WO2022064714A1 - 赤外域の円二色性測定装置 - Google Patents
赤外域の円二色性測定装置 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002983 circular dichroism Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title abstract description 63
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000001142 circular dichroism spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 20
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- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
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- 229940125730 polarisation modulator Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- CBPJQFCAFFNICX-IBGZPJMESA-N (2s)-2-(9h-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(COC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(O)=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 CBPJQFCAFFNICX-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPTXVXKCQZKFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (S)-(-)-1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C3=C4C=CC=CC4=CC=C3O)=C(O)C=CC2=C1 PPTXVXKCQZKFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/19—Dichroism
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
- G01N2021/216—Polarisation-affecting properties using circular polarised light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
- G01N2201/061—Sources
- G01N2201/06113—Coherent sources; lasers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
- G01N2201/068—Optics, miscellaneous
- G01N2201/0683—Brewster plate; polarisation controlling elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an infrared CD (so-called vibration circular dichroism) measuring device.
- Vibrational circular dichroism measuring devices related to vibration transitions have been applied to structural analysis of pharmaceuticals and bioactive substances because they have good comparison between the spectrum obtained by measurement and the spectrum predicted by calculation from the molecular structure. ..
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for measuring vibration circular dichroism using a Fourier transform type CD spectrophotometer.
- FT type Fourier conversion type
- An example of the configuration of the FT type CD spectrophotometer is an infrared light source ⁇ an interferometer ⁇ a polarization modulator (PEM) ⁇ a cell unit (sample) ⁇ an MCT detector ⁇ a signal processing unit (lock-in amplifier, etc.) ⁇ a Fourier transform unit ( Computer etc.).
- PEM polarization modulator
- the interference wave of infrared light becomes an interference wave consisting of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized waves alternately generated by PEM, irradiates the sample, and is detected by the MCT detector.
- the interference wave detection signal (called an interferogram)
- the difference in absorbance ( ⁇ A) between the left and right circularly polarized light appears as a periodic change in signal intensity. That is, since the interference wave detection signal contains an alternating current component (AC) and a direct current component (DC) that are synchronized with the polarization modulation of the PEM, these are extracted by a lock-in amplifier or the like, and the ratio (AC / DC) of the two is calculated. calculate.
- the detected signal is an interference wave signal
- the CD spectrum in the infrared region is finally obtained by Fourier transform on a computer.
- the measurement accuracy will theoretically be better if the sample with the highest absorbance A is measured.
- the higher the absorbance A of the sample the smaller the amount of light detected and the weaker the detection signal, so the influence of noise becomes greater and the difference in absorbance cannot be measured.
- the absorbance A of the sample is 1.5 to 2 at the highest, usually around 1.
- the absorbance A is defined by the following equation.
- L the optical path length
- c the molar concentration
- ⁇ the molar extinction coefficient
- I 0 the intensity of the incident light
- I the intensity of the emitted light.
- the molar concentration c or the optical path length L of the cell is changed to adjust the absorbance A of the sample to at most 1.5 to less than 2.
- the absorbance often exceeds 2, and it is difficult to obtain a CD signal in the infrared region.
- An object of the present invention is for a sample in which the absorbance of the sample is 2 or more (for example, in the range of 2 to 5) and the measurement conditions are disadvantageous because the amount of light cannot be sufficiently detected by a conventional measuring device. Further, it is an object of the present invention to provide an infrared region dichromaticity measuring device capable of measuring an infrared region CD having an appropriate SN ratio.
- the inventors focused on a quantum cascade laser (QCL), which is an infrared laser but has a high-brightness, high-output, and wide-band variable wave frequency function, and uses this infrared laser light as the measurement light for infrared CD measurement.
- QCL quantum cascade laser
- the circular dichroism measuring device in the infrared region includes a laser light source capable of sweeping the wave number of the laser light within the wave number region including at least one absorption peak of the sample.
- a detector that detects changes in the intensity of laser light that has passed through the sample and whose polarization state has been modulated, and An alternating current component (AC) and a direct current component (DC) synchronized with the modulation frequency are extracted from the detection signal of the detector, and the infrared circular dichroism value of the sample is calculated based on the ratio of the two (AC / DC). It is characterized by including a signal processing unit for calculation.
- AC alternating current component
- DC direct current component
- the laser light source is a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Further, the average output when the laser light is output from the laser light source in the continuous mode of the maximum power is 1 mW or more, and the oscillation line width of the laser light is 0.05 to 4.0 cm -1 . preferable.
- the signal processing unit calculates the value of the infrared circular dichroism for each specific wave number to be swept and acquires the infrared CD spectrum of the sample.
- a gain switching optical element placed at any position on the optical path of the laser beam and It is preferable to provide a switching means for adjusting the amount of light entering the detector by switching the gain switching optical element according to the sweep wave number of the laser light.
- the signal processing unit includes a gain switching electric element that electrically switches the intensity of the analog signal according to the number of sweep waves of the laser light to reduce the quantization error at the time of AD conversion.
- the chopper is provided at any position on the optical path of the laser beam and the passage rate of the chopper is 70% or more.
- the signal processing unit is A storage unit that holds the absorption peak wavenumber of water or water vapor, A determination unit for determining whether the sweep wave number of the laser beam matches the absorption peak wave number of the water or water vapor, and It has an avoidance unit that executes a process of avoiding the influence of the absorption peak when they match.
- the avoidance unit is configured to calculate the infrared CD value in the absorption peak wave number of water or water vapor based on the infrared CD value of the sweep wave number before and after the absorption peak wave number of water or water vapor by the laser beam. It is preferable to have.
- an infrared laser having a wave number selected from high brightness, high output, and a wide band is provided by providing a laser light source capable of sweeping the laser light in the infrared range in a predetermined wave number range.
- Light can be used as the measurement light.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the CD measurement optical system which constitutes the CD measurement apparatus in the infrared region. It is a figure which shows the structure of the light source system of a Fourier transform type. It is a figure which shows the structure of a laser light source system. The figure which superposed the wave number tuning curve for each semiconductor chip of QCL. It is a figure which shows the change of the intensity of a laser beam when the wave number is swept from 1750 cm -1 to 1500 cm -1 . The figure which shows the oscillation line width of the laser beam of 1675.5cm -1 of QCL. It is a figure which shows the whole structure of the infrared region CD measuring apparatus using a laser beam. It is a spectral diagram which shows the effectiveness of N 2 purge.
- an infrared CD spectrum diagram obtained by measuring a sample with an integration time of 20 minutes.
- the figure which shows the test result using the rotary chopper of FIG. (A) to (D) are 100% line diagrams for showing the effect of the water vapor absorption avoidance treatment of the present embodiment.
- (A) to (D) are diagrams of AC / DC signals for showing the effect of the water vapor absorption avoidance treatment of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows a CD measuring optical system 10 constituting a CD measuring device in the infrared region.
- the CD measurement optical system 10 arranges the optical element on the movable block 11, the optical filter 12, the polarizing element 13, the PEM 14, the sample chamber 15, the condenser lens 16, and the MCT detector 17 in this order along the optical axis of the measurement light.
- the measurement light is configured to be selectable from "infrared interference wave light" and "infrared laser light”.
- the infrared interference wave light is supplied from the Fourier transform type light source system 20 (see FIG. 2).
- the laser light is supplied from the laser light source system 30 (see FIG. 3).
- Two types of optical elements an elliptical mirror 11a for infrared interference waves and a plane mirror 11b for lasers
- the movable block 11 is slid so that one of the optical elements is the optical axis of the CD measurement optical system.
- the selected measurement light is limited to light in a desired wavenumber range by the optical filter 12, and only the linearly polarized light component is extracted by the polarizing element 13 and sent to the PEM 14.
- the optical axis direction of the polarizing element 13 and the main axis direction of the PEM 14 intersect at 45 degrees when viewed from the optical axis direction.
- the linearly polarized light from the splitter 13 is modulated in its polarization state by the PEM 14.
- the phase difference ⁇ between two polarized components orthogonal to each other in linear polarization is modulated. Modulation of the phase difference ⁇ is usually performed by a sine curve, and along with this, counterclockwise and clockwise circular polarizations are alternately emitted from the PEM 14 toward the sample chamber 15.
- the positional relationship between the PEM 14 and the sample chamber 15 is not limited to FIG. 1, and the PEM 14 can be arranged closer to the detector than the sample chamber 15.
- the solution sample in the cell put it in the sample chamber 15.
- the sample in the cell is alternately irradiated with the left and right circularly polarized light from the PEM, the transmitted light is condensed by the condenser lens 16, and the light intensity is detected by the MCT detector 17.
- the measurement light When the measurement light is an infrared interference wave, it becomes a linearly polarized interference wave by the polarizing element 13 and is phase-modulated by the PEM 14, so that the sample receives the interference wave composed of the left and right circularly polarized components.
- the measurement light when the measurement light is an infrared laser light, it becomes a linearly polarized laser light by the polarizing element 13 and is phase-modulated by the PEM 14, so that the sample receives the laser light composed of the left and right circularly polarized components. If the directivity of the infrared laser light is high, the condenser lens 16 may be omitted.
- the detector 17 is not limited to the MCT detector, but is a detector using a quantum detection element such as a Si photodiode, an InSb detector, or an InGaAs detector, or a detector using a pyroelectric element such as TGS or DLaTGS. May be appropriately selected.
- a quantum detection element such as a Si photodiode, an InSb detector, or an InGaAs detector
- a detector using a pyroelectric element such as TGS or DLaTGS. May be appropriately selected.
- FIG. 2 shows the configuration of a Fourier transform type light source system (IR light source 21 ⁇ elliptical mirror 22 ⁇ aperture 23 ⁇ Michelson interferometer 24 ⁇ parabolic mirror 25 on the emitting side ⁇ aperture 26).
- the Michelson interferometer 24 is composed of a parabolic mirror 24a on the incident side, a beam splitter (BS), a fixed mirror 24b, and a moving mirror 24c.
- One parallel light flux divided by the BS reflects the fixed mirror 24b and returns to the BS, and the other parallel light flux divided by the BS reflects the moving mirror 24c and returns to the BS as well.
- the two parallel luminous fluxes are combined by the BS and emitted as interference waves toward the parabolic mirror 25.
- the moving mirror 24c generates an interference wave (interferogram) corresponding to the variable optical path difference D.
- the light of the infrared interference wave reflects the parabolic mirror 25 on the emitting side, advances to the elliptical mirror 11a of the movable block 11 of the CD measurement optical system 10, and is used as the measurement light.
- FIG. 3 shows the configuration of the laser light source system 30 characteristic of this embodiment.
- the laser light source system 30 uses a quantum cascade laser (QCL) as an infrared light source to supply infrared laser light having a specific wave number selected from high luminance, high output, and wide band.
- QCL quantum cascade laser
- the QCL is provided with one or a plurality of semiconductor chips having an active region of a multilayer semiconductor structure. Since the injected electrons pass through the layer of the active region like a waterfall and a large number of photons are emitted, the laser gain is high and the wavenumber range is wide. For example, when four semiconductor chips (QCL-1 to QCL-4) are used and the wavenumber range is expanded to the fingerprint region (1850 to 890 cm -1 ), the wavenumber tuning curve for each semiconductor chip is superimposed on FIG. Shown.
- the wave number range of QCL-1 is about 1850 to 1500 cm -1
- the wave number range of QCL-2 is about 1750 to 1400 cm -1
- the wave number range of QCL-3 is about 1500 to 1100 cm -1
- the wave number range of QCL-4 is about. It may be 1300 to 890 cm -1 . When converted to the wavelength range, it is 5.4 to 11.2 ⁇ m.
- the wave number of the output laser beam changes depending on the built-in drive unit 31.
- a resonator (cavity) as a drive unit sweeps the output wavenumber.
- FIG. 5 shows the change in the intensity of the laser beam when the wave number is swept from 1750 cm -1 to 1500 cm -1 using only the QCL-2.
- the spectral shapes of a standard infrared light source of a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) measured under the same conditions are arranged.
- the average output when the laser beam is output in continuous mode with a wave number of 1600 cm -1 (maximum power) is about 300 mW.
- the average output of the trial laser is at least 1 mW or more, a detection signal with better quality than the detection signal by the conventional measuring device can be obtained. It is preferably 10 mW or more, more preferably 100 mW or more. If a laser with an average output of about 1 mW to several hundred mW is used, the quality of the detection signal is improved in proportion to the output. If a laser having a large average output is used, restrictions such as sample burnout and saturation of the detector sensitivity occur. Therefore, a laser having an average output of at most 1 W to 10 W is preferable.
- the output to be burnt out differs depending on the sample and the amount of detected light also changes, it is preferable to select the average output of the laser that can most exert the effect of the present invention according to the sample.
- a gain switching means such as a dimming device
- the dimming rate of the laser light can be adjusted, so that it is actually possible to mount a laser having a larger average output.
- the oscillation line width of the laser beam of 1675.5 cm -1 of QCL is enlarged and shown in FIG.
- the full width at half maximum of the laser beam in FIG. 6 is 0.13 cm -1 .
- the oscillation line width (full width at half maximum) of the laser beam is preferably about 0.05 to 4.0 cm -1 .
- the characteristics of the QCL laser beam are that (1) the wave number range that can be swept is wide, (2) the output is surprisingly strong, and (3) the oscillation line width (full width at half maximum) is very narrow.
- the QCL outputs a laser beam having a specific wave number in a continuous mode (CW mode).
- CW mode continuous mode
- a QCL in which the pulse mode can be selected may be used, but the CW mode has a larger detection signal and better measurement accuracy.
- the movable block 33 is equipped with optical elements (an ellipsoidal mirror 33c on the entrance side, an aperture 33d, and an ellipsoidal mirror 33e on the exit side) for forming an optical path passing through the aperture. ..
- optical elements an ellipsoidal mirror 33c on the entrance side, an aperture 33d, and an ellipsoidal mirror 33e on the exit side
- the infrared laser beam from the QCL becomes an intermittent laser beam according to the passing rate of the rotary chopper 32.
- the laser light passes through an optical path on the movable block, further passes through the dimming device set 35, and proceeds to the plane mirror 11b on the movable block 11 of the CD measurement optical system 10 to be used as measurement light.
- the circular dichroism CD of the sample is defined by the formula (2).
- Circular dichroism CD is the difference ( ⁇ A ) between the absorbance AL of the sample for left circular polarization and the absorbance AR of the sample for right circular polarization, and is the left circular polarization transmitted through the sample as shown in equation (2). It is shown by the common logarithm of the ratio of the light intensity IL of the right circular dichroism to the light intensity IR of the right circular polarization. The light intensity I 0 is the intensity of the incident light on the sample. Since the difference in absorbance ⁇ A is a dimensionless number, it is usually converted into an ellipticity (CD [mdeg]) as shown in the following equation (3).
- the CD value can be measured.
- FIG. 7 shows the overall configuration of an infrared CD measuring device that uses an infrared laser beam.
- the configuration of the signal processing means 40 preamplifier 41, lock-in amplifier 42 for DC signal, lock-in amplifier 43 for AC signal, PEM controller 44, A / D converter 45, data logger 46, computer, etc.
- the arithmetic processing device 47 of the above is also shown.
- the light intensity signal from the detector 17 is amplified by the preamplifier 41, and each signal of the DC component and the AC component is sent from the preamplifier 41 to the lock-in amplifiers 42 and 43, respectively.
- the lock-in amplifier 42 for a DC signal extracts a DC signal from the signal of the DC component of the preamplifier by using a reference signal synchronized with the chopping frequency. That is, the signal value of the DC component in the light blocking period of the rotary chopper 32 and the signal value of the DC component in the passing period of the rotary chopper 32 are extracted and recorded in the data logger 46. The difference between the signal values during the shading period and the passing period is treated as a DC signal.
- the lock-in amplifier 43 for the AC signal uses a reference signal synchronized with the drive frequency of the PEM 14 to extract an AC signal having the same frequency component as the PEM 14 from the signal of the AC component of the preamplifier 41 and records it in the data logger 46. do.
- the DC signal and the AC signal are digitized by the A / D converter 45.
- the arithmetic processing device 47 reads an AC signal and a DC signal from the data logger 46, obtains a ratio (AC / DC) of both signals, and calculates an infrared CD value based on the equation (4).
- the arithmetic processing apparatus 47 calculates the infrared region CD value for each wave number selected in the QCL, so that the infrared region CD spectrum data can be obtained.
- the arithmetic processing apparatus reads the AC signal and the DC signal from the data logger 46 and performs Fourier transform processing on the value of the ratio (AC / DC) of both signals to obtain CD spectrum data in the infrared region.
- the formula in which "AC / DC” in the above formula (4) is replaced with "F [AC / DC]” is an approximate formula for the CD value using the Fourier transform.
- F [] in the equation represents the Fourier transform.
- the preamplifier 41 of the signal processing means 40 sends the signal of the DC component filtered by 400 Hz to the lock-in amplifier.
- the wave number of the laser beam was swept in the range of 1750-1500 cm -1 , and the light intensity was detected by the MCT detector in 1 cm -1 step.
- the step speed is 500 msec / cm -1 .
- the results are shown in spectrum A in FIG. It can be seen that without purging, the influence of absorption by water vapor in each housing is large over the entire wave number.
- the wave number of the laser beam is fixed at 1635 cm -1 , and the inside of the housing containing the CD measurement optical system 10 and the laser light source system 30 is purged with N 2 at a gas supply amount of 6 L / min.
- Each housing is provided with a purging device that can be independently controlled. Most of the laser light with a wave number of 1635 cm -1 is absorbed by the water vapor inside the device, so it is suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of the N2 purge.
- FIG. 9 shows the change in the intensity of the laser beam having a wave number of 1635 cm -1 from the start of purging to the lapse of 90 minutes. It can be seen that the replacement with nitrogen is greatly promoted by purging for a relatively short time of about 1 hour, and purging for 2 hours is sufficient.
- the spectrum B was measured in the state of “after 90 minutes of purging”. It was found that the absorption peak due to water vapor etc. was significantly reduced, and the influence of absorption of water vapor etc. was greatly reduced in a relatively short purge time.
- FIG. 11 shows a spectrum measured in the state of "after purging for 120 minutes” and similarly drawn with a 100% transmittance line.
- FIG. 13 shows the change in the intensity of the laser beam having a wave number of 1635 cm -1 from the start of purging to the elapse of 120 minutes.
- the strength which was about 28 mW at the start of purging, surged in the first 30 minutes and reached around 120 mW 60 minutes later.
- Table 1 the preliminary measurements shown in Table 1 below were performed.
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the intensities of the two types of laser light, the wave number 1635 cm -1 and the wave number 1600 cm -1 , which are not easily affected by the absorption of water vapor, by placing a power meter directly under the QCL.
- the intensity at the outlet (“connecting portion”) of the laser light source system 30 was also measured using the experimental device of FIG. All measurements were taken in the "no purge” state.
- the values in parentheses in the table are the measured values at the time of quadruple expansion.
- the strength value in the sample chamber is also shown.
- the infrared CD measuring device of the present embodiment can exert the purging effect in a short time by providing the N 2 purging device in each housing.
- the infrared CD measuring device having the configuration shown in FIG. 7, the infrared CD spectrum of a solution sample in which bi-2-naphthol was dissolved in a chloroform solvent was measured.
- the wave number range of the QCL laser beam was set to 1650-1500 cm -1
- the chopping frequency of the chopper was set to 500 Hz
- the transmittance of the dimming device (for example, ND filter) was set to 2% (98% dimming).
- the transmitted light of the sample was detected by the MCT detector with the modulation frequency of the PEM set to 50 kHz.
- the inside of the housing containing the CD measurement optical system 10 and the laser light source system 30 was purged with N 2 for 120 minutes at a gas supply amount of 6 L / min.
- the wave number of the laser light was swept 3 times in the range of 1650-1500 cm -1 , and the light intensity was detected by the MCT detector in 1 cm -1 step, and the average value was calculated.
- the infrared CD spectrum is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 15 shows the measurement results of the Fourier transform CD spectrophotometer.
- the infrared CD spectrum measured by the infrared CD measuring device has the following notable points. First, it is clear from the comparison with the infrared CD spectrum measured by the Fourier transform type CD spectrophotometer that the wavenumber resolution is very high.
- the influence of absorption of water vapor and the like in the wavenumber range of 1650-1500 cm -1 is significantly reduced by N 2 purging for 120 minutes. Then, it can be said that the influence of water vapor and the like is small even in the infrared CD spectrum of FIG. 14, and it can be said that even a minute CD peak that cannot be measured by the Fourier transform type CD spectrophotometer can be measured.
- the measurement range (vertical axis) of the infrared CD spectrum with the Fourier transform CD spectrophotometer is from about -0.0001 to +0.0001.
- the measurement range is about 1000 times wider, from about -0.08 to +0.08. That is, the detection signal from the detector becomes large due to the laser light having a very strong output as shown in FIG. 6, and the detection sensitivity of the absorbance A is raised. Along with this, it has become possible to acquire an infrared CD signal with a very large value, which could be measured only by a very weak one in the past.
- the second reason is that a laser beam with a profile (half-value full width 0.13 cm -1 ) close to the ideal single wavenumber light as shown in Fig. 6 was used.
- the advantages of the apparatus of this embodiment can be deepened by raising the problems in the conventional distributed CD spectrophotometer.
- a distributed CD spectrophotometer using a diffraction grating is the mainstream.
- the bandwidth (full width at half maximum) of the light extracted from the distributed spectroscope can be set to about 1/10 or less of the half width of the absorption peak of the sample. It is said to be good. For example, if the absorption peak having a half width of 15 nm is measured with pseudo-monochromatic light having a bandwidth of 2 nm, the error of the measured value can be suppressed to a small value.
- Bandwidth is determined by the width of the slit built into the spectroscope. Therefore, it cannot be said that the bandwidth should be simply set small. This is because when the bandwidth is reduced, the light illuminating the sample is weakened and noise increases.
- the apparatus of this embodiment is excellent in that the full width at half maximum of the laser light of a specific wave number swept is narrow enough to be said to be ideal monochromatic light, and the output of the laser light can be maintained in a high state. Is. As a result, a strong detection signal is obtained from the detector, and the measurement sensitivity of the infrared CD value is improved. In Fourier transform type and distributed type CD spectrophotometers, the detection signal tends to be weakened by narrowing the luminous flux of the interference wave with an aperture or narrowing the bandwidth of monochromatic light with a slit, and the SN ratio is high. The absorbance of the sample had to be adjusted to less than 1.5-2 at the highest to the extent that it did not deteriorate. The apparatus of this embodiment is very excellent in that there are no restrictions on the absorbance of such a sample.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of infrared CD spectrum measurement of an amino acid solution sample (Fmoc-Leucine) adjusted to an absorbance of 4 using the apparatus of this embodiment with a resolution of 0.0001 ⁇ A.
- 17 (A) and 17 (B) show the results of measuring the infrared CD spectrum of a pinene solution sample (( ⁇ )- ⁇ -pinene) with an integration time of 20 minutes using the apparatus of this embodiment.
- Two types of element sizes (diameter 1 mm, diameter 0.2 mm) of the MCT detector were used, and in both measurements, a sensitive infrared CD spectrum was obtained in a short integration time.
- the switching means 37 of the dimming device set 35 of FIG. 3, which is characteristic of the present embodiment, will be described.
- the dimming device set 35 is composed of one or a plurality of dimming elements 35a and 35b, and is provided with a switching means 37 capable of independently switching the individual dimming devices 35a and 35b online / offline. ..
- a switching means 37 capable of independently switching the individual dimming devices 35a and 35b online / offline. ..
- two dimming elements 35a and 35b having a transmittance of 2% are used. Since the total transmittance when two sheets are online at the same time is 0.04%, the switching means 37 switches the total transmittance by the dimming device set 35 to 100%, 2%, and 0.04%. It is possible.
- the dimming device set 35 may be arranged at any position on the optical path of the laser beam.
- the measurement gain is optically switched by using the switching means 37 of the dimming device set 35.
- the wave number of the laser beam is swept to perform background measurement.
- Gain is set individually for the wave number at which the obtained output is below the reference value. For example, when the light to the detector 17 is dark, it is advisable to take both the dimming elements 35a and 35b offline. On the contrary, for the wave number whose output in the preliminary measurement is too strong, it is preferable to bring both the dimming elements 35a and 35b online.
- the measurement conditions are stored in the storage unit 49.
- the measurement gain is optically switched for each wavenumber sweep according to the stored set value.
- the fluctuation of the amount of light to the detector 17 according to the sweep wave number of the laser light can be suppressed to a small extent.
- the wave number may decrease due to the high absorbance of the sample. Even for such a wave number, the amount of dimming can be adjusted by setting measurement conditions such as taking the dimming elements 35a and 35b offline.
- the above optical gain switching means 37 facilitates measurement of the infrared CD spectrum of a sample having high absorbance.
- the gain is optically changed by the dimming elements 35a, 35b, etc.
- the baseline of the spectrum is deviated.
- ⁇ Electrical gain switching means Similar to optical gain switching, electrical gain switching can also be adopted.
- the gain switching electric element 48 provided in the signal processing means 40 of FIG. 7 electrically amplifies the strength of the analog signal with respect to the wave number at which the output becomes low, and the A / D converter 45. The quantization error may be reduced.
- the chopper 32 is provided for acquiring an infrared absorption signal (DC signal), and is not limited to the position shown in FIG. 7, and may be located at any position on the optical path of the laser beam.
- DC signal infrared absorption signal
- the signal strength of the infrared CD signal is very weak, 1/1000 or less, compared to the infrared absorption signal. Chopping causes a further decrease in the intensity of the CD signal in the infrared region, and at the same time, the SN ratio is also reduced.
- the passing rate of the chopper 32 is set to 70% or more based on the test results using the rotary choppers having three passing rates (50%, 75%, 83%).
- FIG. 18 shows an example of a rotary chopper with a passing rate (also called Duty) of 83% used in the chopping test.
- the rib portion extending in five directions from the central portion functions as a light-shielding portion.
- FIG. 19 shows changes in the intensities of the DC signal and the AC signal extracted from the detected signal.
- the fluctuation of the signal strength in the three sweep wave numbers (1595 cm -1 , 1600 cm -1 , 1605 cm -1 ) is within the allowable range, and the appropriate DC signal (Fig. (A)) and AC signal (same).
- Figure (B)) could be obtained.
- the signal processing means 40 of FIG. 7 further includes a storage unit 49 having a known absorption peak wave number of water or water vapor, and a determination unit 51 for determining whether or not the sweep wave number of the laser light matches these absorption peak wave numbers. And an avoidance unit 52 for avoiding the influence of the absorption peak when they match.
- the determination unit 51 and the avoidance unit 52 are incorporated in the arithmetic processing means 47.
- the influence of the absorption peak of water or water vapor on the infrared CD measurement of the present embodiment is large. Especially in the "no purge" state, the individual absorption peaks are sharp and are detected very sensitively.
- the avoidance unit 52 uses the infrared region CD value obtained by the laser light of the sweep wave number before and after the absorption peak wave number of water or water vapor, and sets the average value or the like as the infrared region CD in the absorption peak wave number of water or water vapor. Calculate as a value. As a result, it is possible to reduce water or water vapor noise caused by the sharpness of the detection sensitivity of the QCL laser beam.
- FIG. 20 (A) shows a line acquired by sweeping the wave number in 0.5 cm -1 step.
- the lines of FIGS. 20 (B) to 20 (D) are lines obtained by extracting only the strength information for 1.0 cm -1 step from FIG. 20 (A).
- the line in FIG. 20B is before the avoidance process.
- the storage unit 49 stores in advance two sets of wave numbers to be avoided as shown in Table 2 (removal 1 and removal 2). These wavenumber sets contain wavenumber information that can empirically produce particularly large water vapor peaks.
- the water vapor peak at the wave number of removal 1 is larger than the water vapor peak at the wave number of removal 2.
- the determination unit 51 extracts the intensity information of the wave number point corresponding to the peak wave number of the removal 1 from the line of FIG. 20 (B).
- the avoidance unit 52 calculates the average value of the intensity information of the wave number points on both sides of the peak wave number for each extracted intensity information. Then, the extracted intensity information is replaced with the average value.
- FIG. 20C shows a line after avoidance processing for the wave number set of removal 1.
- the determination unit 51 further extracts the intensity information of the wave number point corresponding to the peak wave number of the removal 2.
- the avoidance unit 52 calculates the average value of the intensity information of the wave number points on both sides of the peak wave number for each extracted intensity information, and replaces the extracted intensity information with the average value.
- FIG. 20D shows a line for which avoidance processing has been performed for the wave number set of removal 2.
- FIGS. 20 (A) to 20 (D) correspond to the measured DC signals in this embodiment. Therefore, changes in AC / DC signals are also shown in FIGS. 21 (A) to 21 (D) under the same conditions.
- FIG. 21 (A) shows an AC / DC signal acquired by a wavenumber sweep of 0.5 cm -1 step.
- FIG. 21B shows an AC / DC signal extracted from FIG. 21A for 1.0 cm -1 step.
- FIG. 21C shows an AC / DC signal that has been evaded for the wavenumber set of removal 1.
- FIG. 21D shows an AC / DC signal that has been evaded for the wave number set of removal 2.
- the waveform of the AC / DC signal is generally improved by executing the avoidance process. Since the peak of 1531 cm -1 in FIG. 21 (D) is at the wavenumber point where the absorption of water vapor is not so large, it is considered to be caused by the fluctuation on the QCL side.
- CD measurement optical system 14 Polarization modulator (PEM) 15 Sample chamber 17 MCT detector 20 Fourier transform type light source system 30 Laser light source system 32 Chopper 35 Dimmer set (optical element for gain switching) 35a, 35b Dimming element 37 Switching means 40 Signal processing means (signal processing unit) 48 Gain switching electric element 49 Storage unit 51 Judgment unit 52 Avoidance unit QCL Quantum cascade laser (laser light source)
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Abstract
Description
A=εcL=-log10(I/I0) ・・・(1)
式中のLは光路長、cはモル濃度、εはモル吸光係数、I0は入射光の強度、Iは出射光の強度を示す。例えば、溶液試料の場合、モル濃度cまたはセルの光路長Lを変更して、試料の吸光度Aを高くても1.5~2未満に調整する。これに対し、水を溶媒とするタンパク質等の試料測定では、吸光度が2を超えることが多く、赤外域のCD信号を得ることが困難な状況である。
試料が配置される試料室と、
掃引された特定波数の前記レーザー光が試料を透過する前後のいずれかにおいて当該レーザー光の偏光状態を変調させる偏光変調子と、
前記試料を透過して偏光状態を変調されたレーザー光の強度変化を検出する検出器と、
前記検出器の検出信号から変調周波数と同期する交流成分(AC)と直流成分(DC)とを抽出し、両者の比(AC/DC)に基づいて試料の赤外域円二色性の値を算出する信号処理部と、を備えることを特徴とする。
前記ゲイン切替用光学素子をレーザー光の掃引波数に応じて切り替えて、前記検出器に入る光量を調整する切替手段と、を備えることが好ましい。
水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数を保有する記憶部と、
レーザー光の掃引波数が前記水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数に一致するかを判断する判断部と、
一致した場合に当該吸収ピークの影響を回避する処理を実行する回避部と、を有し、
前記回避部は、前記水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数の前後の掃引波数のレーザー光による赤外域CD値に基づいて、水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数における赤外域CD値を算出するように構成されていることが好ましい。
本発明の各実施形態について図面を用いて説明する。まず、図1に赤外域のCD測定装置を構成するCD測定光学系10を示す。CD測定光学系10は、測定光の光軸に沿って、可動ブロック11上の光学素子、光学フィルター12、偏光子13、PEM14、試料室15、集光レンズ16、MCT検出器17の順に配置されている。測定光として、「赤外干渉波の光」および「赤外レーザー光」から選択可能に構成されている。
図7に基づく実験装置を使って、窒素ガス置換(N2パージ)にかかる時間と、その有効性について評価した。実験装置では、QCLの出力波数域を1750-1500cm-1とし、チョッパーのチョッピング周波数を500Hzとし、減光器(例えばNDフィルター)の透過率を2%とした。試料室にはサンプルを置かず、PEMは駆動させないで、レーザー光をMCT検出器で検出した。
次に、レーザー光源系30へのN2パージの有効性の評価を個別に行った。図12に示す実験装置を用いた。レーザー光の波数を1635cm-1に固定して、レーザー光源系30の筐体内をN2パージする。筐体内部の光路上に、4倍エキスパンド用の一対の反射鏡を設置して、ビーム径を4倍に拡張させる。レーザー光の強度を、レーザー光源系30の出口に置かれたパワーメーター(サーモパイル型検出器)で検出する。
図7の構成の赤外域CD測定装置を使って、クロロホルム溶媒にビ-2-ナフトール(Bi-2-naphtol)を溶かした溶液試料の赤外域CDスペクトルを測定した。この装置では、QCLのレーザー光の波数域を1650-1500cm-1とし、チョッパーのチョッピング周波数を500Hzとし、減光器(例えばNDフィルター)の透過率を2%(98%減光)とした。PEMの変調周波数を50kHzとして、試料の透過光をMCT検出器で検出した。
本実施形態の装置を使って、吸光度4に調整したアミノ酸の溶液試料(Fmoc-Leucine)を0.0001ΔAの分解能で赤外域CDスペクトル測定した結果を図16に示す。
図17(A),(B)に、本実施形態の装置を使って、ピネンの溶液試料((-)-α-pinene)を積算時間20分で赤外域CDスペクトル測定した結果を示す。MCT検出器の素子サイズを2種類(直径1mm、直径0.2mm)用いたが、どちらの測定も、短い積算時間で感度のよい赤外域CDスペクトルが得られた。
本実施形態において特徴的な図3の減光器セット35の切替手段37について説明する。減光器セット35は、1ないし複数の減光素子35a,35bから構成され、かつ、個々の減光器35a,35bをオンライン/オフラインに独立して切り替え可能な切替手段37が設けられている。例えば、透過率2%の2枚の減光素子35a,35bを用いる。2枚同時にオンラインにした場合の合計透過率が0.04%になるため、切替手段37は、減光器セット35による合計透過率を100%、2%、0.04%の3通りに切り替え可能である。なお、減光器セット35は、レーザー光の光路上のいずれかの位置に配置されていればよい。
光学的なゲイン切り替えと同様に、電気的なゲインの切り替えを採用することもできる。例えば、図7の信号処理手段40に設けられたゲイン切替用電気素子48が、低出力になる波数に対して、アナログ信号の強度を電気的に増幅させて、A/D変換器45での量子化誤差を低減させるようにしてもよい。
次に、チョッパー32の通過率の設定について説明する。チョッパー32は、赤外吸収信号(DC信号)を取得するために設けられており、図7の位置に限られず、レーザー光の光路上のいずれかの位置にあればよい。
本実施形態において特徴的な水等の吸収ピークの影響回避手段について説明する。図7の信号処理手段40は、さらに、水または水蒸気の既知の吸収ピーク波数を保有する記憶部49と、レーザー光の掃引波数がこれらの吸収ピーク波数に一致するかどうかを判断する判断部51と、一致した場合に吸収ピークの影響を回避させる回避部52とを有する。判断部51および回避部52は、演算処理手段47に組み込まれている。
14 偏光変調子(PEM)
15 試料室
17 MCT検出器
20 フーリエ変換型の光源系
30 レーザー光源系
32 チョッパー
35 減光器セット(ゲイン切替用光学素子)
35a,35b 減光素子
37 切替手段
40 信号処理手段(信号処理部)
48 ゲイン切替用電気素子
49 記憶部
51 判断部
52 回避部
QCL 量子カスケードレーザー(レーザー光源)
Claims (8)
- 試料の少なくとも1つの吸収ピークを含む赤外波数域内でレーザー光の波数を掃引可能なレーザー光源と、
試料が配置される試料室と、
掃引された特定波数の前記レーザー光が試料を透過する前後のいずれかにおいて当該レーザー光の偏光状態を変調させる偏光変調子と、
前記試料を透過して偏光状態を変調されたレーザー光の強度変化を検出する検出器と、
前記検出器の検出信号から変調周波数と同期する交流成分(AC)と直流成分(DC)とを抽出し、両者の比(AC/DC)に基づいて試料の赤外域円二色性の値を算出する信号処理部と、を備える、
ことを特徴とする赤外域の円二色性測定装置。 - 前記レーザー光源が、量子カスケードレーザー(QCL)であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の赤外領域の円二色性測定装置。
- 前記レーザー光源からレーザー光を最大パワーの連続モードで出力した際の平均出力が、1mW以上であり、
当該レーザー光の発振線幅が、0.05~4.0cm-1である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の赤外領域の円二色性測定装置。 - 前記信号処理部が、掃引される特定波数毎に前記赤外域円二色性の値を算出して、試料の赤外域CDスペクトルを取得する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の赤外域の円二色性測定装置。 - さらに、レーザー光の光路上のいずれかの位置に配置されたゲイン切替用光学素子と、
前記ゲイン切替用光学素子をレーザー光の掃引波数に応じて切り替えて、前記検出器に入る光量を調整する切替手段と、を備える、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の赤外域の円二色性測定装置。 - 前記信号処理部は、レーザー光の掃引波数に応じてアナログ信号の強度を電気的に切り替えて、AD変換時の量子化誤差を低減させるゲイン切替用電気素子を備える、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の赤外域の円二色性測定装置。 - さらに、レーザー光の光路上のいずれかの位置に配置されたチョッパーを備え、当該チョッパーの通過率が70%以上である、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の赤外域の円二色性測定装置。 - 前記信号処理部は、
水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数を保有する記憶部と、
レーザー光の掃引波数が前記水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数に一致するかを判断する判断部と、
一致した場合に当該吸収ピークの影響を回避する処理を実行する回避部と、を有し、
前記回避部は、前記水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数の前後の掃引波数のレーザー光による赤外域CD値に基づいて、水または水蒸気の吸収ピーク波数における赤外域CD値を算出する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の赤外域の円二色性測定装置。
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