WO2022091567A1 - 固体電解質材料およびそれを用いた電池 - Google Patents
固体電解質材料およびそれを用いた電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022091567A1 WO2022091567A1 PCT/JP2021/031799 JP2021031799W WO2022091567A1 WO 2022091567 A1 WO2022091567 A1 WO 2022091567A1 JP 2021031799 W JP2021031799 W JP 2021031799W WO 2022091567 A1 WO2022091567 A1 WO 2022091567A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
- electrolyte material
- material according
- battery
- positive electrode
- Prior art date
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- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 213
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 181
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 57
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 42
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 21
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/08—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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- C01P2004/32—Spheres
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- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a solid electrolyte material and a battery using the same.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose solid electrolyte materials containing Li, M, O, and X.
- M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta
- X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a solid electrolyte material having practical ionic conductivity and capable of reducing a decrease in ionic conductivity due to heat.
- the solid electrolyte material of the present disclosure is A solid electrolyte material containing Li, M, O, and X.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the solid electrolyte material is the first peak located within the range of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 13.49 ° or more and 13.59 ° or less in the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu—K ⁇ ray.
- a second peak located within a diffraction angle of 2 ⁇ of 14.82 ° or more and 14.92 ° or less.
- the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak is 0.50 or more and 4.50 or less.
- the present disclosure provides a solid electrolyte material having practical ionic conductivity and capable of reducing a decrease in ionic conductivity due to heat.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the battery 1000 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the electrode material 1100 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a pressure forming die 300 used for evaluating the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte material.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment contains Li, M, O, and X.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is located within the range of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ of 13.49 ° or more and 13.59 ° or less in the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement using Cu—K ⁇ ray. It has a first peak and a second peak located within a diffraction angle of 2 ⁇ of 14.82 ° or more and 14.92 ° or less.
- the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak is 0.50 or more and 4.50 or less.
- the first peak is the peak having the maximum intensity among the plurality of peaks.
- the second peak is the peak having the maximum intensity among the plurality of peaks.
- the solid electrolyte material containing Li, M, O, and X according to the first embodiment contains a crystal phase having the above X-ray diffraction pattern.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment has practical ionic conductivity and can reduce the decrease in ionic conductivity due to heat.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can realize practical ionic conductivity, and at the same time, can reduce the decrease in ionic conductivity due to heat.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can have, for example, high lithium ion conductivity and excellent heat resistance.
- an example of high lithium ion conductivity is, for example, 4.0 mS / cm or more in the vicinity of room temperature.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can have, for example, an ionic conductivity of 4.0 mS / cm or more.
- the positive electrode, electrolyte layer, and negative electrode of the battery require a heat treatment step at a high temperature for densification and bonding.
- the temperature in the heat treatment step is, for example, about 200 ° C. Even when the heat treatment is performed at about 200 ° C., the decrease in the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is reduced, or the ionic conductivity is not decreased.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment has excellent heat resistance. Therefore, the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be used to obtain a battery having excellent charge / discharge characteristics.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can maintain high lithium ion conductivity in the assumed operating temperature range of the battery (for example, in the range of ⁇ 30 ° C. to 80 ° C.). Therefore, the battery using the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can operate stably even in an environment where there is a temperature change.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be used to obtain a battery having excellent charge / discharge characteristics.
- An example of a battery is an all-solid-state battery.
- the all-solid-state battery may be a primary battery or a secondary battery.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment contains substantially no sulfur.
- the fact that the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is substantially free of sulfur means that the solid electrolyte material does not contain sulfur as a constituent element except for sulfur which is inevitably mixed as an impurity.
- the amount of sulfur mixed as an impurity in the solid electrolyte material is, for example, 1 mol% or less.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment does not contain sulfur.
- the sulfur-free solid electrolyte material is excellent in safety because it does not generate hydrogen sulfide even when exposed to the atmosphere.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may substantially consist of Li, M, O, and X.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is substantially composed of Li, M, O, and X
- the total amount of substances of all the elements constituting the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment It means that the ratio of the total amount of substances of Li, M, O, and X to Li is 90% or more. As an example, the ratio may be 95% or more.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may consist only of Li, M, O, and X.
- X may contain Cl in order to enhance the ionic conductivity and heat resistance of the solid electrolyte material.
- X may be Cl.
- M may contain Ta in order to enhance the ionic conductivity and heat resistance of the solid electrolyte material.
- M may be Ta.
- the molar ratio of Li to M in the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be 1.2 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment uses Cu—K ⁇ rays (wavelengths 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ , that is, wavelengths 0.15455 nm and 0.15444 nm), and X by the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method. It can be obtained by linear diffraction measurement.
- the diffraction angle of the peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern is the maximum intensity of the mountain-shaped portion where the value of the SN ratio (that is, the ratio of the signal S to the background noise N) is 3 or more and the half width is 10 ° or less. It is defined as the angle shown.
- the full width at half maximum is the width represented by the difference between two diffraction angles whose intensities are half the value of IMAX when the maximum intensity of the X-ray diffraction peak is IMAX .
- the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak is 0.50 or more and 4.50 or less.
- the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak may be 0.70 or more and 1.72 or less, or 1.05 or more and 1.72 or less.
- the upper and lower limits of the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak are 0.50, 0.7, 1.0, 1.05.1.5, 1.72, 2.0, 2.5, It can be defined by any combination chosen from the numbers 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.50.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is not limited. Examples of such shapes are needle-shaped, spherical, and elliptical spherical.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be particles.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment may be formed to have the shape of a pellet or a plate.
- the solid electrolyte material When the shape of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is particulate (for example, spherical), the solid electrolyte material may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, or 0.5 ⁇ m. It may have a median diameter of 10 ⁇ m or less. Thereby, the solid electrolyte material and other materials according to the first embodiment can be well dispersed.
- the median diameter of the particles means the particle size (d50) corresponding to the volume accumulation of 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- the volume-based particle size distribution can be measured by a laser diffraction measuring device or an image analyzer.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment When the shape of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is granular (for example, spherical), the solid electrolyte material may have a median diameter smaller than that of the active material. As a result, the solid electrolyte material and the active material according to the first embodiment can form a good dispersed state.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment can be produced by the following method.
- Raw material powder is prepared so as to have the desired composition.
- Examples of raw material powders are oxides, hydroxides, halides, or acid halides.
- the selection of raw material powder determines M and X. By selecting the mixing ratio of the raw material powder, the molar ratio of Li / M is determined.
- the feedstock may be mixed in a pre-adjusted molar ratio to offset possible compositional changes in the synthetic process.
- a reaction product is obtained by firing the mixture of raw material powders.
- the mixture of the raw material powder may be sealed in an airtight container made of quartz glass or borosilicate glass and fired in a vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas atmosphere is, for example, an argon atmosphere or a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the mixture of raw material powders may be mechanically reacted with each other in a mixing device such as a planetary ball mill to obtain a reactant. That is, the raw materials may be mixed and reacted using the method of mechanochemical milling. By these methods, the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is obtained.
- part of M or part of X may evaporate.
- the value of the molar ratio Li / M of the obtained solid electrolyte material can be larger than the value calculated from the molar ratio of the prepared raw material powder.
- the position of the X-ray diffraction peak in the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment that is, the composition of the crystal phase is adjusted to the desired one. obtain.
- the composition of the solid electrolyte material can be determined, for example, by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy, ion chromatography, or inert gas melting-infrared absorption.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the composition of Li and M can be determined by ICP emission spectroscopy
- the composition of X can be determined by ion chromatography
- O can be measured by inert gas melting-infrared absorption.
- the battery according to the second embodiment includes a positive electrode, an electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode.
- the electrolyte layer is arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of a positive electrode, an electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode contains the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the battery according to the second embodiment contains the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment. Therefore, the battery according to the second embodiment has excellent charge / discharge characteristics even when the battery is exposed to a high temperature, such as when the battery is heat-treated at a high temperature during manufacturing.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the battery 1000 according to the second embodiment.
- the battery 1000 includes a positive electrode 201, an electrolyte layer 202, and a negative electrode 203.
- the electrolyte layer 202 is arranged between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203.
- the positive electrode 201 contains positive electrode active material particles 204 and solid electrolyte particles 100.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains an electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte material is, for example, a solid electrolyte material.
- the negative electrode 203 contains negative electrode active material particles 205 and solid electrolyte particles 100.
- the solid electrolyte particles 100 are particles containing the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte particles 100 may be particles containing the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment as a main component.
- the particles containing the solid electrolyte material as the main component according to the first embodiment mean the particles in which the component contained most in the molar ratio is the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte particles 100 may be particles made of the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the positive electrode 201 contains a material that can occlude and release metal ions such as lithium ions.
- the positive electrode 201 contains, for example, a positive electrode active material (for example, positive electrode active material particles 204).
- positive electrode active materials are lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanionic materials, fluorinated polyanionic materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxysulfides, or transition metal oxynitrides.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides are Li (Ni, Co, Al) O 2 , Li (Ni, Co, Mn) O 2 , or LiCo O 2 .
- (A, B, C) means "at least one selected from the group consisting of A, B, and C”.
- Lithium phosphate may be used as the positive electrode active material from the viewpoint of battery cost and safety.
- lithium iron phosphate may be used as the positive electrode active material.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment containing I is easily oxidized.
- the oxidation reaction of the solid electrolyte material is suppressed. That is, the formation of an oxide layer having low lithium ion conductivity is suppressed. As a result, the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- the positive electrode 201 may contain not only the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment but also a transition metal oxyfluoride as a positive electrode active material. Even if the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is fluorinated with a transition metal fluoride, a resistance layer is unlikely to be formed. As a result, the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- Transition metal oxyfluorides contain oxygen and fluorine.
- the transition metal oxyfluoride may be a compound represented by the composition formula Lip Me q Om F n .
- Me is Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Al, Cu, V, Nb, Mo, Ti, Cr, Zr, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, Ag, Ru, W, At least one selected from the group consisting of B, Si, and P, and the formulas: 0.5 ⁇ p ⁇ 1.5, 0.5 ⁇ q ⁇ 1.0, 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 2, and 0. ⁇ n ⁇ 1 is satisfied.
- An example of such a transition metal oxyfluoride is Li 1.05 (Ni 0.35 Co 0.35 Mn 0.3 ) 0.95 O 1.9 F 0.1 .
- the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. When the positive electrode active material particles 204 have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the positive electrode active material particles 204 and the solid electrolyte particles 100 can form a good dispersed state in the positive electrode 201. This improves the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery. When the positive electrode active material particles 204 have a median diameter of 100 ⁇ m or less, the lithium diffusion rate in the positive electrode active material particles 204 is improved. This allows the battery to operate at high output.
- the positive electrode active material particles 204 may have a median diameter larger than that of the solid electrolyte particles 100. As a result, the positive electrode active material particles 204 and the solid electrolyte particles 100 can form a good dispersed state.
- the ratio of the volume of the positive electrode active material particles 204 to the total volume of the positive electrode active material particles 204 and the volume of the solid electrolyte particles 100 is 0.30 or more and 0.95. It may be as follows.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the electrode material 1100 according to the second embodiment.
- the electrode material 1100 is included in, for example, the positive electrode 201.
- a coating layer 216 may be formed on the surface of the electrode active material particles 206.
- the coating material contained in the coating layer 216 are a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, or a halide solid electrolyte.
- the coating material may be the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment, and X may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is less likely to be oxidized than the sulfide solid electrolyte. As a result, it is possible to suppress an increase in the reaction overvoltage of the battery.
- the coating material is the solid electrolyte materials according to the first embodiment, and X is from the group consisting of Cl and Br. It may be at least one selected.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment containing I is less likely to be oxidized than the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment containing I. As a result, the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- the coating material may contain an oxide solid electrolyte.
- the oxide solid electrolyte may be lithium niobate having excellent stability even at a high potential. As a result, the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- the positive electrode 201 may be composed of a first positive electrode layer containing a first positive electrode active material and a second positive electrode layer containing a second positive electrode active material.
- the second positive electrode layer is arranged between the first positive electrode layer and the electrolyte layer 202, and the first positive electrode layer and the second positive electrode layer contain the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment including I, and A coating layer 216 is formed on the surface of the second positive electrode active material. According to the above configuration, it is possible to prevent the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment contained in the electrolyte layer 202 from being oxidized by the second positive electrode active material. As a result, the battery has a high charge capacity.
- the coating material contained in the coating layer 206 are a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a halide solid electrolyte. However, when the coating material is a halide solid electrolyte, I is not contained as a halogen element.
- the first positive electrode active material may be the same material as the second positive electrode active material, or may be a material different from the second positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode 201 may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains an electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte material is, for example, a solid electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be a solid electrolyte layer.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be composed of only the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may be composed of only a solid electrolyte material different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte material different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment are Li 2 MgX'4, Li 2 FeX' 4 , Li (Al, Ga, In) X'4, Li 3 ( Al , Ga, In). ) X'6 , or LiI.
- X' is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is referred to as a first solid electrolyte material.
- the solid electrolyte material different from the solid electrolyte material according to the first embodiment is called a second solid electrolyte material.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain not only the first solid electrolyte material but also the second solid electrolyte material.
- the first solid electrolyte material and the second solid electrolyte material may be uniformly dispersed.
- the layer made of the first solid electrolyte material and the layer made of the second solid electrolyte material may be laminated along the stacking direction of the battery 1000.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. When the electrolyte layer 202 has a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or more, the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 are less likely to be short-circuited. When the electrolyte layer 202 has a thickness of 100 ⁇ m or less, the battery can operate at high output.
- Another electrolyte layer may be further provided between the electrolyte layer 202 and the negative electrode 203. That is, a second electrolyte layer may be further provided between the electrolyte layer 202 and the negative electrode 203.
- a second electrolyte layer may be further provided between the electrolyte layer 202 and the negative electrode 203.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains the first solid electrolyte material, it is electrochemically more stable than the first solid electrolyte material in order to maintain the high ionic conductivity of the first solid electrolyte material more stably.
- An electrolyte layer made of another solid electrolyte material may be further provided between the electrolyte layer 202 and the negative electrode 203.
- the negative electrode 203 contains a material capable of occluding and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- the negative electrode 203 contains, for example, a negative electrode active material (for example, negative electrode active material particles 205).
- Examples of negative electrode active materials are metal materials, carbon materials, oxides, nitrides, tin compounds, or silicon compounds.
- the metal material may be a simple substance metal or an alloy.
- Examples of metallic materials are lithium metals, or lithium alloys.
- Examples of carbon materials are natural graphite, coke, developing carbon, carbon fibers, spheroidal carbon, artificial graphite, or amorphous carbon. From the viewpoint of capacitance density, a suitable example of the negative electrode active material is silicon (ie Si), tin (ie Sn), a silicon compound, or a tin compound.
- the negative electrode active material may be selected based on the reduction resistance of the solid electrolyte material contained in the negative electrode 203.
- a material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions at 0.27 V or more with respect to lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material. If the negative electrode active material is such a material, it is possible to suppress the reduction of the first solid electrolyte material contained in the negative electrode 203. As a result, the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- examples of such materials are titanium oxides, indium metals, or lithium alloys. Examples of titanium oxides are Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , LiTi 2 O 4 , or TiO 2 .
- the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. When the negative electrode active material particles 205 have a median diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the negative electrode active material particles 205 and the solid electrolyte particles 100 can form a good dispersed state in the negative electrode 203. This improves the charge / discharge characteristics of the battery. When the negative electrode active material particles 205 have a median diameter of 100 ⁇ m or less, the lithium diffusion rate in the negative electrode active material particles 205 is improved. This allows the battery to operate at high output.
- the negative electrode active material particles 205 may have a median diameter larger than that of the solid electrolyte particles 100. As a result, the negative electrode active material particles 205 and the solid electrolyte particles 100 can form a good dispersed state.
- the ratio of the volume of the negative electrode active material particles 205 to the total volume of the negative electrode active material particles 205 and the volume of the solid electrolyte particles 100 is 0.30 or more and 0.95. It may be as follows.
- the electrode material 1100 shown in FIG. 2 may be contained in the negative electrode 203.
- a coating layer 216 may be formed on the surface of the electrode active material particles 206 in order to prevent the solid electrolyte particles 100 from reacting with the negative electrode active material (that is, the electrode active material particles 206).
- the battery has high charge / discharge efficiency.
- the coating material contained in the coating layer 216 are a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a halide solid electrolyte.
- the coating material may be a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, or a polymer solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte is Li 2 SP 2 S 5 .
- An example of an oxide solid electrolyte is trilithium phosphate.
- An example of a polymer solid electrolyte is a composite compound of polyethylene oxide and a lithium salt.
- An example of such a polymer solid electrolyte is lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide.
- the negative electrode 203 may have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 may contain a second solid electrolyte material for the purpose of enhancing ionic conductivity.
- the second solid electrolyte material are a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a halide solid electrolyte, or an organic polymer solid electrolyte.
- sulfide solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte containing sulfur.
- Oxide solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte containing oxygen.
- the oxide solid electrolyte may contain anions other than oxygen (excluding sulfur anions and halogen anions).
- Oxide solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte containing a halogen element and not containing sulfur.
- the halide solid electrolyte may contain oxygen as well as the halogen element.
- Examples of sulfide solid electrolytes are Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-Si S 2, Li 2 SB 2 S 3, Li 2 S - GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , or It is Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 .
- oxide solid electrolytes are (i) NASION type solid electrolytes such as LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 or elemental substituents thereof, (ii) perovskite type solid electrolytes such as (LaLi) TiO 3 , (iii).
- LISION-type solid electrolytes such as Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16 , Li 4 SiO 4 , LiGeO 4 or elemental substituents thereof, (iv) Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 or garnet-type solid electrolytes such as elemental substituents thereof.
- halide solid electrolyte is the compound represented by Li a Me'b Y c Z 6 .
- Me' is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and Y and metalloid elements.
- Z is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- the value of m represents the valence of Me'.
- Metalloid elements are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te.
- Metallic elements are all elements contained in groups 1 to 12 of the periodic table (excluding hydrogen) and all elements contained in groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table (however, however). B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, C, N, P, O, S, and Se).
- Me' is a group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Sc, Al, Ga, Bi, Zr, Hf, Ti, Sn, Ta, and Nb. It may be at least one more selected.
- halide solid electrolytes are Li 3 YCl 6 or Li 3 YBr 6 .
- the negative electrode 203 may contain the sulfide solid electrolyte. This prevents the sulfide solid electrolyte, which is electrochemically stable with respect to the negative electrode active material, from contacting the first solid electrolyte material and the negative electrode active material with each other. As a result, the battery has a low internal resistance.
- organic polymer solid electrolytes are polymer compounds and lithium salt compounds.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure.
- the polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure has a higher ionic conductivity because it can contain a large amount of lithium salt.
- lithium salts are LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ). (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ) or LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 .
- One lithium salt selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these may be used.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, a gel electrolyte, or an ion for the purpose of facilitating the transfer of lithium ions and improving the output characteristics of the battery. It may contain a liquid.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- non-aqueous solvents are cyclic carbonate solvents, chain carbonate solvents, cyclic ether solvents, chain ether solvents, cyclic ester solvents, chain ester solvents, or fluorine solvents.
- cyclic carbonate solvents are ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or butylene carbonate.
- Examples of chain carbonate solvents are dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate.
- Examples of cyclic ether solvents are tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, or 1,3-dioxolane.
- Examples of chain ether solvents are 1,2-dimethoxyethane, or 1,2-diethoxyethane.
- An example of a cyclic ester solvent is ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- An example of a chain ester solvent is methyl acetate.
- fluorine solvents are fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethylmethyl carbonate, or fluorodimethylene carbonate.
- One kind of non-aqueous solvent selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more non-aqueous solvents selected from these may be used.
- lithium salts are LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ). (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ) or LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 .
- One lithium salt selected from these may be used alone. Alternatively, a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these may be used. The concentration of the lithium salt is, for example, in the range of 0.5 mol / liter or more and 2 mol / liter or less.
- a polymer material impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolytic solution can be used.
- polymer materials are polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic nitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethylmethacrylate, or polymers with ethylene oxide bonds.
- cations contained in ionic liquids are (I) Aliphatic chain quaternary salts such as tetraalkylammonium or tetraalkylphosphonium, (Ii) Aliphatic cyclic ammonium such as pyrrolidiniums, morpholiniums, imidazoliniums, tetrahydropyrimidiniums, piperaziniums, or piperidiniums, or nitrogen-containing heteros such as (iii) pyridiniums or imidazoliums. It is a ring aromatic cation.
- Examples of anions contained in ionic liquids are PF 6- , BF 4- , SbF 6- , AsF 6- , SO 3 CF 3- , N (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2- , N (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ). ) 2- , N (SO 2 CF 3 ) (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ) -or C (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3- .
- the ionic liquid may contain a lithium salt.
- At least one selected from the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the particles.
- binders are polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylic nitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, Polyacrylic acid hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, polyacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyether sulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene butadiene rubber.
- a copolymer may be used as the binder.
- binders are tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and It is a copolymer of two or more materials selected from the group consisting of hexadiene. A mixture of two or more selected from the above materials may be used.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a conductive auxiliary agent for the purpose of enhancing electronic conductivity.
- a conductive aid is (I) Graphites such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, (Ii) Carbon blacks such as acetylene black or ketjen black, (Iii) Conductive fibers such as carbon fibers or metal fibers, (Iv) Fluorocarbon, (V) Metal powders such as aluminum, (Vi) Conductive whiskers, such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate, It is a conductive metal oxide such as (vii) titanium oxide, or a conductive polymer compound such as (vii) polyaniline, polypyrrole, or polythiophene. In order to reduce the cost, the conductive auxiliary agent (i) or (ii) described above may be used.
- Examples of battery shapes according to the second embodiment are coin type, cylindrical type, square type, sheet type, button type, flat type, and laminated type.
- a material for forming a positive electrode, a material for forming an electrolyte layer, and a material for forming a negative electrode are prepared, and the positive electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode are arranged in this order by a known method. It may be manufactured by producing the laminated body.
- Example 1 [Preparation of solid electrolyte material]
- dry atmosphere having a dew point of -30 ° C or lower
- Li 2 O 2 and TaCl 5 0.65: 1.0. It was prepared to have a molar ratio of.
- These raw material powders were crushed and mixed in a mortar to obtain a mixed powder.
- the mixed powder was placed in quartz glass filled with argon gas and fired at 320 ° C. for 3 hours.
- the obtained calcined product was crushed in an agate mortar.
- the molar ratio Li / M was 1.3. This molar ratio is a value obtained from the molar ratio of the raw material powder. The same applies to the molar ratio Li / M in Examples 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 below.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a pressure molded die 300 used to evaluate the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte material.
- the pressure forming die 300 was provided with a punch upper part 301, a frame type 302, and a punch lower part 303.
- the frame 302 was made of insulating polycarbonate.
- Both the upper punch 301 and the lower punch 303 were made of electron-conducting stainless steel.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured by the following method.
- the solid electrolyte material powder according to Example 1 (that is, the solid electrolyte material powder 101 in FIG. 3) was filled inside the pressure forming die 300. Inside the pressure forming die 300, a pressure of 300 MPa was applied to the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 using the punch upper portion 301.
- the upper punch 301 and the lower punch 303 were connected to a potentiostat (Princeton Applied Research VersaSTAT4) equipped with a frequency response analyzer.
- the upper part 301 of the punch was connected to the working electrode and the terminal for measuring the potential.
- the lower punch 303 was connected to the counter electrode and the reference electrode.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured at room temperature by an electrochemical impedance measurement method. As a result, the ionic conductivity measured at 22 ° C. was 5.8 mS / cm.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1. The results shown in FIG. 4 were measured by the following methods.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 was measured using an X-ray diffractometer (RIGAKU, MiniFlex600) in a dry atmosphere having a dew point of ⁇ 45 ° C. or lower.
- Cu-K ⁇ rays (wavelengths 1.5405 ⁇ and 1.5444 ⁇ ) were used as the X-ray source.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Example 1 had a first peak and a second peak at 13.54 ° and 14.88 °, respectively.
- the intensity ratio of the first peak to the second peak (hereinafter referred to as “intensity ratio I1 / I2”) was 1.05.
- the molar ratio Li / M was 1.4.
- the molar ratio Li / M was 1.2.
- the molar ratio Li / M was 1.2.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Comparative Example 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Example 2 had a first peak and a second peak at 13.51 ° and 14.83 °, respectively.
- the intensity ratio I1 / I2 was 0.70.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Example 3 had a first peak and a second peak at 13.54 ° and 14.85 °, respectively.
- the intensity ratio I1 / I2 was 1.72.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Comparative Example 1 had a first peak and a second peak at 13.55 ° and 14.82 °, respectively.
- the intensity ratio I1 / I2 was 0.41.
- the solid electrolyte material according to Comparative Example 2 had a first peak and a second peak at 13.58 ° and 14.92 °, respectively.
- the intensity ratio I1 / I2 was 4.75.
- the solid electrolyte materials according to Examples 1 to 3 have high ionic conductivity of 4.0 mS / cm or more in the vicinity of room temperature, and can be heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 3 hours. Ionic conductivity did not decrease.
- the solid electrolyte material according to the present disclosure has practical ionic conductivity and can reduce the decrease in ionic conductivity due to heat. Therefore, the solid electrolyte material according to the present disclosure is suitable for providing a battery having excellent charge / discharge characteristics.
- the battery of the present disclosure is used, for example, in an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
Li、M、O、およびXを含む固体電解質材料であって、
Mは、NbおよびTaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記固体電解質材料は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、13.49°以上かつ13.59°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第1ピーク、および、14.82°以上かつ14.92°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第2ピークを有し、
前記第2ピークに対する前記第1ピークの強度比は、0.50以上かつ4.50以下である。
第1実施形態による固体電解質材料は、Li、M、O、およびXを含む。Mは、NbおよびTaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである。Xは、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである。第1実施形態による固体電解質材料は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、13.49°以上かつ13.59°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第1ピーク、および、14.82°以上かつ14.92°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第2ピークを有する。第2ピークに対する第1ピークの強度比は、0.50以上かつ4.50以下である。なお、13.49°以上かつ13.59°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に複数のピークが存在する場合、第1ピークは、それら複数のピークのうち最大強度を有するピークである。また、14.82°以上かつ14.92°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に複数のピークが存在する場合、第2ピークは、それら複数のピークのうち最大強度を有するピークである。
第1実施形態による固体電解質材料は、下記の方法により製造され得る。
以下、第2実施形態が説明される。第1実施形態において説明された事項は、適宜、省略される。
(i)テトラアルキルアンモニウムまたはテトラアルキルホスホニウムのような脂肪族鎖状4級塩類、
(ii)ピロリジニウム類、モルホリニウム類、イミダゾリニウム類、テトラヒドロピリミジニウム類、ピペラジニウム類、またはピペリジニウム類のような脂肪族環状アンモニウム、または
(iii)ピリジニウム類またはイミダゾリウム類のような含窒素ヘテロ環芳香族カチオン
である。
(i)天然黒鉛または人造黒鉛のようなグラファイト類、
(ii)アセチレンブラックまたはケッチェンブラックのようなカーボンブラック類、
(iii)炭素繊維または金属繊維のような導電性繊維類、
(iv)フッ化カーボン、
(v)アルミニウムのような金属粉末類、
(vi)酸化亜鉛またはチタン酸カリウムのような導電性ウィスカー類、
(vii)酸化チタンのような導電性金属酸化物、または
(viii)ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、またはポリチオフェンのような導電性高分子化合物
である。低コスト化のために、上記(i)または(ii)の導電助剤が使用されてもよい。
(実施例1)
[固体電解質材料の作製]
-30℃以下の露点を有するドライ雰囲気(以下、単に「ドライ雰囲気」という)中で、原料粉としてLi2O2およびTaCl5が、Li2O2:TaCl5=0.65:1.0のモル比となるように用意された。これらの原料粉が乳鉢中で粉砕および混合されて、混合粉が得られた。当該混合粉は、アルゴンガスで満たされた石英ガラス内に入れられ、320℃で3時間焼成された。得られた焼成物は、メノウ製乳鉢中で粉砕された。このようにして、実施例1による固体電解質材料が得られた。モル比Li/Mは、1.3であった。なお、このモル比は、原料粉のモル比から求められた値である。以下の実施例2および3,ならびに比較例1および2におけるモル比Li/Mついても同様である。
図3は、固体電解質材料のイオン伝導度を評価するために用いられた加圧成形ダイス300の模式図を示す。
固体電解質材料の耐熱性を評価するため、実施例1による固体電解質材料は、アルゴンガス雰囲気中で、200℃で3時間熱処理された。次いで、実施例1による固体電解質材料は、室温でイオン伝導度が測定された。イオン伝導度の測定方法は、上記の[イオン伝導度の評価]で説明された方法と同じであった。その結果、22℃で測定されたイオン伝導度は、6.6mS/cmであった。このように、熱処理により、固体電解質材料のイオン伝導度は低下しなかった。すなわち、実施例1による固体電解質材料は、優れた耐熱性を有していた。
図4は、実施例1による固体電解質材料のX線回折パターンを示すグラフである。図4に示される結果は、下記の方法により測定された。
[固体電解質材料の作製]
実施例2では、原料粉としてLi2O2およびTaCl5が、Li2O2:TaCl5=0.7:1.0のモル比となるように用意された。モル比Li/Mは、1.4であった。
実施例1と同様にして、実施例2および3、ならびに比較例1および2による固体電解質材料のイオン伝導度が測定された。測定結果は表1に示される。
実施例1と同様にして、実施例2および3、ならびに比較例1および2による固体電解質材料に対し、熱処理後のイオン伝導度が測定された。測定結果は表1に示される。
実施例1と同様にして、実施例2および3、ならびに比較例1および2による固体電解質材料のX線回折パターンが測定された。測定結果は、図4に示される。
表1から明らかなように、実施例1から3による固体電解質材料は、室温近傍において、4.0mS/cm以上の高いイオン伝導性を有し、かつ、200℃で3時間熱処理しても、イオン伝導度は低下しなかった。
Claims (6)
- Li、M、O、およびXを含む固体電解質材料であって、
Mは、NbおよびTaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
Xは、F、Cl、Br、およびIからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つであり、
前記固体電解質材料は、Cu-Kα線を用いたX線回折測定によって得られるX線回折パターンにおいて、13.49°以上かつ13.59°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第1ピーク、および、14.82°以上かつ14.92°以下の回折角2θの範囲内に位置する第2ピークを有し、
前記第2ピークに対する前記第1ピークの強度比は、0.50以上かつ4.50以下である、
固体電解質材料。 - Xは、Clを含む、
請求項1に記載の固体電解質材料。 - Mは、Taを含む、請求項1または2に記載の固体電解質材料。
- Mに対するLiのモル比は、1.2以上かつ1.4以下である、
請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料。 - 前記強度比は、0.70以上かつ1.72以下である、
請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料。 - 正極、
負極、および
前記正極および前記負極の間に配置されている電解質層、を備え、
前記正極、前記負極、および前記電解質層からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つは、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質材料を含有する、
電池。
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