WO2022113929A1 - 半導体光素子 - Google Patents
半導体光素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022113929A1 WO2022113929A1 PCT/JP2021/042762 JP2021042762W WO2022113929A1 WO 2022113929 A1 WO2022113929 A1 WO 2022113929A1 JP 2021042762 W JP2021042762 W JP 2021042762W WO 2022113929 A1 WO2022113929 A1 WO 2022113929A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0265—Intensity modulators
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0421—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor characterised by the semiconducting contacting layers
- H01S5/0422—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor characterised by the semiconducting contacting layers with n- and p-contacts on the same side of the active layer
- H01S5/0424—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor characterised by the semiconducting contacting layers with n- and p-contacts on the same side of the active layer lateral current injection
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/0206—Substrates, e.g. growth, shape, material, removal or bonding
- H01S5/021—Silicon based substrates
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0268—Integrated waveguide grating router, e.g. emission of a multi-wavelength laser array is combined by a "dragon router"
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/1028—Coupling to elements in the cavity, e.g. coupling to waveguides adjacent the active region, e.g. forward coupled [DFC] structures
- H01S5/1032—Coupling to elements comprising an optical axis that is not aligned with the optical axis of the active region
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/12—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers
- H01S5/125—Distributed Bragg reflector [DBR] lasers
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34313—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser with a well layer having only As as V-compound, e.g. AlGaAs, InGaAs
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/34—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers
- H01S5/343—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser
- H01S5/34346—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising quantum well or superlattice structures, e.g. single quantum well [SQW] lasers, multiple quantum well [MQW] lasers or graded index separate confinement heterostructure [GRINSCH] lasers in AIIIBV compounds, e.g. AlGaAs-laser, InP-based laser characterised by the materials of the barrier layers
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0261—Non-optical elements, e.g. laser driver components, heaters
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- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/30—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region
- H01S5/32—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures
- H01S5/3211—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures characterised by special cladding layers, e.g. details on band-discontinuities
- H01S5/3214—Structure or shape of the active region; Materials used for the active region comprising PN junctions, e.g. hetero- or double- heterostructures characterised by special cladding layers, e.g. details on band-discontinuities comprising materials from other groups of the Periodic Table than the materials of the active layer, e.g. ZnSe claddings and GaAs active layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor optical element that can be a laser or an optical modulator.
- III-V semiconductors on Si optical waveguide circuit The technology for integrating III-V semiconductors on a Si optical waveguide circuit is a key technology that realizes miniaturization and cost reduction of optical communication transceivers including lasers and passive waveguide circuits.
- group III-V semiconductors on Si have been attracting attention not only as lasers but also as materials for manufacturing high-speed and high-efficiency external modulators.
- an electric field absorption type optical modulator (EAM) using a III-V group semiconductor is a key component for manufacturing a low power consumption and high speed optical transmitter.
- Non-Patent Document 1 an element using a III-V group semiconductor has been developed as an EAM that can be integrated on a Si optical waveguide circuit, and high-speed and high-efficiency optical intensity modulation has been demonstrated (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- This EAM is a vertical p-type in which an active layer having a multiple quantum well (MQW) structure is sandwiched between an n-type III-V group semiconductor layer and a p-type III-V group semiconductor layer. It has an -in diode structure.
- the EAM of Non-Patent Document 1 has the above-mentioned vertical p-in structure, and by applying an electric field in the direction perpendicular to the active layer, the light intensity is due to the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) effect. Modulate.
- QW multiple quantum well
- the general EAM as described above has a vertical structure and has a waveguide structure having a mesa width of about 1 to 2 ⁇ m in order to strongly confine the waveguide light in the active layer.
- a waveguide structure having a mesa width of about 1 to 2 ⁇ m in order to strongly confine the waveguide light in the active layer.
- it is not easy to reduce the bonding area in the p-in structure the bonding capacitance in the p-in structure becomes very large, and the CR band is generally small. Therefore, it is difficult to operate at high speed due to the lumped constant type electrode structure, and there is a problem that low power consumption and low cost cannot be easily implemented.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and is to reduce power consumption and cost of a semiconductor optical element made of a group III-V semiconductor integrated on a Si optical waveguide circuit. With the goal.
- the semiconductor optical device includes a first clad layer formed on a substrate, a semiconductor layer composed of a group III-V compound semiconductor formed on the first clad layer, and a semiconductor layer.
- the photocoupled layer is composed of a material that absorbs less light waveguide through the active layer than the p-type layer and the n-type layer.
- the semiconductor optical device includes a first clad layer formed on a substrate, a semiconductor layer composed of a group III-V compound semiconductor formed on the first clad layer, and a semiconductor layer.
- the photocoupled layer is made of a material that absorbs less light waveguide through the active layer than the p-type layer.
- the present invention is embedded in the first clad layer in a state where it can be photobonded to the active layer formed by the III-V compound semiconductor formed on the first clad layer and is active. Since the optical coupling layer extending along the layer is provided, it is possible to realize low power consumption and low cost of the semiconductor optical element made of a group III-V semiconductor integrated on the Si optical waveguide circuit.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a semiconductor optical device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a characteristic diagram showing the core-width dependence of the optical binding layer 103 for the fill factor for the active layer 105.
- FIG. 2B is a characteristic diagram showing the core-width dependence of the optical coupling layer 103 of the fill factor on the p-type layer 106.
- FIG. 3A is a characteristic diagram showing the result of calculating the amount of change in the absorption coefficient of the waveguide light of the semiconductor optical device due to the external electric field.
- FIG. 3B is a characteristic diagram showing the result of calculating the absorption by the p-type layer 106 (p-InP).
- FIG. 3C is a characteristic diagram showing the calculation result of the core width dependence of the optical bond layer 103 of the fill factor to the well layer constituting the active layer 105 having a multiple quantum well structure.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing a change with temperature in the relationship between the absorption edge wavelength of the material constituting the active layer of the semiconductor optical device and the wavelength of the waveguide light.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of another semiconductor optical device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the semiconductor optical device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of another semiconductor optical device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view showing the configuration of the semiconductor optical device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a plan view showing the configuration of another semiconductor optical device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- This semiconductor optical element is, for example, on a first clad layer 102 formed on a substrate 101 made of Si, a semiconductor layer 104 formed on the first clad layer 102, and a semiconductor layer 104.
- the second clad layer 110 formed is provided.
- the semiconductor layer 104 is formed with an active layer 105 and a p-type layer 106 and an n-type layer 107 arranged in contact with the active layer 105 in a plan view. Therefore, this semiconductor optical device is a horizontal p-in.
- the active layer 105 is type i.
- the p-type electrode 108 is electrically connected to the p-type layer 106
- the n-type electrode 109 is electrically connected to the n-type layer 107.
- the active layer 105 is formed in a core shape extending in a predetermined direction (waveguide direction).
- the active layer 105 can be in a state of being embedded in the semiconductor layer 104.
- the active layer 105 can have a bulk structure.
- the active layer 105 may have a multiple quantum well structure.
- the second clad layer 110 is formed on the semiconductor layer 104 including the region where the active layer 105 is formed.
- the semiconductor layer 104 and the active layer 105 are each composed of a predetermined III-V compound semiconductor.
- the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107 are formed by introducing impurities expressing the corresponding conductive type into the semiconductor layer 104 in the region containing the active layer 105.
- the semiconductor layer 104 can be composed of, for example, InP.
- the active layer 105 can be made of InGaAsP.
- the first clad layer 102 and the second clad layer 110 can be made of an insulating material such as SiO 2 .
- the semiconductor layer 104 can have a thickness of 230 nm.
- the active layer 105 can have a thickness of 150 nm. Further, the active layer 105 can have a width of about 600 nm in a cross-sectional shape perpendicular to the waveguide direction.
- this semiconductor optical device includes an optical coupling layer 103 that is embedded in the first clad layer 102 in a state where it can be optically coupled to the active layer 105 and is formed in a core shape extending along the active layer 105.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is formed in the region below the active layer 105 when viewed from the side of the substrate 101.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is formed directly below the active layer 105 when viewed from the substrate 101 side.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is made of a material that absorbs less light waveguide through the active layer 105 than the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107.
- the optical coupling layer 103 can be made of a material that absorbs less light guided through the active layer 105 than the p-type layer 106.
- the optical coupling layer 103 can be made of, for example, Si. Further, the optical coupling layer 103 can also be composed of, for example, SiN.
- the n-type layer 107 constitutes an optical waveguide having the active layer 105 as a core. Light is guided in this optical waveguide in the direction in which the active layer 105 extends (from the front to the back of the paper in FIG. 1). Therefore, this semiconductor optical device can be said to be a waveguide type optical element.
- the absorption coefficient in the active layer 105 changes due to the Franz-keldysh effect. Due to this effect, it is possible to modulate the light guided through the optical waveguide having the active layer 105 as the core.
- the first clad layer 102 and the second clad layer 110 from SiO 2 , light can be strongly confined in the active layer 105 due to a large difference in refractive index between the first clad layer 102 and the second clad layer 110, which is low. A large intensity modulation can be obtained even with a voltage.
- this semiconductor optical element low power consumption can be achieved.
- this semiconductor optical device includes the optical coupling layer 103, the mode of the optical waveguide having the active layer 105 as the core is in a state of including the optical coupling layer 103, and the mode is in the left-right direction in the cross-sectional view of this mode.
- the spread is suppressed around the active layer 105 and the optical binding layer 103.
- the mode of the optical waveguide having the active layer 105 as the core is suppressed from spreading to the side of the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107, and overlaps with the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107 of the above mode. Can be reduced.
- the photobinding layer 103 is arranged with respect to the active layer 105 in a state where the same mode is formed by the active layer 105 and the photobinding layer 103.
- the optical coupling layer 103 can be in a state of being formed only in the region where the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107 are formed in the waveguide direction. In this state, the above-mentioned effect of reducing the waveguide loss can be obtained.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer 104 (active layer 105) can be made as thin as several hundred nm, and the bonding capacitance in the horizontal p-in structure is the conventional vertical type. It can be made dramatically smaller than the p-in structure. From the above, according to this semiconductor optical element, high CR band, that is, high-speed operation becomes possible.
- the group III-V compound semiconductor constituting the active layer 105 has a higher refractive index than the group III-V compound semiconductor arranged around the active layer 105.
- the refractive index of the well layer material can be higher than that of the layer of the III-V compound semiconductor arranged around the well layer material.
- InGaAsP has a higher refractive index than InP. It is important that the absorption edge wavelength of the group III-V compound semiconductor constituting the active layer 105 is shorter than the wavelength of the waveguided light. Therefore, when the active layer 105 is composed of InGaAsP, it is important to adjust each composition of InGaAsP so as to correspond to the above conditions.
- the wavelength of the light guided through the optical waveguide having the active layer 105 as the core is set in the wavelength range where the band end absorption of the active layer 105 occurs.
- each layer of the multiple quantum well structure is generally formed by being laminated in the direction perpendicular to the substrate 101.
- the two-dimensional Franz-Keldysh effect due to the electric field in the plane direction of the substrate 101 modulates the absorption coefficient in the waveguide direction of the active layer 105 having the multiple quantum well structure.
- the two-dimensional Franz-Keldysh effect causes a large change in absorption coefficient near the band edge.
- the QCSE effect due to the electric field in the plane direction of the substrate 101 causes a large change in the absorption coefficient in the active layer 105.
- increasing the number of well layers in the multiple quantum well structure increases the overlap between the light and the active layer 105, resulting in a large degree of modulation.
- FIG. 2A shows the core-width dependence of the fill factor for the active layer 105 on the optical binding layer 103.
- FIG. 2B shows the core-width dependence of the optical coupling layer 103 of the fill factor on the p-type layer 106.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is made of Si and has a thickness of 220 nm.
- the first clad layer 102 was made of SiO 2
- the semiconductor layer 104 was made of InP.
- the distance between the semiconductor layer 104 and the optical coupling layer 103 was set to 100 nm.
- the total number of quantum well layers can be 3, 6, and 9.
- the thickness of the well layer and the thickness of the barrier layer are the same, and the total thickness of the active layer 105 is about 50 nm, about 100 nm, and about, respectively. It can be 150 nm.
- the fill factor in the p-type layer 106 is monotonically reduced as compared with the light confinement in the active layer 105. This indicates that the waveguide light leaks to the optical coupling layer 103 by increasing the core-width, and it can be seen that the waveguide loss can be reduced. Further, from this calculation result, the increase in the number of layers of the quantum well layer also increases the optical confinement in the active layer 105 having the multiple quantum well structure and at the same time reduces the fill factor in the p-type layer 106. It turns out that it contributes.
- the active layer 105 and the optical bond layer 103 are optically bonded, and for this purpose, it is desirable that the effective refractive indexes of both are substantially the same.
- the above-mentioned conditions are satisfied by making the thicknesses of the respective layers substantially equal.
- the volume of the active layer 105 can be increased by increasing the length (absorption length) of the active layer 105 in the waveguide direction, and the input power resistance can be improved. Can be improved.
- the output power does not improve even if the input power is increased unless the insertion loss (absorption loss generated in the element at 0 V) is reduced.
- the insertion loss is dominated by the absorption that occurs in the active layer 105 at 0 V and the valence band absorption of the p-type layer 106.
- the optical coupling layer 103 by optically coupling with the optical coupling layer 103, it is possible to reduce the optical confinement coefficient to the active layer 105 core while suppressing the waveguide loss due to the p-type layer 106. It is possible. Thereby, according to the configuration of the first embodiment, it is possible to design an element having a low loss and a long absorption length capable of maintaining a high band even at a high output.
- the difference in refractive index between the active layer 105 having an embedded core structure and the semiconductor layer 104 in which the active layer 105 is embedded is large.
- the effect of reducing the absorption loss by the optical coupling layer 103 is large.
- the InAlAs layer is used as the barrier layer of the multiple quantum wells constituting the active layer 105.
- InAlAs has a large bandgap
- InGaAs or InGaAlAs is used as the well layer
- a large energy barrier is formed in the conduction band between the well layer and the barrier layer. Therefore, the multiple quantum well structure with this configuration enables thinning of the well layer and barrier layer while suppressing electron tunneling, and the strong quantum confinement state and the increase in the absorption coefficient change due to the two-dimensional Franzkeldish effect. Can be expected.
- the refractive index of InAlAs is smaller than that of InGaAsP and InGaAlAs, and when applied to a horizontal p-in diode structure, the difference in refractive index in the horizontal direction with respect to the plane of the substrate 101 is small. That is, absorption by the p-type layer 106 composed of InP can be increased.
- the optical coupling layer 103 embedded directly under the active layer 105 can reduce the light leakage in the horizontal direction with respect to the substrate 101, so that the core width of the optical coupling layer 103 is appropriately designed. This makes it possible to achieve both an increase in modulation efficiency due to the InAlAs barrier layer and a reduction in loss due to the p-type layer 106.
- the active layer 105 is a 9-layer multiplex quantum well (hereinafter, 9QW) composed of an InGaAlAs barrier layer and an InGaAlAs well layer, and a 17-layer multiplex quantum well composed of an InAlAs barrier layer and an InGaAlAs well layer. (Hereinafter, 17QW) will be compared with the case of setting. It is assumed that the active layer 105 is embedded in the thickness semiconductor layer 104 made of InP.
- 9QW 9-layer multiplex quantum well
- 17QW 17-layer multiplex quantum well
- the thickness of the active layer 105 is approximately 150 nm, but the thickness of each of the well layer and the barrier layer at 17QW is thinner than 9QW, so that even cores having approximately the same thickness can be used.
- the number of layers is larger when the InAlAs barrier layer is used.
- the total thickness of one InAlAs barrier layer and one InGaAlAs well layer at 17QW was set to 8.5 nm. Since the InAlAs barrier layer forms a high potential barrier in the conduction band with the well layer, it is characterized in that electron tunneling can be suppressed even in such a thin well layer and barrier layer.
- the absorption edge wavelength is 1.25 ⁇ m
- the width of the active layer 105 is 500 nm
- the thickness of the optical coupling layer 103 is 220 nm.
- the distance (thickness of the first clad layer 102) between the lower surface (lower end) of the semiconductor layer 104 and the upper surface (upper end) of the optical coupling layer 103 was set to 100 nm.
- the carrier density of the p-type layer 106 made of InP was set to 3 ⁇ 10 18 / cm 3 .
- FIG. 3A shows the result of calculating the amount of change in the absorption coefficient of the waveguide light of the semiconductor optical element due to the external electric field under each of the above-mentioned conditions. Further, the result of calculating the absorption by the p-type layer 106 (p-InP) under each of the above-mentioned conditions is shown in FIG. 3B. As shown in FIG. 3A, the amount of change in the absorption coefficient of the waveguide light was calculated with the same electric field strength for both 9QW and 17QW, and the wavelength was 1.32 ⁇ m. For the sake of simplicity, the uniformly spread component of the absorption spectrum was ignored.
- 17QW gives a larger change in absorption coefficient.
- the InAlAs barrier layer with a small refractive index reduces the light confinement coefficient to the well layer slightly more than 9QW, but the contribution of the increase in the amount of change in the absorption coefficient per well greatly exceeds the contribution of the decrease in light confinement, and as a result.
- 17QW has a larger modulation efficiency than 9QW.
- a modulator structure having all of a horizontal p-in diode structure, an active layer 105 with multiple quantum wells using an InAlAs barrier layer, and an optical coupling layer 103 provides a device with high modulation efficiency and low loss. Can be realized.
- the well layer material is InGaAs or InGaAlAs, which can easily grow together with the InAlAs barrier layer.
- the photocarriers generated in the well layer of the active layer 105 are subjected to the electric field in the horizontal direction with respect to the plane of the substrate 101, so that the p-type layer 106 and the n-type layer 107 are generated. Is pulled out. Therefore, the point that the large energy barrier of the conduction band in the multiple quantum well of the active layer 105 does not hinder the extraction of electrons is that the pin diode is formed in the direction perpendicular to the substrate 101. Is different.
- the conduction band energy barrier formed between the InAlAs barrier layer and the well layer is larger than the conduction band energy barrier formed between the p-type layer 106 and the well layer of the active layer 105. Even in the above, high electric field shielding resistance can be maintained.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer 104 has been set to 230 nm, but the thickness is not necessarily limited.
- the thickness is not necessarily limited.
- the horizontal p-in diode even if the physical total thickness of the multiple quantum wells constituting the active layer 105 is thick, an electric field can be uniformly applied to all the layers of the multiple quantum well layer. It is possible. Therefore, since the photocarriers generated in the well layer can be easily extracted, even if the active layer 105 has a thick structure as described above, it has high resistance to electric field shielding.
- FIG. 3C shows the calculation result of the core width dependence of the optical bond layer 103 of the fill factor to the well layer constituting the active layer 105 having a multiple quantum well structure.
- 3QW has a structure in which the active layer 105 of the three-layer multiplex quantum well is embedded in the semiconductor layer 104 having a thickness of 140 nm.
- 9QW has a structure in which the active layer 105 of the 9-layer multiplex quantum well is embedded in the semiconductor layer 104 having a thickness of 230 nm.
- 16QW has a structure in which the active layer 105 of the 16-layer multiplex quantum well is embedded in the semiconductor layer 104 having a thickness of 3400 nm.
- the thickness of the optical coupling layer 103 was set to 220 nm.
- the distance (thickness of the first clad layer 102) between the lower surface (lower end) of the semiconductor layer 104 and the upper surface (upper end) of the optical coupling layer 103 was set to 100 nm.
- the width of the active layer 105 was set to 600 nm.
- the thicker the active layer 105 semiconductor layer 1064 is, the larger the light confinement becomes, and the higher the extinction ratio and the lower the voltage become possible.
- the total thickness of the semiconductor layer 104 is equal to or less than the critical film thickness at the epitaxial growth temperature.
- the critical film thickness is determined by the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate 101 and the semiconductor layer 104 made of InP. It is desirable that it is as follows.
- the band gap of the III-V compound semiconductor constituting the active layer 105 decreases. That is, it means that the absorption edge wavelength in the active layer 105 shifts to the long wave side when the temperature becomes high. Therefore, in general, the material constituting the active layer 105 is detuned so that the absorption edge wavelength is shorter than the wavelength of the waveguide light even at the assumed maximum temperature (see FIG. 4). ..
- the temperature of the semiconductor optical element is.
- the detuning becomes very large and the degree of modulation is greatly reduced.
- an optical coupling layer 103a which is the core shape of a rib-type optical waveguide, is formed on the n-type or p-type silicon layer 112.
- the optical coupling layer 103a which functions as a heater, can be arranged under the active layer 105.
- the lower clad layer is composed of a lower first clad layer 102a on the lower side of the silicon layer 112 and an upper first clad layer 102b on the upper side of the silicon layer 112. Further, the semiconductor layer 104 is formed on the upper first clad layer 102b.
- the optical coupling layer 103a serving as a resistor can be heated to function as a heater. This makes it possible to raise the temperature of the active layer 105 formed on the photobonding layer 103a.
- the temperature change of the active layer 105 core by passing a current through the heater when the environmental temperature drops without passing a current through the heater when the environmental temperature is high.
- Si has a dramatically lower absorption loss than a metal generally used as a heater, and it is possible to have a structure in which the active layer 105 and the heater are optically coupled.
- the heater can be arranged at a position very close to the active layer 105, so that the temperature can be adjusted with low power consumption.
- This semiconductor optical element is, for example, on a first clad layer 102 formed on a substrate 101 made of Si, a semiconductor layer 104a formed on the first clad layer 102, and a semiconductor layer 104a.
- the second clad layer 110 formed is provided.
- the semiconductor layer 104a is formed with an active layer 105a and a p-type layer 106a and an n-type layer 107a arranged in contact with the active layer 105a in a plan view. Therefore, this semiconductor optical device is a horizontal p-in.
- the active layer 105a is type i.
- the p-type electrode 108 is electrically connected to the p-type layer 106a, and the n-type electrode 109 is electrically connected to the n-type layer 107a.
- the active layer 105a is composed of a convex portion formed in the semiconductor layer 104a between the p-type layer 106a and the n-type layer 107a, and has a so-called rib-type optical waveguide core shape. There is.
- the active layer 105a extends in a predetermined direction. The above-mentioned structure can be obtained by thinning the predetermined regions on both sides of the semiconductor layer 104a as the active layer 105a. Therefore, the semiconductor layer 104a is composed of the same III-V compound semiconductor as the active layer 105a.
- the p-type layer 106a and the n-type layer 107a are formed by introducing an impurity that expresses a conductive type corresponding to the semiconductor layer 104a in the region containing the active layer 105a. ..
- the active layer 105a can have a bulk structure. Further, the active layer 105a may have a multiple quantum well structure. Further, the second clad layer 110 is formed on the semiconductor layer 104a including the region where the active layer 105a is formed.
- the semiconductor layer 104a and the active layer 105a can be made of, for example, InGaAsP. Further, the first clad layer 102 and the second clad layer 110 can be made of an insulating material such as SiO 2 . By constructing the first clad layer 102 and the second clad layer 110 from this kind of material, it is possible to increase the difference in refractive index between the semiconductor layer 104a and the active layer 105a made of the III-V compound semiconductor. ..
- this semiconductor optical device also includes a photobonding layer 103 that is embedded in the first clad layer 102 in a state of being photobondable to the active layer 105a and formed in a core shape extending along the active layer 105a. ..
- the optical coupling layer 103 is formed in the region below the active layer 105a when viewed from the side of the substrate 101.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is formed directly below the active layer 105a when viewed from the substrate 101 side.
- the photobonding layer 103 is made of a material that absorbs less light adsorbing through the active layer 105a than the p-type layer 106a.
- the optical coupling layer 103 can be made of, for example, Si.
- the n-type layer 107a constitutes an optical waveguide having the active layer 105a as a core. Light is guided in this optical waveguide in the direction in which the active layer 105a extends (from the front to the back of the paper in FIG. 6). Therefore, this semiconductor optical device can be said to be a waveguide type optical element.
- a large difference in refractive index can be formed between the active layer 105a and the second clad layer 110 even in the horizontal direction with respect to the substrate 101, so that the active layer is more than the case of the configuration exemplified in FIG. Strong light confinement to 105a is possible.
- the second embodiment large intensity modulation is possible even at a low voltage.
- the semiconductor layers 104a on both sides of the active layer 105a are thinned, the series resistance of the element having the horizontal p-in structure increases. As the thickness of the thinned portion becomes thinner, the height of the convex portion in the active layer 105a becomes larger, the light confinement becomes larger, but the resistance also becomes larger. Therefore, in this configuration, the modulation factor and the CR band are in a trade-off relationship.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layers 104a on both sides of the active layer 105a is set according to the desired performance.
- a cap layer 121 composed of InP may be provided between the semiconductor layer 104a and the first clad layer 102.
- the configuration in which the semiconductor layer 104a composed of the III-V compound semiconductor is arranged on the first clad layer 102 composed of SiO 2 can be created, for example, by laminating.
- a semiconductor layer 104a made of InGaAsP is formed (crystal growth) on another substrate made of InP.
- a well-known SOI (silicon on insulator) substrate is prepared, and the surface silicon layer on the embedded insulating layer is patterned to form the optical coupling layer 103.
- an insulating material is deposited on the embedded insulating layer so as to fill the formed optical coupling layer 103.
- the first clad layer 102 formed by the embedded insulating layer and the deposited insulating material is formed on the substrate 101, and the optical coupling layer 103 is embedded in the first clad layer 102.
- the semiconductor layer 104a formed on the other substrate is attached to the first clad layer 102 in which the optical coupling layer 103 is embedded, and then the other substrate is removed.
- the semiconductor layer 104a made of InGaAsP is crystal-grown on another substrate, it is not easy to make the final surface InGaAsP, and it is generally terminated by the layer of InP.
- the terminated InP layer becomes the cap layer 121, and in the above-mentioned bonding, the cap layer 121 is bonded to the first clad layer 102.
- a step of forming the active layer 105a and a step of introducing n-type impurities and p-type impurities into the semiconductor layer 104a bonded to the first clad layer 102 via the cap layer 121 are carried out.
- the optical semiconductor optical device according to the second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 can be manufactured.
- the semiconductor optical element according to the present invention can also be a laser.
- the semiconductor optical element in the semiconductor optical device described with reference to FIG. 1, can be a laser by providing a resonator that resonates in the waveguide direction of the active layer 105.
- the resonator can be composed of, for example, a diffraction grating.
- This diffraction grating can be formed on the active layer 105, for example.
- the semiconductor optical device can be a so-called distributed feedback (DFB) laser.
- the wavelength change can be realized by adjusting, for example, the amount of injection current into the active layer 105 or the temperature of the element.
- the semiconductor optical element can be a DBR laser.
- the DBR laser can realize tunable wavelength by using the carrier plasma effect generated by injecting a current into the DBR region independent of the active region.
- the above-mentioned semiconductor optical element having a laser structure and the semiconductor optical element having an optical modulator can be integrated on the same substrate.
- the light modulator 151 and the laser 152 can be optically directly connected by a single-mode optical waveguide using a core 131.
- the light modulator 151 includes an optical coupling layer 103, a semiconductor layer 104, an active layer 105, a p-type layer 106, an n-type layer 107, and the like, as in the first embodiment described above.
- the laser 152 also includes an optical coupling layer 103, a semiconductor layer 104, an active layer 105b, a p-type layer 106, an n-type layer 107, and the like, as in the first embodiment described above. Further, the core 131 is formed (continuously) connected to the optical coupling layer 103 of each of the light modulator 151 and the laser 152.
- the active layer 105 and the active layer 105b may have the same configuration, or may have different configurations.
- the active layer 105 may have a bulk structure, and the active layer 105b may have a multiple quantum well structure.
- the optimum material can be applied to each of the active layer 105 and the active layer 105b.
- the material of the active layer 105 and the material of the active layer 105b are different.
- the active layer 105 can be composed of InGaAsP, and the active layer 105b can be composed of InGaAlAs.
- the semiconductor layer 104 of the optical modulator 151 is provided with a tapered portion 151a that tapers in a plan view as the distance from the optical modulator 151 increases in the waveguide direction, and the mode is converted into a single-mode optical waveguide by the core 131.
- the semiconductor layer 104 of the laser 152 is also provided with a tapered portion 152a that tapers in a plan view as the distance from the laser 152 increases in the waveguide direction, and the mode is converted into a single-mode optical waveguide by the core 131.
- the laser light output from the laser 152 is incident on the light modulator 151 via the single-mode optical waveguide, and the light intensity is modulated.
- the optical coupling layers 103 of the light modulator 151 and the laser 152 have the same thickness, and the effective refractive indexes of the semiconductor layer 104 and the optical coupling layer 103 are approximately close to each other. Is desirable.
- both the laser 152 and the light modulator 151 have the optical coupling layer 103 and the first clad layer 102 (not shown in FIG. 8). It is preferable that the thickness is the same.
- the optical coupling layer 103 is formed by patterning the surface silicon layer on the embedded insulating layer of the SOI substrate.
- an insulating material is deposited on the embedded insulating layer so as to fill the formed optical coupling layer 103, and the surface is flattened.
- the first clad layer 102 formed by the embedded insulating layer and the deposited insulating material is formed on the substrate 101, and the optical coupling layer 103 is embedded in the first clad layer 102.
- an InP layer is formed on another substrate made of InP, subsequently, a multiple quantum well layer made of InGaAsP is formed, and an InP layer is formed on the formed multiple quantum well layer.
- the first clad layer 102 in which the above-mentioned InP layer, the multiple quantum well layer, the other substrate on which the InP layer is laminated, and the above-mentioned substrate 101 manufactured by using the SOI substrate are flattened into the InP layer. It is bonded by joining to the surface, and then the other substrate is removed.
- the first clad layer 102 in which the optical coupling layer 103 is embedded is formed on the substrate 101, and the InP layer, the multiple quantum well layer, and the InP layer are laminated on the first clad layer 102. Can be.
- the InP layer and the multiple quantum well layer on the surface side are patterned so as to remain in the region to be the laser 152. In this patterning, the InP layer on the side of the first clad layer 102 is left.
- InGaAsP is regrown in the region of the light modulator 151 to the same thickness as the above-mentioned multiple quantum well layer. do.
- InGaAsP is regrown to the same thickness as the InP layer on the multiple quantum well layer.
- the regrowth process described above can be applied.
- the multiple quantum well layer and the InGaAsP layer are processed into a core shape.
- the active layer 105b of the laser 152 and the active layer 105 of the light modulator 151 are used.
- InP is re-grown on the InP layer on the side of the first clad layer 102 exposed around each active layer 105, and each active layer 105 is embedded.
- the semiconductor layer 104 in which the active layer 105 is embedded is formed in each region of the laser 152 and the light modulator 151.
- Zn as an acceptor is iontophorically introduced into the region to be the p-type layer 106 by a predetermined diffusion process, and Si to be a donor is iontophoresis into the region to be the n-type layer 107.
- a diffraction grating is formed on the surface of the semiconductor layer 104 on the active layer 105 in the region of the laser 152, the p-type electrode 108 and the n-type electrode 109 are formed, and the second clad layer 110 is formed.
- an optical modulator 151 such as SiO 2 covered with an insulator having a small thermal conductivity has a very large thermal resistance.
- the temperature rise caused by the photocurrent is extremely large.
- the detuning of the light modulator 151 tends to increase, but the output of the integrated laser 152 increases, so that the optical current flowing through the light modulator 151 increases.
- self-heating due to the photocurrent contributes to suppressing the temperature drop of the active layer 105 in the light modulator 151.
- the volume of the light modulator 151 becomes smaller, the amount of self-heating for the same photocurrent increases, so it is promising to form a small light modulator 151.
- Making the light modulator 151 smaller is also beneficial for speeding up.
- a layer having a small thermal conductivity for example, air
- the self-heating amount is increased not only by the photocurrent but also by the DC bias to the light modulator 151, it is also effective to increase the DC bias when the environmental temperature drops. In general, when the temperature drops and the detuning increases, it is desirable to increase the DC bias from the viewpoint of linearity and extinction ratio.
- the thermal conductivity of InGaAsP is smaller than that of InP
- the light of the rib-type optical waveguide described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7 is higher than that of the light modulator 151 in which the active layer 105 is embedded in the semiconductor layer 104.
- the modulator has a higher thermal resistance and a larger temperature rise due to light current.
- the semiconductor layer 104 of the laser 152 has the same thickness as the semiconductor layer 104 of the optical modulator 151, but it is important to reduce the thermal resistance to obtain a large output, so a laser structure having a long active layer length should be used. Is promising. Further, when the laser 152 is a DFB laser, the oscillation wavelength shifts to a short wave when the temperature drops. Therefore, it contributes to suppressing the change in the amount of detuning with respect to the temperature change.
- the combination of the laser 152 having a small thermal resistance and the optical modulator 151 having a large thermal resistance makes it possible to realize an optical transmitter that can operate in a wide temperature range.
- the optical connection between the laser 152 and the light modulator 151 does not necessarily have to be coupled to the single-mode optical waveguide by the core 131 via the tapered portion 152a and the tapered portion 151a.
- the optical connection between the laser 152 and the light modulator 151 is connected to each of the semiconductor layers 104 of both, and the optical wave is formed by, for example, a compound core 132 made of InP. It can also be connected by a waveguide.
- the core 131 may be arranged under the compound core 132.
- the present invention is embedded in the first clad layer in a state where it can be photobonded to the active layer formed by the III-V compound semiconductor formed on the first clad layer. Since the optical coupling layer extending along the active layer is provided, it is possible to realize low power consumption and low cost of the semiconductor optical element made of a group III-V semiconductor integrated on the Si optical waveguide circuit.
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Abstract
Description
はじめに、本発明の実施の形態1に係る半導体光素子の構成について、図1を参照して説明する。この半導体光素子は、例えば、Siから構成された基板101の上に形成された第1クラッド層102と、第1クラッド層102の上に形成された半導体層104と、半導体層104の上に形成された第2クラッド層110とを備える。
次に、本発明の実施の形態2に係る半導体光素子の構成について、図6を参照して説明する。この半導体光素子は、例えば、Siから構成された基板101の上に形成された第1クラッド層102と、第1クラッド層102の上に形成された半導体層104aと、半導体層104aの上に形成された第2クラッド層110とを備える。
ところで、上述した実施の形態では、半導体光素子を主に光変調器とした場合について説明したが、本発明に係る半導体光素子は、レーザとすることもできる。例えば、図1を用いて説明した半導体光素子において、活性層105の導波方向に共振させる共振器を備えることで、半導体光素子を、レーザとすることができる。共振器は、例えば、回折格子から構成することができる。
Claims (10)
- 基板の上に形成された第1クラッド層と、
前記第1クラッド層の上に形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成された半導体層と、
前記半導体層に所定の方向に延在するコア形状に形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成された活性層と、
前記半導体層に、平面視で前記活性層を挾んで前記活性層に接して形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成されたp型層およびn型層と、
前記活性層が形成されている領域を含む前記半導体層の上に形成された第2クラッド層と、
前記活性層と光結合可能な状態で前記第1クラッド層に埋め込まれて、前記活性層に沿って延在するコア形状に形成された光結合層と、
前記p型層に接続するp型電極と、
前記n型層に接続するn型電極と
を備え、
前記光結合層は、前記活性層を導波する光の吸収が、前記p型層および前記n型層よりも少ない材料から構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 基板の上に形成された第1クラッド層と、
前記第1クラッド層の上に形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成された半導体層と、
前記半導体層に所定の方向に延在するコア形状に形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成された活性層と、
前記半導体層に、平面視で前記活性層を挾んで前記活性層に接して形成された、III-V族化合物半導体から構成されたp型層およびn型層と、
前記活性層が形成されている領域を含む前記半導体層の上に形成された第2クラッド層と、
前記活性層と光結合可能な状態で前記第1クラッド層に埋め込まれて、前記活性層に沿って延在するコア形状に形成された光結合層と、
前記p型層に接続するp型電極と、
前記n型層に接続するn型電極と
を備え、
前記光結合層は、前記活性層を導波する光の吸収が、前記p型層よりも少ない材料から構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1または2記載の半導体光素子において、
前記活性層は、前記半導体層に埋め込まれて形成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1または2記載の半導体光素子において、
前記活性層は、前記p型層と前記n型層との間の前記半導体層に形成された凸状の部分から構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の半導体光素子において、
前記活性層は、多重量子井戸構造とされていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項5記載の半導体光素子において、
前記活性層は、InAlAsからなる障壁層から構成された多重量子井戸構造とされ、
前記p型層および前記n型層は、InPから構成されている
ことを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の半導体光素子において、
前記活性層の導波方向に共振させる共振器をさらに備えることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項7記載の半導体光素子において、
前記共振器は、回折格子から構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の半導体光素子において、
前記光結合層は、Siから構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。 - 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の半導体光素子において、
前記第1クラッド層、前記第2クラッド層は、絶縁材料から構成されていることを特徴とする半導体光素子。
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JPH077226A (ja) * | 1993-06-17 | 1995-01-10 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光信号増幅素子 |
US7474811B1 (en) * | 2007-09-14 | 2009-01-06 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Nanowire photonic apparatus employing optical field confinement |
JP2016171173A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2016-09-23 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 半導体光素子 |
JP2020519011A (ja) * | 2017-05-05 | 2020-06-25 | インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーションInternational Business Machines Corporation | Iii−v族利得材料および集積化ヒート・シンクを有する電子−光学装置ならびにその製造方法 |
WO2018212195A1 (ja) * | 2017-05-15 | 2018-11-22 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 半導体光素子 |
WO2020145128A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-08 | 2020-07-16 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 半導体光素子 |
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US20240006844A1 (en) | 2024-01-04 |
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