WO2022057278A1 - 一种快充石墨及电池 - Google Patents

一种快充石墨及电池 Download PDF

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WO2022057278A1
WO2022057278A1 PCT/CN2021/092566 CN2021092566W WO2022057278A1 WO 2022057278 A1 WO2022057278 A1 WO 2022057278A1 CN 2021092566 W CN2021092566 W CN 2021092566W WO 2022057278 A1 WO2022057278 A1 WO 2022057278A1
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graphite
fast
negative electrode
charging
positive electrode
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PCT/CN2021/092566
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张传健
张�浩
刘娇
唐文
江柯成
姚毅
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江苏正力新能电池技术有限公司
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Priority to EP21868116.1A priority Critical patent/EP4156341A1/en
Publication of WO2022057278A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022057278A1/zh
Priority to US18/064,670 priority patent/US20230112637A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/20—Graphite
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    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
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    • H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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    • H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of batteries, and in particular relates to a fast-charging graphite and a battery.
  • lithium ions need to be embedded in the layered structure of the graphite negative electrode in a short time. If the graphite kinetics is poor, the lithium ions cannot be embedded in the graphite bulk phase to form Li x C compounds, and metal lithium is precipitated on the surface of the pole piece. dendrites, thereby affecting the cycle stability and safety of the cell. Therefore, the solid-phase diffusion of lithium ions in the graphite material easily becomes the controlling step of the whole electrode reaction, which directly affects the charging speed of the battery. Improving the diffusion kinetics of graphite anodes and developing high-performance fast-charging graphite are the primary tasks to improve the charging speed of electric vehicles.
  • the research on fast-charged graphite mainly focuses on the surface coating and OI value orientation research.
  • the crushing of raw material petroleum coke or pitch coke with smaller particle size is preferred to shorten the migration path of lithium ions in and out, and through graphitization High temperature treatment improves the discharge capacity and efficiency of the negative electrode material, and overcomes the graphite anisotropy caused by graphitization high temperature treatment through carbon coating and granulation, thereby improving the charging rate performance of the material;
  • Another example is the patent CN108832075.
  • the OI value of the negative electrode film is preferably a graphite negative electrode with fast charging capability.
  • the degree of graphitization is a measure of the degree to which the carbonaceous material has been rearranged from amorphous carbon through its structure so that its crystals are close to perfect graphite.
  • the higher the degree of graphitization the closer the carbon material is to the ideal graphite crystal, which is not conducive to the rapid insertion and extraction of lithium ions.
  • the diffusion of lithium ions in the active material is an important reaction process, and it is also the limiting link of the chemical reaction inside the lithium ion battery. Therefore, the lithium ion diffusion coefficient is an important parameter of the active material of the lithium ion battery. The battery rate performance is of great significance.
  • One of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a fast-charging graphite, the graphite material has good fast-charging performance, and a battery made of the graphite has excellent dynamic performance, charging ability and cycle life.
  • the second purpose of the present invention is to provide a battery with excellent dynamic performance, charging ability and cycle life.
  • a fast-charging graphite the graphitization degree g of the fast-charging graphite is 90% to 97%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charging graphite under the condition of 25° C. and 10% SOC is 2.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 cm 2 /s ⁇ 8.7 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 92% to 94%.
  • the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25° C. and 10% SOC is 7.6 ⁇ 10 -13 cm 2 /s ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the particle size D50 of the fast-charged graphite is 1-20 ⁇ m.
  • the fast-charged graphite is at least one of artificial graphite, natural graphite and modified graphite.
  • a battery comprising a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator disposed at intervals between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and an electrolyte, the negative electrode sheet comprising a negative electrode current collector and at least one electrode coated on the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode active material further includes at least one of hard carbon, soft carbon, silicon carbon material and silicon oxygen material.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer coated on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode active material.
  • the active material includes LiFePO 4 and/or Li a Ni x Co y M 1-xy O 2 , wherein, 0.95 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 1, M is Al and/or Mn.
  • the negative electrode current collector includes at least one of copper foil, carbon paper and copper-coated polymer film.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes at least one of aluminum foil, nickel foil and aluminized polymer film.
  • the present invention at least has the following beneficial effects:
  • the present invention provides a kind of fast-charged graphite, and its graphitization degree and diffusion coefficient are limited within a reasonable range. fast charging performance; on the other hand, the graphite material has a high and stable capacity.
  • the present invention provides a battery, and the negative electrode sheet adopts the fast-charging graphite of the present invention as an active material, so that the battery has good kinetic performance, charging ability and cycle stability.
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a fast-charged graphite, the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 90%-97% and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25° C. and 10% SOC is 2.3 ⁇ 10 -14 cm 2 /s ⁇ 8.7 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the degree of graphitization can be obtained according to the XRD test, that is, after the correction of the diffraction peak position of the (111) crystal plane of the Si standard sample, the interplanar spacing d(002) of the (002) crystal plane of the graphite in the XRD pattern is obtained, and then calculated according to the degree of graphitization formula Calculate the degree of graphitization.
  • the interplanar spacing of graphite (002) diffraction peak is calibrated by Si sample
  • ⁇ c is the diffraction angle of graphite (002) crystal plane
  • ⁇ Si is the diffraction angle of (111) crystal plane of Si sample
  • the diffusion coefficient D can be obtained according to the GITT test, that is, graphite is made into a pole piece, and the GITT test is carried out in a button battery, standing for 10h, 0.1C constant current titration for 10min, and continuing to stand for 10h to make the current reach a stable state, according to the diffusion coefficient formula
  • the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D was calculated at 25°C and 10% SOC.
  • D is the diffusion coefficient
  • ⁇ is the pulse time
  • m, V m , and M are the mass, molar volume and molar mass of the active material, respectively
  • A is the area of the electrode material
  • ⁇ E s and ⁇ E ⁇ are the relaxation and pulse phases, respectively. voltage changes.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is preferably 92% to 94%.
  • the graphitization is too low, the graphite interlayer spacing is large, the structure is loose, the capacity is low, and the cycle stability is poor; when the graphitization is too high, the graphite interlayer spacing is small, which is not conducive to the rapid insertion and extraction of lithium ions.
  • the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite under the condition of 25°C and 10% SOC is preferably 7.6 ⁇ 10 -13 cm 2 /s ⁇ 6 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s. If the diffusion coefficient is too low, it obviously affects the lithium ion diffusion rate of the graphite material, and when the diffusion coefficient is too high, the graphite layer spacing is too large, which reduces the material capacity.
  • the particle size D50 of the fast-charging graphite is 1-20 ⁇ m.
  • the fast-charged graphite is at least one of artificial graphite, natural graphite and modified graphite.
  • a second aspect of the present invention provides a battery, comprising a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, a separator spaced between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and an electrolyte, the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and is coated on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode material layer, the negative electrode material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes the fast charging graphite described in the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the negative electrode active material further includes at least one of hard carbon, soft carbon, silicon carbon material and silicon oxygen material.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material layer coated on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material includes LiFePO 4 and/or or Li a Ni x Co y M 1-xy O 2 , wherein 0.95 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 1, and M is Al and/or Mn.
  • the negative electrode current collector includes at least one of copper foil, carbon paper and copper-coated polymer film.
  • the negative electrode current collector is copper foil.
  • the positive electrode current collector includes at least one of aluminum foil, nickel foil and aluminized polymer film.
  • the positive electrode current collector is aluminum foil.
  • both the negative electrode material layer and the positive electrode material layer further include a binder and a conductive agent, the types and proportions of which are determined according to actual needs.
  • the specific types and compositions of the electrolyte and the separator are not specifically limited, and can be selected according to actual needs.
  • the fast-charging graphite, the aqueous dispersion of acrylonitrile multi-copolymer (LA133), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and conductive carbon black (SP) were mixed according to the mass ratio of 96.2:1.5:1.5:0.8 and water was added as The slurry was prepared by solvent, coated on copper foil, and dried and cold pressed to a compacted density of 1.65 g/cc.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 92.3%
  • the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 6 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the positive electrode material NCM523, polyvinylidene fluoride binder (PVDF), conductive carbon black (SP), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were mixed in a mass ratio of 97.8:0.9:0.8:0.5, and NMP was added as a solvent to prepare a slurry , and coated on aluminum foil, dried and cold pressed to a compacted density of 3.4g/cc.
  • the prepared negative electrode sheet and positive electrode sheet are separated by a polyethylene separator to assemble a battery, and a finished battery is obtained through a process such as injecting liquid into a volume.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 93.1%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 4.6 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 94.2%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 8.6 ⁇ 10 -13 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 90.5%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 8.3 ⁇ 10 -13 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 96%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 6.1 ⁇ 10 -14 cm 2 /s.
  • the negative electrode active material also includes hard carbon.
  • the negative electrode active material also includes a silicon carbon material.
  • the negative electrode active material also includes a silicon oxide material.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 98.7%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 6.1 ⁇ 10 -14 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 96.6%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 9.6 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of the fast-charged graphite is 88%, and the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 1.2 ⁇ 10 -14 cm 2 /s.
  • the graphitization degree g of fast-charged graphite is 88%.
  • the graphitization degree g of fast-charged graphite is 98%.
  • the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of fast-charged graphite is 2.2 ⁇ 10 -14 cm 2 /s at 25°C and 10% SOC.
  • the lithium ion diffusion coefficient D of the fast-charged graphite at 25°C and 10% SOC is 8.8 ⁇ 10 -12 cm 2 /s.
  • Cycle stability test charge the battery to 100% SOC with 3C current and discharge it to 0% SOC with 1C current for cycle test, until the battery capacity decays to 80% of the initial capacity, stop the test, and record the cycle test cycle number. The larger the cycle number, the better the cycle stability.
  • the prepared battery has a small area for lithium deposition and slow capacity decay. It can be seen from this that the fast-charging graphite of the present invention is used
  • the battery has better kinetic performance, better charging ability, and better cycle stability. When at least one of the degree of graphitization and the diffusion coefficient is too high or too low, the effect obtained is poor. In other words, if and only when the graphitization degree and diffusion coefficient of the fast-charged graphite are controlled within the ranges defined by the present invention, it is possible to ensure that the kinetic performance, charging ability and cycle stability of the battery are improved.
  • the lithium deposition area of the battery is the smallest and the cycle number is the largest, that is to say, the battery has the best kinetic performance and the best charging performance.
  • the present invention simultaneously controls the graphitization degree and diffusion coefficient of the fast-charging graphite within a reasonable range to ensure that the fast-charging graphite has good fast-charging performance, and at the same time, the lithium-ion battery made of this graphite has both excellent cycle life and dynamic performance.

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Abstract

一种快充石墨，所述快充石墨的石墨化度g为90％～97％以及所述快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为2.3×10 -14cm 2/s～8.7×10 -12cm 2/s。另外，本申请还涉及一种电池，包括正极片、负极片、间隔设置于所述正极片和所述负极片之间隔膜，以及电解液，所述负极片包括负极集流体以及涂覆于所述负极集流体至少一表面的负极材料层，所述负极材料层包括负极活性物质，所述负极活性物质包括本发明所述的快充石墨。相比于现有技术，本申请的石墨材料具有良好的快充性能，采用该石墨制作的电池兼具优秀的动力学性能、充电能力和循环寿命。

Description

一种快充石墨及电池
本申请要求于2020年9月21日提交中国专利局、申请号为202010992949.X、发明名称为“一种快充石墨及电池”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明属于电池技术领域，尤其涉及一种快充石墨及电池。
背景技术
随着材料开发技术和电芯制造技术的不断升级，动力电池的能量密度显著提升，目前主流量产乘用车续航里程已经从早期的150km提升到400km，基本可以满足消费者的续航里程要求。然而，充电速度作为影响用户体验的另一个重要因素，仍然一直被消费者诟病。
快充时，锂离子需要在短时间内嵌入到石墨负极层状结构中，如果石墨动力学较差，锂离子就来不及嵌入石墨体相形成Li xC化合物，而在极片表面析出形成金属锂枝晶，从而影响电芯的循环稳定性和安全性。因此，锂离子在石墨材料中的固相扩散容易成为整个电极反应的控制步骤，直接影响电池充电速度。改善石墨负极的扩散动力学，开发高性能的快充石墨是提高电动汽车充电速度的首要工作。
目前，关于快充石墨的研究主要集中在表面包覆和OI值取向研究，如专利CN106981632通过优选颗粒粒径较小的原料石油焦或沥青焦粉碎，缩短锂离子进出迁移的路径，通过石墨化高温处理提高负极材料的放电容量和效率，并通过炭包覆造粒克服石墨化高温处理带来的石墨各向异性，从而改善材料的充电倍率性能；又如专利CN108832075则通过研究正极膜片和负极膜片的OI值，优选出具有快充能力的石墨负极。
然而，关于与石墨扩散动力学相关的其他特性石墨化度g以及锂离子扩散系数D等相关研究较少。一方面，石墨化度是衡量碳素物质从无定形碳通过结构重排，其晶体接近完美石墨的程度。石墨化度越高，碳素材料越接近于理想石墨晶体，不利于锂离子的快速嵌入和脱出。另一方面，锂离子在活性物质内的扩散是一个重要的反应过程，也是锂离子电池内部化 学反应的限制环节，因此，锂离子扩散系数是锂离子电池活性物质重要的一个参数，对锂离子电池倍率性能有着重要的意义。
有鉴于此，确有必要根据材料的几大重要物性选择出可以满足性能要求的快充石墨。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一在于：提供一种快充石墨，该石墨材料具有良好的快充性能，采用该石墨制作的电池兼具优秀的动力学性能、充电能力和循环寿命。
本发明的目的之二在于：提供一种电池，兼具优秀的动力学性能、充电能力和循环寿命。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用以下技术方案：
一种快充石墨，所述快充石墨的石墨化度g为90％～97％以及所述快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为2.3×10 -14cm 2/s～8.7×10 -12cm 2/s。
作为本发明所述的快充石墨的一种改进，所述快充石墨的石墨化度g为92％～94％。
作为本发明所述的快充石墨的一种改进，所述快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为7.6×10 -13cm 2/s～6×10 -12cm 2/s。
作为本发明所述的快充石墨的一种改进，所述快充石墨的粒径D50为1～20μm。
作为本发明所述的快充石墨的一种改进，所述快充石墨为人造石墨、天然石墨和改性石墨中的至少一种。
一种电池，包括正极片、负极片、间隔设置于所述正极片和所述负极片之间隔膜，以及电解液，所述负极片包括负极集流体以及涂覆于所述负极集流体至少一表面的负极材料层，所述负极材料层包括负极活性物质，所述负极活性物质包括说明书前文任一段所述的快充石墨。
作为本发明所述的电池的一种改进，所述负极活性物质还包括硬碳、软碳、硅碳材料和硅氧材料中的至少一种。
作为本发明所述的电池的一种改进，所述正极片包括正极集流体以及 涂覆于所述正极集流体至少一表面的正极材料层，所述正极材料层包括正极活性物质，所述正极活性物质包括LiFePO 4和/或Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2，其中，0.95≤a≤1.2，0<x<1，0<y<1，0<x+y<1，M为Al和/或Mn。
作为本发明所述的电池的一种改进，所述负极集流体包括铜箔、碳纸和镀铜高分子膜中的至少一种。
作为本发明所述的电池的一种改进，所述正极集流体包括铝箔、镍箔和镀铝高分子膜中的至少一种。
相比于现有技术，本发明至少具有以下有益效果：
1)本发明提供一种快充石墨，将其石墨化度和扩散系数限定在合理的范围内，一方面，使得石墨层间距合适，有利于锂离子的快速嵌入和脱出，从而使得石墨具有良好的快充性能；另一方面，使得石墨材料容量较高且稳定。
2)本发明提供一种电池，负极片采用本发明的快充石墨作为活性物质，从而使得电池具有良好的动力学性能、充电能力和循环稳定性。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明作进一步详细的描述。
1、快充石墨
本发明的第一方面提供一种快充石墨，快充石墨的石墨化度g为90％～97％以及快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为2.3×10 -14cm 2/s～8.7×10 -12cm 2/s。
石墨化度可以根据XRD测试得到，即根据Si标准样品(111)晶面衍射峰位置修正后，得到XRD图谱中石墨(002)晶面的晶面间距d(002)，再根据石墨化度计算公式
Figure PCTCN2021092566-appb-000001
计算得到石墨化度。
其中，
Figure PCTCN2021092566-appb-000002
首先通过Si样品标定石墨(002)衍射峰晶面间距，θ c是石墨(002)晶面衍射角，θ Si是Si样品(111)晶面的衍射角，λ是铜Kα1和Kα2的平均波长λ＝0.15418nm。
扩散系数D可以根据GITT测试得到，即将石墨制成极片，在扣式电池中进行GITT测试，静置10h，0.1C恒流滴定10min，继续静置10h使电流达到稳定状态，根据扩散系数公式
Figure PCTCN2021092566-appb-000003
计算得到25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D。
其中，D为扩散系数，τ是脉冲时间，m、V m、M分别是活性物质的质量，摩尔体积和摩尔质量，A是电极材料面积，ΔE s和ΔE τ分别为驰豫及脉冲阶段的电压变化。
在本发明的快充石墨中，快充石墨的石墨化度g优选为92％～94％。石墨化度过低时，石墨层间距较大，结构松散，容量较低，循环稳定性差；石墨化度过高时，石墨层间距较小，不利于锂离子的快速嵌入和脱出。
在本发明的快充石墨中，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D优选为7.6×10 -13cm 2/s～6×10 -12cm 2/s。扩散系数过低，显然影响石墨材料的锂离子扩散速率，而扩散系数过高时，石墨层间距偏大，降低材料容量。
在本发明的快充石墨中，快充石墨的粒径D50为1～20μm。
在本发明的快充石墨中，快充石墨为人造石墨、天然石墨和改性石墨中的至少一种。
2、电池
本发明的第二方面提供一种电池，包括正极片、负极片、间隔设置于正极片和负极片之间隔膜，以及电解液，负极片包括负极集流体以及涂覆于负极集流体至少一表面的负极材料层，负极材料层包括负极活性物质，负极活性物质包括本发明第一方面所述的快充石墨。
在本发明的电池中，负极活性物质还包括硬碳、软碳、硅碳材料和硅氧材料中的至少一种。
在本发明的电池中，正极片包括正极集流体以及涂覆于所述正极集流体至少一表面的正极材料层，所述正极材料层包括正极活性物质，所述正 极活性物质包括LiFePO 4和/或Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2，其中，0.95≤a≤1.2，0<x<1，0<y<1，0<x+y<1，M为Al和/或Mn。
在本发明的电池中，负极集流体包括铜箔、碳纸和镀铜高分子膜中的至少一种。优选的，负极集流体为铜箔。
在本发明的电池中，正极集流体包括铝箔、镍箔和镀铝高分子膜中的至少一种。优选的，正极集流体为铝箔。
在本发明的电池中，负极材料层和正极材料层均还包括粘结剂和导电剂，其种类和比例根据实际需求决定。
在本发明的电池中，电解液以及隔离膜的具体种类及组成均不受到具体的限制，可根据实际需求进行选择。
下面结合实施例，进一步阐述本发明。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
负极片的制备：
将快充石墨、丙烯腈多元共聚物的水分散液(LA133)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)与导电炭黑(SP)按照96.2：1.5：1.5：0.8的质量比混合并加入水作为溶剂制备浆料，并涂覆于铜箔上，烘干冷压至压实密度1.65g/cc。快充石墨的石墨化度g为92.3％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为6×10 -12cm 2/s。
正极片的制备：
将正极材料NCM523、聚偏二氟乙烯粘结剂(PVDF)、导电炭黑(SP)、碳纳米管(CNT)按照97.8：0.9：0.8：0.5的质量比混合并加入NMP作为溶剂制备浆料，并涂覆于铝箔上，烘干冷压至压实密度3.4g/cc。
将制得的负极片和正极片通过聚乙烯隔膜分隔组装电池并经过注液化成分容等工艺，得到成品电池。
实施例2
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为93.1％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为4.6×10 -12cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例3
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为94.2％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为8.6×10 -13cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例4
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为90.5％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为8.3×10 -13cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例5
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为96％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为6.1×10 -14cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例6
与实施例1不同的是：
负极活性物质还包括硬碳。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例7
与实施例1不同的是：
负极活性物质还包括硅碳材料。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
实施例8
与实施例1不同的是：
负极活性物质还包括硅氧材料。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例1
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为98.7％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为6.1×10 -14cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例2
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为96.6％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为9.6×10 -12cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例3
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为88％，快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为1.2×10 -14cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例4
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为88％。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例5
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨的石墨化度g为98％。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例6
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为2.2×10 -14cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
对比例7
与实施例1不同的是：
快充石墨在25℃10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为8.8×10 -12cm 2/s。
其余同实施例1，这里不再赘述。
性能测试
对实施例和对比例制得的电池进行以下测试：
1)充电能力性能测试，在25℃，将电池分别以5C电流充电至100％SOC，再以1C放电至0％SOC，重复十次之后，再将电池以5C电流充电至100％SOC，然后拆解电极并观察负极片状态，根据析锂区面积确定各实施例和对比例的动力学性能。析锂面积越多，表明动力学差，充电能力越差，析锂面积越小，表明动力学性能较好，充电能力好。
2)循环稳定性测试，将电池分别以3C电流充电至100％SOC，1C电流放电至0％SOC进行循环测试，直到电池容量衰减为初始容量的80％，停止测试，记录循环测试周数。循环周数越大，表明循环稳定性越好。
以上测试结果见表1。
表1测试结果
Figure PCTCN2021092566-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2021092566-appb-000005
由表1的测试结果可以看出，采用本发明的快充石墨作为负极活性物质，其制得的电池析锂面积小，容量衰减慢，由此看出采用本发明的快充石墨制得的电池动力学性能较好，充电能力好，循环稳定性越好。当石墨化度和扩散系数中有至少一者过高或过低时，其得到的效果都较差。换言之，当且仅当快充石墨的石墨化度和扩散系数都控制在本发明限定的范围内时，才能确保电池的动力学性能、充电能力和循环稳定性有所改善。特别地，当石墨化程度为92.3％且扩散系数为6×10 -12cm 2/s时，电池的析锂面积最小，循环周数最大，也就是说，电池的动力学性能最好、充电能力最好、循环稳定性也最好。这是因为：1)石墨化度过低时，石墨层间距较大，结构松散，容量较低，循环稳定性差；石墨化度过高时，石墨层间距较小，不利于锂离子的快速嵌入和脱出；2)扩散系数过低，显然影响石墨材料的锂离子扩散速率，而扩散系数过高时，石墨层间距偏大，降低材料容量。因此，本发明将快充石墨的石墨化度和扩散系数同时控制在合理的范围内，确保快充石墨具有良好的快充性能，同时采用该石墨制作的锂离子电池兼具优秀的循环寿命和动力学性能。
根据上述说明书的揭示和教导，本发明所属领域的技术人员还能够对上述实施方式进行变更和修改。因此，本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，凡是本领域技术人员在本发明的基础上所作出的任何显而易见的改进、替换或变型均属于本发明的保护范围。此外，尽管本说明书中使用了一些特定的术语，但这些术语只是为了方便说明，并不对本发明构成任何限制。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种快充石墨，其特征在于，所述快充石墨的石墨化度g为90％～97％以及所述快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为2.3×10 -14cm 2/s～8.7×10 -12cm 2/s。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的快充石墨，其特征在于，所述快充石墨的石墨化度g为92％～94％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的快充石墨，其特征在于，所述快充石墨在25℃以及10％SOC条件下的锂离子扩散系数D为7.6×10 -13cm 2/s～6×10 -12cm 2/s。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的快充石墨，其特征在于，所述快充石墨的粒径D50为1～20μm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的快充石墨，其特征在于，所述快充石墨为人造石墨、天然石墨和改性石墨中的至少一种。
  6. 一种电池，包括正极片、负极片、间隔设置于所述正极片和所述负极片之间隔膜，以及电解液，其特征在于：所述负极片包括负极集流体以及涂覆于所述负极集流体至少一表面的负极材料层，所述负极材料层包括负极活性物质，所述负极活性物质包括权利要求1～5任一项所述的快充石墨。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的电池，其特征在于，所述负极活性物质还包括硬碳、软碳、硅碳材料和硅氧材料中的至少一种。
  8. 根据权利要求6所述的电池，其特征在于，所述正极片包括正极集流体以及涂覆于所述正极集流体至少一表面的正极材料层，所述正极材料层包括正极活性物质，所述正极活性物质包括LiFePO 4和/或Li aNi xCo yM 1-x-yO 2，其中，0.95≤a≤1.2，0<x<1，0<y<1，0<x+y<1，M为Al和/或Mn。
  9. 根据权利要求6所述的电池，其特征在于，所述负极集流体包括铜箔、碳纸和镀铜高分子膜中的至少一种。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的电池，其特征在于，所述正极集流体包括铝箔、镍箔和镀铝高分子膜中的至少一种。
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