WO2022030415A1 - 鉛合金、鉛蓄電池用正極、鉛蓄電池、及び蓄電システム - Google Patents
鉛合金、鉛蓄電池用正極、鉛蓄電池、及び蓄電システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022030415A1 WO2022030415A1 PCT/JP2021/028489 JP2021028489W WO2022030415A1 WO 2022030415 A1 WO2022030415 A1 WO 2022030415A1 JP 2021028489 W JP2021028489 W JP 2021028489W WO 2022030415 A1 WO2022030415 A1 WO 2022030415A1
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- lead
- positive electrode
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- 229910000978 Pb alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 88
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 34
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 14
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxolead Chemical group O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C11/00—Alloys based on lead
- C22C11/06—Alloys based on lead with tin as the next major constituent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
- H01M4/16—Processes of manufacture
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/12—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of lead or alloys based thereon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
- H01M4/16—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/20—Processes of manufacture of pasted electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/56—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of lead
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/68—Selection of materials for use in lead-acid accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/68—Selection of materials for use in lead-acid accumulators
- H01M4/685—Lead alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/72—Grids
- H01M4/73—Grids for lead-acid accumulators, e.g. frame plates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
- H01M50/534—Electrode connections inside a battery casing characterised by the material of the leads or tabs
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead alloy, a positive electrode for a lead storage battery, a lead storage battery, and a power storage system.
- the positive electrode of the lead storage battery includes a lead layer for a positive electrode formed of a lead alloy and an active material arranged on the surface of the lead layer for a positive electrode.
- Conventional positive electrodes for lead-acid batteries are made of well-known lead or lead alloys.
- the present invention is made up of a lead alloy capable of preventing the growth of the lead layer for the positive electrode from occurring even if the thickness is suppressed, a positive electrode for a lead storage battery formed of the lead alloy, and a positive electrode for the lead storage battery.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lead-acid battery and a power storage system having a battery capacity and preventing deterioration of battery performance.
- the lead alloy according to one aspect of the present invention contains tin of 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less and bismuth of 0.004% by mass or less, and the balance is composed of lead and unavoidable impurities.
- the diffraction intensity of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the polar diagram created by analyzing the surface is four times the diffraction intensity of the random orientation in the polar diagram created by analyzing the pure lead powder by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the gist is as follows.
- the lead alloy according to another aspect of the present invention contains tin of 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less and bismuth of 0.004% by mass or less, and calcium of 0.1% by mass or less and 0. .
- the gist is that the diffraction intensity is 4 times or less of the diffraction intensity in the random direction in the polar diagram prepared by analyzing the pure lead powder by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the positive electrode for a lead storage battery according to still another aspect of the present invention is arranged on the surface of the lead layer for a positive electrode formed of the lead alloy according to the above aspect or another aspect and the lead layer for a positive electrode.
- the gist is that the lead layer for the positive electrode is provided with an active material and the thickness of the lead layer for the positive electrode is 0.5 mm or less.
- the lead storage battery according to still another aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode for a lead storage battery according to still another aspect.
- the power storage system according to still another aspect of the present invention includes the lead storage battery according to still another aspect and is a power storage system for storing electricity in the lead storage battery.
- a lead alloy capable of preventing the growth of the lead layer for a positive electrode from occurring even if the thickness is suppressed, a positive electrode for a lead storage battery formed of the lead alloy, and a high positive for a lead storage battery. It is possible to provide a lead storage battery and a power storage system having a battery capacity and preventing deterioration of battery performance.
- the lead-acid battery 1 shown in FIG. 1 is a bipolar lead-acid battery, in which a first plate unit in which a negative electrode 110 is fixed to a flat plate-shaped first plate 11 and an electrolytic layer 105 are fixed to a frame plate-shaped second plate 12.
- the negative electrode terminal 107 is fixed to the first plate 11 in a state of being electrically connected to the negative electrode 110 fixed to the first plate 11.
- the positive electrode terminal 108 is fixed to the fourth plate 14 in a state of being electrically connected to the positive electrode 120 fixed to the fourth plate 14.
- the second plate unit and the third plate unit may be provided with an arbitrary number of stages alternately according to a desired storage capacity.
- the first to fourth plates 11, 12, 13, 14 and the substrate 111 are made of, for example, a well-known molding resin.
- the electrolytic layer 105 is made of, for example, a glass fiber mat impregnated with an electrolytic solution such as sulfuric acid.
- the negative electrode 110 is composed of, for example, a lead layer 102 for a negative electrode made of a well-known lead foil and an active material layer 104 for a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode 120 is composed of a lead layer 101 for a positive electrode and an active material layer 103 for a positive electrode, which are made of the lead alloy foil of the present embodiment described later.
- the positive electrode 120 and the negative electrode 110 are fixed to the front surface and the back surface of the substrate 111, respectively, and are electrically connected by an appropriate method.
- the positive electrode 120 and the negative electrode 110 may be fixed to one surface of the two substrates 111, respectively, and the other surfaces may be electrically connected and fixed to each other.
- the plates 11 to 14 are fixed to each other so that the inside is sealed by an appropriate method so that the electrolytic solution does not flow out.
- the substrate 111, the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode, the active material layer 103 for the positive electrode, the lead layer 102 for the negative electrode, and the active material layer 104 for the negative electrode are used for the lead-acid battery.
- a bipolar electrode 130, which is an electrode, is configured.
- the bipolar electrode is an electrode having both positive and negative functions with one electrode.
- a plurality of cells having an electrolytic layer 105 interposed between the positive electrode 120 having the positive electrode active material layer 103 and the negative electrode 110 having the negative electrode active material layer 104 are alternately laminated. By assembling them together, the battery configuration is such that the cells are connected in series.
- a bipolar lead storage battery provided with a bipolar electrode having both positive and negative electrode functions with one electrode is shown as an example of the lead storage battery, but the lead storage battery of the present embodiment has the function of a positive electrode.
- a lead storage battery may be a lead storage battery in which an electrode having a positive electrode and an electrode having a function of a negative electrode are provided, respectively, and both positive electrode and negative electrode, which are separate electrodes, are alternately arranged.
- a power storage system can be configured by using the lead storage battery 1 of the present embodiment shown in FIG.
- An example of the power storage system is shown in FIG.
- the power storage system of FIG. 2 is composed of a plurality of (four in the example of FIG. 2) lead storage batteries 1, 1, ... Connected in series, and AC / DC conversion (AC) during charging and discharging of the assembled batteries.
- An AC / DC converter 6 that performs exchange between electric power and DC electric power, and a current sensor 3 that is installed between the assembled battery and the AC / DC converter 6 and measures the charge / discharge current during charging and discharging of the assembled battery.
- a voltage sensor 4 that measures the voltage of the battery, and a storage status monitoring device that receives measurement data transmitted from the current sensor 3 and the voltage sensor 4 and performs status determination and alarm determination of the assembled battery based on the received measurement data.
- Energy that receives the storage status information transmitted by the storage status monitoring device 2 based on the results of the executed status determination and alarm determination, and determines whether to charge or discharge the assembled battery based on the received storage status information. It is equipped with a management system 5.
- the energy management system 5 determines whether to charge or discharge the assembled battery based on the storage status information received from the storage status monitoring device 2, and transmits a signal instructing the execution of charging or discharging to the AC / DC conversion device 6.
- the AC / DC converter 6 Upon receiving the signal instructing the execution of discharge, the AC / DC converter 6 converts the DC power discharged from the assembled battery into AC power and outputs it to the commercial power system 7.
- the AC / DC conversion device 6 converts the AC power input from the commercial power system 7 into DC power to charge the assembled battery.
- the number of lead-acid batteries 1 in series is determined by the input voltage range of the AC / DC converter 6.
- the thickness of the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is set to 0.5 mm or less.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of a lead alloy that satisfies the following two conditions A and B so that the problem of growth is unlikely to occur even with such a thickness.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of the above lead alloy, the battery capacity is high and the growth of the electrodes is unlikely to occur. Further, since the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode uses the electrode formed of the lead alloy described above, the effect that the battery capacity of the lead storage battery 1 and the power storage system is high and the growth of the electrode is unlikely to occur is achieved. These effects will be described in detail below.
- the tin content is more preferably 0.7% by mass or more, further preferably 1.0% by mass or more, particularly preferably 1.3% by mass or more, and 1.6% by mass. The above is the most preferable. When the tin content is in such a range, the amount of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the crystal structure of the lead alloy tends to be small.
- the calcium content is more preferably 0.07% by mass or less, further preferably 0.04% by mass or less, and 0.02% by mass in order to improve the corrosion resistance of the lead alloy.
- the following is particularly preferable.
- the silver content is more preferably 0.03% by mass or less in order to suppress the separation of the silver phase and improve the corrosion resistance of the lead alloy.
- Calcium and silver may be positively added to the lead alloy, but even if they are not positively added, they may be contained as unavoidable impurities due to contamination from the bare metal. The maximum amount that can be contained as an unavoidable impurity is 0.012% by mass for both calcium and silver.
- the lead alloy contains bismuth, the formability due to rolling of the lead alloy tends to decrease. That is, bismuth is one of the impurities preferably not contained in the lead alloy of the present embodiment as much as possible. Therefore, the content of bismuth in the lead alloy needs to be 0.004% by mass or less, and most preferably 0% by mass. However, considering the cost of the lead alloy, the content of bismuth is preferably 0.0004% by mass or more.
- lead alloys may contain elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth.
- This element is an impurity inevitably contained in the lead alloy, and the total content of elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth in the lead alloy is preferably 0.01% by mass or less. , 0% by mass is most preferable.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment that forms the lead layer for the positive electrode contains tin of 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less and bismuth of 0.004% by mass or less, and the balance is unavoidable with lead. It is a lead alloy composed of target impurities, or contains 0.4% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less of tin and 0.004% by mass or less of bismuth, and 0.1% by mass or less of calcium and 0.1. It is a lead alloy containing at least one of silver by mass% or less, and the balance is lead and unavoidable impurities.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment preferably does not contain bismuth as an impurity, but if it does, the content of the lead alloy must be 0.004% by mass or less.
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment contains elements other than lead, tin, calcium, silver and bismuth as unavoidable impurities, the total content thereof is preferably 0.01% by mass or less. ..
- the lead alloy of the present embodiment has a small amount of Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the crystal structure, the resistance to elastic deformation becomes large (that is, the Young's modulus becomes high), and elastic deformation is less likely to occur. Further, since it is difficult to be plastically deformed (that is, the amount of crystal slip deformation is large) and it is easy to work harden, the deformation resistance increases if work hardening is performed.
- the lead layer for the positive electrode formed of the lead alloy of the present embodiment which has a small amount of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100>, is reduced to 0.5 mm or less, the lead layer for the positive electrode is corroded.
- the growth of the positive electrode due to the volume expansion of the generated lead oxide is unlikely to occur.
- a positive electrode for a lead storage battery provided with a lead layer for the positive electrode it is possible to manufacture a lead storage battery having a high battery capacity and less likely to cause growth of electrodes.
- the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is formed of the lead alloy of the present embodiment, the thickness thereof can be reduced, so that the battery capacity can be increased by that amount.
- a positive electrode having a thickness of 1 mm is conventionally applied to a lead layer for a positive electrode having a thickness of 1 mm to form a positive electrode
- a lead layer for a positive electrode having a thickness of 0.2 mm is coated with an active material having a thickness of 1.8 mm. If the positive electrode is formed by applying the above, the amount of the active material is increased by 1.8 times, so that the battery capacity can be increased by about 1.8 times as compared with the conventional case.
- the lead-acid battery is a bipolar lead-acid battery
- the bipolar lead-acid battery has a low internal resistance and can be used at a higher C rate than a conventional lead-acid battery having a high internal resistance. Therefore, the size of the lead storage battery can be reduced.
- the size of a lead-acid battery is small, the size of a container or the like can be reduced when applied to an industrial battery. Therefore, the merit is particularly large when the lead storage battery is buried in the ground. Further, when it is used for mobility of an automobile or the like, the weight of the automobile or the like can be reduced, which leads to improvement of fuel efficiency and can reduce the space for mounting a lead storage battery in the automobile or the like. Further, since the lead layer for the positive electrode can be made thin, the lead storage battery can be made lighter. Therefore, it is possible to facilitate the laying work of the lead storage battery. If the thickness of the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is 0.37 mm or less, more preferably 0.25 mm or less, the effect of the present invention that the deterioration of the battery performance is prevented while having a high battery capacity is further enhanced. Easy to play.
- the lead-acid battery electrode 130 and the lead-acid battery 1 of the present embodiment even if the lead layer for the positive electrode is made thin by controlling the crystal structure of the lead alloy, the lead layer 101 for the positive electrode is corroded. By suppressing the growth, the problem of growth is also solved, so that deterioration of battery performance can be prevented. By thinning the lead layer for the positive electrode, the internal volume of the battery can be effectively used by that amount, so that the battery capacity can be increased.
- the amount of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the crystal structure of the lead alloy is evaluated by the diffraction intensity of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the polar diagram prepared by analyzing the surface of the lead alloy by the X-ray diffraction method. .. Then, the amount of random orientation in the pure lead powder is evaluated by the diffraction intensity of the random orientation in the polar diagram created by analyzing the surface of the pure lead powder by the X-ray diffraction method, and the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ of the lead alloy is evaluated. The ratio of the diffraction intensity of ⁇ 100> to the diffraction intensity of pure lead in the random direction is calculated.
- the diffraction intensity of the Cube direction ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> in the polar diagram created by analyzing the surface of the lead alloy by the X-ray diffraction method is obtained by analyzing the pure lead powder by the X-ray diffraction method. It needs to be 4 times or less of the diffraction intensity of the random direction in the prepared polar diagram, preferably 1.7 times or less, and more preferably 1.4 times or less.
- the formation of the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ 100> is suppressed, and the Cube orientation ⁇ 001 ⁇ ⁇ in the pole diagram created by analyzing the surface of the lead alloy by the X-ray diffraction method.
- rolling is performed under the following rolling conditions. Was found to be effective.
- the rolling speed during rolling is preferably 10 m / min or more and 100 m / min or less, and more preferably 30 m / min or more and 80 m / min or less.
- a surface coat may be provided on the rolling roll in order to suppress adhesion between the rolling roll and the lead alloy.
- the surface coat include a fluorine coat and a diamond-like carbon coat.
- a lubricant may be used in order to suppress adhesion between the rolling roll and the lead alloy. If a lubricant is placed between the rolling roll and the lead alloy to perform rolling, adhesion between the rolling roll and the lead alloy can be suppressed.
- the lubricant include a low-viscosity mineral oil to which dibutyl ether is added and a low-viscosity mineral oil to which propionic acid is added.
- An alloy plate having a thickness of 10 mm made of a lead alloy having the alloy composition shown in Table 1 was produced by melt casting. This alloy plate was rolled to produce a rolled foil having a thickness of 0.15 mm or 0.45 mm.
- the rolling conditions are as follows. In Examples 1 to 9, rolling was performed with a rolling reduction of 20% and a rolling speed of 40 m / min. Further, in Comparative Examples 1 to 5, rolling was performed with the rolling reduction rate of 1 pass set to 5% and the rolling speed set to 5 m / min as in the conventional case. In Comparative Example 4 and Comparative Example 5, a rolled foil could not be produced because a defect called edge cracking occurred at the end of the plate during rolling.
- a bipolar electrode for a bipolar lead-acid battery was produced by using each of the rolled foils of Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 as a lead layer for a positive electrode. Then, a bipolar lead-acid battery was manufactured using the electrode.
- the structure of the electrode and the bipolar lead-acid battery is almost the same as that shown in FIG.
- the active material forming the positive electrode active material layer is lead dioxide, and the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is 1.4 mm.
- the active material forming the negative electrode active material layer is lead, and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.4 mm.
- a charge / discharge cycle test was conducted on the manufactured bipolar lead-acid battery by repeating charging / discharging.
- the C rate of charge / discharge was 0.2 C, and the number of charge / discharge cycles was 1000 cycles.
- the battery capacity measured after the completion of the charge / discharge cycle test is 90% or more of the initial battery capacity measured before the charge / discharge cycle test, it is determined that the lead-acid battery is less likely to cause electrode growth.
- "OK" was displayed, and when it was less than 90%, it was determined that the lead-acid battery was prone to electrode growth, and in Table 1, it was displayed as "NG".
- the lead-acid batteries of Examples 1 to 9 have a diffraction intensity ratio of 3 or less, so that the decrease in battery capacity is small and the electrode growth is unlikely to occur.
- the lead-acid batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are lead-acid batteries in which the diffraction intensity ratio exceeds 3, so that the battery capacity is greatly reduced and the electrode is likely to grow.
- Electrolytic layer 111 ... substrate
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Abstract
Description
そこで、本発明は、厚さを抑えても正極用鉛層のグロースが生じにくくできる鉛合金、該鉛合金によって形成された鉛蓄電池用正極、該鉛蓄電池用正極を使って構成された、高い電池容量を有しつつ電池性能の低下が防止された鉛蓄電池及び蓄電システムを提供することを課題とする。
さらに、本発明のさらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池は、上記さらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池用正極を備えることを要旨とする。
さらに、本発明のさらに別の態様に係る蓄電システムは、上記さらに別の態様に係る鉛蓄電池を備え、該鉛蓄電池に蓄電するための蓄電システムであることを要旨とする。
本発明の一実施形態に係る鉛蓄電池1の構造を、図1を参照しながら説明する。図1に示す鉛蓄電池1は、バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池であって、負極110を平板状の第一プレート11に固定した第一プレートユニットと、電解層105を枠板状の第二プレート12に固定した第二プレートユニットと、正極120と基板111と負極110を順に枠板状の第三プレート13に固定した第三プレートユニットと、正極120を平板状の第四プレート14に固定した第四プレートユニットと、を有し、互いに組み合わせることによって略矩形を呈する構造である。
第四プレート14には正極端子108が、該第四プレート14に固定された正極120と電気的に接続された状態で固定されている。
第二プレートユニットと第三プレートユニットは、所望の蓄電容量に応じて、任意の段数を交互に設けることができる。
第一~第四プレート11、12、13、14及び基板111は、例えば周知の成形樹脂によって構成される。
負極110は、例えば周知の鉛箔からなる負極用鉛層102と負極用活物質層104によって構成される。
正極120は、後述する本実施形態の鉛合金の箔からなる正極用鉛層101と正極用活物質層103によって構成される。
各プレート11~14は、電解液の流出が無いように、適宜の方法で内部が密閉状態となるよう互いに固定されている。
そして、本実施形態の鉛蓄電池1は、正極用活物質層103を有する正極120と負極用活物質層104を有する負極110との間に電解層105を介在させてなるセルを交互に複数積層して組み付けることにより、セル同士を直列に接続した電池構成となっている。
ここで、本実施形態では、正極用鉛層101の厚さは、0.5mm以下とされている。そのような厚さでもグロースの問題が生じにくいように、正極用鉛層101は、下記の2つの条件A及び条件Bを満たす鉛合金で形成されている。
(条件B)X線回折法によって上記鉛合金の表面を分析して作成した極点図におけるCube方位{001}<100>の回折強度が、X線回折法によって純鉛(Pb)の粉末の表面を分析して作成した極点図におけるランダム方位の回折強度の4倍以下である。
鉛合金に錫を含有させると、鉛合金で形成される正極用鉛層101と正極用活物質層103との密着性が良好となる。また、鉛合金にカルシウムを含有させると、鉛合金の結晶粒が微細となる。さらに、鉛合金に銀を含有させると、鉛合金の結晶粒が微細となる。よって、錫と、カルシウム及び銀のうち少なくとも一方とを鉛合金が含有すれば、鉛合金の強度が高まり変形し難くなるという効果が奏される。
銀の含有量は、銀相の分離を抑制して鉛合金の耐食性をより良好とするためには、0.03質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
なお、カルシウム及び銀は、鉛合金に積極的に添加してもよいが、積極的に添加しなくても、地金からの混入などによる不可避不純物として含有される場合もある。不可避不純物として含有され得る最大量は、カルシウム、銀いずれも0.012質量%である。
鉛合金の結晶組織においてCube方位{001}<100>の量が多いと、弾性変形に対する抵抗性が小さくなり、弾性変形が生じやすくなるとともに、塑性変形しにくく(すなわち、結晶すべり変形の量が少なく)加工硬化しにくくなる。よって、Cube方位{001}<100>の量が多い鉛合金で形成された正極用鉛層は、表面に配する活物質の量を多くするために厚さを薄くすると、正極用鉛層の腐食によって生成した酸化鉛の体積膨張に伴って電極のグロースが生じやすくなる。
また、鉛蓄電池をバイポーラ型鉛蓄電池とすれば、バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池は内部抵抗が低いので、内部抵抗が高い従来の鉛蓄電池よりも、高いCレートで使用することができる。そのため、鉛蓄電池のサイズを小さくすることができる。
さらに、正極用鉛層を薄くすることができるので、鉛蓄電池を軽量化することができる。そのため、鉛蓄電池の敷設工事を行いやすくすることができる。
なお、正極用鉛層101の厚さを0.37mm以下、より好ましくは0.25mm以下とすれば、高い電池容量を有しつつ電池性能の低下が防止されるという本発明の効果が、より奏されやすい。
以下に、本実施形態の鉛合金における結晶組織の制御方法(Cube方位{001}<100>の量の低減方法)の一例として、圧延による結晶組織の制御方法について説明する。
従来、鉛合金を圧延して正極用鉛層を製造する場合には、圧延ロールと鉛合金との間の凝着が比較的起こりやすかった。そのため、1パスの圧下率を小さくして複数回の圧下により圧延を行うか、又は、加工発熱を低減するために圧延速度を低速にして圧延を行うことが多かった。しかしながら、本発明者らの検討の結果、これらの条件で圧延を行うと、Cube方位{001}<100>が形成しやすいことが見出された。
以下に実施例及び比較例を示して、本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。
表1に示す合金組成を有する鉛合金からなる厚さ10mmの合金板を、溶解鋳造によって製造した。この合金板を圧延して厚さ0.15mm又は0.45mmの圧延箔を作製した。なお、圧延条件は、以下のとおりである。実施例1~9については、1パスの圧下率を20%とし、圧延速度を40m/minとして、圧延を行った。また、比較例1~5については、1パスの圧下率を従来通り5%とし、圧延速度を5m/minとして、圧延を行った。比較例4及び比較例5については、圧延中にコバ割れと呼ばれる欠陥が板の端部に生じたため、圧延箔を作製することができなかった。
101・・・正極用鉛層
102・・・負極用鉛層
103・・・正極用活物質層
104・・・負極用活物質層
105・・・電解層
111・・・基板
Claims (7)
- 0.4質量%以上2質量%以下の錫と0.004質量%以下のビスマスを含有し、残部が鉛と不可避的不純物からなり、
X線回折法によって表面を分析して作成した極点図におけるCube方位{001}<100>の回折強度が、X線回折法によって純鉛の粉末を分析して作成した極点図におけるランダム方位の回折強度の4倍以下である鉛合金。 - 0.4質量%以上2質量%以下の錫と0.004質量%以下のビスマスを含有するとともに、0.1質量%以下のカルシウムと0.1質量%以下の銀のうち少なくとも一方をさらに含有し、残部が鉛と不可避的不純物からなり、
X線回折法によって表面を分析して作成した極点図におけるCube方位{001}<100>の回折強度が、X線回折法によって純鉛の粉末を分析して作成した極点図におけるランダム方位の回折強度の4倍以下である鉛合金。 - ビスマスの含有量が0.0004質量%以上0.004質量%以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の鉛合金。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の鉛合金で形成された正極用鉛層と、該正極用鉛層の表面に配された活物質と、を備え、前記正極用鉛層の厚さが0.5mm以下である鉛蓄電池用正極。
- バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池用である請求項4に記載の鉛蓄電池用正極。
- 請求項4又は請求項5に記載の鉛蓄電池用正極を備える鉛蓄電池。
- 請求項6に記載の鉛蓄電池を備え、該鉛蓄電池に蓄電するための蓄電システム。
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