WO2021182642A1 - 自動車用窓ガラス - Google Patents

自動車用窓ガラス Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021182642A1
WO2021182642A1 PCT/JP2021/010244 JP2021010244W WO2021182642A1 WO 2021182642 A1 WO2021182642 A1 WO 2021182642A1 JP 2021010244 W JP2021010244 W JP 2021010244W WO 2021182642 A1 WO2021182642 A1 WO 2021182642A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
glass plate
film
glass
window glass
outer edge
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2021/010244
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
和喜 千葉
Original Assignee
日本板硝子株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 日本板硝子株式会社 filed Critical 日本板硝子株式会社
Priority to EP21767103.1A priority Critical patent/EP4119515A4/en
Priority to CN202180020754.1A priority patent/CN115335342A/zh
Priority to US17/911,009 priority patent/US20230096675A1/en
Publication of WO2021182642A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021182642A1/ja

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    • B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
    • B60J1/02—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor arranged at the vehicle front, e.g. structure of the glazing, mounting of the glazing
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    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B32B2307/202—Conductive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
    • B32B2307/304—Insulating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/402—Coloured
    • B32B2307/4023—Coloured on the layer surface, e.g. ink
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/41—Opaque
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/412—Transparent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/416—Reflective
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
    • B32B2605/006—Transparent parts other than made from inorganic glass, e.g. polycarbonate glazings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
    • B32B2605/08—Cars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
    • B32B27/22—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using plasticisers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R11/00—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for
    • B60R2011/0001—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for characterised by position
    • B60R2011/0003—Arrangements for holding or mounting articles, not otherwise provided for characterised by position inside the vehicle
    • B60R2011/0026—Windows, e.g. windscreen

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an automobile window glass.
  • the window glass for automobiles used for windshields and the like is composed of an outer glass plate, an inner glass plate, and an interlayer film arranged between these glass plates.
  • various functions have been added to the interlayer film, and for example, a functional layer such as a heat shield film is arranged in the interlayer film in order to suppress a temperature rise due to infrared rays from the outside of the vehicle (for example, a patent).
  • Document 1 a functional layer such as a heat shield film is arranged in the interlayer film in order to suppress a temperature rise due to infrared rays from the outside of the vehicle.
  • a device such as a camera is installed on the windshield so that the outside of the vehicle can be photographed. Therefore, light that has passed through the glass plate and the interlayer film is incident on the camera.
  • the functional layer included in the intermediate layer as described above is a layer having various functions, it may affect the passing light depending on the type, and for example, the image captured by the camera may be distorted. There is. It should be noted that such a problem can occur not only in photography by a camera but also in various devices that acquire electromagnetic waves from outside the vehicle.
  • the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an automobile window glass capable of preventing a malfunction in a device that acquires electromagnetic waves from the outside of a vehicle.
  • Item 1 It is a window glass for automobiles in which a device for acquiring electromagnetic waves can be placed.
  • the outer glass plate With the inner glass plate, An interlayer film arranged between the outer glass plate and the inner glass plate, A shielding layer arranged on at least one of the inner surface of the outer glass plate and the inner surface of the inner glass plate.
  • the interlayer film is A functional layer having a transmission region that transmits so as not to affect the reception of the electromagnetic wave, An adhesive layer arranged on at least one surface of the functional layer and not affecting the reception of the electromagnetic wave, and an adhesive layer.
  • the shielding layer has at least one opening at a position corresponding to the transmission region. Window glass for automobiles.
  • Item 2 The window glass for an automobile according to Item 1, wherein the transmission region is formed by a through hole or a notch.
  • Item 3 The window glass for an automobile according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the transmission region is formed by a through hole having an outer edge outside the outer edge of the opening.
  • Item 4 The window glass for an automobile according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the transmission region has an outer edge outside the outer edge of the opening and is formed by a notch opened at the upper ends of both glass plates.
  • Item 5 The window glass for an automobile according to Item 3 or 4, wherein the outer edge of the transmission region is located 2 mm or more outside the outer edge of the opening.
  • Item 6. The window glass for an automobile according to any one of Items 3 to 5, wherein the outer edge of the transmission region is covered with the shielding layer.
  • Item 7. The window glass for an automobile according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein the electromagnetic wave is visible light.
  • Item 8 The window glass for an automobile according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein the device is a camera.
  • Item 9 The window glass for an automobile according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein the adhesive layer of the interlayer film is formed of PVB.
  • FIG. 1 It is a top view which shows one Embodiment which applied the window glass for an automobile which concerns on this invention to a windshield. It is sectional drawing of FIG. It is a block diagram which shows the schematic structure of an in-vehicle system. It is a partial cross-sectional view of FIG. It is a top view which shows another example of the windshield of FIG. It is a partial cross-sectional view which shows another example of the windshield of FIG.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of the windshield
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of FIG.
  • the vertical direction of FIG. 1 is referred to as “vertical”, “vertical”, and “vertical”
  • the horizontal direction of FIG. 1 is referred to as "left and right”.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a windshield seen from the inside of a vehicle. That is, the back side of the paper surface of FIG. 1 is the outside of the vehicle, and the front side of the paper surface of FIG. 1 is the inside of the vehicle.
  • This windshield is equipped with trapezoidal laminated glass 10 and is installed on the vehicle body in an inclined state.
  • the laminated glass 10 has an outer glass plate 11, an inner glass plate 12, and an interlayer film 13 arranged between them.
  • a shielding layer 4 is laminated on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12 of the vehicle, and the shielding layer 4 shields the field of view from the outside of the vehicle.
  • an opening 43 is formed in the shielding layer 4, and the photographing device 2 arranged inside the vehicle can photograph the situation outside the vehicle through the opening 43. That is, the opening 43 constitutes the photographing window.
  • a frame-shaped bracket 6 is fixed on the shielding layer 4 of the inner glass plate 12, and the photographing device 2 is attached to the bracket 6. Since the bracket 6 is formed on the frame mold and fixed on the shielding layer 4, the bracket 6 cannot be seen from the outside of the vehicle.
  • each component will be described in detail.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of laminated glass.
  • the laminated glass 10 includes an outer glass plate 11 and an inner glass plate 12, and a resin interlayer film 13 is arranged between the glass plates 11 and 12.
  • a resin interlayer film 13 is arranged between the glass plates 11 and 12.
  • the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 will be described.
  • the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 known glass plates can be used, and the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 can be formed of heat ray absorbing glass, general clear glass or green glass, or UV green glass.
  • these glass plates 11 and 12 need to realize visible light transmittance in accordance with the safety standards of the country in which the automobile is used.
  • the outer glass plate 11 can secure the required solar radiation absorption rate
  • the inner glass plate 12 can adjust the visible light transmittance so as to satisfy the safety standard.
  • An example of clear glass, heat ray absorbing glass, and soda lime glass is shown below.
  • the composition of the heat-absorbing glass for example, based on the composition of the clear glass, the proportion of the total iron oxide in terms of Fe 2 O 3 (T-Fe 2 O 3) and 0.4 to 1.3 wt%, CeO
  • the ratio of 2 is 0 to 2% by mass
  • the ratio of TiO 2 is 0 to 0.5% by mass
  • the skeleton components of glass are T-Fe 2 O 3 and CeO.
  • the composition can be reduced by the amount of increase in 2 and TiO 2.
  • the thickness of the laminated glass 10 according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but the total thickness of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 can be set to 2.1 to 6 mm as an example, from the viewpoint of weight reduction.
  • the total thickness of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 is preferably 2.4 to 3.8 mm, more preferably 2.6 to 3.4 mm, and 2.7 to 3. It is particularly preferably 2 mm.
  • the thicknesses of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 can be determined as follows.
  • the outer glass plate 11 is mainly required to have durability and impact resistance against external obstacles, and as a windshield of an automobile, it is required to have impact resistance against flying objects such as pebbles.
  • the larger the thickness the heavier the weight, which is not preferable.
  • the thickness of the outer glass plate 11 is preferably 1.8 to 2.3 mm, more preferably 1.9 to 2.1 mm. Which thickness to use can be determined according to the application of the glass.
  • the thickness of the inner glass plate 12 can be made equal to that of the outer glass plate 11, but for example, the thickness can be made smaller than that of the outer glass plate 11 in order to reduce the weight of the laminated glass 10. Specifically, considering the strength of the glass, it is preferably 0.6 to 2.0 mm, preferably 0.8 to 1.6 mm, and particularly 1.0 to 1.4 mm. preferable. Further, it is preferably 0.8 to 1.3 mm. As for the inner glass plate 12, which thickness is adopted can be determined according to the use of the glass.
  • the measurement positions are two points above and below the center line S extending vertically along the center of the glass plate in the left-right direction.
  • the measuring device is not particularly limited, but for example, a thickness gauge such as SM-112 manufactured by TECLOCK Co., Ltd. can be used.
  • a thickness gauge such as SM-112 manufactured by TECLOCK Co., Ltd. can be used.
  • the curved surface of the glass plate is placed on a flat surface, and the edge of the glass plate is sandwiched between the thickness gauges for measurement. Even when the glass plate is flat, the measurement can be performed in the same manner as when the glass plate is curved.
  • the interlayer film 13 includes a transparent first adhesive layer 131 bonded to the outer glass plate 11, a transparent second adhesive layer 132 bonded to the inner glass plate 12, and both of these adhesive layers. It includes a transparent functional layer 133 arranged between 131 and 132.
  • the first adhesive layer 131 and the second adhesive layer 132 may be any material that does not affect the light (visible light) incident on the camera and is transmitted when the photographing device 2 takes a picture. That is, as will be described later, both adhesive layers 131 are so that the image taken by the camera formed by the light passing through both adhesive layers 131 and 132 is hardly affected by being distorted by both adhesive layers 131 and 132. , 132 materials are selected. Both the adhesive layers 131 and 132 are adhered to the glass plates 11 and 12 by fusion, and may be formed of, for example, polyvinyl butyral resin (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate resin (EVA), or the like. can.
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral resin
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate resin
  • the hardness of a polyvinyl acetal resin is controlled by (a) the degree of polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol as a starting material, (b) the degree of acetalization, (c) the type of plasticizer, (d) the addition ratio of the plasticizer, and the like. Can be done.
  • Air is easily applied to the first adhesive layer 131 and the second adhesive layer 132 before being adhered to the glass plates 11 and 12 when they are adhered to the functional layer 133 or when they are adhered to the glass plates 11 and 12.
  • the surface may be embossed for extruding.
  • the thicknesses of the first adhesive layer 131 and the second adhesive layer 132 are not particularly limited, but are preferably, for example, 20 ⁇ m to 2.0 mm, more preferably 20 ⁇ m to 1.0 mm, and 50 to 100 ⁇ m. It is particularly preferable to have. However, the thicknesses of both the adhesive layers 131 and 132 may be the same or different.
  • embossing is formed on each of the adhesive layers 131 and 132, it is preferable to set the thickness to 20 ⁇ m or more as described above in consideration of the embossing depth.
  • the adhesive layers 131 and 132 can be formed by coating. In this case, a thin adhesive layer of 0.3 to 100 ⁇ m can be formed.
  • the total thickness of both adhesive layers 131 and 132 is preferably 0.76 mm or more. This is to ensure the penetration resistance and the like specified in JIS R3211 and R3212 in the windshield, for example.
  • a film having various functions can be used depending on the application.
  • a known heat-shielding film, heat-generating film, projection film, light-emitting film, antenna film, dimming film, or the like can be used.
  • the heat shield film a known infrared reflective film that reflects infrared rays can be used, or a film configured to absorb infrared rays can be used in order to suppress the temperature rise inside the vehicle. It is preferable that such a heat shield film is arranged on the outer glass plate 11 side in the thickness direction of the interlayer film 13. That is, the first adhesive layer 131 may be made thinner than the second adhesive layer 132. In this way, the laminated glass can reflect or absorb infrared rays at a position farther from the inside of the vehicle.
  • At least one of the first adhesive layer 131 and the second adhesive layer 132 is formed of a heat-shielding PVB. You can also do it.
  • the heat-generating film is for removing fogging and deicing ice, and a plurality of thin wires that generate heat by applying a voltage can be supported by a base film.
  • the base film may be a film transparent to visible light, and the material thereof is not particularly limited.
  • a transparent conductive film heater composed of a thin film silver heater, an ITO heater, or the like can also be adopted.
  • the projection film is one in which information is projected by the light emitted from the head-up display device (hereinafter referred to as HUD).
  • the projection film is not particularly limited as long as it has a different refractive index from the two adhesive layers 131 and 132 and reflects light, but for example, it is a film capable of controlling polarization and is a p-polarized reflection film.
  • the size of the projection film is not particularly limited, but it is preferably larger than the area where the information is projected.
  • the projection film may be supported by the base film.
  • the base film can be the same as that used for the heat generating film described above.
  • the projection film may be the same size as the base film, or may be smaller than the base film. In this case, it is preferable that the outer edge of the projection film is located inside the outer edge of the base film.
  • the base film can be placed on either the outer glass plate side surface or the inner glass plate side surface of the projection film.
  • the projection film can be sandwiched between two base films.
  • the light emitting film has a built-in LED or the like, and emits light indicating a predetermined character, figure, or the like.
  • the antenna film is a film in which antennas such as FM, AM, DTV, and DAB are arranged on the above-mentioned base film, similarly to the heat generating film.
  • the haze rate of the film can be controlled by the presence or absence of energization to create a transparent state and an opaque state. That is, it is a functional film capable of imparting privacy.
  • known ones such as PDLC (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) type, SPD (Suspended Particle Device) type, electrochromic type, and thermochromic type using a liquid crystal can be used.
  • a PDLC type light control film can be composed of a liquid crystal layer, a pair of transparent conductive films sandwiching the liquid crystal layer, and a PET film arranged on the outer surface of each transparent conductive film.
  • the liquid crystal layer has a transparent polymer film and a liquid crystal capsule formed by encapsulating the liquid crystal.
  • the above is an example of the functional layer 133, and is not limited to these.
  • the thickness of the film constituting the functional layer 133 as described above is not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, 50 to 600 ⁇ m, more preferably 50 to 500 ⁇ m, and more preferably 50 to 100 ⁇ m. Especially preferable.
  • a rectangular through hole (transmission region) 130 is formed in the functional layer 133, and the through hole 130 is arranged at a position corresponding to the opening 43 of the shielding layer 4 described later. More specifically, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the outer edge of the through hole 130 is located outside the outer edge of the opening 43 of the shielding layer 4, but from the outer edge of the extending portion 42 of the shielding layer 4. Is also located inside.
  • the thicknesses of the adhesive layers 131 and 132 and the functional layer 133 can be measured as follows, for example. First, the cross section of the windshield is magnified 175 times and displayed by a microscope (for example, VH-5500 manufactured by KEYENCE CORPORATION). Then, the thicknesses of the adhesive layers 131 and 132 and the functional layer 133 are visually specified and measured. At this time, in order to eliminate visual variations, the number of measurements is set to 5, and the average value is taken as the thickness of each of the adhesive layers 131 and 132 and the functional layer 133.
  • each adhesive layer 131, 132 is the same as that of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12, but the size of the functional layer 133 can be smaller than that of both adhesive layers 131, 132.
  • the peripheral edge of the functional layer 133 can be positioned inside the peripheral edges of the glass plates 11 and 12, and in particular, it can be arranged so as to be hidden by the peripheral edge portion 41 of the shielding layer 4 described later.
  • the method for producing the interlayer film 13 is not particularly limited, but for example, a resin component such as the polyvinyl acetal resin described above, a plasticizer, and if necessary, other additives are blended and kneaded uniformly, and then each layer is collectively kneaded. Examples thereof include a method of extruding and molding with the above method, and a method of laminating two or more resin films produced by this method by a pressing method, a laminating method, or the like.
  • the resin film before lamination used in the laminating method by a pressing method, a laminating method, or the like may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure.
  • the interlayer film 13 can be formed by one layer in addition to being formed by a plurality of layers as described above.
  • the shielding layer 4 As shown in FIG. 1, the shielding layer 4 is laminated on the inner surface of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12. Since the shielding layer 4 laminated on each of these surfaces has the same shape, the shielding layer 4 laminated on the inner glass plate 12 will be described below. More specifically, the shielding layer 4 is connected to a peripheral edge portion 41 laminated along the entire circumference of the peripheral edge of the inner glass plate 12 and the peripheral edge portion 41, and is connected to the peripheral edge portion 41 from the vicinity of the center of the upper side of the inner glass plate 12. A rectangular extending portion 42 extending downward is provided. A trapezoidal opening 43 is formed at the lower end of the extending portion 42, and the photographing device 2 attached to the inside of the vehicle can photograph the outside of the vehicle through the opening 43 and the laminated glass 10. There is.
  • the bracket 6 described above is fixed on the shielding layer 4.
  • the bracket 6 is formed in a frame shape so as to surround the opening, and is fixed to the shielding layer 4 with double-sided tape, an adhesive, or the like.
  • a photographing device 2 is supported by the bracket 6, and is configured to photograph the outside of the vehicle through the opening 43. Further, although not shown, a cover is attached to the bracket 6 so that the photographing device 2 cannot be seen from the inside of the vehicle.
  • the material of the shielding layer 4 may be appropriately selected depending on the embodiment as long as it can shield the field of view from the outside of the vehicle.
  • a dark ceramic such as black, brown, gray, or dark blue may be used. good.
  • black ceramic is selected as the material of the shielding layer 4, for example, black ceramic is laminated on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12 by screen printing or the like, and the laminated ceramic is heated together with the glass plates 11 and 12. Then, when the ceramic is cured, the shielding layer 4 is completed.
  • the ceramic used for each shielding layer 4 various materials can be used. For example, the ceramics having the compositions shown in Table 1 below can be used for the shielding layer 4.
  • Main component Copper oxide, Chromium oxide, Iron oxide and Manganese oxide * 2
  • Main component Bismuth borosilicate, Zinc borosilicate
  • the shielding layer 4 is laminated on the inner surface of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12, but for example, the shielding layer 4 is formed only on the inner surface of the inner glass plate 12 on the inner surface of the vehicle. Can also be laminated. Alternatively, the shielding layer 4 can be laminated only on the inner surface of the outer glass plate 11.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the configuration of the in-vehicle system.
  • the in-vehicle system according to the present embodiment includes the photographing device 2 and an image processing device 3 connected to the photographing device 2.
  • the image processing device 3 is a device that processes the captured image acquired by the photographing device 2.
  • the image processing device 3 has, for example, general hardware such as a storage unit 31, a control unit 32, and an input / output unit 33, which are connected by a bus, as a hardware configuration.
  • general hardware such as a storage unit 31, a control unit 32, and an input / output unit 33, which are connected by a bus, as a hardware configuration.
  • the hardware configuration of the image processing device 3 does not have to be limited to such an example, and with respect to the specific hardware configuration of the image processing device 3, components are added or omitted as appropriate according to the embodiment. And can be added.
  • the storage unit 31 stores various data and programs used in the processing executed by the control unit 32 (not shown).
  • the storage unit 31 may be realized by, for example, a hard disk or a recording medium such as a USB memory. Further, the various data and programs stored in the storage unit 31 may be acquired from a recording medium such as a CD (Compact Disc) or a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc). Further, the storage unit 31 may be called an auxiliary storage device.
  • the laminated glass 10 is arranged in an inclined posture with respect to the vertical direction and is curved. Then, the photographing device 2 photographs the situation outside the vehicle through such a laminated glass 10. Therefore, the photographed image acquired by the photographing apparatus 2 is deformed according to the posture, shape, refractive index, optical defect, and the like of the laminated glass 10. In addition, aberrations peculiar to the camera lens of the photographing device 2 are also added. Therefore, the storage unit 31 may store correction data for correcting an image deformed by the aberration of the laminated glass 10 and the camera lens.
  • the control unit 32 includes one or a plurality of processors such as a microprocessor or a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and peripheral circuits (ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and interface circuits used for processing of this processor. Etc.) and.
  • the ROM, RAM, and the like may be called a main storage device in the sense that they are arranged in the address space handled by the processor in the control unit 32.
  • the control unit 32 functions as an image processing unit 321 by executing various data and programs stored in the storage unit 31.
  • the image processing unit 321 processes the captured image acquired by the photographing device 2.
  • the processing of the captured image can be appropriately selected according to the embodiment.
  • the image processing unit 321 may recognize the subject appearing in the captured image by analyzing the captured image by pattern matching or the like.
  • the image processing unit 321 since the photographing device 2 photographs the situation in front of the vehicle, the image processing unit 321 further determines whether or not an organism such as a human being is captured in front of the vehicle based on the subject recognition. May be good. Then, when a person is shown in front of the vehicle, the image processing unit 321 may output a warning message by a predetermined method. Further, for example, the image processing unit 321 may perform a predetermined processing process on the captured image. Then, the image processing unit 321 may output the processed captured image to a display device (not shown) such as a display connected to the image processing device 3.
  • a display device not shown
  • the input / output unit 33 is one or a plurality of interfaces for transmitting / receiving data to / from a device existing outside the image processing device 3.
  • the input / output unit 33 is, for example, an interface for connecting to a user interface or an interface such as USB (Universal Serial Bus).
  • the image processing device 3 is connected to the photographing device 2 via the input / output unit 33, and acquires a photographed image photographed by the photographing device 2.
  • a general-purpose device such as a PC (Personal Computer) or a tablet terminal may be used in addition to a device designed exclusively for the provided service.
  • the photographing device 2 is attached to the bracket 6 as described above. Therefore, in this state, the attachment of the photographing device 2 to the bracket 6 and the attachment of the bracket to the shielding layer 4 are adjusted so that the optical axis of the camera lens of the photographing device 2 passes through the opening 43. Further, a cover (not shown) is attached to the bracket 6 so as to cover the photographing device 2. Therefore, the photographing device 2 is arranged in the space surrounded by the laminated glass 10, the bracket, and the cover so that it cannot be seen from the inside of the vehicle, and also from the outside of the vehicle through the opening 43 by the shielding layer 4 of the photographing device 2. Only part of it is visible.
  • the photographing device 2 and the above-mentioned input / output unit 33 are connected by a cable (not shown), and this cable is pulled out from the cover and connected to the image processing device 3 arranged at a predetermined position in the vehicle. ..
  • Windshield manufacturing method> Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the windshield configured as described above will be described. First, a method for manufacturing the laminated glass 10 will be described.
  • the flat plate-shaped outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 is laminated with the above-mentioned shielding layer 4.
  • these glass plates 11 and 12 are formed so as to be curved.
  • the molding method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be adopted. For example, after a flat glass plate has passed through a heating furnace, it can be formed into a curved shape by pressing with an upper mold and a lower mold. Alternatively, the flat outer glass plate and the inner glass plate are overlapped, arranged on a frame-shaped molding mold, and passed through a heating furnace. As a result, both glass plates are softened and formed into a curved shape by their own weight.
  • the interlayer film 13 is subsequently sandwiched between the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12, and placed in a rubber bag. Pre-adhesion is performed at about 70 to 110 ° C. while sucking under reduced pressure.
  • the interlayer film 13 is assumed to have, for example, the functional layer 133 on which the through hole 130 is formed sandwiched between the adhesive layers 131 and 132. Other methods of pre-adhesion are possible. For example, the interlayer film 13 is sandwiched between the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 and heated in an oven at 45 to 65 ° C.
  • the laminated glass is pressed by a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa.
  • the laminated glass is heated again in the oven at 80 to 105 ° C., and then pressed again with a roll at 0.45 to 0.55 MPa. In this way, the pre-adhesion is completed.
  • the pre-bonded laminated glass is main-bonded by an autoclave, for example, at 8 to 15 atm and at 100 to 150 ° C. Specifically, for example, the main bonding can be performed at 14 atm and 145 ° C. In this way, the windshield according to the present embodiment is manufactured.
  • the functional layer 133 is a layer having various functions, it may affect the light incident on the camera depending on the type thereof, and for example, the captured image may be distorted. There is. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the through hole 130 is formed in the functional layer 133 so that the light from the outside of the vehicle passes through the through hole 130 and then enters the camera. As a result, the light incident on the camera is not affected, and problems such as distortion of the captured image are prevented. As described above, since the adhesive layers 131 and 132 are made of a material that has almost no effect on the passing light, the captured image is not affected.
  • the outer edge of the through hole 130 is located outside the outer edge of the opening 43 of the shielding layer 4 and inside the outer edge of the extending portion 42. Therefore, the outer edge of the through hole 130 is hidden by the shielding layer 4 so that it cannot be seen from the outside and the inside of the vehicle.
  • both the adhesive layers 131 and 132 may be close to each other, and the thickness of the interlayer film 13 may be reduced.
  • at least one of the outer glass plate 11 and the inner glass plate 12 may be dented at the place where the through hole 130 is formed.
  • distortion of the glass plates 11 and 12 occurs in the vicinity of the outer edge of the through hole 130, which becomes fluoroscopic distortion, which may affect the captured image.
  • the distance d between the outer edge of the opening 43 and the outer edge of the through hole 130 is preferably 2 mm or more, and may be 5 mm or more.
  • the through hole 130 is formed in the functional layer 133 so as not to affect the light incident on the camera.
  • a notch is formed in a part of the functional layer 133.
  • 140 may be formed.
  • a notch 140 that opens at the upper end of the interlayer film 13 is formed in a part of the functional layer 133.
  • the outer edge of the notch 140 is located outside the outer edge of the opening 43 and is located inside the outer edge of the extending portion 42. Even in this way, it is possible to prevent the functional layer 133 from affecting the captured image.
  • the shape of the notch 140 is not particularly limited as long as it is open at the upper end of the interlayer film 13.
  • the shape of the through hole 130 or the notch 140 can have various aspects. That is, as described above, these outer edges are preferably located outside the outer edge of the opening 43 and inside the outer edge of the extending portion 42, but are not limited thereto.
  • the functional layer 133 is sandwiched between the first and second adhesive layers 131 and 132, but the adhesive layer can be arranged only on one surface of the functional layer 133. In this case, the functional layer 133 adheres to one glass plate, and the adhesive layer adheres to the other glass plate.
  • the thicknesses of the adhesive layers 131 and 132 are not particularly limited and may be different.
  • the first adhesive layer 131 can be made thicker than the second adhesive layer 132.
  • the distance d between the outer edge of the opening 43 and the outer edge of the through hole 130 described above is determined. It is preferable to make it larger. Therefore, the distance d is preferably, for example, 5 mm or more.
  • the shape of the shielding layer 4 is not particularly limited, and various shapes are possible. That is, it suffices that at least one or more openings 43 for photographing are formed, and the shape of the openings is not particularly limited. Therefore, two or more openings may be formed.
  • the photographing device 2 can be made into a stereo camera according to this opening.
  • any one of the openings can be for a imaging device having a distant surveillance camera. Since the far-field surveillance camera has a distant focus and widely uses the aperture as its field of view, the captured image may include the vicinity of the edge of the aperture. Further, in a stereo camera, it is important that the images taken by the left and right cameras do not shift. Therefore, also in these cameras, as described above, it is preferable that the outer edge of the through hole 130 or the notch 140 is separated from the outer edge of the opening.
  • the outer glass plate 11 and the shielding layer 4 of the inner glass plate 12 have the same shape and are formed at the same position, but the present invention is not limited to this. That is, if the imaging device 2 can perform imaging through each opening 43 of the two shielding layers 4, the shapes of the two may not be completely the same. Further, since the laminated glass 10 is installed at an inclination, the position of the opening 43 can be slightly shifted even if the position of the opening 43 is adjusted to the inclination.
  • visible light is incident on the camera of the photographing device through the opening, but even if a device other than the photographing device is arranged in the windshield according to the present invention to acquire information from the outside of the vehicle. good.
  • a device other than the photographing device is arranged in the windshield according to the present invention to acquire information from the outside of the vehicle.
  • it may be a device that acquires various electromagnetic waves other than visible light, such as an infrared sensor, an infrared camera, and an optical beacon.
  • the window glass for an automobile according to the present invention is applied to a windshield
  • the present invention is not limited to this, and any window glass provided with a device for acquiring electromagnetic waves from the outside of the vehicle. good.
  • it can be applied to a rear glass, a side glass, and the like.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)

Abstract

本発明は、電磁波を取得する装置を配置可能な自動車用窓ガラスであって、外側ガラス板と、内側ガラス板と、前記外側ガラス板と内側ガラス板との間に配置される中間膜と、前記外側ガラス板の車内側の面及び前記内側ガラス板の車内側の面の少なくとも一方の面に配置される遮蔽層と、を備え、前記中間膜は、前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさないように透過する、透過領域を有する機能層と、前記機能層の少なくとも一方の面に配置され、前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさない接着層と、を備え、前記遮蔽層は、前記透過領域と対応する位置に、少なくとも１つの開口を有している。

Description

自動車用窓ガラス
　本発明は、自動車用窓ガラスに関する。
　ウインドシールドなどに用いられる自動車用窓ガラスは、外側ガラス板、内側ガラス板、及びこれらガラス板の間に配置される中間膜によって構成されている。近年、中間膜には種々の機能が付加されており、例えば、車外からの赤外線による温度上昇を抑制するために、遮熱フィルムなどの機能層が中間膜内に配置されている（例えば、特許文献１）。
特開２０１６－６４９６５号公報
　ところで、近年の自動車では、ウインドシールドにカメラ等の装置を設け、車外を撮影できるようにしている。そのため、カメラには、ガラス板及び中間膜を通過した光が入射する。しかしながら、上記のような中間層に含まれる機能層は種々の機能を有する層であるため、その種類によっては、通過する光に影響を及ぼし、例えば、カメラで撮影される画像に歪みが生じるおそれがある。なお、このような問題はカメラによる撮影のみならず、車外からの電磁波を取得する種々の装置においても生じ得る問題である。
　本発明は、上記問題を解決するためになされたものであり、車外からの電磁波を取得する装置において不具合が生じるのを防止することが可能な自動車用窓ガラスを提供することを目的とする。
項１．電磁波を取得する装置を配置可能な自動車用窓ガラスであって、
　外側ガラス板と、
　内側ガラス板と、
　前記外側ガラス板と内側ガラス板との間に配置される中間膜と、
　前記外側ガラス板の車内側の面及び前記内側ガラス板の車内側の面の少なくとも一方の面に配置される遮蔽層と、
を備え、
　前記中間膜は、
　前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさないように透過する、透過領域を有する機能層と、
　前記機能層の少なくとも一方の面に配置され、前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさない接着層と、
を備え、
　前記遮蔽層は、前記透過領域と対応する位置に、少なくとも１つの開口を有している、
自動車用窓ガラス。
項２．前記透過領域は、貫通孔または切り欠きによって形成されている、項１に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項３．前記透過領域は、前記開口の外縁よりも外側に外縁を有する貫通孔により形成されている、項１または２に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項４．前記透過領域は、前記開口の外縁よりも外側に外縁を有し、前記両ガラス板の上端において開放される切り欠きにより形成されている、項１または２に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項５．前記透過領域の外縁は、前記開口の外縁よりも２ｍｍ以上外側に位置している、項３または４に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項６．前記透過領域の外縁は、前記遮蔽層に覆われている、項３から５のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項７．前記電磁波は、可視光である、項１から６のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項８．前記装置は、カメラである、項１から７のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
項９．前記中間膜の接着層は、ＰＶＢにより形成されている、項１から８のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
　本発明によれば、車外からの電磁波を取得する装置において不具合が生じるのを防止することができる。
本発明に係る自動車用窓ガラスをウインドシールドに適用した一実施形態を示す平面図である。 図１の断面図である。 車載システムの概略構成を示すブロック図である。 図１の一部断面図である。 図１のウインドシールドの他の例を示す平面図である。 図１のウインドシールドの他の例を示す一部断面図である。
　以下、本発明に係る自動車用窓ガラスをウインドシールドに適用した場合の一実施形態について、図面を参照しつつ説明する。図１はウインドシールドの平面図、図２は図１の断面図である。なお、説明の便宜のため、図１の上下方向を「上下」、「垂直」、「縦」と、図１の左右方向を「左右」と称することとする。図１は、車内側から見たウインドシールドを例示している。すなわち、図１の紙面奥側が車外側であり、図１の紙面手前側が車内側である。
　このウインドシールドは、台形状の合わせガラス１０を備えており、傾斜状態で車体に設置されている。合わせガラス１０は、外側ガラス板１１、内側ガラス板１２、及びこれらの間に配置される中間膜１３を有している。そして、内側ガラス板１２の車内側の面には、遮蔽層４が積層されており、この遮蔽層４によって、車外からの視野を遮蔽するようになっている。また、この遮蔽層４には開口４３が形成されており、この開口４３を介して、車内に配置された撮影装置２により、車外の状況を撮影可能となっている。すなわち、この開口４３が、撮影窓を構成している。さらに、内側ガラス板１２の遮蔽層４上には、枠型のブラケット６が固定されており、このブラケット６に、撮影装置２が取り付けられる。ブラケット６は枠型上に形成され遮蔽層４上に固定されているため、車外からはブラケット６が見えないようになっている。以下、各構成要素について詳細に説明する。
　＜１．合わせガラス＞
　図２は合わせガラスの断面図である。同図に示すように、この合わせガラス１０は、外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２を備え、これらガラス板１１、１２の間に樹脂製の中間膜１３が配置されている。以下、これらの構成について説明する。
　＜１－１．ガラス板＞
　まず、外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２から説明する。外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２は、公知のガラス板を用いることができ、熱線吸収ガラス、一般的なクリアガラスやグリーンガラス、またはＵＶグリーンガラスで形成することもできる。但し、これらのガラス板１１、１２は、自動車が使用される国の安全規格に沿った可視光線透過率を実現する必要がある。例えば、外側ガラス板１１により必要な日射吸収率を確保し、内側ガラス板１２により可視光線透過率が安全規格を満たすように調整することができる。以下に、クリアガラス、熱線吸収ガラス、及びソーダ石灰系ガラスの一例を示す。
　（クリアガラス）
ＳｉＯ2:７０～７３質量％
Ａｌ2Ｏ3：０．６～２．４質量％
ＣａＯ：７～１２質量％
ＭｇＯ：１．０～４．５質量％
Ｒ2Ｏ：１３～１５質量％（Ｒはアルカリ金属）
Ｆｅ2Ｏ3に換算した全酸化鉄（Ｔ－Ｆｅ2Ｏ3）：０．０８～０．１４質量％
　（熱線吸収ガラス）
　熱線吸収ガラスの組成は、例えば、クリアガラスの組成を基準として、Ｆｅ2Ｏ3に換算した全酸化鉄（Ｔ－Ｆｅ2Ｏ3）の比率を０．４～１．３質量％とし、ＣｅＯ2の比率を０～２質量％とし、ＴｉＯ2の比率を０～０．５質量％とし、ガラスの骨格成分（主に、ＳｉＯ2やＡｌ2Ｏ3）をＴ－Ｆｅ2Ｏ3、ＣｅＯ2およびＴｉＯ2の増加分だけ減じた組成とすることができる。
　（ソーダ石灰系ガラス）
ＳｉＯ2:６５～８０質量％
Ａｌ2Ｏ3：０～５質量％
ＣａＯ：５～１５質量％
ＭｇＯ：２質量％以上
ＮａＯ：１０～１８質量％
Ｋ2Ｏ：０～５質量％
ＭｇＯ＋ＣａＯ:５～１５質量％
Ｎａ2Ｏ＋Ｋ2Ｏ：１０～２０質量％
ＳＯ3：０．０５～０．３質量％
Ｂ2Ｏ3：０～５質量％
Ｆｅ2Ｏ3に換算した全酸化鉄（Ｔ－Ｆｅ2Ｏ3）：０．０２～０．０３質量％
　本実施形態に係る合わせガラス１０の厚みは特には限定されないが、外側ガラス板１１と内側ガラス板１２の厚みの合計を、例として２．１～６ｍｍとすることができ、軽量化の観点からは、外側ガラス板１１と内側ガラス板１２の厚みの合計を、２．４～３．８ｍｍとすることが好ましく、２．６～３．４ｍｍとすることがさらに好ましく、２．７～３．２ｍｍとすることが特に好ましい。このように、軽量化のためには、外側ガラス板１１と内側ガラス板１２との合計の厚みを小さくすることが必要であるので、各ガラス板のそれぞれの厚みは、特には限定されないが、例えば、以下のように、外側ガラス板１１と内側ガラス板１２の厚みを決定することができる。
　外側ガラス板１１は、主として、外部からの障害に対する耐久性、耐衝撃性が必要であり、自動車のウインドシールドとしては、小石などの飛来物に対する耐衝撃性能が必要である。他方、厚みが大きいほど重量が増し好ましくない。この観点から、外側ガラス板１１の厚みは１．８～２．３ｍｍとすることが好ましく、１．９～２．１ｍｍとすることがさらに好ましい。何れの厚みを採用するかは、ガラスの用途に応じて決定することができる。
　内側ガラス板１２の厚みは、外側ガラス板１１と同等にすることができるが、例えば、合わせガラス１０の軽量化のため、外側ガラス板１１よりも厚みを小さくすることができる。具体的には、ガラスの強度を考慮すると、０．６～２．０ｍｍであることが好ましく、０．８～１．６ｍｍであることが好ましく、１．０～１．４ｍｍであることが特に好ましい。更には、０．８～１．３ｍｍであることが好ましい。内側ガラス板１２についても、何れの厚みを採用するかは、ガラスの用途に応じて決定することができる。
　ここで、ガラス板（合わせガラス）１が湾曲している場合の厚みの測定方法の一例について説明する。まず、測定位置については、ガラス板の左右方向の中央を上下方向に延びる中央線Ｓ上の上下２箇所である。測定機器は、特には限定されないが、例えば、株式会社テクロック製のＳＭ－１１２のようなシックネスゲージを用いることができる。測定時には、平らな面にガラス板の湾曲面が載るように配置し、上記シックネスゲージでガラス板の端部を挟持して測定する。なお、ガラス板が平坦な場合でも、湾曲している場合と同様に測定することができる。
　＜１－２．中間膜＞
　図２に示すように、中間膜１３は、外側ガラス板１１に接着される透明の第１接着層１３１と、内側ガラス板１２に接着される透明の第２接着層１３２と、これら両接着層１３１，１３２の間に配置される透明の機能層１３３と、を備えている。
　第１接着層１３１及び第２接着層１３２は、撮影装置２で撮影を行う際に、カメラに入射する光（可視光）に影響を与えず、透過するような材料であればよい。すなわち、後述するように、両接着層１３１，１３２を通過する光によって形成されるカメラの撮影像が、両接着層１３１，１３２によって歪められるなどの影響をほとんど受けないように、両接着層１３１，１３２の材料が選択される。また、両接着層１３１，１３２は、融着により各ガラス板１１，１２に接着されるものであるが、例えば、ポリビニルブチラール樹脂（ＰＶＢ）、エチレンビニルアセテート樹脂（ＥＶＡ）などによって形成することができる。一般に、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の硬度は、（ａ）出発物質であるポリビニルアルコールの重合度、（ｂ）アセタール化度、（ｃ）可塑剤の種類、（ｄ）可塑剤の添加割合などにより制御することができる。
　各ガラス板１１，１２への接着前の第１接着層１３１及び第２接着層１３２には、機能層１３３と接着する際、あるいは各ガラス板１１，１２と接着する際に、空気を容易に押し出すために、その表面にエンボス加工を行うことがある。
　第１接着層１３１及び第２接着層１３２の厚みは、特には限定されないが、例えば、２０μｍ～２．０ｍｍであることが好ましく、２０μｍ～１．０ｍｍであることがさらに好ましく、５０～１００μｍであることが特に好ましい。但し、両接着層１３１，１３２の厚みは同じであっても、相違していてもよい。また、各接着層１３１，１３２にエンボスが形成される場合には、エンボスの深さを考慮して、上記のように２０μｍ以上に厚みを設定することが好ましい。また、シート状の接着層を用いる代わりに、接着層１３１，１３２をコーティングにより形成することもできる。この場合、０．３～１００μｍの薄い接着層を形成することができる。
　また、両接着層１３１，１３２の厚みの合計は、０．７６ｍｍ以上であることが好ましい。これは、ウインドシールドにおいて、例えば、ＪＩＳ　Ｒ３２１１，Ｒ３２１２で規定するような耐貫通性能等を確保するためである。
　機能層１３３としては、用途に応じて、種々の機能を有するフィルムを用いることができる。例えば、公知の遮熱フィルム、発熱フィルム、投影フィルム、発光フィルム、アンテナ用フィルム、調光フィルムなどを用いることができる。
　遮熱フィルムは、車内の温度上昇を抑制するため、赤外線を反射する公知の赤外線反射フィルムを採用したり、あるいは吸収するように構成されたフィルムを採用することができる。このような遮熱フィルムは、中間膜１３の厚み方向において、外側ガラス板１１側に配置されることが好ましい。すなわち、第１接着層１３１を第２接着層１３２よりも薄くすればよい。このようにすると、合わせガラスにおいて、より車内から離れた位置で赤外線を反射、あるいは吸収することができる。また、このように機能層１３３を遮熱フィルムとするほか、遮熱機能を持たせるには、例えば、第１接着層１３１及び第２接着層１３２の少なくとも１つを遮熱性のＰＶＢで形成することもできる。
　発熱フィルムは、曇りを除去したり、解氷するためのものであり、電圧を印加することにより熱を発する複数の細線を基材フィルムにより支持したものとすることができる。基材フィルムは、可視光に対して透明のフィルムであればよく、その材料は特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリエステル、ポリオレフィン、ポリカーボネート、ポリスチレン、ポリプロピレン、ナイロン等で形成することができる。また、細線により発熱を行う以外に、例えば、薄膜銀ヒーターやＩＴＯヒーター等により構成された透明導電フィルムヒーターを採用することもできる。
　投影フィルムは、ヘッドアップディスプレイ装置（以下、ＨＵＤという）から照射される光によって情報が投影されるものである。投影フィルムは、例えば、両接着層１３１，１３２とは屈折率が相違し、光を反射するフィルムであれば、特には限定されないが、例えば、偏光を制御できるフィルムであって、ｐ偏光反射フィルム、ホログラムフィルム、散乱反射系の透明スクリーン、散乱透過系の透明スクリーン、散乱反射系の調光フィルム、散乱透過系の調光フィルム、ＨＵＤ用の増反射フィルムとすることができる。投影フィルムの大きさは特には限定されないが、情報が投影される領域よりも大きいことが好ましい。また、投影フィルムは、基材フィルムに支持されるようにしてもよい。基材フィルムは、上述した発熱フィルムに用いるものと同じにすることができる。また、投影フィルムは、基材フィルムと同じ大きさでもよいし、基材フィルムよりも小さくすることもできる。この場合、基材フィルムの外縁よりも投影フィルムの外縁が内側に位置することが好ましい。
　なお、投影フィルムの外側ガラス板側の面または内側ガラス板側の面のいずれにも基材フィルムを配置することができる。あるいは、投影フィルムを２枚の基材フィルムで挟むこともできる。
　発光フィルムは、ＬＥＤ等が内蔵され、所定の文字、図形などを示す光が発光されるものである。
　アンテナ用フィルムは、発熱フィルムと同様に、上述した基材フィルムにＦＭ，ＡＭ，ＤＴＶ，ＤＡＢ等のアンテナを配置したフィルムである。
　調光フィルムは、種々のものが提案されているが、例えば、通電の有無によってフィルムのヘイズ率を制御し、透明状態と不透明状態を作り出すものとすることができる。すなわち、プライバシー性を付与することが可能な機能性フィルムである。例えば、液晶を利用したＰＤＬＣ（Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal）タイプやＳＰＤ（Suspended Particle Device）タイプ、エレクトロクロミックタイプ、サーモクロミックタイプなど、公知のものを用いることができる。例えば、ＰＤＬＣタイプの調光フィルムは、液晶層と、この液晶層を挟む一対の透明導電膜と、各透明導電膜の外面に配置されるＰＥＴフィルムとで構成することができる。液晶層は、透明なポリマーフィルム及び液晶が封入されることによって形成された液晶カプセルを有している。
　なお、以上は機能層１３３の例であり、これらに限定されるものではない。
　以上のような機能層１３３を構成するフィルムの厚みは、特には、限定されないが、例えば、５０～６００μｍとすることが好ましく、５０～５００μｍとすることがさらに好ましく、５０～１００μｍであることが特に好ましい。
　さらに、機能層１３３には、矩形状の貫通孔（透過領域）１３０が形成されており、この貫通孔１３０は、後述する遮蔽層４の開口４３と対応する位置に配置されている。より詳細には、図１及び図２に示すように、この貫通孔１３０の外縁は、遮蔽層４の開口４３の外縁よりも外側に位置するが、遮蔽層４の延在部４２の外縁よりも内側に位置している。
　なお、各接着層１３１，１３２及び機能層１３３の厚みは、例えば、以下のように測定することができる。まず、マイクロスコープ（例えば、キーエンス社製ＶＨ－５５００）によってウインドシールドの断面を１７５倍に拡大して表示する。そして、各接着層１３１，１３２及び機能層１３３の厚みを目視により特定し、これを測定する。このとき、目視によるばらつきを排除するため、測定回数を５回とし、その平均値を各接着層１３１，１３２及び機能層１３３の厚みとする。
　各接着層１３１，１３２の大きさは、外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２と同じであるが、機能層１３３の大きさは、両接着層１３１，１３２よりも小さくすることができる。例えば、機能層１３３の周縁が、各ガラス板１１，１２の周縁よりも内側に位置させることができ、特に、後述する遮蔽層４の周縁部４１に隠れるように配置することができる。
　中間膜１３の製造方法は特には限定されないが、例えば、上述したポリビニルアセタール樹脂等の樹脂成分、可塑剤及び必要に応じて他の添加剤を配合し、均一に混練りした後、各層を一括で押出し成型する方法、この方法により作成した２つ以上の樹脂膜をプレス法、ラミネート法等により積層する方法が挙げられる。プレス法、ラミネート法等により積層する方法に用いる積層前の樹脂膜は単層構造でも多層構造でもよい。また、中間膜１３は、上記のような複数の層で形成する以外に、１層で形成することもできる。
　＜２．遮蔽層の概要＞
　次に、遮蔽層４について説明する。図１に示すように、遮蔽層４は、外側ガラス板１１の車内側の面、及び内側ガラス板１２の車内側の面に積層される。これらの各面に積層される遮蔽層４は同じ形状であるため、以下では、内側ガラス板１２に積層される遮蔽層４について説明する。より詳細に説明すると、この遮蔽層４は、内側ガラス板１２の周縁の全周に沿って積層される周縁部４１と、この周縁部４１に連結され、内側ガラス板１２の上辺の中央付近から下方に延びる矩形状の延在部４２と、を備えている。延在部４２の下端部には、台形状の開口４３が形成されており、車内側に取り付けられた撮影装置２は、この開口４３及び合わせガラス１０を介して車外を撮影できるようになっている。
　図２に示すように、上述したブラケット６は、遮蔽層４上に固定される。具体的には、ブラケット６は、開口を囲むような枠型状に形成され、両面テープ、接着剤などで遮蔽層４に固定される。そして、このブラケット６に、撮影装置２が支持され、開口４３を通じて車外を撮影するように構成されている。また、図示を省略するが、ブラケット６には、撮影装置２が車内側から見えないようにカバーが取り付けられる。
　次に、遮蔽層４の材料について説明する。遮蔽層４の材料は、車外からの視野を遮蔽可能であれば、実施の形態に応じて適宜選択されても良く、例えば、黒色、茶色、灰色、濃紺等の濃色のセラミックを用いてもよい。
　遮蔽層４の材料に黒色のセラミックが選択された場合、例えば、内側ガラス板１２の内面に、スクリーン印刷等で黒色のセラミックを積層し、各ガラス板１１，１２とともに積層したセラミックを加熱する。そしてセラミックが硬化すると、遮蔽層４が完成する。なお、各遮蔽層４に利用するセラミックは、種々の材料を利用することができる。例えば、以下の表１に示す組成のセラミックを遮蔽層４に利用することができる。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
 ＊１，主成分：酸化銅、酸化クロム、酸化鉄及び酸化マンガン
＊２，主成分：ホウケイ酸ビスマス、ホウケイ酸亜鉛
　なお、上記の例では、外側ガラス板１１の車内側の面及び内側ガラス板１２の内面に遮蔽層４を積層しているが、例えば、内側ガラス板１２の車内側の面にのみ遮蔽層４を積層することもできる。あるいは、外側ガラス板１１の内面にのみ遮蔽層４を積層することもできる。
　＜３．車載システム＞
　次に、図２及び図４を用いて、撮影装置２及び画像処理装置３を備える車載システムについて説明する。図４は、車載システムの構成を例示する。図４に例示されるように、本実施形態に係る車載システムは、上記撮影装置２と、当該撮影装置２に接続される画像処理装置３と、を備えている。
　画像処理装置３は、撮影装置２により取得された撮影画像を処理する装置である。この画像処理装置３は、例えば、ハードウェア構成として、バスで接続される、記憶部３１、制御部３２、入出力部３３等の一般的なハードウェアを有している。ただし、画像処理装置３のハードウェア構成はこのような例に限定されなくてよく、画像処理装置３の具体的なハードウェア構成に関して、実施の形態に応じて、適宜、構成要素の追加、省略及び追加が可能である。
　記憶部３１は、制御部３２で実行される処理で利用される各種データ及びプログラムを記憶する（不図示）。記憶部３１は、例えば、ハードディスクによって実現されてもよいし、ＵＳＢメモリ等の記録媒体により実現されてもよい。また、記憶部３１が格納する当該各種データ及びプログラムは、ＣＤ（Compact Disc）又はＤＶＤ（Digital Versatile Disc）等の記録媒体から取得されてもよい。更に、記憶部３１は、補助記憶装置と呼ばれてもよい。
　上記のとおり、合わせガラス１０は、垂直方向に対して傾斜姿勢で配置され、かつ、湾曲している。そして、撮影装置２は、そのような合わせガラス１０を介して車外の状況を撮影する。そのため、撮影装置２により取得される撮影画像は、合わせガラス１０の姿勢、形状、屈折率、光学的欠陥等に応じて、変形している。また、撮影装置２のカメラレンズに固有の収差も加わる。そこで、記憶部３１には、このような合わせガラス１０およびカメラレンズの収差によって変形した画像を補正するための補正データが記憶されていてもよい。
　制御部３２は、マイクロプロセッサ又はＣＰＵ（Central Processing Unit）等の１又は複数のプロセッサと、このプロセッサの処理に利用される周辺回路（ＲＯＭ（Read Only Memory）、ＲＡＭ（Random Access Memory）、インタフェース回路等）と、を有する。ＲＯＭ、ＲＡＭ等は、制御部３２内のプロセッサが取り扱うアドレス空間に配置されているという意味で主記憶装置と呼ばれてもよい。制御部３２は、記憶部３１に格納されている各種データ及びプログラムを実行することにより、画像処理部３２１として機能する。
　画像処理部３２１は、撮影装置２により取得される撮影画像を処理する。撮影画像の処理は、実施の形態に応じて適宜選択可能である。例えば、画像処理部３２１は、パターンマッチング等によって当該撮影画像を解析することで、撮影画像に写る被写体の認識を行ってもよい。本実施形態では、撮影装置２は車両前方の状況を撮影するため、画像処理部３２１は、更に、当該被写体認識に基づいて、車両前方に人間等の生物が写っていないかどうかを判定してもよい。そして、車両前方に人物が写っている場合には、画像処理部３２１は、所定の方法で警告メッセージを出力してもよい。また、例えば、画像処理部３２１は、所定の加工処理を撮影画像に施してもよい。そして、画像処理部３２１は、画像処理装置３に接続されるディスプレイ等の表示装置（不図示）に当該加工した撮影画像を出力してもよい。
　入出力部３３は、画像処理装置３の外部に存在する装置とデータの送受信を行うための１又は複数のインタフェースである。入出力部３３は、例えば、ユーザインタフェースと接続するためのインタフェース、又はＵＳＢ（Universal Serial Bus）等のインタフェースである。なお、本実施形態では、画像処理装置３は、当該入出力部３３を介して、撮影装置２と接続し、当該撮影装置２により撮影された撮影画像を取得する。
　このような画像処理装置３は、提供されるサービス専用に設計された装置の他、ＰＣ（Personal Computer）、タブレット端末等の汎用の装置が用いられてもよい。
　また、撮影装置２は、上述したように、ブラケット６に取り付けられる。したがって、この状態で、撮影装置２のカメラレンズの光軸が開口４３を通過するように、撮影装置２のブラケット６への取付、及びブラケットの遮蔽層４への取付を調整する。また、ブラケット６には撮影装置２を覆うように、図示を省略するカバーが取り付けられる。したがって、撮影装置２は、合わせガラス１０、ブラケット、及びカバーで囲まれた空間内に配置され、車内側から見えないようなるとともに、車外側からも、遮蔽層４によって開口４３を通して撮影装置２の一部しか見えないようになっている。そして、撮影装置２と上述した入出力部３３とは、図示を省略するケーブルで接続され、このケーブルはカバーから引き出され、車内の所定の位置に配置された画像処理装置３に接続されている。
　＜４．ウインドシールドの製造方法＞
　次に、上記のように構成されたウインドシールドの製造方法の一例について説明する。まず、合わせガラス１０の製造方法について説明する。
　まず、平板状の外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２の少なくとも一方、上述した遮蔽層４を積層する。次に、これらのガラス板１１，１２が湾曲するように成形する。成形の方法は、特には限定されず、公知の方法を採用することができる。例えば、平板状のガラス板が加熱炉を通過した後、上型と下型によってプレスすることで、湾曲した形状に成形することができる。あるいは、平板状の外側ガラス板と内側ガラス板とを重ね、枠型の成形型上に配置し、加熱炉を通過させる。これにより、両ガラス板が軟化し、自重によって湾曲した形状に成形される。
　こうして、外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２が湾曲状に成形されると、これに続いて、中間膜１３を外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２の間に挟み、これをゴムバッグに入れ、減圧吸引しながら約７０～１１０℃で予備接着する。中間膜１３は、例えば、貫通孔１３０が形成された機能層１３３を接着層１３１，１３２で挟んだものとする。予備接着の方法は、これ以外でも可能である。例えば、中間膜１３を外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２の間に挟み、オーブンにより４５～６５℃で加熱する。続いて、この合わせガラスを０．４５～０．５５ＭＰａでロールにより押圧する。次に、この合わせガラスを、再度オーブンにより８０～１０５℃で加熱した後、０．４５～０．５５ＭＰａでロールにより再度押圧する。こうして、予備接着が完了する。
　次に、本接着を行う。予備接着がなされた合わせガラスを、オートクレーブにより、例えば、８～１５気圧で、１００～１５０℃によって、本接着を行う。具体的には、例えば、１４気圧で１４５℃の条件で本接着を行うことができる。こうして、本実施形態に係るウインドシールドが製造される。
　＜５．特徴＞
　以上のように構成されたウインドシールドでは、次の効果を得ることができる。
（１）上述したように、機能層１３３は、種々の機能を有する層であるため、その種類によっては、カメラに入射する光に影響を与えるおそれがあり、例えば、撮影した像が歪む可能性がある。そこで、本実施形態では、機能層１３３に貫通孔１３０を形成することで、車外からの光が貫通孔１３０を通過した後、カメラに入射するようにしている。これにより、カメラに入射する光に影響を与えないようにし、撮影した像が歪むなどの不具合が生じるのを防止している。なお、上記のように、接着層１３１，１３２は、通過する光にほとんど影響を与えない材料で形成されているため、撮影した像には影響が及ばないようになっている。
（２）貫通孔１３０の外縁は、遮蔽層４の開口４３の外縁よりも外側に位置し、且つ、延在部４２の外縁よりも内側に位置している。そのため、貫通孔１３０の外縁は遮蔽層４に隠れるため、車外及び車内から見えないようになっている。
（３）図４に示すように、機能層１３３に貫通孔１３０が形成されているため、両接着層１３１，１３２が近接し、中間膜１３の厚みが薄くなるおそれがある。これにより、外側ガラス板１１及び内側ガラス板１２の少なくとも一方は、貫通孔１３０が形成されている箇所において、窪むおそれがある。その結果、貫通孔１３０の外縁付近では、ガラス板１１，１２の歪みが生じ、これが透視歪みとなって、撮影画像に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。これに対しては、上記のように、貫通孔１３０の外縁が開口４３よりも外側に位置しているため、貫通孔１３０の外縁付近が撮影画像に含まれないようにしている。この観点から、開口４３の外縁と貫通孔１３０の外縁との距離ｄは、２ｍｍ以上であることが好ましく、５ｍｍ以上とすることもできる。
　＜６．変形例＞
　以上、本発明の一実施形態について説明したが、本発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、その趣旨を逸脱しない限りにおいて、種々の変更が可能である。なお、以下の変形例は適宜組み合わせることができる。
　＜６－１＞
　上記実施形態では、カメラに入射する光に影響を及ぼさないように、機能層１３３に貫通孔１３０が形成されているが、例えば、図５に示すように、機能層１３３の一部に切り欠き１４０が形成されていてもよい。同図に示すように、機能層１３３の一部には、中間膜１３の上端において開放する切り欠き１４０が形成されている。そして、この切り欠き１４０の外縁が、開口４３の外縁よりも外側に位置し、且つ、延在部４２の外縁よりも内側に位置するようにする。このようにしても、機能層１３３が撮影画像に影響を与えるのを防止することができる。なお、切り欠き１４０の形状は特には限定されず、中間膜１３の上端において開放されていればよい。
　＜６－２＞
　貫通孔１３０または切り欠き１４０の形状は種々の態様が可能である。すなわち、上記のように、これらの外縁は、開口４３の外縁よりも外側に位置し、且つ、延在部４２の外縁よりも内側に位置することが好ましいが、これに限定されない。
　＜６－３＞
　上記実施形態の中間膜１３は、機能層１３３を第１及び第２接着層１３１，１３２で挟むようにしているが、機能層１３３の一方の面にのみ接着層を配置することもできる。この場合、機能層１３３が一方のガラス板、接着層が他方のガラス板に接着することになる。
　＜６－４＞
　接着層１３１，１３２の厚みは特には限定されず、異なる厚みであってもよい。例えば、図６に示すように、第１接着層１３１を、第２接着層１３２よりも厚くすることができる。この場合、第２接着層１３２及び内側ガラス板１２が、第１接着層１３１及び外側ガラス板１１よりもより撓むため、上述した開口４３の外縁と貫通孔１３０の外縁との距離ｄは、より大きくすることが好ましい。したがって、距離ｄは、例えば、５ｍｍ以上であることが好ましい。
　＜６－５＞
　遮蔽層４の形状は特には限定されず、種々の形状が可能である。すなわち、少なくとも撮影のための開口４３が１以上形成されていればよく、開口の形状も特には限定されない。したがって、開口が２以上形成されていてもよい。この開口に合わせて、撮影装置２をステレオカメラにすることができる。あるいは、いずれか１つの開口を、遠方監視カメラを有する撮影装置用にすることができる。遠方監視カメラは、焦点が遠くにあり、その視野として開口を広く使用するため、開口の縁部付近が撮影画像に含まれる可能性がある。また、ステレオカメラは、左右のカメラによる像がずれないことが重要である。したがって、これらのカメラにおいても、上記のように、貫通孔１３０または切り欠き１４０の外縁は、開口の外縁から離れていることが好ましい。
　＜６－６＞
　上記実施形態では、外側ガラス板１１と内側ガラス板１２の遮蔽層４を同じ形状にし、且つ同じ位置に形成しているが、これに限定されない。すなわち、２つの遮蔽層４の各開口４３を通じて撮影装置２による撮影ができるのであれば、両者の形状が完全に同じでなくてもよい。また、合わせガラス１０は傾斜して設置されるため、開口４３の位置を傾斜に合わせても多少ずらすこともできる。
　＜６－７＞
　上記実施形態では、開口を通じて可視光が撮影装置のカメラに入射するようにしているが、本発明に係るウインドシールドには、撮影装置以外の装置を配置して車外からの情報を取得してもよい。例えば、赤外線センサ、赤外線カメラ、光ビーコンなど、可視光以外の種々の電磁波を取得するような装置であってもよい。
　＜６－８＞
　上記実施形態では、本発明に係る自動車用窓ガラスをウインドシールドに適用した例について説明したが、これに限定されるものではなく、車外からの電磁波を取得する装置が設けられる窓ガラスであればよい。例えば、リアガラス、サイドガラスなどにも適用することができる。
１０　合わせガラス
１１　外側ガラス板
１２　内側ガラス板
１３　中間膜
１３０　貫通孔（透過領域）
１３１　第１接着層
１３２　第２接着層
１３３　機能層
１４０　切り欠き（透過領域）
２　撮影装置
４　遮蔽層
４３　開口

Claims (9)

  1. 　電磁波を取得する装置を配置可能な自動車用窓ガラスであって、
    　外側ガラス板と、
    　内側ガラス板と、
    　前記外側ガラス板と内側ガラス板との間に配置される中間膜と、
    　前記外側ガラス板の車内側の面及び前記内側ガラス板の車内側の面の少なくとも一方の面に配置される遮蔽層と、
    を備え、
    　前記中間膜は、
    　前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさないように透過する、透過領域を有する機能層と、
    　前記機能層の少なくとも一方の面に配置され、前記電磁波の受信に影響を及ぼさない接着層と、
    を備え、
    　前記遮蔽層は、前記透過領域と対応する位置に、少なくとも１つの開口を有している、自動車用窓ガラス。
  2. 　前記透過領域は、貫通孔または切り欠きによって形成されている、請求項１に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  3. 　前記透過領域は、前記開口の外縁よりも外側に外縁を有する貫通孔により形成されている、請求項１または２に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  4. 　前記透過領域は、前記開口の外縁よりも外側に外縁を有し、前記両ガラス板の上端において開放される切り欠きにより形成されている、請求項１または２に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  5. 　前記透過領域の外縁は、前記開口の外縁よりも２ｍｍ以上外側に位置している、請求項３または４に記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  6. 　前記透過領域の外縁は、前記遮蔽層に覆われている、請求項３から５のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  7. 　前記電磁波は、可視光である、請求項１から６のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  8. 　前記装置は、カメラである、請求項１から７のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
  9. 　前記中間膜の接着層は、ＰＶＢにより形成されている、請求項１から８のいずれかに記載の自動車用窓ガラス。
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