューブ分散液、負極スラリー、非水電解質二次電池、及び、電極スラリー用カーボンナノチューブ分散液の製造方法 Download PDF

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WO2022137977A1
WO2022137977A1 PCT/JP2021/043314 JP2021043314W WO2022137977A1 WO 2022137977 A1 WO2022137977 A1 WO 2022137977A1 JP 2021043314 W JP2021043314 W JP 2021043314W WO 2022137977 A1 WO2022137977 A1 WO 2022137977A1
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electrode slurry
carbon nanotube
negative electrode
electrode
carbon nanotubes
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
友祐 福本
暢宏 平野
仁徳 杉森
友嗣 横山
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co Ltd
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co Ltd
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Priority to CN202180084650.7A priority Critical patent/CN116569354A/zh
Priority to JP2022572002A priority patent/JP7840016B2/ja
Priority to US18/267,304 priority patent/US12374693B2/en
Priority to EP21910130.0A priority patent/EP4270514A4/en
Publication of WO2022137977A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022137977A1/ja
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Priority to US19/249,102 priority patent/US20250323273A1/en
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, a negative electrode slurry, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry.
  • Carbon nanotubes are attracting attention as a conductive agent contained in the electrodes of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries. Carbon nanotubes can greatly improve conductivity with a smaller content than conventional conductive agents such as acetylene black. However, since carbon nanotubes tend to aggregate, there is a problem in dispersibility.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry in which a predetermined amount of carbon nanotubes and partially hydrogenated nitrile rubber is contained in a dispersion medium and the dispersion particle size of the carbon nanotubes is specified. Further, Patent Document 1 describes that a secondary battery including a positive electrode and a negative electrode produced by using the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry can reduce the direct current internal resistance (DCIR).
  • DCIR direct current internal resistance
  • the present inventors have found that the viscosity is a very important factor for improving the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry.
  • the technique described in Patent Document 1 does not consider the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and there is still room for improvement.
  • By improving the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry to produce an electrode having a uniform mixture layer, in a secondary battery using the electrode the battery capacity due to repeated charging and discharging can be obtained. The decrease can be suppressed.
  • an object of the present disclosure is to provide a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry that improves charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
  • the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry which is one aspect of the present disclosure, has a viscosity of 0.1 to 1.5 mass% of carbon nanotubes, a dispersion medium, and a 3% aqueous solution at 100 s -1 at 2 to 200 mPa ⁇ s.
  • the content of carboxymethyl cellulose is 50 to 250 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of carbon nanotubes, and the viscosity at 100s -1 is 50 to 200 mPa ⁇ s in a state where the carbon nanotubes are dispersed.
  • the particle size distribution by the laser diffraction method is characterized in that D10 is 0.3 to 1.0 ⁇ m, D50 is 3 to 10 ⁇ m, and D90 is 60 ⁇ m or less. ..
  • the negative electrode slurry which is one form of the present disclosure, is characterized by containing the above-mentioned carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, a carbon-based negative electrode active material, and a Si-containing negative electrode active material.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present disclosure, is characterized by including a negative electrode manufactured by using the above negative electrode slurry.
  • the method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry which is one embodiment of the present disclosure, has a viscosity of 0.1 to 1.5% by mass of carbon nanotubes, a dispersion medium, and a viscosity of a 3% aqueous solution in 100s -1 of 2 to 200 mPa.
  • -It includes a mixing step of mixing with carboxymethyl cellulose which is s to prepare a mixed solution and a dispersion step of dispersing carbon nanotubes contained in the mixed solution, and is characterized in that a high-pressure homogenizer is used in the dispersion step.
  • the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved.
  • carbon nanotubes having a predetermined particle size distribution and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) having a viscosity of 2 to 200 mPa ⁇ s in 100s -1 of a 3% aqueous solution are constant. It has been found that the capacity retention rate of the battery is improved by using the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry contained in the ratio. It is presumed that by forming the mixture layer using the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry having improved the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes, the uniformity of the mixture layer is improved and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery are improved.
  • CMC having a viscosity of 2 to 200 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 of a 3% aqueous solution has a small molecular weight.
  • the number of molecules in the dispersion liquid can be increased as compared with the case where the same amount of CMC having a large molecular weight is added to the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, so that a nanomaterial such as CNT can be used. It can be effectively dispersed.
  • the present inventors have found that by using a high-pressure homogenizer in the method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, CNTs can be dispersed more efficiently than when other devices are used. I found it.
  • a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry a negative electrode slurry containing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery provided with a negative electrode manufactured by using the negative electrode slurry, and an electrode are described below.
  • An embodiment of a method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for a slurry will be described in detail.
  • the embodiments described below are merely examples, and the present disclosure is not limited to the following embodiments.
  • the drawings referred to in the description of the embodiment are schematically described, and the dimensional ratios of the components drawn in the drawings should be determined in consideration of the following description.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present disclosure is, for example, a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • the battery case of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be made of a metal such as a circle, a square, or a coin, or may be made of a laminated sheet including a metal layer and a resin layer.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains, for example, an electrode body and a non-aqueous electrolyte in a battery case.
  • the electrode body may be a wound type in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound via a separator, or a laminated type in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are alternately laminated one by one via a separator. It may be.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
  • the non-aqueous solvent for example, esters, ethers, nitriles, amides, and a mixed solvent of two or more of these can be used.
  • the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product in which at least a part of hydrogen in these solvents is substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
  • a halogen atom such as fluorine.
  • the electrolyte salt for example, a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 is used.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an electrode produced by using an electrode slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, which is an example of an embodiment.
  • the electrode 10 includes a core material 11 and an electrode mixture layer 12 laminated on the surface of the core material 11. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrode 10 may be provided with an electrode mixture layer 12 on both surfaces of the core material 11.
  • the electrode 10 may be a long electrode constituting a wound electrode body, or may be a rectangular electrode constituting a laminated electrode body.
  • the electrode 10 can be applied to the positive electrode, the negative electrode, or both of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery preferably includes a negative electrode prepared by using a negative electrode slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, which will be described later.
  • a negative electrode prepared using a negative electrode slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion for an electrode slurry will be described as an example, but a positive electrode will be prepared using a positive electrode slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion for an electrode slurry. It is also good.
  • the core material 11 a metal foil, a film having a metal layer formed on the surface, or the like can be used.
  • the thickness of the core material 11 is, for example, 5 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • a metal foil containing aluminum as a main component can be used for the core material 11.
  • a metal foil containing copper as a main component can be used.
  • the main component means a component having the highest mass ratio.
  • the core material 11 may be a substantially 100% aluminum aluminum foil or a substantially 100% copper copper foil.
  • the electrode mixture layer 12 contains, for example, an active material, carbon nanotubes (CNT), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a binder and the like.
  • the thickness of the electrode mixture layer 12 is, for example, 30 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 150 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode mixture layer 12 may contain a carbon material such as carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), or Ketjen black as a conductive agent other than carbon nanotubes.
  • Examples of the positive electrode active material (positive electrode active material) contained in the electrode mixture layer 12 include a lithium transition metal composite oxide.
  • the metal element contained in the lithium transition metal composite oxide include Ni, Co, Mn, Al, B, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, In and Sn. , Ta, W and the like. Above all, it is preferable to contain at least one of Ni, Co and Mn.
  • Examples of the negative electrode active material (negative electrode active material) contained in the electrode mixture layer 12 include natural graphite such as scaly graphite, massive graphite, and earthy graphite, massive artificial graphite (MAG), and graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads.
  • Examples thereof include carbon-based active materials such as artificial graphite such as (MCMB) and Si-based active materials that alloy with lithium.
  • Examples of the Si-based active material include a Si-containing compound represented by SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) (hereinafter referred to as SiO), or Li 2y SiO (2 + y) (0 ⁇ y ⁇ 2).
  • Examples thereof include Si-containing compounds (hereinafter referred to as LSX) in which fine particles of Si are dispersed in a lithium silicate phase represented by.
  • the active material is the main component of the electrode mixture layer 12, and the content of the active material in the electrode mixture layer 12 is preferably 85 to 99% by mass, more preferably 90 to 99% by mass. ..
  • Examples of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) contained in the electrode mixture layer 12 include single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).
  • the CNT contained in the negative electrode mixture layer is preferably SWCNT, and may contain MWCNT.
  • As the CNT contained in the positive electrode mixture layer CNT synthesized by a catalyst containing Co is preferable, and MWCNT is preferable among them.
  • the positive electrode mixture layer may contain SWCNTs.
  • the SWCNT has, for example, a diameter of 0.4 to 5.0 nm and a length of 5.0 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • the diameter of the SWCNT is calculated from the average value of the diameters of 10 CNTs measured by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
  • the length of the CNTs is calculated by measuring the lengths of 10 CNTs using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and averaging them.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) contained in the electrode mixture layer 12 functions as a viscosity-adjusting thickener in the electrode slurry, as will be described later.
  • CMC may also function as a binder.
  • Examples of CMC include sodium carboxymethyl cellulose salt and ammonium carboxymethyl cellulose salt.
  • binder other than CMC contained in the electrode mixture layer 12 examples include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimides, acrylic resins, polyolefins, and styrene. Examples thereof include butadiene rubber (SBR) or a modified product thereof.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PAN polyacrylonitrile
  • SBR butadiene rubber
  • the positive electrode mixture layer may contain, for example, PVdF
  • the negative electrode mixture layer may contain, for example, SBR or a modified product thereof.
  • an electrode slurry containing an active material, CNT, CMC, a binder and the like is applied onto the core material 11 and dried to form an electrode mixture layer 12, and then the electrode mixture layer 12 is rolled. It can be produced by doing so.
  • the negative electrode slurry preferably contains a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry, which will be described later, a carbon-based negative electrode active material, and a Si-based negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode slurry may further contain SBR or a modified product thereof.
  • the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry contains a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), a dispersion medium, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).
  • SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotube
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry contains SWCNT having a predetermined particle size distribution and CMC having a predetermined viscosity in a constant ratio. This enhances the uniformity of the mixture layer and improves the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery.
  • the dispersion medium is, for example, water such as ion-exchanged water and distilled water.
  • the content of SWCNTs in the carbon nanotube dispersion for the electrode slurry is 0.1 to 1.5% by mass, preferably 0.2 to 1.0% by mass, and preferably 0.3 to 0.5% by mass. Is more preferable.
  • the SWCNT has, for example, a diameter of 0.4 to 5.0 nm and a length of 5.0 to 20 ⁇ m.
  • CMC has a viscosity of 2 to 200 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 of a 3% aqueous solution.
  • the viscosity at 100s -1 can be determined by dissolving CMC in water to prepare a 3% aqueous solution and measuring the aqueous solution at 25 ° C. at 25 ° C. from 0.1 to 1000s -1 .
  • As the rheometer for example, MCR102 manufactured by Anton Pearl Co., Ltd. can be used.
  • the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry which will be described later, can be measured in the same manner.
  • the content of CMC in the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry is 50 to 250 parts by mass, preferably 100 to 200 parts by mass, and more preferably 120 to 180 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of SWCNT. preferable.
  • the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry at 100s -1 is 50 to 200 mPa ⁇ s, preferably 60 to 180 mPa ⁇ s, and preferably 70 to 150 mPa ⁇ s in a state where SWCNTs are dispersed. More preferred.
  • the particle size distribution of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry by the laser diffraction method is such that D10 is 0.3 to 1.0 ⁇ m, D50 is 3 to 10 ⁇ m, and D90 in a state where the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are dispersed. Is 60 ⁇ m or less. D90 is, for example, 20 ⁇ m or more. D10, D50, and D90 mean particle sizes in which the cumulative frequency is 10%, 50%, and 90% from the smallest particle size in the volume-based particle size distribution, respectively.
  • the particle size distribution of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry can be measured using a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device (for example, MT3000II manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.).
  • the method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry is as follows: It includes a mixing step of mixing with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to prepare a mixed solution, and a dispersion step of dispersing SWCNTs contained in the mixed solution.
  • the average length of the SWCNTs mixed in the mixing step is, for example, 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m.
  • a mixed liquid is prepared while adsorbing CMC to SWCNT.
  • adsorbing CMC to SWCNT By adsorbing CMC to SWCNT, reaggregation of SWCNT can be suppressed.
  • the in-line mixer for example, a magic LAB manufactured by IKA can be used.
  • a high-pressure homogenizer is used in the dispersion step.
  • the SWCNTs contained in the mixed liquid can be loosened and dispersed to prepare a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry.
  • the high-pressure homogenizer can loosen and disperse SWCNTs more efficiently than a bead mill or an ultrasonic disperser.
  • a valve type or a nozzle type can be used, and a composite type of a nozzle type and a valve type can also be used.
  • the valve type is preferable because it is less likely to be clogged than the nozzle type.
  • valve type high pressure homogenizer for example, Equalizer Lab 02 manufactured by Sanmaru Kikai Kogyo Co., Ltd. can be used.
  • the dispersed state of SWCNT can be changed by adjusting the flow rate, pressure, and the like.
  • the dispersibility of SWCNT can be improved by passing the mixed solution through the high-pressure homogenizer a plurality of times.
  • improving the dispersibility of SWCNT means that the particle size distribution of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) satisfies the range of 0.3 to 1.0 ⁇ m for D10, 3 to 10 ⁇ m for D50, and 60 ⁇ m or less for D90. Means to be. If the mixed solution is passed through the high-pressure homogenizer too many times, the dispersibility of SWCNTs may deteriorate, that is, one or more of D10, D50, and D90 may be out of the above range.
  • Example 1 [Preparation of carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry] 0.4 : A mixed solution was prepared by mixing using an in-line mixer (IKA magicLAB) at a mass ratio of 0.6:99 (mixing step). Further, the mixed solution was treated 5 times at a flow rate of 14 L / h and a pressure of 80 Pa using a valve-type high-pressure homogenizer (Sanmaru Kikai Kogyo Economizer Lab 02) to prepare a carbon nanotube dispersion for an electrode slurry (dispersion). Step).
  • IKA magicLAB in-line mixer
  • 80 Pa a valve-type high-pressure homogenizer
  • the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry has a viscosity of 114.5 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 in a state where SWCNTs are dispersed, and has a particle size distribution of 0.982 ⁇ m at D10 and 8. It was 78 ⁇ m and D90 was 54.93 ⁇ m.
  • Negative electrode active material Carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry: CMC: Lithium polyacrylate: Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) so that the mass ratio in solid content is 100: 0.02: 1: 1: 0.4. These were mixed with each other to prepare a negative electrode slurry.
  • the negative electrode slurry was applied to both sides of the negative electrode core material made of copper foil by the die coating method, the coating film was dried, rolled by a rolling roller, and cut to a predetermined electrode size to prepare a negative electrode.
  • the negative electrode was provided with an exposed negative electrode core material at one end in the width direction for connecting the negative electrode leads.
  • NCA Ni—Al—Co
  • NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
  • the positive electrode is mixed with NMP so that the mass ratio of positive electrode active material: carbon nanotube dispersion for positive electrode slurry: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) in solid content is 100: 0.4: 0.8, and the positive electrode is used.
  • a slurry was prepared.
  • the positive electrode slurry was applied to both sides of the positive electrode core material made of aluminum foil by the die coating method, the coating film was dried, rolled by a rolling roller, and cut to a predetermined electrode size to prepare a positive electrode. ..
  • the positive electrode was provided with an exposed portion of the positive electrode core material for connecting the positive electrode lead at one end in the width direction.
  • Ethylene carbonate (EC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were mixed in a volume ratio of 3: 3: 4.
  • a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) in the mixed solvent at a concentration of 1.2 mol / liter.
  • a positive electrode lead is attached to the exposed portion of the positive electrode, and a negative electrode lead is attached to the exposed portion of the negative electrode.
  • the positive electrode and the negative electrode are spirally wound via a polyolefin separator, and then press-molded in the radial direction to form a flat shape.
  • a wound electrode body was produced. This electrode body was housed in an exterior body made of an aluminum laminated sheet, and after injecting the non-aqueous electrolyte, the opening of the exterior body was sealed to obtain a test cell (battery capacity: 400 mAh).
  • Capacity retention rate (%) (200th cycle discharge capacity ⁇ 1st cycle discharge capacity) x 100 ⁇ Cycle test>
  • the test cell is charged at a constant current of 0.5 C at a constant current of 0.5 C until the battery voltage reaches 4.2 V, and then charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reaches 0.05 C. After that, constant current discharge was performed at a constant current of 0.7 C until the battery voltage reached 2.5 V, and this was defined as one cycle. 200 cycles were repeated with a 10-minute rest after each cycle.
  • Example 2 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of treatments was changed to 10 in the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of treatments was changed to 40 in the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of treatments was changed to 80 in the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 5 In the preparation of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, a test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the CMC was changed to that of a 3% aqueous solution having a viscosity of 21.4 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 . Measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 1 In the preparation of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, a test cell was prepared and measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the CMC was changed to that of a 3% aqueous solution having a viscosity of 901 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 . Evaluation was performed.
  • Example 2 In the preparation of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, a test cell was prepared and measured in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the CMC was changed to that of a 3% aqueous solution having a viscosity of 1615 mPa ⁇ s at 100 s -1 . Evaluation was performed.
  • Example 3 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of treatments was changed to 120 in the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 4 A test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of treatments was changed to 150 in the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Example 5 In the dispersion step of preparing the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for the electrode slurry, the same flow rate as in Example 2 (14L) was set to a bead diameter of 0.65 ⁇ m and a disk peripheral speed of 14 m / sec using a bead mill (DYNO MILL manufactured by WAB). / H), a test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the dispersion was treated the same number of times (10 times), and measurement and evaluation were performed.
  • Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the capacity retention rate in Examples and Comparative Examples.
  • the capacity retention rates of Examples 2 to 6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 are shown as relative values when the capacity retention rate of Example 1 is 100.
  • Table 1 shows the viscosity / concentration of CMC and the concentration of CNT contained in the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry, the apparatus used in the dispersion step, the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for electrode slurry, and the carbon nanotube dispersion for electrode slurry.
  • the particle size distribution of SWCNTs in the liquid is also described.
  • Each of the test cells of Examples 1 to 5 has a negative electrode prepared by using a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid for an electrode slurry that satisfies a predetermined condition. As a result, the test cells of Examples 1 to 5 can improve the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery as compared with the test cells of Comparative Examples 1 to 6.

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