WO2022030416A1 - 鉛合金、鉛蓄電池用正極、鉛蓄電池、及び蓄電システム - Google Patents
鉛合金、鉛蓄電池用正極、鉛蓄電池、及び蓄電システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022030416A1 WO2022030416A1 PCT/JP2021/028490 JP2021028490W WO2022030416A1 WO 2022030416 A1 WO2022030416 A1 WO 2022030416A1 JP 2021028490 W JP2021028490 W JP 2021028490W WO 2022030416 A1 WO2022030416 A1 WO 2022030416A1
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- lead
- positive electrode
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- alloy
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- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001887 electron backscatter diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 28
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 28
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 91
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 49
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 37
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 36
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxolead Chemical group O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C11/00—Alloys based on lead
- C22C11/06—Alloys based on lead with tin as the next major constituent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/12—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of lead or alloys based thereon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/18—Lead-acid accumulators with bipolar electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead alloy, a positive electrode for a lead storage battery, a lead storage battery, and a power storage system.
- the positive electrode of the lead storage battery includes a lead layer for a positive electrode formed of a lead alloy and an active material arranged on the surface of the lead layer for a positive electrode.
- Conventional positive electrodes for lead-acid batteries are made of well-known lead or lead alloys.
- the lead layer for the positive electrode is gradually corroded. At this time, corrosion progressed along the grain boundaries of the crystal grains of the lead alloy used for the lead layer for the positive electrode, and the corrosion may penetrate the lead layer for the positive electrode in the thickness direction.
- the lead layer for the positive electrode is thinned in order to reduce the weight of the battery, improve the utilization rate of the volume in the battery, reduce the amount of lead used, and the like, this problem becomes more remarkable. When such penetration occurs, the conduction path of electricity is cut off, the internal resistance of the battery increases, and there is a risk that the predetermined characteristics cannot be exhibited.
- the formation of through holes in the lead layer for the positive electrode further promotes corrosion to other members, so that the electrolytic solutions on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side wrap around each other, so-called liquid entrainment.
- the battery characteristics would deteriorate due to the phenomenon called, and in the worst case, it would not be usable.
- the present invention relates to a lead alloy capable of suppressing the progress of intergranular corrosion, a lead layer for a positive electrode in which penetration in the thickness direction is unlikely to occur due to corrosion even if the thickness is suppressed, a positive electrode for a lead storage battery using the lead layer, and the lead storage battery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lead-acid battery and a power storage system, which are configured by using a positive electrode for use and can prolong the life of a lead-acid battery in which an increase in internal resistance does not easily occur.
- the lead alloy according to one aspect of the present invention contains 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less of tin and 0.004% by mass or less of bismuth, and the balance is composed of lead and unavoidable impurities, and is electron backscattered.
- the crystal orientation distribution map created by analyzing the surface by the diffraction method is image-analyzed to extract the intersection of the orientation difference boundary between crystal grains having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more and a straight line extending in a specific direction.
- the gist is that the average value of the above distances is 50 ⁇ m or less when the distance between two adjacent intersections among the extracted intersections is measured.
- the lead alloy according to another aspect of the present invention contains 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less of tin and 0.004% by mass or less of bismuth, and 0.1% by mass or less of calcium and 0.
- the crystal orientation distribution map created by analyzing the surface by electron backscatter diffraction method which further contains at least one of silver of 1% by mass or less and the balance is composed of lead and unavoidable impurities, is analyzed by image analysis.
- the intersection of the orientation difference boundary between crystal grains having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more and a straight line extending in a specific direction is extracted, and the distance between two adjacent intersections of the extracted intersections is measured.
- it is a gist that the average value of the above distance is 50 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, the average value of the distance is 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode for a lead storage battery according to still another aspect of the present invention is arranged on the surface of the lead layer for a positive electrode formed of the lead alloy according to the above aspect or another aspect and the lead layer for a positive electrode.
- the gist is that the lead layer for the positive electrode is provided with an active material and the thickness of the lead layer for the positive electrode is 0.5 mm or less.
- the lead storage battery according to still another aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode for a lead storage battery according to still another aspect.
- the power storage system according to still another aspect of the present invention includes the lead storage battery according to still another aspect and is a power storage system for storing electricity in the lead storage battery.
- a lead alloy capable of preventing corrosion that penetrates the lead layer for a positive electrode in the thickness direction even if the thickness is suppressed a positive electrode for a lead storage battery formed of the lead alloy, and a positive electrode for a lead storage battery are used. It is possible to provide a lead-acid battery and a power storage system in which an increase in internal resistance is unlikely to occur.
- the lead-acid battery 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a bipolar lead-acid battery, in which a first plate unit in which a negative electrode 110 is fixed to a flat plate-shaped first plate 11 and an electrolytic layer 105 are fixed to a frame plate-shaped second plate 12.
- the negative electrode terminal 107 is fixed to the first plate 11 in a state of being electrically connected to the negative electrode 110 fixed to the first plate 11.
- the positive electrode terminal 108 is fixed to the fourth plate 14 in a state of being electrically connected to the positive electrode 120 fixed to the fourth plate 14.
- the second plate unit and the third plate unit may be provided with an arbitrary number of stages alternately according to a desired storage capacity.
- the first to fourth plates 11, 12, 13, 14 and the substrate 111 are made of, for example, a well-known molding resin.
- the electrolytic layer 105 is made of, for example, a glass fiber mat impregnated with an electrolytic solution such as sulfuric acid.
- the negative electrode 110 is composed of, for example, a lead layer 102 for a negative electrode made of a well-known lead foil and an active material layer 104 for a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode 120 is composed of a lead layer 101 for a positive electrode and an active material layer 103 for a positive electrode, which are made of the lead alloy foil of the present embodiment described later.
- the positive electrode 120 and the negative electrode 110 are fixed to the front surface and the back surface of the substrate 111, respectively, and are electrically connected by an appropriate method.
- the positive electrode 120 and the negative electrode 110 may be fixed to one surface of the two substrates 111, respectively, and the other surfaces may be electrically connected and fixed to each other.
- the plates 11 to 14 are fixed to each other so that the inside is sealed by an appropriate method so that the electrolytic solution does not flow out.
- the substrate 111, the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode, the active material layer 103 for the positive electrode, the lead layer 102 for the negative electrode, and the active material layer 104 for the negative electrode are used for the lead-acid battery.
- a bipolar electrode 130, which is an electrode, is configured.
- the bipolar electrode is an electrode having both positive and negative functions with one electrode.
- a plurality of cells having an electrolytic layer 105 interposed between the positive electrode 120 having the positive electrode active material layer 103 and the negative electrode 110 having the negative electrode active material layer 104 are alternately laminated. By assembling them together, the battery configuration is such that the cells are connected in series.
- a bipolar lead storage battery provided with a bipolar electrode having both positive and negative electrode functions with one electrode is shown as an example of the lead storage battery, but the lead storage battery of the present embodiment has the function of a positive electrode.
- a lead storage battery may be a lead storage battery in which an electrode having a positive electrode and an electrode having a function of a negative electrode are provided, respectively, and both positive electrode and negative electrode, which are separate electrodes, are alternately arranged.
- a power storage system can be configured by using the lead storage battery 1 of the present embodiment shown in FIG.
- An example of the power storage system is shown in FIG.
- the power storage system of FIG. 2 is composed of a plurality of (four in the example of FIG. 2) lead storage batteries 1, 1, ... Connected in series, and AC / DC conversion (AC) during charging and discharging of the assembled batteries.
- An AC / DC converter 6 that performs exchange between electric power and DC electric power, and a current sensor 3 that is installed between the assembled battery and the AC / DC converter 6 and measures the charge / discharge current during charging and discharging of the assembled battery.
- a voltage sensor 4 that measures the voltage of the battery, and a storage status monitoring device that receives measurement data transmitted from the current sensor 3 and the voltage sensor 4 and performs status determination and alarm determination of the assembled battery based on the received measurement data.
- Energy that receives the storage status information transmitted by the storage status monitoring device 2 based on the results of the executed status determination and alarm determination, and determines whether to charge or discharge the assembled battery based on the received storage status information. It is equipped with a management system 5.
- the energy management system 5 determines whether to charge or discharge the assembled battery based on the storage status information received from the storage status monitoring device 2, and transmits a signal instructing the execution of charging or discharging to the AC / DC conversion device 6.
- the AC / DC converter 6 Upon receiving the signal instructing the execution of discharge, the AC / DC converter 6 converts the DC power discharged from the assembled battery into AC power and outputs it to the commercial power system 7.
- the AC / DC conversion device 6 converts the AC power input from the commercial power system 7 into DC power to charge the assembled battery.
- the number of lead-acid batteries 1 in series is determined by the input voltage range of the AC / DC converter 6.
- the thickness of the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is set to 0.5 mm or less.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of a lead alloy that satisfies the following two conditions A and B so that the problem of growth is unlikely to occur even with such a thickness.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of the above-mentioned lead alloy
- the internal resistance is unlikely to increase. That is, since the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of the above-mentioned lead alloy, the progress of intergranular corrosion is suppressed and penetration in the thickness direction is unlikely to occur. This prevents the conduction path of electricity from being disrupted. Therefore, when used as a battery, it is possible to achieve the effect that the internal resistance is unlikely to increase. It will be described in more detail below.
- the tin content is more preferably 0.7% by mass or more, further preferably 1.0% by mass or more, particularly preferably 1.3% by mass or more, and 1.6% by mass. The above is the most preferable. When the tin content is in such a range, an orientation difference boundary is likely to be formed in the lead alloy.
- the calcium content is more preferably 0.07% by mass or less, more preferably 0.04% by mass or less, in order to further suppress the occurrence of corrosion penetrating the lead layer for the positive electrode in the thickness direction. It is more preferable, and it is particularly preferable that it is 0.02% by mass or less.
- the silver content is more preferably 0.03% by mass or less in order to suppress the separation of the silver phase and improve the corrosion resistance of the lead alloy.
- Calcium and silver may be positively added to the lead alloy, but even if they are not positively added, they may be contained as unavoidable impurities due to contamination from the bare metal.
- the maximum amount that can be contained as an unavoidable impurity is 0.012% by mass for both calcium and silver.
- the lead alloy contains bismuth, the formability due to rolling of the lead alloy tends to decrease. That is, bismuth is one of the impurities preferably not contained in the lead alloy of the present embodiment as much as possible. Therefore, the content of bismuth in the lead alloy needs to be 0.004% by mass or less, and most preferably 0% by mass. However, considering the cost of the lead alloy, the content of bismuth is preferably 0.0004% by mass or more.
- lead alloys may contain elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth.
- This element is an impurity inevitably contained in the lead alloy, and the total content of elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth in the lead alloy is preferably 0.01% by mass or less. , 0% by mass is most preferable.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment forming the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode contains tin of 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less and bismuth of 0.004% by mass or less, and the balance is lead. It is a lead alloy composed of unavoidable impurities, or contains 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less of tin and 0.004% by mass or less of bismuth, and 0.1% by mass or less of calcium and 0. It is a lead alloy containing at least one of 1% by mass or less of silver, and the balance is lead and unavoidable impurities.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment preferably does not contain bismuth as an impurity, but if it does, the content of the lead alloy must be 0.004% by mass or less.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment contains elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth as unavoidable impurities, the total content thereof is preferably 0.01% by mass or less. ..
- the lead layer for the positive electrode formed of the conventional lead alloy is reduced in order to increase the amount of the active material arranged on the surface, the lead layer for the positive electrode is corroded and has coarse crystal grains. The boundaries were corroded, and corrosion that penetrated the lead layer for the positive electrode in the thickness direction was likely to occur. As a result, the internal resistance of the lead-acid battery may increase. In addition, there is a risk of liquid entanglement between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the intersections of the orientation difference boundaries between the crystal grains having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more and the straight line extending in a specific direction are extracted, and two adjacent intersections are extracted.
- the distance between the intersections was measured, it was found that by setting the average value of the above distances to 50 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to suppress the progress of such corrosion and prevent penetration. That is, since the lattice defects are dense in the grain boundaries between particles having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more, it is considered that a low-key element such as Sn is likely to be concentrated and easily becomes a starting site for corrosion. Therefore, conversely, if a large number of corrosion origin sites are provided, the concentration of low-key elements at each corrosion origin site can be suppressed to a low level, and the progress of corrosion from each corrosion origin site can be suppressed. be able to.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment has fine crystal grains having a particle size of 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, for example, by devising the alloy composition and the manufacturing method (example of the present invention in FIG. 3).
- the alloy composition and the manufacturing method (example of the present invention in FIG. 3).
- the lead layer for the positive electrode of the positive electrode for a lead storage battery is formed from the lead alloy of the present embodiment, a lead storage battery in which an increase in internal resistance is unlikely to occur can be obtained.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode of the positive electrode for the lead storage battery is formed from the lead alloy of the present embodiment, even if the lead layer for the positive electrode is thin, corrosion that penetrates the lead layer for the positive electrode in the thickness direction occurs. Hateful. Therefore, if the lead layer for the positive electrode is formed from the lead alloy of the present embodiment, the thickness of the lead layer for the positive electrode can be reduced to 0.5 mm or less, and the battery capacity can be increased by that amount.
- a positive electrode having a thickness of 1 mm is conventionally applied to a lead layer for a positive electrode having a thickness of 1 mm to form a positive electrode
- a lead layer for a positive electrode having a thickness of 0.2 mm is coated with an active material having a thickness of 1.8 mm. If the positive electrode is formed by applying the above, the amount of the active material is increased by 1.8 times, so that the battery capacity can be increased by about 1.8 times with the same thickness of the positive electrode.
- the lead-acid battery is a bipolar lead-acid battery
- the bipolar lead-acid battery has a low internal resistance and can be used at a higher C rate than a conventional lead-acid battery having a high internal resistance. Therefore, the size of the lead storage battery can be reduced. If the size of a lead-acid battery is small, the size of a container or the like can be reduced when applied to an industrial battery. Therefore, the merit is particularly large when the lead storage battery is buried in the ground. Further, when it is used for mobility of an automobile or the like, the weight of the automobile or the like can be reduced, which leads to improvement of fuel efficiency and can reduce the space for mounting a lead storage battery in the automobile or the like.
- the lead layer for the positive electrode can be made thin, the lead storage battery can be made lighter. Therefore, it is possible to facilitate the laying work of the lead storage battery. If the thickness of the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is 0.37 mm or less, more preferably 0.25 mm or less, the effect of the present invention that the increase in internal resistance is unlikely to occur is more likely to be exhibited.
- the average grain size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy is an image of the crystal orientation distribution map created by analyzing the surface of the lead alloy by the electron backscatter diffraction method. It can be evaluated by analysis.
- the method for evaluating the average particle size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy is based on the case where the rolled surface of the rolled foil produced by rolling the lead alloy is analyzed by the electron backscatter diffraction method, with reference to FIG. explain.
- RD means the rolling direction of the rolled foil
- TD means the rolling perpendicular direction (width direction) of the rolled foil.
- FIG. 4 is a black-and-white image, crystal grains having different crystal orientations are displayed in different shades of gray (gray scale), and the orientation difference boundary is displayed between the crystal grains having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more. ing.
- a straight line extending in a specific direction (hereinafter, also referred to as a "specific straight line”) is set on the crystal orientation distribution map, and the crystal orientation difference between the specific straight line and the crystal orientation is 5 ° or more.
- the extending direction of the specific straight line is not particularly limited and may be set in advance in a desired direction during image analysis.
- the direction may be the same as the rolling direction of the rolled foil, and rolling may be performed. It can also be in the same direction as the direction perpendicular to the rolling of the foil.
- the extending direction of the specific straight line and the rolling direction of the rolled foil are the same direction. That is, the straight line extending in the rolling direction at the substantially central portion of the paper surface in the vertical direction in FIG. 4 is a specific straight line. Further, when image analysis is performed using a plurality of specific straight lines, the extending directions of all the specific straight lines are the same.
- the number of intersections between the specific straight line and the directional difference boundary between the crystal grains having a crystal orientation difference of 5 ° or more is 13.
- a short horizontal line (a short line extending in the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction) orthogonal to the specific straight line indicates the position of the intersection of the specific straight line and the directional difference boundary. Therefore, in the example of FIG. 4, since there are 12 pairs of combinations of two adjacent intersections on a specific straight line, the distance between the two intersections is measured for these 12 pairs and the average value thereof is calculated.
- the average value of the above distances calculated as described above is the average value of the spacing of the directional difference boundaries between the crystal grains, it is possible to evaluate the average particle size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy. That is, when the average value of the distance is small, it means that the average particle size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy is small, and when the average value of the distance is large, the average particle size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy is small. It means big.
- the average value of the above distance is 50 ⁇ m or less, the average particle size of the crystal grains of the lead alloy forming the rolled foil is small, so that corrosion that penetrates the rolled foil in the thickness direction is unlikely to occur. Therefore, if the lead layer for the positive electrode of the lead storage battery electrode is formed from such a rolled foil, the internal resistance of the lead storage battery is unlikely to increase.
- the average value of the distances needs to be 50 ⁇ m or less, but is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the average value of the above distance can be, for example, about 20 ⁇ m immediately after the production of the rolled foil, but it gradually decreases to, for example, 50 ⁇ m because recrystallization of crystal grains may occur during the use of the lead storage battery. In some cases. When the environment in which the lead-acid battery is used is high, recrystallization is likely to occur, so that the average value of the above distances tends to be large.
- the rolling reduction ratio at the time of rolling is preferably 99% or less, more preferably 90% or less, and further preferably 70% or less.
- a heat treatment intermediate heat treatment
- rolling and intermediate heat treatment may be repeated a plurality of times, and in that case, it is preferable to perform intermediate heat treatment at 300 ° C. or higher twice or more.
- An alloy plate made of a lead alloy having the alloy composition shown in Table 1 was produced by melt casting. This alloy plate was heat-treated and rolled to produce a rolled foil.
- the detailed manufacturing method is as follows.
- Example 1 rolling was performed on an alloy plate having a thickness of 1 mm with a rolling reduction of 70%, and the thickness was set to 0.3 mm.
- an intermediate heat treatment at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was applied to a rolled foil having a thickness of 0.3 mm, and then further rolling was performed with a reduction ratio of 50% to obtain a rolled foil having a thickness of 0.15 mm. rice field.
- Example 8 to 10 rolling was performed on an alloy plate having a thickness of 2 mm, which had been subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min, with a rolling reduction of 55%, and the thickness was adjusted. It was set to 0.9 mm.
- first intermediate heat treatment first intermediate heat treatment
- second intermediate heat treatment second intermediate heat treatment
- further rolling was performed with a rolling reduction ratio of 50% to reduce the thickness to 0.
- a rolled foil was obtained at .45 mm.
- Example 11 a 4 mm thick alloy plate subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was rolled with a rolling reduction of 25% to a thickness of 3 mm. did.
- Example 12 a 2 mm-thick alloy plate subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was rolled with a rolling reduction of 50% to a thickness of 1 mm. did.
- Example 13 a 1 mm thick alloy plate subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was rolled with a rolling reduction ratio of 40%, and the thickness was reduced to 0. It was set to 6 mm.
- a rolled foil was obtained at .15 mm.
- Example 14 a 0.4 mm thick alloy plate subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was rolled with a rolling reduction of 50% to determine the thickness. It was set to 0.2 mm.
- a rolled foil was obtained at .15 mm.
- Example 15 a 0.4 mm thick alloy plate subjected to an intermediate heat treatment (first intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was rolled with a rolling reduction of 55% to determine the thickness. It was set to 0.18 mm.
- an intermediate heat treatment (second intermediate heat treatment) at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min was applied to a rolled plate having a thickness of 0.18 mm, and then further rolling was performed with a rolling reduction of 17% to reduce the thickness to 0.
- a rolled foil was obtained at .15 mm.
- rolled foil was manufactured according to the conventional manufacturing method. That is, rolling was performed on an alloy plate having a thickness of 1 mm with a rolling reduction of 1 pass at 5%, and the thickness was set to 0.15 mm. Next, a rolled foil having a thickness of 0.15 mm was subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 315 ° C. and a time of 30 min and aging heat treatment at a temperature of 60 ° C. and a time of 30 min in the order described to obtain a rolled foil. In Comparative Example 4, a rolled foil could not be produced because a defect called edge cracking occurred at the end of the plate during rolling.
- the rolled foil was manufactured according to a method having a low processing cost among the conventional manufacturing methods. That is, rolling was performed on an alloy plate having a thickness of 1 mm with a reduction ratio of 1 pass of 5%, and a rolled foil was obtained with a thickness of 0.15 mm. No heat treatment was applied to Comparative Examples 5 to 8. In Comparative Example 5, a rolled foil could not be produced because a defect called edge cracking occurred at the end of the plate during rolling.
- the average value (unit: ⁇ m) of all the measured distances was calculated.
- the average value of the above distances means the average value of the intervals of the orientation difference boundaries between the crystal grains.
- Table 1 shows the calculation results of the average value of the spacing between the orientation difference boundaries between the crystal grains.
- a bipolar electrode for a bipolar lead-acid battery was produced by using each of the rolled foils of Examples 1 to 15, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 as a lead layer for a positive electrode. Then, a bipolar lead-acid battery was manufactured using the electrode.
- the structure of the electrode and the bipolar lead-acid battery is almost the same as that shown in FIG.
- the active material forming the positive electrode active material layer is lead dioxide, and the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is 1.8 mm.
- the active material forming the negative electrode active material layer is lead, and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.8 mm.
- a charge / discharge cycle test was conducted on the manufactured bipolar lead-acid battery by repeating charging / discharging.
- the C rate of charge / discharge was 0.2 C, and the number of charge / discharge cycles was 1000 cycles.
- the lead-acid battery is said to be less likely to increase in internal resistance.
- Judgment was made, and in Table 1, "OK” was displayed, and when it exceeded 120%, it was judged that the lead-acid battery was prone to increase in internal resistance, and in Table 1, it was displayed as "NG".
- the lead-acid batteries of Examples 1 to 15 are lead-acid batteries in which an increase in internal resistance is unlikely to occur because the average value of the above distances is 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the lead-acid batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 6 to 8 are lead-acid batteries in which an increase in internal resistance is likely to occur because the average value of the distances exceeds 50 ⁇ m.
- Electrolytic layer 111 ... substrate
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Abstract
Description
このような貫通が生じると、電気の伝導パスが寸断され、電池の内部抵抗が増大し所定の特性が発揮できなくなる恐れがあった。また、例えばバイポーラ型鉛蓄電池においては、正極用鉛層において貫通孔が形成されることにより、他の部材にも腐食がさらに進行し、正極側、負極側の電解液が互いに回り込む、いわゆる液絡と言われる現象により電池特性が劣化し、最悪の場合には使用できなくなってしまう懸念があった。
さらに、本発明のさらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池は、上記さらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池用正極を備えることを要旨とする。
さらに、本発明のさらに別の態様に係る蓄電システムは、上記さらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池を備え、該鉛蓄電池に蓄電するための蓄電システムであることを要旨とする。
本発明の一実施形態に係る鉛蓄電池1の構造を、図1を参照しながら説明する。図1に示す鉛蓄電池1は、バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池であって、負極110を平板状の第一プレート11に固定した第一プレートユニットと、電解層105を枠板状の第二プレート12に固定した第二プレートユニットと、正極120と基板111と負極110を順に枠板状の第三プレート13に固定した第三プレートユニットと、正極120を平板状の第四プレート14に固定した第四プレートユニットと、を有し、互いに組み合わせることによって略矩形を呈する構造である。
第四プレート14には正極端子108が、該第四プレート14に固定された正極120と電気的に接続された状態で固定されている。
第二プレートユニットと第三プレートユニットは、所望の蓄電容量に応じて、任意の段数を交互に設けることができる。
第一~第四プレート11、12、13、14及び基板111は、例えば周知の成形樹脂によって構成される。
負極110は、例えば周知の鉛箔からなる負極用鉛層102と負極用活物質層104によって構成される。
正極120は、後述する本実施形態の鉛合金の箔からなる正極用鉛層101と正極用活物質層103によって構成される。
各プレート11~14は、電解液の流出が無いように、適宜の方法で内部が密閉状態となるよう互いに固定されている。
そして、本実施形態の鉛蓄電池1は、正極用活物質層103を有する正極120と負極用活物質層104を有する負極110との間に電解層105を介在させてなるセルを交互に複数積層して組み付けることにより、セル同士を直列に接続した電池構成となっている。
ここで、本実施形態では、正極用鉛層101の厚さは、0.5mm以下とされている。そのような厚さでもグロースの問題が生じにくいように、正極用鉛層101は、下記の2つの条件A及び条件Bを満たす鉛合金で形成されている。
すなわち、正極用鉛層101は、上記の鉛合金で形成されているため、粒界腐食の進行が抑制され、厚さ方向における貫通が生じにくい。これにより、電気の伝導パスが寸断されることが防止される。したがって、電池として使用した場合に、内部抵抗の上昇が生じにくいという効果を奏することができる。以下にさらに詳細に説明する。
鉛合金に錫を含有させると、鉛合金で形成される正極用鉛層101と正極用活物質層103との密着性が良好となる。また、鉛合金にカルシウムを含有させると、鉛合金の結晶粒が微細となる。さらに、鉛合金に銀を含有させると、鉛合金の結晶粒が微細となる。よって、錫と、カルシウム及び銀のうち少なくとも一方とを鉛合金が含有すれば、鉛合金の結晶粒が小さくなり、電解液が入り込みにくくなるので、粒界腐食の進行を効果的に抑制できるという効果が奏される。
カルシウムの含有量は、正極用鉛層を厚さ方向に貫通する腐食が生じることをより抑制するためには、0.07質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.04質量%以下であることがさらに好ましく、0.02質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
なお、カルシウム及び銀は、鉛合金に積極的に添加してもよいが、積極的に添加しなくても、地金からの混入などによる不可避不純物として含有される場合もある。不可避不純物として含有され得る最大量は、カルシウム、銀いずれも0.012質量%である。
一般的な金属においては、変形によって格子欠陥が導入され、導入された格子欠陥が再配列して方位差境界が形成される。一方、鉛や鉛合金においては、格子欠陥は熱安定性が低く蓄積されないので、室温で再結晶が生じて粗大な結晶粒が生成する。よって、従来の鉛合金の圧延箔(鉛合金を圧延して製造した箔)は、図3における従来例の耐食試験前の欄に示す図のように、粗大な結晶粒を有している。そのため、圧延箔が腐食すると、鉛合金が有する粗大な結晶粒の粒界が腐食して、圧延箔を厚さ方向(図3の紙面の左右方向)に貫通する腐食が生じやすかった(図3における従来例の耐食試験後の欄に示す図を参照)。
すなわち、結晶方位差が5°以上の粒子同士の粒界では格子欠陥が高密な状態であるため、Snのような卑な元素が濃化しやすく、腐食の起点サイトとなりやすいと考えられる。そこで、逆にこの腐食の起点サイトを多数設ければ、それぞれの腐食の起点サイトでの卑な元素の濃化度を低く抑制することができ、それぞれの腐食起点サイトからの腐食進行を抑制することができる。
鉛蓄電池のサイズが小さいと、産業用電池に適用する場合は、コンテナなどのサイズを小さくできる。よって、鉛蓄電池を地中に埋める場合などは特にメリットが大きくなる。また、自動車などのモビリティに用いる場合は、自動車等を軽量化することができ、燃費の改善に繋がるとともに、自動車等における鉛蓄電池を搭載する空間を小さくできる。
なお、正極用鉛層101の厚さを0.37mm以下、より好ましくは0.25mm以下とすれば、内部抵抗の上昇が生じにくいという本発明の効果が、より奏されやすい。
以下に、本実施形態の鉛合金における結晶粒の微細化方法(上記距離の平均値の低下方法)の一例として、圧延による結晶粒の微細化方法について説明する。
圧延によって導入される転位等の格子欠陥が再配列して、低角の方位差境界が形成される。よって、圧延においては一定の歪み量が必要であるので、圧延時の圧下率を5%超過とすることが好ましく、10%以上とすることがより好ましく、20%以上とすることがさらに好ましい。
なお、鉛合金の結晶粒をさらに積極的に微細化するためには、圧延前に鉛合金に300℃以上の熱処理(中間熱処理)を施して、溶質元素の均質化を行うことが好ましい。また、圧延と中間熱処理をそれぞれ複数回繰り返してもよく、その場合には、300℃以上の中間熱処理を2回以上施すことが好ましい。
以下に実施例及び比較例を示して、本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。
表1に示す合金組成を有する鉛合金からなる合金板を、溶解鋳造によって製造した。この合金板に熱処理と圧延を施して、圧延箔を作製した。詳細な製造方法は以下のとおりである。
次に、計測した全ての上記距離の平均値(単位はμmである)を算出した。この上記距離の平均値は、結晶粒間の方位差境界の間隔の平均値を意味する。結晶粒間の方位差境界の間隔の平均値の算出結果を表1に示す。
101・・・正極用鉛層
102・・・負極用鉛層
103・・・正極用活物質層
104・・・負極用活物質層
105・・・電解層
111・・・基板
Claims (8)
- 0.4質量%以上2質量%以下の錫と0.004質量%以下のビスマスを含有し、残部が鉛と不可避的不純物からなり、
電子線後方散乱回折法によって表面を分析して作成した結晶方位分布図を画像解析して、結晶方位差が5°以上である結晶粒間の方位差境界と、特定の一方向に伸びる直線との交点を抽出し、抽出した前記交点のうち隣接する2つの前記交点の間の距離を計測した場合に、前記距離の平均値が50μm以下である鉛合金。 - 0.4質量%以上2質量%以下の錫と0.004質量%以下のビスマスを含有するとともに、0.1質量%以下のカルシウムと0.1質量%以下の銀のうち少なくとも一方をさらに含有し、残部が鉛と不可避的不純物からなり、
電子線後方散乱回折法によって表面を分析して作成した結晶方位分布図を画像解析して、結晶方位差が5°以上である結晶粒間の方位差境界と、特定の一方向に伸びる直線との交点を抽出し、抽出した前記交点のうち隣接する2つの前記交点の間の距離を計測した場合に、前記距離の平均値が50μm以下である鉛合金。 - ビスマスの含有量が0.0004質量%以上0.004質量%以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の鉛合金。
- 前記距離の平均値が30μm以下である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の鉛合金。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の鉛合金で形成された正極用鉛層と、該正極用鉛層の表面に配された活物質と、を備え、前記正極用鉛層の厚さが0.5mm以下である鉛蓄電池用正極。
- バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池用である請求項5に記載の鉛蓄電池用正極。
- 請求項5又は請求項6に記載の鉛蓄電池用正極を備える鉛蓄電池。
- 請求項7に記載の鉛蓄電池を備え、該鉛蓄電池に蓄電するための蓄電システム。
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