Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D307/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/32—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D307/33—Oxygen atoms in position 2, the oxygen atom being in its keto or unsubstituted enol form
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D307/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/32—Oxygen atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/365—Lactones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of antineoplastic compounds, in particular to antitumoral ascorbic acid esters and antitumoral compositions comprising said esters.
• the invention also relates to the use of said esters and said compositions for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of cancer.
• Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
• the most conventional options of cancer treatment are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• Each of these therapies has varying degrees of efficacy and is accompanied with multiple side effects. These side effects, together with the multidrug resistance already disclosed for traditional chemotherapy, have prompted urgent needs for novel anticancer drugs or therapeutic approaches.
• pancreatic cancer One particularly deadly type of cancer is pancreatic cancer.
• This type of cancer is a malignant growth of the pancreas that mainly occurs in the cells of the pancreatic ducts.
• This disease is the ninth most common form of cancer, yet it is the fourth and fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women, respectively. Cancer of the pancreas is almost always fatal, with a five-year survival rate that is less than 3%.
• pancreatic cancer is one of the types of cancer where there is a higher need of development of efficient therapies.
• One molecule which has been long recognized as a potential anticancer agent is ascorbic acid —also known as vitamin C.
• ascorbic acid presents a very limited bioavailability and it has been shown to induce in some conditions acute oxalate nephropathy.
• ascorbyl fatty acid esters present several drawbacks as a result of their high hydrophobicity. In particular, they are very difficult to handle and dissolve to obtain homogenous liquid compositions that can be easily administered into the patients.
• the present inventors have developed various ascorbic acid esters capable of inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
• the compounds herein provided are effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cells from various origins, such as pancreatic cancer cells, melanoma cells, colon cancer cells, or gastric cancer cells.
• the compounds of the invention are also effective when applied to metastatic cell lines, which is indicative of their capability to treat cancers in advanced stages.
• the compounds of the invention are highly specific, being capable of specifically target cancer cells. That is, the compounds are able to discriminate between normal and cancer cells. This means a great advance in the field of cancer treatment as most sideeffects of current anti-cancer therapies are due to the lack of specificity of anti-tumoral compounds. This specificity towards cancer cells also explains the experimental data provided below, supporting the non-toxicity of said compounds when they are administered to human primary cells (see Figure 13).
• the compounds herein provided in spite of comprising alkyl carbon chains, display a moderate hydrophobicity that facilitates their solubility and stability in solution, which greatly facilitates their formulation and use in the clinic.
• the invention provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a stereoisomer thereof or mixture of stereoisomers: wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; Ri is a biradical selected from the group consisting of CH2, O, NH and S; and R2 is a (C3-Cis)alkyl radical.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound as defined in the first aspect with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
• the invention provides the compound as defined in the first aspect or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in the second aspect, for use as a medicament.
• the invention provides the compound as defined in the first aspect or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in the second aspect, for use in the treatment or prevention of a neoplastic disease.
• the invention provides a preparation process of a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect, comprising a) submitting a compound of formula (II) to a esterification reaction with a compound of formula (III), and b) deprotecting the resulting compound from (a), wherein n is an integer from 0 to 10; Ri is a biradical selected from the group consisting of CH2, O, NH and S; R2 is a (C3-Cis)alkyl radical; and PG is a hydroxyl protective group.
• Fig. 1 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention at four different concentrations (first column form the left: 0.1 mM; second column form the left: 0.2 mM; third column form the left: 0.25 mM; and fourth column form the left: 0.3 mM) on the growth of IGR39 human primary melanoma cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• the y-axis represents the number of cells after 72 h of treatment as a percentage of the number of mock treated cells, which is accorded a 100% value.
• the structure of compounds l a , lb and l c is provided below.
• Fig. 2 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of IGR37 human metastatic melanoma cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig. 3 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of MW115 human primary melanoma cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y-axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 4 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of MW266.4 human metastatic melanoma cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 5 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of DLD1 human colon cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 6 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of SW480 human colon cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 7 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of HCT116 human colon cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 8 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of NLIG-C4 human gastric cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 9 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of COLO668 human lung cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y- axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 10 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of BXPC3 human pancreatic cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y-axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 11 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of CAPAN2 human pancreatic cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y-axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 12 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of RWP1 human pancreatic cancer cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y-axis equally apply to this Figure.
• Fig. 13 is a bar diagram showing the inhibitory effect of various compounds of the invention on the growth of human primary vascular endothelial cells in comparison to mock treated cells.
• Fig.1 regarding the columns, compounds, and y-axis equally apply to this Figure.
• the present invention provides ascorbic acid esters of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a stereoisomer thereof or mixture of stereoisomers, with potent cancer inhibitory activity.
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, when referred to the compound of the invention, refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and nonhuman animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of the amino or thiol group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
• organic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy- ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
• alkyl encompasses both lineal and branched hydrocarbon chains. In a particular embodiment, optionally in combination with any of the embodiments provided above or below, “alkyl” refers to lineal hydrocarbon chains.
• alkyl are: methyl (Ci), ethyl (C2), propyl (C3), isopropyl (C3), isobutyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), pentyl (C5), hexyl (Ce), heptyl (C7), octyl (Cg), nonyl (Cg), and decyl (C10), among others.
• n is from 0 to 10, from 1 to 5, or from 2 to 3. In an even more particular embodiment, n is 1 , or alternatively, n is 2.
• R1 is CH2 or O.
• compounds where R1 is CH2 are particularly advantageous in the treatment of cancer.
• R2 is selected from the group consisting of (C4- Ci2)alkyl, (C4-Cg)alkyl, (C5-Cs)alkyl or (C5-C?)alkyl. In an even more particular embodiment, R2 is (Cs)alkyl.
• n is 2, R1 is CH2, and R2 is (Cs)alkyl.
• n is 2, R1 is O, and R2 is (Cs)alkyl.
• n is 2, R1 is O, and R2 is (Cs)alkyl.
• n is 0, R1 is O, and R2 is (Cs)alkyl.
• the most preferred compounds are those selected from Table 1 :
• Compounds of the invention may be easily prepared in a flexible manner from commercial reagents by a variety of methods.
• Scheme I illustrates a particular embodiment of the process for the preparation of symmetrical compounds of formula (I):
• R is a (C3-Cis)alkyl radical.
• compositions of formula (I) can be carried out by methods known in the art. For instance, they can be prepared from the parent compound, which contains a basic moiety (NH, SH, OH), by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of them.
• the invention also provides in a second aspect a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
• composition encompasses both compositions intended for human as well as compositions for other non-human mammals (i.e. veterinarian compositions).
• therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound that, when administered, is sufficient to prevent development of, or alleviate to some extent, one or more of the symptoms of the disease which is addressed (i.e. cancer).
• the particular dose of compound administered according to this invention will of course be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the case, including the compound administered, the route of administration, the particular condition being treated, and the similar considerations.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient refers to pharmaceutically acceptable materials, compositions or vehicles. Each component must be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition. It must also be suitable for use in contact with the tissue or organ of humans and non-human animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, immunogenicity or other problems or complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like. Except insofar as any conventional excipient medium is incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this invention.
• compositions of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
• compositions include, but are not limited to, inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils.
• Excipients such as colouring agents, coating agents, sweetening, and flavouring agents can be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
• compositions containing the compound of the invention can be presented in any dosage form, for example, solid or liquid, and can be administered by any suitable route, for example, oral, parenteral, rectal, topical, intranasal or sublingual route, for which they will include the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients necessary for the formulation of the desired dosage form, for example, topical formulations (ointment, creams, lipogel, hydrogel, etc.), eye drops, aerosol sprays, injectable solutions, osmotic pumps, etc.
• suitable route for example, oral, parenteral, rectal, topical, intranasal or sublingual route, for which they will include the pharmaceutically acceptable excipients necessary for the formulation of the desired dosage form, for example, topical formulations (ointment, creams, lipogel, hydrogel, etc.), eye drops, aerosol sprays, injectable solutions, osmotic pumps, etc.
• Exemplary diluents include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, corn-starch, powdered sugar, and combinations thereof.
• Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge, cationexchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and combinations thereof.
• crospovidone cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone
• sodium carboxymethyl starch sodium starch glycolate
• Exemplary binding agents include, but are not limited to, starch (e.g., corn-starch and starch paste); gelatin; sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol); natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone), magnesium aluminium silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan); alginates; polyethylene oxide; polyethylene glycol; inorganic calcium salts; silicic acid; polymethacrylates; waxes; water; alcohol; and combinations
• Exemplary preservatives may include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives.
• Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, ascorbyl oleate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
• Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and trisodium edetate.
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• citric acid monohydrate disodium edetate
• dipotassium edetate dipotassium edetate
• edetic acid fumaric acid, malic acid
• phosphoric acid sodium edetate
• tartaric acid tartaric acid
• trisodium edetate trisodium edetate.
• Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic
• Exemplary lubricating agents include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and combinations thereof.
• a third aspect of the invention provides the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention for use as a medicament.
• the present invention provides the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention for use in the treatment or prevention of a neoplastic disease.
• the compounds of the invention specifically target cancer cells because of the metabolic changes that occur in these cells. Therefore, the compounds of the invention may be useful for treating any kind of cancer, including non-solid tumors, such as leukemia.
• treating include without limitation restraining, slowing, stopping, reducing, ameliorating, or reversing the progression or severity of an existing symptom, clinical sign, disorder, condition, or disease.
• a treatment may be applied or administered therapeutically.
• preventing include without limitation decreasing, reducing or ameliorating the risk of a symptom, clinical sings, disorder, condition, or disease, and protecting a subject from a symptom, clinical signs, disorder, condition, or disease.
• a prevention may be applied or administered prophylactically.
• This aspect can also be formulated as the use of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a neoplastic disease.
• This aspect can also be formulated as a method for treating or preventing a neoplastic disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the invention together with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers to a subject in need thereof.
• neoplastic disease refers to cancers of any kind and origin and precursor stages thereof.
• Illustrative non-limiting examples of neoplastic diseases which can be treated with the compound, conjugate and pharmaceutical composition of the invention include, although they are not limited to, papillomas, adenomas, lipomas, osteomas, myomas, angiomas, nevi, mature teratomas, carcinomas, sarcomas.
• neoplastic disease is meant to encompass both primary and metastatic tumours.
• the neoplastic disease is selected from the group consisting of pancreatic cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, gastric cancer, and lung cancer. More particularly, the neoplastic disease is pancreatic cancer.
• anticancer agents include, but are limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, growth inhibitory agents, cytotoxic agents, agents used in radiation therapy, anti-angiogenesis agents, anti-lymphangiogenesis agents, apoptotic agents, anti-tubulin agents, and other-agents to treat cancer, such as anti- HER-2 antibodies, anti-CD20 antibodies, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), HER1/EGFR inhibitor (e.g., erlotinib (TarcevaTM), platelet derived growth factor inhibitors (e.g., GleevecTM (Imatinib Mesylate)), a COX-2 inhibitor (e.g., celecoxib), interferons, cytokines, antagonists (e.g.,
• the invention provides a preparation process of a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect.
• hydroxyl protective group examples include T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Chapter 2, Protection for the Hydroxyl Group, Including 1 ,2 - and 1,3 - Diols, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 1999, pp. 17-245.
• hydroxyl protective groups include those in which the hydroxyl group is acylated or alkylated, such as phenylmethyl and triethyl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkyl ethers, such as tert-butyl dimethyl silyl (TBS), tertbutyl diphenyl (TBDPS), allyl ethers, and benzyl esters.
• acylated or alkylated such as phenylmethyl and triethyl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkyl ethers, such as tert-butyl dimethyl silyl (TBS), tertbutyl diphenyl (TBDPS), allyl ethers, and benzyl esters.
• the protecting group (PG) is benzyl ester.
• the introduction and removal of the protective group can be carried out by methods known in the technique (c.f. T. W. Greene et al.) The specific conditions depend on the protective group used.
• a Bn group when used, it can be introduced by reaction with bencyl bromide in the presence of a suitable solvent. Deprotection may take place by reaction with Pd/C in methanol.
• IPhsPCsHu 842 mg, 1.83 mmol
• THF 10 ml
• n-BuLi 731 pL, 1.83 mmol
• Compound 5 195 mg, 0.46 mmol
• THF 3 mL
• the reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of NaHCOs (20 mL) and it was extracted with ethylacetate (3x15 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure.
• the BXPC3, CAPAN2, RWP1 cell lines from human pancreatic cancer were provided by the Biomedical Research Institute (IRB) Barcelona; the MW115 and IGR39 cell lines from human primary melanoma and MW 266.4 and IGR37 from human metastatic melanoma were provided by Dr. Manel Esteller from the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) Barcelona (Vizoso M. et al., “Epigenetic activation of a cryptic TBC1 D16 transcript enhances melanoma progression by targeting EGFR” Nat Med., 2015, vol 21(7), pp. 741-50); DLDL1, SW480 and HCT116 cell lines from human colon cancer were provided by Dra.
• BXPC3, CAPAN2 and DLD1 cell lines were maintained in RPMI-1640 culture medium, SW480 and HCT116 in DMEM/HAM, RWP1 and all the melanoma cell lines were maintained in DMEM and cell culture mediums (Gibco) were all supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics.
• HUVEC and HAEC primary cells were maintained in M199 culture medium (Gibco) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS), Heparin (Hep) and antibiotics. Cultures were maintained in the cell incubator in a humid atmosphere at 37°C containing 5% CO2.
• the different compounds to be tested were easily dissolved in 100 % methanol at a concentration of 0,5 M and subsequently a 0,1 M intermediate dilution was prepared in 100% ethanol. From this latter dilution, the different treatments at the established concentrations were prepared in the corresponding supplemented medium. The different treatments were prepared at a double concentration and 100 pl of them were added to the same volume of cell growth medium in the wells to reach the final concentrations (from 0,1 to 0,3 mM - 0.1 , 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mM).
• Assays with the different compounds were performed in 96 well plates following the protocol explained below.
• the cells were resuspended by trypsin/EDTA digestion with 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA in the case of different human cancer cell lines, and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA in the case of human primary endothelial cells.
• Once resuspended in culture medium they were counted in Newbauer chamber after a 1 :1 dilution with trypan blue. This staining allows the number of living cells in the suspension to be known.
• a suitable dilution of the cells (5000 or 10000 cells/100 pl / well in 96 well plates depending on the growth rate of the different cell types) was prepared. Cells were left 48 hours in culture within the cell incubator. After 48 hours of incubation, 100 pl / well of a double concentrated solution of the compounds prepared as explained above were added. Treatments were then maintained for 72 hours by keeping the cells in the cell incubator.
• optical density values per well were obtained by a Biotek SynergyTM2 multi-detection microplate reader, using a 590 nm filter and by scanning reading, obtaining the mean values per well.
• the compound lb showed a remarkable inhibitory capacity even at concentrations as low as 0.2 mM.
• the administration of the compounds of the invention did not significantly affect the growth of normal non-transformed cells.
• This lack of significant toxicity was maintained independently of the dose of the peptide applied (ranging from 0.1 mM up to 0.3 mM Fig. 13).

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