WO2021130591A1 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021130591A1 WO2021130591A1 PCT/IB2020/061872 IB2020061872W WO2021130591A1 WO 2021130591 A1 WO2021130591 A1 WO 2021130591A1 IB 2020061872 W IB2020061872 W IB 2020061872W WO 2021130591 A1 WO2021130591 A1 WO 2021130591A1
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- transistor
- oxide
- insulator
- circuit
- conductor
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- H10B43/20—EEPROM devices comprising charge-trapping gate insulators characterised by three-dimensional arrangements, e.g. with cells on different height levels
- H10B43/23—EEPROM devices comprising charge-trapping gate insulators characterised by three-dimensional arrangements, e.g. with cells on different height levels with source and drain on different levels, e.g. with sloping channels
- H10B43/27—EEPROM devices comprising charge-trapping gate insulators characterised by three-dimensional arrangements, e.g. with cells on different height levels with source and drain on different levels, e.g. with sloping channels the channels comprising vertical portions, e.g. U-shaped channels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C5/00—Details of stores covered by group G11C11/00
- G11C5/02—Disposition of storage elements, e.g. in the form of a matrix array
- G11C5/025—Geometric lay-out considerations of storage- and peripheral-blocks in a semiconductor storage device
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02D—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
- Y02D10/00—Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management
Definitions
- one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the above technical fields.
- the technical fields of one aspect of the present invention disclosed in the present specification and the like include semiconductor devices, imaging devices, display devices, light emitting devices, power storage devices, storage devices, display systems, electronic devices, lighting devices, input devices, and input / output devices. Devices, their driving methods, or their manufacturing methods can be mentioned as an example.
- SoC System on Chip
- Typical architectures include Binary Neural Network (BNN) and Ternary Neural Network (TNN), which are particularly effective for reducing the circuit scale and power consumption (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- BNN Binary Neural Network
- TNN Ternary Neural Network
- the amount of calculation and the number of parameters can be significantly reduced by compressing data originally expressed with 32-bit or 16-bit precision into binary values of "+1" or "-1". Since BNN is effective for reducing the circuit scale and power consumption, it is considered to be compatible with applications that require low power consumption with limited hardware resources such as embedded chips.
- the weight data used in the arithmetic is transmitted at high speed from a chip manufactured by a process different from the accelerator such as DRAM or SRAM to the accelerator.
- a large amount of storage capacity for holding weighted data or intermediate data is required on the accelerator side. If the storage capacity of the accelerator is small, high-speed data transmission is required, and if the distance from the chip that stores the weight data is large, the parasitic capacitance or resistance of the wiring will increase, and the power consumption may increase. There is.
- One aspect of the present invention is to reduce power consumption in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention is to suppress heat generation in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention is to reduce the size of a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention is to reduce the number of data transfers between a CPU and a semiconductor device that functions as a memory in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention is to improve the data transfer speed between the storage memory and the semiconductor device functioning as a cache memory in the semiconductor device provided with the accelerator.
- one of the issues is to provide a semiconductor device having a new configuration.
- one aspect of the present invention does not necessarily have to solve all of the above problems, as long as it can solve at least one problem. Moreover, the description of the above-mentioned problem does not prevent the existence of other problem. Issues other than these are naturally clarified from the description of the description, claims, drawings, etc., and problems other than these should be extracted from the description of the specification, claims, drawings, etc. Is possible.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a CPU, an accelerator, the accelerator includes a first memory circuit, a second memory circuit, and an arithmetic circuit, and the first memory circuit includes a first transistor.
- the second memory circuit has a second transistor, the first transistor and the second transistor each have a semiconductor layer having a metal oxide in the channel forming region, and the arithmetic circuit has a third transistor.
- the third transistor has a semiconductor layer having silicon in the channel forming region, the CPU has a CPU core having a flip flop provided with a backup circuit, and the backup circuit has a fourth transistor.
- the fourth transistor has a semiconductor layer having a metal oxide in the channel forming region, the first transistor and the second transistor are provided in different layers, and the layer having the first transistor and the layer having the second transistor are It is a semiconductor device provided on a layer having a third transistor.
- the backup circuit has a function of holding the data held in the flip-flop in a state where the supply of the power supply voltage is stopped when the CPU is in power gating.
- the first memory circuit and the second memory circuit have a function of holding data input to the arithmetic circuit.
- the second memory circuit has a circuit configuration different from that of the first memory circuit.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a CPU, an accelerator, the accelerator includes a first memory circuit, a second memory circuit, and an arithmetic circuit, and the first memory circuit includes a first transistor.
- the second memory circuit has a second transistor, the first transistor and the second transistor each have a semiconductor layer having a metal oxide in the channel forming region, and the arithmetic circuit has a third transistor.
- the third transistor has a semiconductor layer having silicon in the channel forming region, the first transistor and the second transistor are provided in different layers, and the layer having the first transistor is on the layer having the third transistor.
- the layer having the second transistor is provided on the layer having the first transistor, and the first memory circuit is a semiconductor device having different data holding characteristics from the second memory circuit.
- the first memory circuit is preferably a semiconductor device having a function of holding data input to the arithmetic circuit or data output from the arithmetic circuit.
- the amplitude voltage for driving the first transistor is preferably smaller than the amplitude voltage for driving the second transistor.
- the film thickness of the gate insulating film of the first transistor is preferably smaller than the film thickness of the gate insulating film of the second transistor.
- the second memory circuit has a circuit configuration different from that of the first memory circuit.
- the arithmetic circuit is preferably a circuit that performs a product-sum operation.
- the metal oxide preferably contains In, Ga, and Zn.
- One aspect of the present invention can reduce power consumption in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention can suppress heat generation in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention can be miniaturized in a semiconductor device provided with an accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention can reduce the number of data transfers between the CPU and the semiconductor device that functions as a memory in the semiconductor device provided with the accelerator.
- one aspect of the present invention can improve the data transfer speed between the storage memory and the semiconductor device functioning as a cache memory in the semiconductor device provided with the accelerator.
- a semiconductor device having a new configuration can be provided.
- 1A and 1B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- 2A and 2B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 3A and 3B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 4A and 4B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 5A to 5E are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 6A and 6B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 7A and 7B are diagrams showing various types of memory for each layer.
- 8A to 8C are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 9A to 9C are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 12A and 12B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 14A and 14B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- 15A and 15B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a CPU.
- 18A and 18B are diagrams for explaining a configuration example of a CPU.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a CPU.
- 20A and 20B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 21A and 21B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a top view of the storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a storage device according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 26A is a diagram illustrating classification of the crystal structure of IGZO.
- FIG. 26B is a diagram illustrating an XRD spectrum of quartz glass.
- FIG. 26C is a diagram illustrating an XRD spectrum of crystalline IGZO.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of an integrated circuit.
- 28A and 28B are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of an integrated circuit.
- 29A and 29B are diagrams illustrating application examples of integrated circuits.
- 30A and 30B are diagrams illustrating application examples of integrated circuits.
- 31A to 31C are diagrams for explaining an application example of an integrated circuit.
- FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an application example of an integrated circuit.
- the ordinal numbers “1st”, “2nd”, and “3rd” are added to avoid confusion of the components. Therefore, the number of components is not limited. Moreover, the order of the components is not limited. Further, for example, the component referred to in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like is defined as another embodiment or the component referred to in “second” in the scope of claims. It is possible. Further, for example, the component mentioned in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like may be omitted in another embodiment or in the claims.
- the power supply potential VDD may be abbreviated as potential VDD, VDD, etc. This also applies to other components (eg, signals, voltages, circuits, elements, electrodes, wiring, etc.).
- the code is used for identification such as "_1”, “_2”, “[n]", “[m, n]”. May be added and described.
- the second wiring GL is described as wiring GL [2].
- the semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing the semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor device such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic unit, and a storage device are one aspect of the semiconductor device.
- Display devices liquid crystal display devices, light emitting display devices, etc.
- projection devices lighting devices
- electro-optical devices power storage devices
- storage devices semiconductor circuits
- image pickup devices electronic devices, and the like may be said to have semiconductor devices.
- the semiconductor device 100 includes a CPU 10, an accelerator 20, and a bus 30.
- the accelerator 20 has an arithmetic processing unit 21 and a memory unit 22.
- the arithmetic processing unit 21 has an arithmetic circuit 23.
- the memory unit 22 has a memory circuit 24.
- the memory unit 22 may be referred to as a device memory or a shared memory.
- the memory circuit 24 has a transistor 25 having a semiconductor layer 29 having a channel forming region.
- the arithmetic circuit 23 and the memory circuit 24 are electrically connected via the wiring 31.
- the CPU 10 has a function of performing general-purpose processing such as execution of an operating system, control of data, execution of various operations and programs.
- the CPU 10 has one or more CPU cores.
- the CPU 10 has, for example, a transistor (Si transistor) having silicon in the channel forming region. By making the Si transistor a complementary type transistor, it can be made into a CMOS circuit (SiCMOS).
- the CPU 10 is connected to the accelerator 20 via the bus 30.
- each CPU core has a data holding circuit that can hold data even if the supply of the power supply voltage is stopped.
- the supply of power supply voltage can be controlled by electrical disconnection from the power supply domain (power domain) by a power switch or the like.
- the power supply voltage may be referred to as a drive voltage.
- the data holding circuit for example, a memory having a transistor (OS transistor) having an oxide semiconductor in the channel forming region is suitable.
- OS transistor transistor
- the accelerator 20 has a function of executing a program (also called a kernel or a kernel program) called from a host program.
- the accelerator 20 can perform, for example, parallel processing of matrix operations in graphic processing, parallel processing of product-sum operations of neural networks, parallel processing of floating-point operations in scientific and technological calculations, and the like.
- the memory unit 22 has a function of storing data processed by the accelerator 20. Specifically, it is possible to store data input or output to the arithmetic processing unit 21, such as weight data used for parallel processing of the product-sum operation of the neural network.
- the memory unit 22 is provided over a plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N (N is a natural number of 2 or more).
- Each of the plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N has a memory circuit 24.
- the memory circuit 24 of each layer of the plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N is electrically connected to the arithmetic circuit 23 of the arithmetic processing unit 21 via wiring 31, and has a function of holding a binary or ternary digital value.
- the semiconductor layer 29 included in the transistor 25 is an oxide semiconductor. That is, the transistor 25 is an OS transistor.
- the memory circuit 24 is preferably a memory having an OS transistor (hereinafter, also referred to as an OS memory).
- the OS transistor Since the bandgap of the metal oxide is 2.5 eV or more, the OS transistor has a minimum off current. As an example, voltage 3.5V between the source and the drain, at at room temperature (25 °C), 1 ⁇ less than 10 -20 A state current per channel width 1 [mu] m, less than 1 ⁇ 10 -22 A, or 1 ⁇ 10 It can be less than -24A. That is, the on / off current ratio of the drain current can be set to 20 digits or more and 150 digits or less. Therefore, the OS memory has an extremely small amount of electric charge leaked from the holding node via the OS transistor. Therefore, the OS memory can function as a non-volatile memory circuit. It also enables power gating of the accelerator.
- High-density integrated semiconductor devices may generate heat due to the driving of circuits. Due to this heat generation, the temperature of the transistor rises, and the characteristics of the transistor change, which may cause a change in field effect mobility and a decrease in operating frequency. Since the OS transistor has a higher thermal resistance than the Si transistor, the field effect mobility is less likely to change due to a temperature change, and the operating frequency is less likely to decrease. Further, the OS transistor tends to maintain the characteristic that the drain current increases exponentially with respect to the gate-source voltage even when the temperature rises. Therefore, by using the OS transistor, stable operation can be performed in a high temperature environment.
- the metal oxides applied to the OS transistor are Zn oxide, Zn-Sn oxide, Ga-Sn oxide, In-Ga oxide, In-Zn oxide, and In-M-Zn oxide (M is: Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, Sn or Hf) and the like.
- M is: Ti, Ga, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd, Sn or Hf
- oxides containing indium and zinc include aluminum, gallium, yttrium, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. , One or more selected from magnesium and the like may be included.
- the metal oxide applied to the semiconductor layer is preferably a metal oxide having a crystal portion such as CAAC-OS, CAC-OS, and nc-OS.
- CAAC-OS is an abbreviation for c-axis-aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor ductor.
- CAC-OS is an abbreviation for Cloud-Aligned Composite oxide semiconductor.
- nc-OS is an abbreviation for nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor.
- CAAC-OS has a c-axis orientation and has a distorted crystal structure in which a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in the ab plane direction.
- the strain refers to a region in which a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in which the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned and a region in which another lattice arrangement is aligned.
- CAC-OS has a function of flowing electrons (or holes) as carriers and a function of not allowing electrons as carriers to flow. By separating the function of flowing electrons and the function of not flowing electrons, both functions can be maximized. That is, by using CAC-OS in the channel formation region of the OS transistor, both a high on-current and an extremely low off-current can be realized.
- OS transistors Since metal oxides have a large bandgap, electrons are less likely to be excited, and the effective mass of holes is large, OS transistors may be less likely to undergo avalanche breakdown than general Si transistors. .. Therefore, for example, hot carrier deterioration caused by avalanche breakdown can be suppressed. Since hot carrier deterioration can be suppressed, the OS transistor can be driven with a high drain voltage.
- the OS transistor is a storage type transistor that has a large number of electrons as carriers. Therefore, the influence of DIBL (Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering), which is one of the short-channel effects, is smaller than that of an inverting transistor (typically, a Si transistor) having a pn junction. That is, the OS transistor has a higher resistance to the short channel effect than the Si transistor.
- DIBL Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering
- the OS transistor Since the OS transistor has high resistance to the short channel effect, the channel length can be reduced without deteriorating the reliability of the OS transistor. Therefore, the degree of circuit integration can be increased by using the OS transistor.
- the drain electric field becomes stronger as the channel length becomes finer, but as mentioned above, the OS transistor is less likely to undergo avalanche breakdown than the Si transistor.
- the gate insulating film can be made thicker than that of the Si transistor. For example, even in a fine transistor having a channel length and a channel width of 50 nm or less, it may be possible to provide a thick gate insulating film of about 10 nm. By thickening the gate insulating film, the parasitic capacitance can be reduced, so that the operating speed of the circuit can be improved. Further, by making the gate insulating film thicker, the leakage current through the gate insulating film is reduced, which leads to a reduction in static current consumption.
- the accelerator 20 since the accelerator 20 has the memory circuit 24 which is the OS memory, the data can be held even if the supply of the power supply voltage is stopped. Therefore, the power gating of the accelerator 20 becomes possible, and the power consumption can be significantly reduced.
- the memory circuit 24 composed of the OS transistor can be provided so as to be stacked with the arithmetic circuit 23 that can be configured by Si CMOS. That is, the plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N are provided on the substrate on which the arithmetic processing unit 21 is provided. The plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N can be provided in a stacked manner. Therefore, it can be arranged without increasing the circuit area, and the storage capacity required for the arithmetic processing in the accelerator 20 can be increased. Since the number of times of data transfer required for arithmetic processing can be reduced, power consumption can be reduced.
- the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N having the plurality of memory circuits 24 extend in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate on which the arithmetic circuit 23 is provided (in FIG. 1B, the z direction perpendicular to the xy plane). It is electrically connected to the arithmetic circuit 23 via the wiring 31 provided.
- approximately vertical means a state in which the objects are arranged at an angle of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less.
- the OS transistor will be described as a transistor included in the memory circuit 24, but any transistor may be used as long as it can be stacked with the Si transistor included in the lower layer arithmetic circuit 23.
- a Si transistor laminated on a substrate having a Si transistor by using a bonding technique or the like can be used as an upper layer transistor.
- the Si transistor provided in the upper layer has a longer channel length than the Si transistor in the lower layer so that the transistor has a small off current.
- the memory circuit 24 included in the accelerator 20 may be a single layer as well as a configuration in which a plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N are stacked.
- the single-layer memory circuit layer 22_1 having the OS transistor can be provided so as to be laminated with the arithmetic circuit 23 which can be configured by Si CMOS. Therefore, the wiring distance can be shortened by bringing the physical distance between the arithmetic circuit 23 and the memory circuit 24 closer to each other, the parasitic capacitance generated in the signal line can be reduced, and the power consumption can be reduced.
- the accelerator 20 is configured to stack transistors, it is possible to suppress an increase in the circuit area, so that the number of arithmetic circuits 23 can be increased and arranged. Since the number of circuits (the number of cores) for performing operations in the arithmetic circuit 23 can be increased, the frequency of the signal for driving the arithmetic circuit 23 can be lowered. Further, the power supply voltage for driving the arithmetic circuit 23 can be reduced. As a result, the power consumption required for the calculation can be reduced at a rate of several tenths.
- the memory circuit 24 can have a NO SRAM circuit configuration.
- NOSRAM registered trademark
- NOSRAM refers to a memory in which the memory cell is a 2-transistor type (2T) or 3-transistor type (3T) gain cell and the access transistor is an OS transistor.
- the memory circuit 24 can be provided by stacking the layers of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N by using an OS transistor. Further, the OS transistor has an extremely small leakage current, that is, a current flowing between the source and the drain in the off state.
- the NOSRAM can be used as a non-volatile memory by holding the electric charge corresponding to the data in the memory circuit by using the characteristic that the leakage current is extremely small.
- NO SRAM can read the held data without destroying it (non-destructive reading), it is suitable for parallel processing of the product-sum operation of a neural network in which only the data reading operation is repeated in large quantities.
- the arithmetic processing unit 21 has a function of performing arithmetic processing using digital values. Digital values are less susceptible to noise. Therefore, the accelerator 20 is suitable for performing arithmetic processing that requires highly accurate arithmetic results.
- the arithmetic processing unit 21 is preferably composed of Si CMOS, that is, a transistor (Si transistor) having silicon in the channel forming region. With this configuration, it can be provided by stacking with an OS transistor.
- the arithmetic circuit 23 uses the digital value data held in each of the memory circuits 24 of the plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N to perform any of processing such as integer arithmetic, single precision floating point arithmetic, and double precision floating point arithmetic. It has the function of performing one.
- the arithmetic circuit 23 has a function of repeatedly executing the same processing such as a product-sum operation.
- the calculation circuit 23 is configured to provide one calculation circuit 23 for each read bit line of the memory circuit 24, that is, for each row (Column) (Column-Parallel Calibration).
- the data for one line (maximum all bit lines) of the memory circuit 24 can be arithmetically processed in parallel.
- the data bus size between the CPU and the memory 32 bits, etc.
- the degree of parallelism of the calculation can be significantly increased. It is possible to improve the calculation efficiency related to enormous arithmetic processing such as deep neural network learning (deep learning) which is an AI technology and scientific and technological calculation which performs floating point arithmetic.
- the power generated by the memory access (data transfer between the CPU and the memory and the calculation by the CPU) can be reduced, and heat generation and heat generation can be performed. It is possible to suppress an increase in power consumption. Further, by making the physical distance between the arithmetic circuit 23 and the memory circuit 24 close to each other, for example, the wiring distance can be shortened by stacking, the parasitic capacitance generated in the signal line can be reduced, so that the power consumption can be reduced.
- the product-sum operation in inference processing requires a large amount of data, and a huge bandwidth (data transfer rate) for that purpose is required.
- a wide bandwidth can be secured by arranging a plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N on the arithmetic circuit 23.
- the transfer speed of a plurality of data can be increased. Therefore, the power consumption required for the product-sum calculation in the inference processing can be reduced at a rate of several tenths.
- the inference processing based on the deep neural network is not an operation using data having a large number of bits such as 64 bits, but is optimized to data having a bit number of preferably 32 bits or less, more preferably 16 bits or less, and more preferably 8 bits or less. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the power consumption without lowering the calculation accuracy.
- the bus 30 electrically connects the CPU 10 and the accelerator 20. That is, the CPU 10 and the accelerator 20 can transmit data via the bus 30.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram schematically showing the reading of data from the memory circuits 24 of the plurality of stacked memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N to the arithmetic circuit 23 in the accelerator 20 shown in FIG. 1B.
- the arrows represent the movement of the data.
- the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention can read data from the memory circuit 24 included in the plurality of memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N stacked via the wiring 31. Since the physical distance between the arithmetic circuit 23 and the memory circuit 24, which are in a stacked positional relationship, is very close, the wiring distance is short. Therefore, the parasitic capacitance generated in the wiring 31 can be reduced, so that the power consumption can be reduced.
- the parasitic capacitance generated in the wiring 31 increases. Therefore, it is preferable to provide switches SW_1 to SW_N in each layer of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N between the wiring to which the memory circuit 24 is connected, for example, the reading bit wire and the wiring 31.
- the switches SW_1 to SW_N are configured to be controlled so as to be turned off at the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N that do not read data and turned on at the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N that read data. With this configuration, the parasitic capacitance of the wiring 31 due to the increase in the number of layers of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N can be reduced, so that the power consumption can be reduced.
- the number of memory circuits 24 may be different by making the circuit layout, the channel length of the transistor, the channel width, or the density of the transistor different in each of the plurality of stacked memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N.
- the memory circuit 24 in the lower layer for example, the memory circuit layer 22_1 of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N has a circuit layout in which the density of transistors is high, and the upper layer (z direction in the figure) is formed. Therefore, the circuit layout may have a low transistor density. With this configuration, it is possible to increase the number of memory circuits in which the physical distance of the arithmetic circuit 23 is short, and to improve the data holding characteristics of the memory circuit 24 in the upper layer.
- the memory circuit 24 in the upper layer (for example, the memory circuit layer 22_N) of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N has a circuit layout in which the density of transistors is high, and the lower layer (in the figure, the memory circuit layer 22_1 side).
- the circuit layout may be such that the density of the transistors decreases as the value increases.
- One aspect of the present invention can reduce the power consumption of a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can reduce the size of a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can suppress heat generation in a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can reduce the number of data transfers between the CPU and the semiconductor device that functions as a memory in the semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator such as AI technology having a huge amount of calculation and the number of parameters.
- semiconductor devices that function as accelerators such as AI technology, which has a huge amount of calculation and the number of parameters, have a non-Von Neumann architecture, and compared to the von Neumann architecture, which consumes more power as the processing speed increases. Parallel processing can be performed with extremely low power consumption.
- FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example applicable to each layer of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N included in the semiconductor device 100 of the present invention.
- writing word lines WWL_1 to WWL_M are arranged side by side in the matrix direction of M rows and N columns (M and N are natural numbers of 2 or more).
- M and N are natural numbers of 2 or more.
- the read bit lines RBL_1 to RBL_N are shown in the figure.
- the memory circuit 24 connected to each word line and bit line is illustrated.
- FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example applicable to the memory circuit 24.
- the memory circuit 24 includes a transistor 25, a transistor 26, a transistor 27, and a capacitance element 28 (also referred to as a capacitor).
- One of the source and drain of the transistor 25 is connected to the writing bit line WBL.
- the gate of the transistor 25 is connected to the writing word line WWL.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 25 is connected to one electrode of the capacitive element 28 and the gate of the transistor 26.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor 26 and the other electrode of the capacitive element 28 are connected to a wire that provides a fixed potential, eg, a ground potential.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 26 is connected to one of the source or drain of the transistor 27.
- the gate of the transistor 27 is connected to the read word line RWL.
- the other of the source or drain of the transistor 27 is connected to the read bit line RBL.
- the read bit line RBL is connected to the arithmetic circuit 23 via a wiring 31 or the like extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate on which the arithmetic circuit 23 is provided.
- the circuit configuration of the memory circuit 24 shown in FIG. 4B corresponds to a NO SRAM of a 3-transistor type (3T) gain cell.
- the transistor 25 to the transistor 27 are OS transistors.
- the OS transistor has an extremely small leakage current, that is, a current flowing between the source and the drain in the off state.
- the NOSRAM can be used as a non-volatile memory by holding the electric charge corresponding to the data in the memory circuit by using the characteristic that the leakage current is extremely small.
- the circuit configuration applicable to the memory circuit 24 of FIG. 4A is not limited to the 3T type NO SRAM of FIG. 4B.
- it may be a circuit corresponding to the DOSRAM shown in FIG. 5A.
- DOSRAM is a RAM having a 1T1C type memory cell, and is an abbreviation for Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor RAM.
- FIG. 5A illustrates a memory circuit 24A having a transistor 25A and a capacitive element 28A.
- the transistor 25A is an OS transistor.
- An example in which the memory circuit 24A is connected to the bit line BL, the word line WL, and the back gate line BGL is illustrated.
- the circuit configuration applicable to the memory circuit 24 of FIG. 4A may be a circuit corresponding to the 2T type NO SRAM shown in FIG. 5B.
- FIG. 5B illustrates a memory circuit 24B having a transistor 25B, a transistor 26B, and a capacitive element 28B.
- the transistor 25B and the transistor 26B are OS transistors.
- the transistor 25B and the transistor 26B may be an OS transistor in which semiconductor layers are arranged in different layers, or an OS transistor in which semiconductor layers are arranged in the same layer.
- An example in which the memory circuit 24B is connected to the writing bit line WBL, the reading bit line RBL, the writing word line WWL, the reading word line RWL, the source line SL, and the back gate line BGL is illustrated.
- the circuit configuration applicable to the memory circuit 24 of FIG. 4A may be a circuit in which the 3T type NO SRAM shown in FIG. 5C is combined.
- FIG. 5B illustrates a memory circuit 24C having a memory circuit 24_P capable of holding data having different logics and a memory circuit 24_N.
- FIG. 5B illustrates a memory circuit 24_P having a transistor 25_P, a transistor 26_P, a transistor 27_P and a capacitive element 28_P, and a memory circuit 24_N having a transistor 25_N, a transistor 26_N, a transistor 27_N and a capacitive element 28_N.
- Each transistor included in the memory circuit 24_P and the memory circuit 24_N is an OS transistor.
- Each transistor included in the memory circuit 24_P and the memory circuit 24_N may be an OS transistor in which a semiconductor layer is arranged in different layers, or an OS transistor in which a semiconductor layer is arranged in the same layer.
- An example in which the memory circuit 24C is connected to a write bit line WBL_P, a read bit line RBL_P, a write bit line WBL_N, a read bit line RBL_N, a write word line WWL, and a read word line RWL is shown in the figure. Shown.
- the memory circuit 24C holds data having different logics, reads the data having different logics into the reading bit line RBL_P and the writing bit line WBL_N, and amplifies the data with a sense amplifier or the like to obtain high-speed data. It can be read.
- an exclusive OR circuit (XOR circuit) is provided so that the data corresponding to the multiplication of the data held in the memory circuit 24_P and the memory circuit 24_N is output to the read bit line RBL. May be good.
- XOR circuit exclusive OR circuit
- the circuit configuration applicable to the memory circuit 24 of FIG. 4A may be a NAND type memory circuit having a charge storage layer such as the MONOS type shown in FIG. 5D.
- FIG. 5D illustrates a memory circuit 24D having transistors 32 [1] to 32 [n], transistors SW1 and SW2.
- the transistors 32 [1] to 32 [n], the transistors SW1 and SW2 are OS transistors.
- the transistors 32 [1] to 32 [n], the transistors SW1 and SW2 may be OS transistors having semiconductor layers provided in the same layer, or OS transistors having semiconductor layers provided in different layers.
- the transistors 32 [1] to 32 [n] have a configuration including a control gate electrode and a charge storage layer or a floating gate electrode.
- openings are provided in a laminated body in which conductive layers and insulating layers are alternately laminated, and conductors, insulators, semiconductors, etc. are concentrically placed on the inner wall of the openings. It may be a NAND type memory of a string type (also referred to as a macaroni type) provided in layers.
- the transistors 32 [1] to 32 [n] are connected to the word line WL [1] to the word line WL [n] and the back gate line BGL [1] to the back gate line BGL [n].
- SW1 and SW2 are connected to the control lines SEL1, SEL2, the read bit line, and the source line SL is illustrated.
- the circuit configuration applicable to the memory circuit 24 of FIG. 4A may be a NAND type memory circuit in which the NO SRAM shown in FIG. 5E is combined.
- FIG. 5E illustrates a memory circuit 24E having transistors 25 [1] to 25 [n], transistors 26 [1] to 26 [n], and transistors SW1 and SW2.
- the transistors 25 [1] to 25 [n], the transistors 26 [1] to 26 [n], and the transistors SW1 and SW2 are OS transistors.
- the transistors 25 [1] to 25 [n], the transistors 26 [1] to 26 [n], and the transistors SW1 and SW2 may be OS transistors having a semiconductor layer provided in the same layer, or may be provided in different layers. An OS transistor having a semiconductor layer may be used.
- the transistors 25 [1] to 25 [n] and the transistors 26 [1] to 26 [n] are provided with openings in a laminated body in which conductive layers and insulating layers are alternately laminated, and are conductive on the inner wall of the openings.
- It may be a NAND type memory of a vertical channel type (also referred to as a macaroni type) in which a body, an insulator, a semiconductor, or the like is provided on concentric circles.
- a NAND memory composed of an OS transistor that can be manufactured on a layer having a Si transistor has a function as a main memory in addition to a function as a storage memory, and can be called a universal memory.
- the universal memory has a function of a main memory such as a DRAM (Dynamic RAM) provided as a separate chip, so that there is a possibility that a computer system that does not require a DRAM can be constructed.
- DRAM Dynamic RAM
- transistors 25 [1] to 25 [n] are connected to word lines WL [1] to word lines WL [n], respectively, and transistors 26 [1] to 26 [n] hold NO SRAM data, respectively.
- An example of being connected to a node ND [1] to a node ND [n], which is a node, is illustrated.
- the memory circuit 24E illustrates an example in which the transistors SW1 and SW2 are connected to the control lines SEL1 and SEL2, the read bit line RBL, and the source line SL.
- the circuit configuration of the memory circuit applicable to each layer of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N included in the semiconductor device 100 of the present invention may be different for each layer.
- the memory circuit in the lower layer for example, the memory circuit layer 22_1 of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N is the memory circuit 24A
- the memory circuit in the upper layer for example, the memory circuit layer 22_2, the memory circuit layer 22_N.
- the memory circuit 24A which is close to the physical distance of the arithmetic circuit 23, can apply the circuit configuration of NOSRAM, and the memory circuit 24B can apply other circuit configurations such as DOSRAM and NAND memory.
- the memory circuit in the upper layer is a universal memory memory circuit 24N having a vertical channel type.
- the memory circuit 24A which is close to the physical distance of the arithmetic circuit 23, can apply the circuit configuration of the NO SRAM.
- an external memory such as a DRAM can be omitted.
- the arithmetic processing can be performed at a high speed by having the NO SRAM, which has a higher write speed and read speed than the universal memory, hold the data required for the arithmetic processing.
- the data held in the universal memory can be arithmetically processed via the NOSRAM (memory circuit 24A), so that the data used for the arithmetic processing in the semiconductor device 100 can be processed.
- the storage capacity can be greatly increased.
- the delay time gap required for reading and writing data can be reduced.
- FIG. 7A shows various storage devices used in semiconductor devices for each layer.
- a storage device located in the upper layer is required to have a faster operating speed, and a storage device located in the lower layer is required to have a large storage capacity and a high recording density.
- PU arithmetic processing unit
- NO SRAM NO SRAM
- OS Memory storage memory
- main memory main memory
- a NAND-type universal memory having a three-dimensional structure using an OS transistor is referred to as "OS Memory".
- OS Memory is preferably an OS transistor having a storage capacity larger than that of the NO SRAM.
- the universal memory can be randomly accessed and the off-current of the OS transistor is very small, the universal memory is written in a period of one year or more, or even ten years or more even if the power supply is stopped. Information can be retained. Therefore, the universal memory can be regarded as a non-volatile memory.
- the universal memory can hold not only binary (1 bit) but also multi-value (multi-bit) information.
- the universal memory is a method of writing an electric charge to a node via an OS transistor, the high voltage required for a conventional NAND flash memory is not required, and a high-speed writing operation can be realized. Further, the erasing operation before data rewriting performed in the NAND flash memory is unnecessary in the universal memory. Also, since no charge is injected or withdrawn into the floating gate or charge capture layer, the universal memory can write and read data virtually unlimited times. The universal memory has less deterioration than the conventional NAND flash memory, and high reliability can be obtained.
- the semiconductor device can significantly increase the storage capacity of data used for arithmetic processing. In addition, the delay time gap required for reading and writing data can be reduced. Further, as shown in FIG. 7B, memory circuits having different data retention characteristics or storage capacities are laminated in the z direction (direction perpendicular to the substrate on which the arithmetic processing unit 21 is provided), and data (Data) is provided via each layer. I / O is possible. Since the data (Data) can be input / output using the wiring between the layers, the parasitic capacitance or resistance of the wiring can be reduced, and the increase in power consumption due to the data input / output can be suppressed.
- a part of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N may be a circuit having another function.
- the memory circuit layer 22_N on the uppermost layer of the accelerator 20 may be provided with a circuit 24F having a function different from that of the memory circuit.
- the circuit 24F is a circuit that can be provided by an OS transistor.
- an amplifier circuit or an amplifier circuit capable of amplifying the potential of the input IN as shown in FIG. 8B at the output OUT can be used.
- the transistor 33B can be composed of an OS transistor.
- the circuit 24F may have an antenna 34 as shown in FIG. 8C, for example, in addition to the configuration of FIG. 8B.
- the antenna 34 can be formed by arranging the conductive layer used in the circuit 24F so as to function as an antenna.
- 5G 5th generation mobile communication system
- communication frequencies of 3.7 GHz band, 4.5 GHz band, and 28 GHz band are used.
- the data retention characteristics of the memory circuits provided in the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N are different.
- the data retention characteristic corresponds to the time during which the written data can be retained (data retention time).
- the data holding characteristics are different between the memory circuit 24A and the memory circuit 24B.
- the data holding time of the memory circuit 24A may be several ms.
- the data holding time of the memory circuit 24B is preferably longer than that of the cache memory.
- the drive voltages V 1 and V 2 for driving each memory circuit output by the drive circuit 35 are made different.
- the amplitude voltages for driving the transistors of the memory circuit are different at the drive voltages V 1 and V 2.
- the potential for turning off the transistors of the memory circuits 24A and 24B is defined as the potential Voff.
- the potential Von1 for turning on the transistor included in the memory circuit 24A is set to be smaller than the potential Von2 for turning on the transistor included in the memory circuit 24B.
- the drive voltages V 1 and V 2 By setting the drive voltages V 1 and V 2 in this way, the data holding characteristics of the memory circuits provided in the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N can be made different. By configuring the drive voltages V 1 and V 2 for driving each memory circuit to be different, the S value (subthreshold swing value) and the field effect mobility in the transistor of each memory circuit can be made different.
- the potential for turning on the transistors of the memory circuits 24A and 24B is set to the potential Von.
- the potential Voff1 for turning off the transistor included in the memory circuit 24A is set to be larger than the potential Voff2 for turning on the transistor included in the memory circuit 24B.
- the film thickness of the insulator functioning as the gate insulating film of the transistor of the memory circuit may be different for each layer.
- the thickness of the insulator 36A that functions as the gate insulating film of the transistor 25A of the memory circuit 24A of the memory circuit layer 22_1 is the transistor of the memory circuit 24B of the memory circuit layers 22_2 to 2_N.
- the film thickness is smaller than that of the insulator 36B that functions as the gate insulating film of 25B.
- the channel length of the transistor of the memory circuit may be different for each layer.
- the channel length L1 of the transistor 25A included in the memory circuit 24A of the memory circuit layer 22_1 is made smaller than the channel length L2 of the transistor 25B included in the memory circuits 24B of the memory circuit layers 22_2 to 2_N.
- a configuration in which the channel length is different for each layer has been described, but if the channel width of the transistor, the configuration in which the ratio of the channel length to the channel width (W / L) is different, or the drive frequency is different for each layer, It may be a configuration that is performed in combination, such as a configuration that allows the frequency to be set.
- FIG. 12A is a diagram illustrating an example of a circuit configuration applicable to the arithmetic processing unit 21 included in the semiconductor device 100 of the present invention.
- the arithmetic processing unit 21 has N arithmetic circuits 23_1 to 23_N.
- Each of the N arithmetic circuits 23_1 to 23_N is input with a signal of any one of N read bit lines RBL_1 to read bit lines RBL_N, and outputs output signals Q_1 to Q_N.
- the signal of the read bit line RBL_1 to the read bit line RBL_N may be amplified and read by a sense amplifier or the like.
- the output signals Q_1 to Q_N correspond to the data obtained by performing the product-sum operation using the data held in the memory circuit 24.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram illustrating a circuit configuration example of the arithmetic circuit 23 applicable to the arithmetic circuit 23_1 to the arithmetic circuit 23_N.
- FIG. 13 is a circuit for executing arithmetic processing based on the architecture of Binary Neural Network (BNN).
- the calculation circuit 23 includes a read circuit 41 to which a signal of the read bit line RBL is given, a bit product sum calculation unit 42, an accumulator 43, a latch circuit 44, and a coding circuit 45 that outputs an output signal Q.
- FIG. 13 shows a configuration example showing more details about the configuration of the arithmetic circuit 23 shown in FIG. 12B.
- the product-sum calculation of 8-bit signals (W [0] to W [7], A [0] to A [7]) is performed, and the 1-bit output signal Q and the 11-bit output signal (acout) are performed.
- the configuration for outputting [10: 0]) is shown as an example.
- the same product of M pieces and their sum can be executed in 8 parallel ⁇ 1 bit ⁇ M / 8 lines, so that M / 8 clock is required. Therefore, in the configuration of FIG. 13, the calculation time can be shortened by executing the product-sum calculation in parallel, so that the calculation efficiency can be improved.
- the arithmetic circuit 23 shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B can reduce the circuit area by adopting a circuit configuration that performs a product-sum operation specialized in inference processing. Therefore, the power consumption required for transmitting and receiving data using a plurality of accelerators 20 can be reduced at a rate of several tenths.
- the power consumption reduction by the calculation specialized in the product-sum calculation at the time of inference processing, and the power consumption reduction by the miniaturization of the circuit area the computer architecture or software optimization By optimizing the drive method, it is possible to reduce the power consumption in an existing data center or super computer at a rate of one-thousandth.
- bit product-sum calculator 42 is obtained by an adder to which an 8-bit signal (W [0] to W [7], A [0] to A [7]) is input and the adder. It has an adder in which the value is input.
- the product of 1-bit signals calculated in 8 parallels is shown as WA0 to WA7, the sum thereof is shown as WA10, WA32, WA54, WA76, and the sum thereof is shown as WA3210, WA7654.
- the accumulator 43 functioning as an adder outputs the sum of the signal of the bit multiply-accumulate calculator 42 and the output signal of the latch circuit 44 to the latch circuit 44.
- the accumulator 43 switches the signal to be input to the adder according to the control signal TxD_EN.
- TxD_EN 0
- the control signal TxD_EN 1
- TxD_EN 1
- the logic circuit 47 composed of the AND circuit is used for batch normalization after the product-sum calculation of the signals A [0] to A [7] and the signals W [0] to W [7] is completed.
- the signal W [7] is added while switching with the data, specifically, the switching signal (th select [10: 0]).
- the data for batch normalization may be configured to be simultaneously read and selected from signals W [0] to W [6] other than the signal W [7], for example.
- Batch normalization is an operation for adjusting the distribution of output data of each layer in a neural network so as to be constant. For example, image data often used for calculations in neural networks may differ from the distribution of prediction data (input data) because the distribution of data used for learning tends to vary.
- Batch normalization can improve the accuracy of learning in a neural network by normalizing the distribution of input data to the intermediate layer of the neural network to a Gaussian distribution with an average of 0 and a variance of 1.
- BNN Binary Neural Network
- the latch circuit 44 holds the output signal (accout [10: 0]) of the accumulator 43.
- the binary data passed to the layer (NN layer) in the next neural network by batch normalization becomes the most significant bit of the product-sum operation result held by the latch circuit 44.
- the signal of the most significant bit (acout10) represents the sign of the latch data calculated by the two's complement, and the plus data is 1 and the minus data is 0. Since it is passed to the NN layer, it is inverted by the inverter circuit 46 that functions as a coding circuit, and is output as an output signal Q. Since Q is the output of the intermediate layer, it is temporarily stored in the buffer memory (also referred to as an input buffer) in the accelerator 20 and then used for the calculation of the next layer.
- FIG. 14A illustrates a hierarchical neural network based on the Binary Neural Network (BNN) architecture.
- FIG. 14A illustrates a fully connected neural network of a neuron 50, an input layer 1 layer (I1), an intermediate layer 3 layers (M1 to M3), and an output layer 1 layer (O1).
- the number of neurons in the input layer I1 is 786
- the number of neurons in the intermediate layers M1 to M3 is 256
- the number of neurons in the output layer O1 is 10
- the number of connections in each layer (layer 51, layer 52, layer 53 and layer 54) is ( 786 x 256) + (256 x 256) + (256 x 256) + (256 x 10), for a total of 334,336 pieces. That is, since the weight parameters required for the neural network calculation are about 330 Kbits in total, the memory capacity can be sufficiently implemented even in a small-scale system.
- FIG. 14B shows a detailed block diagram of the semiconductor device 100 capable of calculating the neural network shown in FIG. 14A.
- FIG. 14B in addition to the memory circuit layer 22_1, the memory circuit 24, and the wiring 31 among the arithmetic processing unit 21, the arithmetic circuit 23, and the memory unit 22 described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, FIGS. 1A and 1B are shown. A configuration example of a peripheral circuit for driving each configuration is shown.
- FIG. 14B illustrates a controller 61, a row decoder 62, a word line driver 63, a column decoder 64, a write driver 65, a precharge circuit 66, a sense amplifier 67, a selector 68, an input buffer 71, and an arithmetic control circuit 72.
- FIG. 15A is a diagram in which blocks for controlling the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N of the memory unit 22 are extracted for each configuration shown in FIG. 14B.
- the controller 61, the low decoder 62, the word line driver 63, the column decoder 64, the write driver 65, the precharge circuit 66, the sense amplifier 67, and the selector 68 are extracted and shown.
- the controller 61 processes an input signal from the outside to generate a control signal for the row decoder 62 and the column decoder 64.
- the input signal from the outside is a control signal for controlling the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N of the memory unit 22, such as a write enable signal and a read enable signal.
- the controller 61 inputs / outputs data written to the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N of the memory unit 22 or data read from the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N of the memory unit 22 via a bus with the CPU 10.
- the low decoder 62 generates a signal for driving the word line driver 63.
- the word line driver 63 generates a signal to be given to the writing word line WWL and the reading word line RWL.
- the column decoder 64 generates a signal for driving the sense amplifier 67 and the write driver 65.
- the sense amplifier 67 amplifies the potential of the read bit line RBL.
- the write driver generates a signal for controlling the read bit line RBL and the write bit line WBL.
- the precharge circuit 66 has a function of precharging a read bit line RBL or the like.
- the signal read from the memory circuit 24 of the memory circuit layers 22_1 to 22_N of the memory unit 22 is input to the arithmetic circuit 23 and can be output via the selector 68.
- the selector 68 can sequentially read data corresponding to the bus width and output necessary data to the CPU 10 or the like via the controller 61.
- FIG. 15B is a diagram in which blocks for controlling the arithmetic processing unit 21 are extracted for each configuration shown in FIG. 14B.
- the controller 61 processes an input signal from the outside to generate a control signal of the arithmetic control circuit 72. Further, the controller 61 generates various signals for controlling the arithmetic circuit 23 included in the arithmetic processing unit 21. Further, the controller 61 inputs / outputs data related to the calculation result via the input buffer 71. By using this buffer memory, parallel calculation of the number of bits equal to or larger than the data bus width of the CPU becomes possible. Further, since the number of times that a huge number of weight parameters are transferred to and from the CPU 10 can be reduced, power consumption can be reduced.
- One aspect of the present invention can reduce the size of a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can reduce the power consumption of a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can suppress heat generation in a semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator for AI technology and the like, which has a huge amount of calculation and a large number of parameters.
- one aspect of the present invention can reduce the number of data transfers between the CPU and the semiconductor device that functions as a memory in the semiconductor device that functions as an accelerator such as AI technology having a huge amount of calculation and the number of parameters.
- semiconductor devices that function as accelerators such as AI technology, which has a huge amount of calculation and the number of parameters, have a non-Von Neumann architecture, and compared to the von Neumann architecture, which consumes more power as the processing speed increases. Parallel processing can be performed with extremely low power consumption.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of operation when a part of the calculation of the program executed by the CPU is executed by the accelerator.
- the host program is executed on the CPU (step S1).
- the CPU When the CPU confirms the instruction to allocate the data area required for performing the calculation using the accelerator in the memory unit (step S2), the CPU allocates the data area in the memory unit (step S2). S3).
- the memory unit 22 secures the data required when the accelerator 20 performs the calculation in the calculation processing unit 21.
- the CPU transmits input data from the main memory to the memory unit (step S4).
- the memory unit receives the input data and stores the input data in the area secured in step S2 (step S5).
- step S6 When the CPU confirms the instruction to start the kernel program (step S6), the accelerator starts the execution of the kernel program (step S7).
- the CPU may be switched from the state of performing calculation to the state of PG (power gating) (step S8).
- the CPU is switched from the PG state to the state of performing the calculation (step S9).
- step S10 When the accelerator finishes executing the kernel program, the output data is stored in the above memory section (step S10).
- the accelerator sends the output data to the main memory and outputs the data.
- the data is stored in the main memory (step S12).
- step S13 When the CPU issues an instruction to release the data area reserved on the memory unit (step S13), the data area reserved on the memory unit is released (step S14).
- step S1 By repeating the above operations from step S1 to step S14, a part of the calculation of the program executed by the CPU can be executed by the accelerator while suppressing the power consumption and heat generation of the CPU and the accelerator.
- FIG. 17 shows a configuration example of the CPU 10.
- the CPU 10 includes a CPU core (CPU Core) 200, an L1 (level 1) cache memory device (L1 cache) 202, an L2 cache memory device (L2 cache) 203, a bus interface unit (Bus I / F) 205, and a power switch 210 to. It has 212, a level shifter (LS) 214.
- the CPU core 200 has a flip-flop 220.
- the CPU core 200, the L1 cache memory device 202, and the L2 cache memory device 203 are connected to each other by the bus interface unit 205.
- the PMU193 generates a clock signal GCLK1 and various PG (power gating) control signals (PG control signals) in response to signals such as interrupt signals (Interrupts) input from the outside and signal SLEEP1 issued by the CPU 10.
- the clock signals GCLK1 and PG control signals are input to the CPU 10.
- the PG control signal controls the power switches 210 to 212 and the flip-flop 220.
- the power switches 210 and 211 control the supply of the voltages VDDD and VDD1 to the virtual power supply line V_VDD (hereinafter referred to as V_ VDD line), respectively.
- the power switch 212 controls the supply of the voltage VDDH to the virtual power supply line V_VDH (hereinafter, referred to as V_VDH line).
- the voltage VSSS is input to the CPU 10 and the PMU 193 without going through the power switch.
- the voltage VDDD is input to the PMU 193 without going through the power switch.
- Voltages VDDD and VDD1 are drive voltages for CMOS circuits.
- the voltage VDD1 is lower than the voltage VDDD and is a driving voltage in the sleep state.
- the voltage VDDH is a drive voltage for the OS transistor and is higher than the voltage VDDD.
- Each of the L1 cache memory device 202, the L2 cache memory device 203, and the bus interface unit 205 has at least one power gating capable power domain.
- a power domain capable of power gating is provided with one or more power switches. These power switches are controlled by PG control signals.
- the flip-flop 220 is used as a register.
- the flip-flop 220 is provided with a backup circuit. Hereinafter, the flip-flop 220 will be described.
- FIG. 18A shows a circuit configuration example of the flip-flop 220 (Flip-flop).
- the flip-flop 220 has a scan flip-flop (Scan Flip-flop) 221 and a backup circuit (Backup Circuit) 222.
- the scan flip-flop 221 has nodes D1, Q1, SD, SE, RT, CK, and a clock buffer circuit 221A.
- Node D1 is a data (data) input node
- node Q1 is a data output node
- node SD is a scan test data input node.
- the node SE is an input node of the signal SCE.
- the node CK is an input node for the clock signal GCLK1.
- the clock signal GCLK1 is input to the clock buffer circuit 221A.
- the analog switch of the scan flip-flop 221 is connected to the nodes CK1 and CKB1 of the clock buffer circuit 221A.
- the node RT is an input node for a reset signal.
- the signal SCE is a scan enable signal and is generated by PMU193.
- PMU193 generates signals BK and RC.
- the level shifter 214 level-shifts the signals BK and RC to generate the signals BKH and RCH.
- the signals BK and RC are backup signals and recovery signals.
- the circuit configuration of the scan flip-flop 221 is not limited to FIG. 18A. Flip-flops provided in standard circuit libraries can be applied.
- the backup circuit 222 has a node SD_IN, SN11, transistors M11 to M13, and a capacitance element C11.
- Node SD_IN is an input node for scan test data and is connected to node Q1 of scan flip-flop 221.
- the node SN11 is a holding node of the backup circuit 222.
- the capacitance element C11 is a holding capacitance for holding the voltage of the node SN11.
- Transistor M11 controls the conduction state between node Q1 and node SN11.
- the transistor M12 controls the conduction state between the node SN11 and the node SD.
- the transistor M13 controls the conduction state between the node SD_IN and the node SD.
- the on / off of the transistors M11 and M13 is controlled by the signal BKH, and the on / off of the transistors M12 is controlled by the signal RCH.
- Transistors M11 to M13 are OS transistors like the transistors 25 to 27 included in the memory circuit 24 described above.
- the transistors M11 to M13 are shown to have a back gate.
- the back gates of the transistors M11 to M13 are connected to a power supply line that supplies the voltage VBG1.
- the backup circuit 222 has a non-volatile characteristic because it can suppress a drop in the voltage of the node SN11 due to the feature of the OS transistor that the off-current is extremely small and consumes almost no power for holding data. Since the data is rewritten by charging / discharging the capacitive element C11, the backup circuit 222 is, in principle, not limited in the number of rewrites, and can write and read data with low energy.
- the backup circuit 222 can be laminated on the scan flip-flop 221 composed of the silicon CMOS circuit.
- the backup circuit 222 Since the backup circuit 222 has a very small number of elements as compared with the scan flip-flop 221, it is not necessary to change the circuit configuration and layout of the scan flip-flop 221 in order to stack the backup circuits 222. That is, the backup circuit 222 is a highly versatile backup circuit. Further, since the backup circuit 222 can be provided so as to overlap in the region where the scan flip-flop 221 is formed, the area overhead of the flip-flop 220 can be reduced to zero even if the backup circuit 222 is incorporated. Therefore, by providing the backup circuit 222 on the flip-flop 220, power gating of the CPU core 200 becomes possible. Since the energy required for power gating is small, it is possible to power gate the CPU core 200 with high efficiency.
- the backup circuit 222 By providing the backup circuit 222, the parasitic capacitance due to the transistor M11 is added to the node Q1, but since it is smaller than the parasitic capacitance due to the logic circuit connected to the node Q1, the scan flip-flop 221 operates. There is no effect. That is, even if the backup circuit 222 is provided, the performance of the flip-flop 220 is not substantially deteriorated.
- the low power consumption state of the CPU core 200 for example, a clock gating state, a power gating state, and a hibernation state can be set.
- the PMU193 selects the low power consumption mode of the CPU core 200 based on the interrupt signal, the signal SLEEP1, and the like. For example, when shifting from the normal operating state to the clock gating state, the PMU 193 stops generating the clock signal GCLK1.
- the PMU193 when shifting from the normal operating state to the hibernation state, the PMU193 performs voltage and / or frequency scaling. For example, when performing voltage scaling, the PMU 193 turns off the power switch 210 and turns on the power switch 211 in order to input the voltage VDD1 to the CPU core 200.
- the voltage VDD1 is a voltage that does not cause the data of the scan flip-flop 221 to be lost.
- PMU193 lowers the frequency of the clock signal GCLK1.
- FIG. 19 shows an example of the power gating sequence of the CPU core 200.
- t1 to t7 represent the time.
- the signals PSE0 to PSE2 are control signals of the power switches 210 to 212 and are generated by the PMU193. When the signal PSE0 is “H” / “L”, the power switch 210 is on / off. The same applies to the signals PSE1 and PSE2.
- the PMU193 stops the clock signal GCLK1 and sets the signals PSE2 and BK to “H”.
- the level shifter 214 becomes active and outputs the “H” signal BKH to the backup circuit 222.
- the transistor M11 of the backup circuit 222 is turned on, and the data of the node Q1 of the scan flip-flop 221 is written to the node SN11 of the backup circuit 222. If the node Q1 of the scan flip-flop 221 is "L”, the node SN11 remains “L”, and if the node Q1 is "H”, the node SN11 becomes "H”.
- the PMU193 sets the signals PSE2 and BK to “L” at time t2 and sets the signal PSE0 to “L” at time t3.
- the state of the CPU core 200 shifts to the power gating state.
- the signal PSE0 may be lowered at the timing of lowering.
- the PMU 193 sets the signal PSE0 to “H” to shift from the power gating state to the recovery state.
- the PMU193 sets the signals PSE2, RC, and SCE to “H” in a state where charging of the V_ VDD line is started and the voltage of the V_ VDD line becomes VDDD (time t5).
- the transistor M12 is turned on, and the electric charge of the capacitive element C11 is distributed to the node SN11 and the node SD. If the node SN11 is "H”, the voltage of the node SD rises. Since the node SE is “H”, the data of the node SD is written to the input side latch circuit of the scan flip-flop 221. When the clock signal GCLK1 is input to the node CK at time t6, the data of the input side latch circuit is written to the node Q1. That is, the data of the node SN11 is written to the node Q1.
- PMU193 sets the signals PSE2, SCE, and RC to "L", and the recovery operation ends.
- the backup circuit 222 using the OS transistor is very suitable for normal off computing because both dynamic and static low power consumption are small. Even if the flip-flop 220 is mounted, the performance of the CPU core 200 can be reduced and the dynamic power can be hardly increased.
- the CPU core 200 may have a plurality of power domains capable of power gating.
- the plurality of power domains are provided with one or more power switches for controlling the voltage input.
- the CPU core 200 may have one or a plurality of power domains in which power gating is not performed.
- a power gating control circuit for controlling the flip-flop 220 and the power switches 210 to 212 may be provided in the power domain where power gating is not performed.
- the application of the flip-flop 220 is not limited to the CPU 10.
- the flip-flop 220 can be applied to a register provided in a power domain capable of power gating.
- FIG. 20A and 20B show the structure of the memory circuit 860 constituting the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 20A is a top view of the periphery of the memory circuit 860.
- FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view of the memory circuit 860, and FIG. 20B corresponds to the portion shown by the alternate long and short dash line of A1-A2 in FIG. 20A.
- FIG. 20B a cross section of the transistor 600 in the channel length direction and a cross section of the transistor 700 in the channel width direction are shown.
- FIG. 20A some elements are omitted for the purpose of clarifying the figure.
- the X direction and the Y direction are parallel or substantially parallel to the substrate surface, and the Z direction is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface.
- the memory circuit 860 shown in the present embodiment includes a transistor 600, a transistor 700, and a capacitance element 655.
- the memory circuit 860 corresponds to the memory circuit 24 shown in the previous embodiment, and the transistor 600, the transistor 700, and the capacitive element 655 are the transistor 25, the transistor 26, respectively shown in the previous embodiment 1, respectively. It corresponds to the capacitive element 28 and corresponds to a 2T type NO SRAM in which the transistor 27 is omitted.
- One of the source and drain of the transistor 600, the gate of the transistor 700, and one of the electrodes of the capacitive element 655 are electrically connected.
- the transistor 600 and the transistor 700 are arranged on the insulator 614, and the insulator 680 is arranged on the transistor 600 and a part of the transistor 700.
- the insulator 682 is placed on the 600, the transistor 700 and the insulator 680, the insulator 685 is placed on the insulator 682, the capacitive element 655 is placed on the insulator 685, and the capacitive element 655 is placed on the capacitive element 655.
- Insulator 688 is arranged.
- the insulator 614, the insulator 680, the insulator 682, the insulator 685, and the insulator 688 function as an interlayer film.
- the transistor 600 includes an insulator 616 on the insulator 614, a conductor 605 (conductor 605a and a conductor 605b) arranged so as to be embedded in the insulator 616, a conductor 616, and a conductivity.
- the oxide 630c has an oxide of 630c, an insulator 650 on the oxide 630c, and a conductor 660 (conductor 660a and a conductor 660b) located on the insulator 650 and overlapping the oxide 630c. Further, the oxide 630c is in contact with the side surface of the oxide 643a, the side surface of the oxide 643b, the side surface of the conductor 642a, and the side surface of the conductor 642b, respectively.
- the upper surface of the conductor 660 is arranged substantially in agreement with the upper surface of the insulator 650, the upper surface of the oxide 630c, and the upper surface of the insulator 680. Further, the insulator 682 is in contact with the upper surfaces of the conductor 660, the insulator 650, the oxide 630c, and the insulator 680, respectively.
- oxide 630a, oxide 630b, and oxide 630c may be collectively referred to as oxide 630.
- oxide 643a and the oxide 643b may be collectively referred to as an oxide 643.
- conductor 642a and the conductor 642b may be collectively referred to as the conductor 642.
- the conductor 660 functions as a gate, and the conductors 642a and 642b function as sources or drains, respectively. Further, the conductor 605 functions as a back gate.
- the transistor 600 is self-aligned so that the conductor 660, which functions as a gate, fills the opening formed by the insulator 680 or the like. As described above, in the semiconductor device according to the present embodiment, the conductor 660 can be reliably arranged in the region between the conductors 642a and 642b without alignment.
- the transistor 700 includes an insulator 616 on the insulator 614, a conductor 705 (conductor 705a and a conductor 705b) arranged so as to be embedded in the insulator 616, a conductor 616, and a conductor.
- Insulator 672 in contact with the side surface of the conductor 742a, the side surface of the oxide 743b, the side surface of the conductor 742b, and the upper surface of the conductor 742b, the insulator 673 on the insulator 672, and the insulator 730b.
- the oxide 730c It has an oxide 730c, an insulator 750 on the oxide 730c, and a conductor 760 (conductor 760a and conductor 760b) located on the insulator 750 and overlapping the oxide 730c. Further, the oxide 730c is in contact with the side surface of the oxide 743a, the side surface of the oxide 743b, the side surface of the conductor 742a, and the side surface of the conductor 742b, respectively.
- the upper surface of the conductor 760 is arranged substantially in agreement with the upper surface of the insulator 750, the upper surface of the oxide 730c, and the upper surface of the insulator 680. Further, the insulator 682 is in contact with the upper surfaces of the conductor 760, the insulator 750, the oxide 730c, and the insulator 680, respectively.
- the oxide 730a, the oxide 730b, and the oxide 730c may be collectively referred to as the oxide 730.
- the oxide 743a and the oxide 743b may be collectively referred to as an oxide 743.
- the conductor 742a and the conductor 742b may be collectively referred to as the conductor 742.
- the conductor 760 functions as a gate, and the conductors 742a and 742b function as sources or drains, respectively. Further, the conductor 705 functions as a back gate.
- the transistor 700 is self-aligned so that the conductor 760 that functions as a gate fills the opening formed by the insulator 680 or the like. As described above, in the semiconductor device according to the present embodiment, the conductor 760 can be reliably arranged in the region between the conductors 742a and the conductors 742b without alignment.
- the transistor 700 is formed in the same layer as the transistor 600 and has the same configuration. Therefore, although the cross section of the transistor 700 in the channel length direction is not shown, it has the same structure as the cross section of the transistor 600 shown in FIG. 20B in the channel length direction. That is, the oxide 743 and the conductor 742, which are not shown in the cross-sectional view, also have the same structure as the oxide 643 and the conductor 642 shown in FIG. 20B. Although the cross section of the transistor 600 in the channel width direction is not shown, it has the same structure as the cross section of the transistor 700 shown in FIG. 20B in the channel width direction.
- the oxide 730 has the same composition as the oxide 630, and the description of the oxide 630 can be taken into consideration.
- the conductor 705 has the same configuration as the conductor 605, and the description of the conductor 605 can be taken into consideration.
- Oxide 743 has the same structure as oxide 643, and the description of oxide 643 can be taken into consideration.
- the conductor 742 has the same configuration as the conductor 642, and the description of the conductor 642 can be taken into consideration.
- the insulator 750 has the same configuration as the insulator 650, and the description of the insulator 650 can be taken into consideration.
- the conductor 760 has the same configuration as the conductor 660, and the description of the conductor 660 can be taken into consideration.
- the configuration of the transistor 700 can refer to the description of the configuration of the transistor 600 as described above.
- the transistor 600 and the transistor 700 have a metal oxide (hereinafter, oxidation) that functions as an oxide semiconductor in the oxide 630 and the oxide 730 including the region where the channel is formed (hereinafter, also referred to as the channel formation region). It is also preferable to use a physical semiconductor).
- oxidation metal oxide
- the oxide 630 and the oxide 730 including the region where the channel is formed hereinafter, also referred to as the channel formation region. It is also preferable to use a physical semiconductor).
- a metal oxide having an energy gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more, as the metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor it is preferable to use a metal oxide having a large energy gap, the leakage current (off current) of the transistor 600 in the non-conducting state can be made extremely small.
- oxide semiconductors for example, In-M-Zn oxide (element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lantern, cerium, neodymium). , Hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, gallium, etc. (one or more) and the like may be used.
- element M aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin may be used.
- oxide semiconductor In—M oxide, In—Zn oxide, or M—Zn oxide may be used.
- the transistor 600 and the transistor 700 using oxide semiconductors in the channel formation region have extremely small off-currents, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Further, in the transistor 600 and the transistor 700, the off-current hardly increases even in a high temperature environment. Specifically, the off-current hardly increases even at an environmental temperature of room temperature or higher and 200 ° C. or lower. Therefore, it is possible to realize a semiconductor device having stable operation and good reliability even in a high temperature environment.
- the capacitance value of the capacitance element 655 can be set small. As a result, the occupied area of the memory circuit 860 can be reduced, and the semiconductor device can be integrated.
- the conductor 742a, the conductor 660, the conductor 605, and the conductor 705 preferably extend in the Y direction.
- the conductor 660 functions as the writing word line WWL shown in the previous embodiment.
- the capacitive element 655 includes a conductor 646a on the insulator 685, an insulator 686 covering the insulator 646a, and a conductor 656 arranged on the insulator 686 so as to overlap with at least a part of the conductor 656.
- the conductor 646a functions as one electrode of the capacitance element 655
- the conductor 646b functions as the other electrode of the capacitance element 655.
- the insulator 686 functions as a dielectric of the capacitance element 655.
- openings are formed in the insulator 622, the insulator 624, the insulator 672, the insulator 673, the insulator 680, the insulator 682, and the insulator 685, and the conductor 640 (conductor 640a, Conductors 640b, 640c, and 640d) are provided so as to be embedded in the opening. Further, the conductor 640 is provided so as to be exposed on the upper surface of the insulator 685.
- the lower surface of the conductor 640a is in contact with the conductor 642a, and the upper surface is in contact with the conductor 646a.
- the lower surface of the conductor 640c is in contact with the conductor 760, and the upper surface is in contact with the conductor 646a.
- the conductor 640b is provided in contact with the side surface of the conductor 642b.
- the conductor 615 and the conductor 607 are provided below the conductor 640b, and the conductor 646b and the conductor 657 are provided above the conductor 640b.
- the conductor 607 is provided in the opening formed in the insulator 614.
- the conductor 615 is formed in the same layer as the conductor 605 and has the same configuration.
- the conductor 646b is formed in the same layer as the conductor 646a and has the same structure.
- the conductor 657 is provided in the insulator 686 and the opening formed in the insulator 688.
- the conductor 640b is electrically connected to the conductor 640b of the lower memory circuit 860 by the conductor 607 and the conductor 615. Further, the conductor 640b is electrically connected to the conductor 640b of the upper memory circuit 860 by the conductor 646b and the conductor 657. As described above, the conductor 607, the conductor 615, the conductor 640b, the conductor 646b, and the conductor 657 extend in the Z direction and function as the writing bit line WBL shown in the previous embodiment. ..
- the conductor 640d is provided in contact with the side surface of the conductor 742b. Further, the conductor 715 is provided below the conductor 640d. A conductor 607, a conductor 646b, and a conductor having a structure similar to that of the conductor 657 are provided, and the conductor 640d is electrically connected to the conductors 640d in the upper layer and the lower layer. As described above, the conductor 715, the conductor 640d, and the like extend in the Z direction, and function as the read bit line RBL shown in the previous embodiment.
- the transistor 600 and the transistor 700 can be formed in the same process. Therefore, the process of manufacturing the semiconductor device can be shortened and the productivity can be improved.
- the transistor 600, the transistor 700, and the capacitive element 655 are provided so that the channel length direction of the transistor 600 and the channel length direction of the transistor 700 are parallel to each other. Is not limited to this.
- the memory circuit 860 shown in FIG. 20 and the like is an example of the configuration of the semiconductor device, and a transistor or a capacitive element having an appropriate structure may be appropriately arranged according to the circuit configuration and the driving method.
- the oxide 630 is disposed on the oxide 630a on the insulator 624, the oxide 630b on the oxide 630a, and the oxide 630b, at least in part on the upper surface of the oxide 630b. It is preferable to have an oxide 630c in contact with the oxide. Here, it is preferable that the side surface of the oxide 630c is provided in contact with the oxide 643a, the oxide 643b, the conductor 642a, the conductor 642b, the insulator 672, the insulator 673, and the insulator 680.
- the oxide 630 has an oxide 630a, an oxide 630b on the oxide 630a, and an oxide 630c on the oxide 630b.
- the oxide 630a under the oxide 630b, it is possible to suppress the diffusion of impurities into the oxide 630b from the structure formed below the oxide 630a.
- the oxide 630c on the oxide 630b it is possible to suppress the diffusion of impurities into the oxide 630b from the structure formed above the oxide 630c.
- the transistor 600 shows a configuration in which three layers of oxide 630a, oxide 630b, and oxide 630c are laminated in the channel forming region and its vicinity, but the present invention is not limited to this. ..
- a single layer of oxide 630b, a two-layer structure of oxide 630b and oxide 630a, a two-layer structure of oxide 630b and oxide 630c, or a laminated structure of four or more layers may be provided.
- the oxide 630c may have a two-layer structure and a four-layer laminated structure may be provided.
- the oxide 630 has a laminated structure of a plurality of oxide layers having different atomic number ratios of each metal atom.
- the atomic number ratio of the element M in the constituent elements is larger than the atomic number ratio of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used in the oxide 630b.
- the atomic number ratio of the element M to In is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 630b.
- the atomic number ratio of In to the element M is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 630a.
- the oxide 630c a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 630a or the oxide 630b can be used.
- the atomic number ratio of In to the element M may be larger than the atomic number ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 630b.
- the metal oxide of the above may be used.
- a material that can be used for the oxide 630b may be applied to the oxide 630c, and the oxide 630c may be provided in a single layer or in a laminated manner.
- the above-mentioned neighborhood composition includes a range of ⁇ 30% of the desired atomic number ratio.
- the composition of the elements contained in the metal oxide may be changed according to the operating frequency required for the transistor and the like.
- the oxide 630b may have crystallinity.
- CAAC-OS c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor
- Crystalline oxides such as CAAC-OS have a dense structure with high crystallinity with few impurities and defects (oxygen deficiency, etc.). Therefore, it is possible to suppress the extraction of oxygen from the oxide 630b by the source electrode or the drain electrode. Further, even if heat treatment is performed, oxygen can be reduced from being extracted from the oxide 630b, so that the transistor 600 is stable against a high temperature (so-called thermal budget) in the manufacturing process.
- the oxide 630c is preferably provided in the opening provided in the interlayer film containing the insulator 680. Therefore, the insulator 650 and the conductor 660 have a region that overlaps with the laminated structure of the oxide 630b and the oxide 630a via the oxide 630c. With this structure, the oxide 630c and the insulator 650 can be formed by continuous film formation, so that the interface between the oxide 630 and the insulator 650 can be kept clean. Therefore, the influence of interfacial scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 600 can obtain high on-current and high frequency characteristics.
- oxide 630 for example, oxide 630b
- an oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration When the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor is lowered, the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor may be lowered to lower the defect level density.
- a low impurity concentration and a low defect level density is referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- impurities in the oxide semiconductor include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- the hydrogen contained in the oxide semiconductor since it reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to form water, oxygen deficiency in the oxide semiconductor (V O: also referred to as oxygen vacancy) may form a.
- defects containing hydrogen to an oxygen vacancy Functions as a donor, sometimes electrons serving as carriers are generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen that is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron as a carrier. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing a large amount of hydrogen tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Further, since hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor easily moves due to stress such as heat and electric field, if the oxide semiconductor contains a large amount of hydrogen, the reliability of the transistor may deteriorate.
- V O H can function as a donor of the oxide semiconductor.
- the carrier concentration may be evaluated instead of the donor concentration. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, as a parameter of the oxide semiconductor, a carrier concentration assuming a state in which an electric field is not applied may be used instead of the donor concentration. That is, the "carrier concentration" described in the present specification and the like may be paraphrased as the "donor concentration".
- the V O H to obtain a sufficiently reduced oxide semiconductor the moisture in the oxide semiconductor, to remove impurities such as hydrogen (dehydration, may be described as dehydrogenation.) It is important to supply oxygen to the oxide semiconductor to compensate for the oxygen deficiency (sometimes referred to as dehydrogenation treatment).
- the V O H oxide semiconductor impurity is sufficiently reduced such by using a channel formation region of the transistor, it is possible to have stable electrical characteristics.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of oxide 630b is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 . It can be preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- an oxide 630 in which impurities such as hydrogen are sufficiently reduced in the channel formation region of the transistor 600, it is possible to obtain normally-off characteristics, have stable electrical characteristics, and improve reliability. it can.
- the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor in the region that functions as a channel forming region is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm -3 or less, and is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3. It is more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3 , further preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm -3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -3. More preferred.
- the lower limit of the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor in the region that functions as the channel formation region is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 cm -3 .
- the insulator 614, the insulator 622, the insulator 672, the insulator 673, and the insulator 682 a material that suppresses the diffusion of impurities (hereinafter, also referred to as a barrier material against impurities) is used, and impurities such as hydrogen are used. It is preferable to reduce the diffusion of impurities into the oxide 630.
- the barrier property is a function of suppressing the diffusion of the corresponding substance (also referred to as low permeability).
- the corresponding substance has a function of capturing and fixing (also called gettering).
- an insulating film having a barrier property may be referred to as a barrier insulating film.
- silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide has a high barrier property against hydrogen, and is therefore preferably used as a sealing material.
- metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide.
- the insulator 614 it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or the like as the insulator 614. This makes it possible to prevent impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from the substrate side to the transistor 600 side. Alternatively, it is possible to prevent oxygen contained in the insulator 624 or the like from diffusing toward the substrate side.
- the conductor 605 is arranged so as to overlap the oxide 630 and the conductor 660. Further, it is preferable that the conductor 605 is embedded in the insulator 616.
- the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor 600 is changed by changing the potential applied to the conductor 605 independently of the potential applied to the conductor 660 without interlocking with the potential applied to the conductor 660. ) Can be controlled.
- Vth threshold voltage
- the conductor 605 By applying a negative potential to the conductor 605, it is possible to increase the Vth of the transistor 600 and reduce the off-current. Therefore, when a negative potential is applied to the conductor 605, the drain current when the potential applied to the conductor 660 is 0 V can be made smaller than when it is not applied.
- the conductor 605 may be provided larger than the size of the region that does not overlap with the conductor 642a and the conductor 642b of the oxide 630.
- the conductor 605 is also stretched in a region outside the end portion intersecting the channel width direction of the oxide 630. That is, it is preferable that the conductor 605 and the conductor 660 are superposed on each other via an insulator on the outside of the side surface of the oxide 630 in the channel width direction.
- local charging referred to as charge-up
- the conductor 605 may be superimposed on the oxide 630 located between at least the conductor 642a and the conductor 642b.
- the height of the bottom surface of the conductor 660 in the region where the oxide 630a and the oxide 630b and the conductor 660 do not overlap with respect to the bottom surface of the insulator 624 is lower than the height of the bottom surface of the oxide 630b. It is preferably arranged in.
- the conductor 660 functioning as a gate is generated from the conductor 660 by having a structure in which the side surfaces and the upper surface of the oxide 630b in the channel forming region are covered with the oxide 630c and the insulator 650. It becomes easy to apply an electric field to the entire channel forming region generated in the oxide 630b. Therefore, the on-current of the transistor 600 can be increased and the frequency characteristics can be improved.
- the structure of a transistor that electrically surrounds a channel forming region by an electric field of a gate (first gate) and a back gate (second gate) is referred to as a surroundd channel (S-channel) structure.
- the conductor 605a is preferably a conductor that suppresses the permeation of impurities such as water or hydrogen and oxygen.
- impurities such as water or hydrogen and oxygen.
- titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, or tantalum nitride can be used.
- the conductor 605b it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 605 is shown in two layers, it may have a multi-layer structure of three or more layers.
- the insulator 616, the insulator 680, the insulator 685, and the insulator 688 have a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 614.
- a material having a low dielectric constant as an interlayer film, it is possible to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the wirings.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine, silicon oxide with carbon, carbon and Silicon oxide to which nitrogen is added, silicon oxide having pores, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the insulator 616, the insulator 680, the insulator 685, and the insulator 688 are formed by a CVD method or an ALD method using a compound gas that does not contain hydrogen atoms or has a low content of hydrogen atoms. May be good.
- a CVD method either a thermal CVD method or PECVD (Plasma Enhanced CVD) may be used.
- PECVD plasma vapor deposition
- PEALD Enhanced ALD
- a film forming method using plasma such as PECVD or PEALD, is more suitable because it has higher mass productivity.
- a gas having a molecule containing a silicon atom is mainly used as the film forming gas.
- the molecule containing the silicon atom contains a small amount of hydrogen atom, and it is more preferable that the molecule containing the silicon atom does not contain a hydrogen atom.
- the film-forming gas other than the gas having a molecule containing a silicon atom also preferably contains a small amount of hydrogen atoms, and more preferably does not contain a hydrogen atom.
- a cyanate group ( ⁇ O—C ⁇ N) a cyano group
- 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 3 and 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 8 may be set.
- tetraisocyanate silane for example, tetraisocyanate silane, tetracyanate silane, tetracyanosilane, hexaisocyanate silane, octaisocyanate silane and the like can be used.
- tetraisocyanate silane tetracyanate silane
- tetracyanosilane tetracyanosilane
- hexaisocyanate silane octaisocyanate silane and the like
- a halogen (Cl, Br, I, or F) may be used as the functional group R.
- 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 and 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 6 may be set.
- the molecule containing such a silicon atom for example, tetrachlorosilane (SiCl 4 ), hexachlorodisilane (Si 2 Cl 6 ) and the like can be used.
- halogens such as bromine, iodine, and fluorine other than chlorine may be used as the functional group.
- the structure may be such that different types of halogens are bonded to the silicon atom.
- the insulator 622 and the insulator 624 have a function as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 624 in contact with the oxide 630 desorbs oxygen by heating.
- oxygen released by heating may be referred to as excess oxygen.
- the insulator 624 silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the insulator 624 it is preferable to use an oxide material in which a part of oxygen is desorbed by heating.
- Oxides that desorb oxygen by heating are preferably those having a desorption amount of oxygen molecules of 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 molecules / cm 3 or more in TDS (Thermal Desolation Spectroscopy) analysis (TDS).
- TDS Thermal Desolation Spectroscopy
- the surface temperature of the film during the TDS analysis is preferably in the range of 100 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, or 100 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower.
- the insulator 622 functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses impurities such as water and hydrogen from being mixed into the transistor 600 from the substrate side.
- the insulator 622 preferably has a lower hydrogen permeability than the insulator 624.
- the insulator 622 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one oxygen atom, oxygen molecule, etc.) (the above oxygen is difficult to permeate).
- the insulator 622 preferably has lower oxygen permeability than the insulator 624. Since the insulator 622 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen and impurities, it is possible to reduce the diffusion of oxygen contained in the oxide 630 below the insulator 622, which is preferable. Further, it is possible to suppress the conductor 605 from reacting with the oxygen contained in the insulator 624 and the oxide 630.
- the insulator 622 it is preferable to use an insulator containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which are insulating materials.
- an insulator containing one or both oxides of aluminum and hafnium it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), and the like.
- the insulator 622 is formed using such a material, the insulator 622 suppresses the release of oxygen from the oxide 630 and the mixing of impurities such as hydrogen from the peripheral portion of the transistor 600 into the oxide 630. Functions as a layer.
- aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, and zirconium oxide may be added to these insulators.
- these insulators may be nitrided. Silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, or silicon nitride may be laminated on the above insulator.
- the insulator 622 may include, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST).
- An insulator containing a so-called high-k material may be used in a single layer or in a laminated manner. As transistors become finer and more integrated, problems such as leakage current may occur due to the thinning of the gate insulator. By using a high-k material for an insulator that functions as a gate insulator, it is possible to reduce the gate potential during transistor operation while maintaining the physical film thickness.
- the insulator 622 and the insulator 624 may have a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- the laminated structure is not limited to the same material, and may be a laminated structure made of different materials.
- oxide 643 (oxide 643a and oxide 643b) may be arranged between the oxide 630b and the conductor 642 (conductor 642a and conductor 642b) that functions as a source electrode or a drain electrode. .. Since the conductor 642 and the oxide 630 do not come into contact with each other, it is possible to suppress the conductor 642 from absorbing the oxygen of the oxide 630. That is, by preventing the conductor 642 from being oxidized, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the conductivity of the conductor 642. Therefore, the oxide 643 preferably has a function of suppressing the oxidation of the conductor 642.
- the oxide 643 has a function of suppressing the permeation of oxygen.
- electricity between the conductor 642 and the oxide 630b can be obtained. This is preferable because the resistance is reduced. With such a configuration, the electrical characteristics of the transistor 600 and the reliability of the transistor 600 can be improved.
- a metal oxide having an element M may be used.
- the element M aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin may be used.
- Oxide 643 preferably has a higher concentration of element M than oxide 630b.
- gallium oxide may be used as the oxide 643.
- a metal oxide such as In—M—Zn oxide may be used.
- the atomic number ratio of the element M to In is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 630b.
- the film thickness of the oxide 643 is preferably 0.5 nm or more and 5 nm or less, and more preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less. Further, the oxide 643 preferably has crystallinity. When the oxide 643 has crystallinity, the release of oxygen in the oxide 630 can be suitably suppressed. For example, as the oxide 643, if it has a crystal structure such as a hexagonal crystal, the release of oxygen in the oxide 630 may be suppressed.
- the oxide 643 does not necessarily have to be provided. In that case, when the conductor 642 (conductor 642a and the conductor 642b) and the oxide 630 come into contact with each other, oxygen in the oxide 630 may diffuse to the conductor 642 and the conductor 642 may be oxidized. It is highly probable that the conductivity of the conductor 642 will decrease due to the oxidation of the conductor 642. The diffusion of oxygen in the oxide 630 into the conductor 642 can be rephrased as the conductor 642 absorbing the oxygen in the oxide 630.
- oxygen in the oxide 630 diffuses into the conductor 642 (conductor 642a and the conductor 642b), so that the oxygen in the oxide 630 diffuses between the conductor 642a and the oxide 630b, and the conductor 642b and the oxide 630b.
- Different layers may be formed between them. Since the different layer contains more oxygen than the conductor 642, it is presumed that the different layer has insulating properties.
- the three-layer structure of the conductor 642, the different layer, and the oxide 630b can be regarded as a three-layer structure composed of a metal-insulator-semiconductor, and has a MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) structure. It may be called, or it may be called a diode junction structure mainly composed of a MIS structure.
- the different layer is not limited to being formed between the conductor 642 and the oxide 630b.
- the different layer is formed between the conductor 642 and the oxide 630c, or when the different layer is conductive. It may be formed between the body 642 and the oxide 630b, and between the conductor 642 and the oxide 630c.
- a conductor 642 (conductor 642a and conductor 642b) that functions as a source electrode and a drain electrode is provided on the oxide 643.
- the film thickness of the conductor 642 may be, for example, 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less, preferably 2 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the conductors 642 include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, and strontium. It is preferable to use a metal element selected from lanterns, an alloy containing the above-mentioned metal element as a component, an alloy in which the above-mentioned metal element is combined, or the like.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, oxides containing lanthanum and nickel, etc. are used. Is preferable.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxides containing lanthanum and nickel are difficult to oxidize. It is preferable because it is a conductive material or a material that maintains conductivity even if it absorbs oxygen.
- the insulator 672 is provided in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 642, and preferably functions as a barrier insulating film. Further, it is preferable to provide an insulator 673 that functions as a barrier insulating film on the insulator 672. With such a configuration, it is possible to suppress the absorption of excess oxygen contained in the insulator 680 by the conductor 642. Further, by suppressing the oxidation of the conductor 642, it is possible to suppress an increase in the contact resistance between the transistor 600 and the wiring. Therefore, good electrical characteristics and reliability can be given to the transistor 600.
- the insulator 672 and the insulator 673 have a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen.
- the insulator 672 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen more than the insulator 680.
- the insulator 672 for example, it is preferable to form an insulator containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- the insulator 673 for example, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, or the like may be used.
- the transistor 600 it is possible to suppress the diffusion of impurities such as water or hydrogen from the insulator 680 or the like arranged via the insulator 672 and the insulator 673 to the transistor 600 side.
- impurities such as water or hydrogen
- the insulator 650 functions as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 650 is preferably arranged in contact with the upper surface of the oxide 630c.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, and silicon oxide having pores are used. be able to. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon nitride nitride are preferable because they are stable against heat.
- the insulator 650 is preferably formed by using an insulator that releases oxygen by heating.
- an insulator that releases oxygen by heating By providing an insulator that releases oxygen by heating as an insulator 650 in contact with the upper surface of the oxide 630c, oxygen can be effectively supplied to the channel forming region of the oxide 630b.
- the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 650 is reduced.
- the film thickness of the insulator 650 is preferably 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- a metal oxide may be provided between the insulator 650 and the conductor 660.
- the metal oxide preferably suppresses oxygen diffusion from the insulator 650 to the conductor 660.
- the diffusion of oxygen from the insulator 650 to the conductor 660 is suppressed. That is, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the amount of oxygen supplied to the oxide 630.
- the oxidation of the conductor 660 by oxygen of the insulator 650 can be suppressed.
- the metal oxide may have a function as a part of a gate insulator. Therefore, when silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, or the like is used for the insulator 650, it is preferable to use a metal oxide which is a high-k material having a high relative permittivity.
- a metal oxide which is a high-k material having a high relative permittivity.
- aluminum or an oxide containing one or both oxides of aluminum or hafnium such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate).
- the metal oxide may have a function as a part of the gate.
- a conductive material containing oxygen may be provided on the channel forming region side.
- a conductor that functions as a gate it is preferable to use a conductive material containing a metal element and oxygen contained in a metal oxide in which a channel is formed.
- the above-mentioned conductive material containing a metal element and nitrogen may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, and silicon were added.
- Indium tin oxide may be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- the bottom surface and side surfaces of the conductor 660 are arranged in contact with the insulator 650.
- the conductor 660 is shown as a two-layer structure in FIG. 20B, it may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- Conductor 660a is a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, nitric oxide molecule (N 2 O, NO, etc. NO 2), conductive having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as copper atoms It is preferable to use a material. Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one oxygen atom, oxygen molecule, etc.).
- the conductor 660a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, it is possible to prevent the conductor 660b from being oxidized by the oxygen contained in the insulator 650 and the conductivity from being lowered.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide and the like are preferably used.
- the conductor 660b it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component. Further, since the conductor 660 also functions as wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor having high conductivity. For example, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component can be used. Further, the conductor 660b may have a laminated structure, for example, a laminated structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the conductive material.
- the insulator 680 includes, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, silicon oxide having pores, and the like. It is preferable to use it. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxide nitride are preferable because they are thermally stable. In particular, materials such as silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, and silicon oxide having pores are preferable because a region containing oxygen desorbed by heating can be easily formed. Further, the insulator 680 may have a structure in which the above materials are laminated. For example, a laminated structure of silicon oxide formed by a sputtering method and silicon oxide formed on the insulator by a CVD method. do it. Further, silicon nitride may be further laminated on top of it.
- the insulator 680 preferably has excess oxygen.
- the insulator 680 silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, or the like may be appropriately used.
- the film of the insulator 682 may be formed by using a sputtering method in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- oxygen can be added to the insulator 680 while forming the film.
- the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 680 is reduced. Further, the upper surface of the insulator 680 may be flattened.
- the insulator 682 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses impurities such as water and hydrogen from being mixed into the insulator 680 from above. Further, the insulator 682 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses the permeation of oxygen.
- an insulator such as aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon nitride may be used.
- aluminum oxide having a high barrier property against oxygen may be used as the insulator 682.
- the insulator 682 has a structure in which it is in direct contact with the oxide 630c. With this structure, it is possible to suppress the diffusion of oxygen contained in the insulator 680 into the conductor 660. Therefore, the oxygen contained in the insulator 680 can be efficiently supplied to the oxide 630a and the oxide 630b via the oxide 630c, thereby reducing the oxygen deficiency in the oxide 630a and the oxide 630b. , The electrical characteristics and reliability of the transistor 600 can be improved.
- the insulator 685 that functions as an interlayer film on the insulator 682.
- the insulator 685 preferably has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the film.
- the conductor 640 it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component. Further, the conductor 640 may have a laminated structure. In FIG. 20A, the conductor 640 has a circular shape when viewed from above, but the conductor 640 is not limited to this. For example, the conductor 640 may have a substantially circular shape such as an ellipse, a polygonal shape such as a quadrangle, or a polygonal shape such as a quadrangle with rounded corners when viewed from above.
- the conductor 640 has a laminated structure, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen
- an impurity such as water or hydrogen and a conductive material having a function of suppressing the permeation of oxygen may be used in a single layer or in a laminated manner.
- impurities such as water or hydrogen diffused from the insulator 680 and the like can be further reduced from being mixed into the oxide 630 through the conductor 640. Further, it is possible to prevent the oxygen added to the insulator 680 from being absorbed by the conductor 640.
- the conductor 646a is arranged in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 640a and the upper surface of the conductor 640c
- the conductor 646b is arranged in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 640b.
- the conductor 646a and the conductor 646b it is preferable to use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 646a and the conductor 646b may have a laminated structure, for example, titanium or titanium nitride may be laminated with the conductive material.
- the conductor may be formed so as to be embedded in an opening provided in the insulator.
- the insulator 686 is provided so as to cover the insulator 685, the conductor 646a, and the conductor 646b.
- the insulator 686 includes, for example, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum nitride, aluminum nitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium nitride, and oxidation. Zirconium or the like may be used, and it can be provided in a laminated or single layer.
- the capacitance element 655 can secure a sufficient capacitance by having an insulator having a high dielectric constant (high-k), and by having an insulator having a large dielectric strength, the dielectric strength is improved and the capacitance is improved.
- the electrostatic breakdown of the element 655 can be suppressed.
- the insulator of the high dielectric constant (high-k) material material having a high specific dielectric constant
- the insulator 686 may be, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST).
- Insulators containing high-k material may be used in single layers or in layers. For example, when the insulator 686 is laminated, a three-layer laminate in which zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide are formed in this order, or zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, and aluminum oxide are formed. It may be formed in order and a four-layer laminate or the like may be used.
- the insulator 686 a compound containing hafnium and zirconium may be used.
- problems such as leakage currents in transistors and capacitive elements may occur due to the thinning of the gate insulator and the dielectric used in the capacitive element.
- a high-k material for the gate insulator and the insulator that functions as a dielectric used for the capacitive element it is possible to reduce the gate potential during transistor operation and secure the capacitance of the capacitive element while maintaining the physical film thickness. It will be possible.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine added, silicon oxide with carbon added, carbon and nitrogen are used as materials with high dielectric strength (materials with low relative permittivity).
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine added, silicon oxide with carbon added, carbon and nitrogen are used as materials with high dielectric strength (materials with low relative permittivity).
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine added, silicon oxide with carbon added, carbon and nitrogen are used as materials with high dielectric strength (materials with low relative permittivity).
- silicon oxide, silicon oxide nitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide with fluorine added, silicon oxide with carbon added, carbon and nitrogen are used as materials with high dielectric strength (materials with low relative permittivity).
- the conductor 656 is arranged so as to overlap with at least a part of the conductor 646a via the insulator 686.
- the insulator 688 that functions as an interlayer film on the insulator 686 and the conductor 646b.
- the insulator 688 preferably has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the film.
- FIG. 21A is a top view of the periphery of the memory circuit 860.
- 21B is a cross-sectional view of the memory circuit 860, and FIG. 21B corresponds to the portion shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 21A.
- FIG. 21B shows a cross section of the transistor 600 in the channel length direction and a cross section of the transistor 700 in the channel width direction.
- the X, Y, and Z directions shown in FIG. 21A are directions that are orthogonal to each other or intersect with each other.
- the X direction and the Y direction are parallel or substantially parallel to the substrate surface
- the Z direction is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface.
- the memory circuit 860 shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B is different from the memory circuit 860 shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B in that the transistor 690 and the transistor 790 are used instead of the transistor 600 and the transistor 700.
- the transistor 790 is formed in the same layer as the transistor 690 and has the same configuration. In the following, it is assumed that the components of the transistor 790 can take into consideration the description of the components of the transistor 690.
- the transistor 690 has a U-shape in which the oxide 630c is formed along the openings formed in the insulator 680, the insulator 672, the insulator 673, the conductor 642 (conductor 642a, the conductor 642b), and the oxide 630b. It differs from the transistor 600 in that it is formed in a U-Shape shape.
- the effective L length can be lengthened by having the transistor 600 having the above structure. ..
- the effective L length is 40 nm or more and 60 nm or less, and the distance between the conductor 642a and the conductor 642b, that is, the minimum processing dimension. It can be twice or more and three times or less longer than that. Therefore, the memory circuit 860 shown in FIGS. 21A and 21B has a structure including a transistor 690, a transistor 790, and a capacitance element 655, which are excellent in miniaturization.
- Metal Oxide As the oxide 630, it is preferable to use a metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor. Hereinafter, the metal oxide applicable to the oxide 630 according to the present invention will be described.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it preferably contains indium and zinc. In addition to them, gallium, yttrium, tin and the like are preferably contained. Further, one kind or a plurality of kinds selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium and the like may be contained.
- the metal oxide is an In-M-Zn oxide having indium, the element M, and zinc.
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin.
- elements applicable to the other element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and magnesium.
- the element M a plurality of the above-mentioned elements may be combined in some cases.
- a metal oxide having nitrogen may also be collectively referred to as a metal oxide. Further, a metal oxide having nitrogen may be referred to as a metal oxynitride.
- CAC-OS Cloud-Aligned Composite Oxide Semiconductor
- CAC-metal oxide a configuration example of the metal oxide.
- the CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide has a conductive function in a part of the material and an insulating function in a part of the material, and has a function as a semiconductor in the whole material.
- the conductive function is the function of flowing electrons (or holes) that serve as carriers
- the insulating function is the function of flowing electrons (or holes) that serve as carriers. It is a function that does not shed.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide has a conductive region and an insulating region.
- the conductive region has the above-mentioned conductive function
- the insulating region has the above-mentioned insulating function.
- the conductive region and the insulating region may be separated at the nanoparticle level. Further, the conductive region and the insulating region may be unevenly distributed in the material. In addition, the conductive region may be observed with the periphery blurred and connected in a cloud shape.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide when the conductive region and the insulating region are dispersed in the material in a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 3 nm or less, respectively. There is.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is composed of components having different band gaps.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is composed of a component having a wide gap due to an insulating region and a component having a narrow gap due to a conductive region.
- the carriers when the carriers flow, the carriers mainly flow in the components having a narrow gap.
- the component having a narrow gap acts complementarily to the component having a wide gap, and the carrier flows to the component having a wide gap in conjunction with the component having a narrow gap. Therefore, when the CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is used in the channel formation region of the transistor, a high current driving force, that is, a large on-current and a high field effect mobility can be obtained in the on-state of the transistor.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal composite can also be referred to as a matrix composite material or a metal matrix composite material.
- Oxide semiconductors are divided into single crystal oxide semiconductors and other non-single crystal oxide semiconductors.
- the non-single crystal oxide semiconductor include CAAC-OS, polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, nc-OS (nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor), pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like OS: amorphous-like oxide semiconductor), and the like. And amorphous oxide semiconductors.
- FIG. 26A is a diagram illustrating classification of crystal structures of oxide semiconductors, typically IGZO (metal oxides containing In, Ga, and Zn).
- IGZO is roughly classified into Amorphous, Crystalline, and Crystal.
- Amorphous includes complete amorphous.
- Crystalline includes CAAC, nc, and CAC.
- Crystal includes single crystal and poly crystal.
- the structure in the thick frame shown in FIG. 26A is a structure belonging to the New crystal line phase.
- the structure is in the boundary region between Amorphous and Crystal. That is, it can be rephrased that the structure is completely different from that of amorphous, which is energetically unstable, and Crystalline.
- the crystal structure of the film or substrate can be evaluated using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) image.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- FIGS. 26B and 26C the XRD spectra of quartz glass and IGZO (also referred to as crystalline IGZO) having a crystal structure classified into Crystalline are shown in FIGS. 26B and 26C.
- FIG. 26B is a quartz glass
- FIG. 26C is an XRD spectrum of crystalline IGZO.
- the crystalline IGZO shown in FIG. 26C has a thickness of 500 nm.
- the peaks of the XRD spectrum of quartz glass are almost symmetrical.
- the peak of the XRD spectrum of crystalline IGZO is asymmetric.
- the asymmetry of the peaks in the XRD spectrum demonstrates the presence of crystals. In other words, it cannot be said that it is amorphous unless it is symmetrical at the peak of the XRD spectrum.
- CAAC-OS has a c-axis orientation and has a distorted crystal structure in which a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in the ab plane direction.
- the strain refers to a region where the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned and a region in which another lattice arrangement is aligned in the region where a plurality of nanocrystals are connected.
- Nanocrystals are basically hexagons, but they are not limited to regular hexagons and may be non-regular hexagons. In addition, in distortion, it may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon and a heptagon. In CAAC-OS, it is difficult to confirm a clear grain boundary (also referred to as grain boundary) even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it can be seen that the formation of grain boundaries is suppressed by the distortion of the lattice arrangement. This is because CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion because the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the ab plane direction and the bond distance between atoms changes due to the substitution of metal elements. Because.
- CAAC-OS for which no clear crystal grain boundary is confirmed, is one of the crystalline oxides having a crystal structure suitable for the semiconductor layer of the transistor.
- a configuration having Zn is preferable.
- In-Zn oxide and In-Ga-Zn oxide are more suitable than In oxide because they can suppress the generation of grain boundaries.
- CAAC-OS is a layered crystal in which a layer having indium and oxygen (hereinafter, In layer) and a layer having elements M, zinc, and oxygen (hereinafter, (M, Zn) layer) are laminated. It tends to have a structure (also called a layered structure). Indium and the element M can be replaced with each other, and when the element M of the (M, Zn) layer is replaced with indium, it can be expressed as the (In, M, Zn) layer. Further, when the indium of the In layer is replaced with the element M, it can be expressed as the (In, M) layer.
- CAAC-OS is a highly crystalline metal oxide.
- CAAC-OS it is difficult to confirm a clear grain boundary, so it can be said that a decrease in electron mobility due to the crystal grain boundary is unlikely to occur.
- CAAC-OS since the crystallinity of the metal oxide may be lowered due to the mixing of impurities or the formation of defects, CAAC-OS can be said to be a metal oxide having few impurities and defects (oxygen deficiency, etc.). Therefore, the metal oxide having CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the metal oxide having CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability.
- the nc-OS has periodicity in the atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly a region of 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less).
- nc-OS does not show regularity in crystal orientation between different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation is observed in the entire film. Therefore, nc-OS may be indistinguishable from a-like OS and amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- In-Ga-Zn oxide which is a kind of metal oxide having indium, gallium, and zinc, may have a stable structure by forming the above-mentioned nanocrystals. is there.
- IGZO tends to have difficulty in crystal growth in the atmosphere, it is preferable to use smaller crystals (for example, the above-mentioned nanocrystals) than large crystals (here, a few mm crystal or a few cm crystal). However, it may be structurally stable.
- the a-like OS is a metal oxide having a structure between the nc-OS and the amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the a-like OS has a void or low density region. That is, a-like OS has lower crystallinity than nc-OS and CAAC-OS.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one aspect of the present invention may have two or more of amorphous oxide semiconductor, polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a-like OS, nc-OS, and CAAC-OS.
- Impurities mixed in oxide semiconductors may form defect levels or oxygen deficiencies. Therefore, when impurities are mixed in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor, the electrical characteristics of the transistor using the oxide semiconductor are liable to fluctuate, and the reliability may be deteriorated. Further, when the channel formation region contains oxygen deficiency, the transistor tends to have a normally-on characteristic.
- the above defect level may include a trap level.
- the charge captured at the trap level of the metal oxide takes a long time to disappear and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor having a metal oxide having a high trap level density in the channel forming region may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- the crystallinity of the channel forming region may be lowered, or the crystallinity of the oxide provided in contact with the channel forming region may be lowered. Poor crystallinity in the channel formation region tends to reduce the stability or reliability of the transistor. Further, if the crystallinity of the oxide provided in contact with the channel forming region is low, an interface state may be formed and the stability or reliability of the transistor may be deteriorated.
- Impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- the concentration of the above-mentioned impurities obtained by SIMS in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor and its vicinity is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of the impurities obtained by elemental analysis using EDX in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor and its vicinity is set to 1.0 atomic% or less.
- the concentration ratio of the impurities to the element M in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor and its vicinity is set to less than 0.10, preferably 0.05. To less than.
- the concentration of the element M used in calculating the concentration ratio may be the concentration in the same region as the region in which the concentration of the impurities is calculated, or may be the concentration in the oxide semiconductor.
- the metal oxide with reduced impurity concentration has a low defect level density, so the trap level density may also be low.
- V O H acts as a donor, sometimes electrons serving as carriers are generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen that is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron as a carrier.
- a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing a large amount of hydrogen tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Further, since hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor easily moves due to stress such as heat and electric field, if the oxide semiconductor contains a large amount of hydrogen, the reliability of the transistor may deteriorate.
- the highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic it is preferable that the highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic.
- the V O H to obtain a sufficiently reduced oxide semiconductor, the moisture in the oxide semiconductor, to remove impurities such as hydrogen (dehydration, may be described as dehydrogenation.) It is important to supply oxygen to the oxide semiconductor to compensate for the oxygen deficiency (sometimes referred to as dehydrogenation treatment).
- the V O H oxide semiconductor impurity is sufficiently reduced such by using a channel formation region of the transistor, it is possible to have stable electrical characteristics.
- an oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration for the transistor When the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor is lowered, the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor may be lowered to lower the defect level density.
- a low impurity concentration and a low defect level density is referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- impurities in the oxide semiconductor include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- hydrogen contained in an oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to become water, which may form an oxygen deficiency in the oxide semiconductor. If the channel formation region in the oxide semiconductor contains oxygen deficiency, the transistor may have a normally-on characteristic.
- a defect containing hydrogen in an oxygen deficiency may function as a donor and generate electrons as carriers.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen that is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron as a carrier. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing a large amount of hydrogen tends to have a normally-on characteristic.
- Defects containing hydrogen to an oxygen vacancy (V O H) can function as a donor of the oxide semiconductor.
- the carrier concentration may be evaluated instead of the donor concentration. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, as a parameter of the oxide semiconductor, a carrier concentration assuming a state in which an electric field is not applied may be used instead of the donor concentration. That is, the "carrier concentration" described in the present specification and the like may be paraphrased as the "donor concentration".
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm. It is less than 3, more preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor in the channel formation region is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm -3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3. It is more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm -3 , even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -3.
- the lower limit of the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor in the channel formation region is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 cm -3 .
- a semiconductor device having good reliability it is possible to provide a semiconductor device having good electrical characteristics. Further, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device having a large on-current. Further, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a semiconductor device capable of miniaturization or high integration. Another object of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having low power consumption.
- the semiconductor material that can be used for the oxide 630 is not limited to the above-mentioned metal oxide.
- a semiconductor material having a bandgap (a semiconductor material that is not a zero-gap semiconductor) may be used.
- a semiconductor of a single element such as silicon, a compound semiconductor such as gallium arsenide, a layered substance (also referred to as an atomic layer substance, a two-dimensional material, or the like) that functions as a semiconductor as a semiconductor material.
- a layered substance also referred to as an atomic layer substance, a two-dimensional material, or the like
- the layered substance is a general term for a group of materials having a layered crystal structure.
- a layered crystal structure is a structure in which layers formed by covalent bonds or ionic bonds are laminated via bonds weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds, such as van der Waals forces.
- the layered material has high electrical conductivity in the unit layer, that is, high two-dimensional electrical conductivity.
- Chalcogenides are compounds containing chalcogens.
- chalcogen is a general term for elements belonging to Group 16, and includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and livermorium.
- Examples of chalcogenides include transition metal chalcogenides and group 13 chalcogenides.
- oxide 630 for example, it is preferable to use a transition metal chalcogenide that functions as a semiconductor.
- Specific transition metal chalcogenides applicable as oxide 630 include molybdenum sulfide (typically MoS 2 ), molybdenum disulfide (typically MoSe 2 ), and molybdenum tellurium (typically MoTe 2 ).
- Tungsten sulfide typically WS 2
- Tungsten disulfide typically WSe 2
- Tungsten tellurium typically WTe 2
- Hafnium sulfide typically HfS 2
- Hafnium serene typically typically
- Typical examples include HfSe 2 ), zirconium sulfide (typically ZrS 2 ), and zirconium selenium (typically ZrSe 2 ).
- FIGS. 22 and 23 show a memory circuit block in which 2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 memory circuits 860 are arranged.
- FIG. 22 is a top view of the memory circuit block.
- FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the memory circuit block, and FIG. 23 corresponds to the portion shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 22.
- FIG. 23 shows a cross section of the transistor 600 in the channel length direction and a cross section of the transistor 700 in the channel width direction.
- the X, Y, and Z directions shown in FIG. 22 are directions that are orthogonal to each other or intersect with each other.
- the X direction and the Y direction are parallel or substantially parallel to the substrate surface
- the Z direction is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface.
- the memory circuit 860_1 is arranged adjacent to the memory circuit 860_1 in the X direction. Further, the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_2 are arranged adjacent to the memory circuit 860_1 in the Y direction, and the memory circuit 860_3 and the memory circuit 860_4 are arranged. Further, the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_1 are arranged adjacent to the memory circuit 860_1 in the Z direction, and the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_6 are arranged.
- the components of the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_1 can be arranged line-symmetrically.
- the side surface of the conductor 640b is in contact with the conductor 642b of the memory circuit 860_1 and the conductor 642b of the memory circuit 860_1. That is, the conductor 607, the conductor 615, the conductor 640b, the conductor 646b, and the conductor 657, which function as the bit wire WBL, are one of the source and drain of the transistor 600 of the memory circuit 860_1 and the transistor of the memory circuit 860_2. It is preferably electrically connected to one of the 600 sources and drains. By sharing the wiring connected to the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_1 in this way, the occupied area of the memory circuit can be further reduced.
- the conductor 607, the conductor 615, the conductor 640b, the conductor 646b, and the conductor 657, which function as the writing bit wire WBL, are arranged in the upper layer, the memory circuit 860_5. It is also electrically connected to the transistor 600 of the memory circuit 860_6. As shown in FIG. 23, the conductor 657 of the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_2 corresponds to the conductor 607 of the memory circuit 860_1 and the memory circuit 860_6. In this way, the bit line WBL can be extended in the Z direction. Further, although not shown in the cross-sectional view, a conductor 640d or the like that functions as a read bit line RBL can also be extended in the Z direction.
- the conductor 660 of the memory circuit 860_1 extends to the memory circuit 860_1.
- the word line WWL can be extended in the Y direction.
- the conductor 742a of the memory circuit 860_1 extends to the memory circuit 860_3.
- the selection line SL can be extended in the Y direction.
- the selection line SL may be shared with the memory circuit 860 adjacent in the X direction.
- the conductor 605 of the memory circuit 860_1 extends to the memory circuit 860_1.
- the wiring BGL1 can be extended in the Y direction.
- the conductor 705 of the memory circuit 860_1 extends to the memory circuit 860_1. In this way, the wiring BGL1 can be extended in the Y direction.
- the oxide 630c is extended over the conductor 660, but the semiconductor device shown in the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- the oxide 630c may be patterned for each memory circuit 860, and the oxide 630c may be provided separately for each transistor 600.
- the oxide 630c has a two-layer laminated structure, either the upper layer or the lower layer of the oxide 630c may be provided separately for each transistor 600.
- FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device in which a plurality of memory circuit layers 870 including a memory circuit 860 are laminated on a silicon layer 871.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 24 corresponds to the accelerator 20 shown in FIG. 1 and the like, the silicon layer 871 corresponds to the arithmetic processing unit 21, and the memory circuit layer 870 corresponds to the memory unit 22.
- a plurality of transistors 800 are provided in the silicon layer 871 to form the arithmetic circuit 23 and the like shown in FIG. 1 and the like.
- the transistor 800 is provided on the substrate 811 and functions as a conductor 816 that functions as a gate, an insulator 815 that functions as a gate insulator, a semiconductor region 813 that is a part of the substrate 811 and a low that functions as a source region or a drain region. It has a resistance region 814a and a low resistance region 814b.
- the transistor 800 may be either a p-channel type or an n-channel type.
- the semiconductor region 813 (a part of the substrate 811) on which the channel is formed has a convex shape. Further, the side surface and the upper surface of the semiconductor region 813 are provided so as to be covered with the conductor 816 via the insulator 815.
- the conductor 816 may be made of a material that adjusts the work function. Since such a transistor 800 utilizes a convex portion of a semiconductor substrate, it is also called a FIN type transistor. It should be noted that an insulator that is in contact with the upper portion of the convex portion and functions as a mask for forming the convex portion may be provided. Further, although the case where a part of the semiconductor substrate is processed to form a convex portion is shown here, the SOI substrate may be processed to form a semiconductor film having a convex shape.
- the transistor 800 shown in FIG. 24 is an example, and the transistor 800 is not limited to the structure thereof, and an appropriate transistor may be used according to the circuit configuration and the driving method.
- a wiring layer provided with an interlayer film, wiring, a plug, etc. may be provided between the structures. Further, a plurality of wiring layers can be provided according to the design.
- the conductor having a function as a plug or wiring may collectively give a plurality of structures the same reference numerals. Further, in the present specification and the like, the wiring and the plug electrically connected to the wiring may be integrated. That is, a part of the conductor may function as a wiring, and a part of the conductor may function as a plug.
- an insulator 820, an insulator 822, an insulator 824, and an insulator 826 are laminated in this order as an interlayer film on the transistor 800. Further, in the insulator 820, the insulator 822, the insulator 824, and the insulator 828, a conductor 828 that functions as a plug or wiring, a conductor 830, and the like are embedded.
- the insulator that functions as an interlayer film may function as a flattening film that covers the uneven shape below the insulator.
- the upper surface of the insulator 822 may be flattened by a flattening treatment using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like in order to improve the flatness.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a wiring layer may be provided on the insulator 826 and the conductor 830.
- the insulator 850, the insulator 852, and the insulator 854 are laminated in this order.
- a conductor 856 is formed in the insulator 850, the insulator 852, and the insulator 854. The conductor 856 functions as a plug or wiring.
- Examples of the insulator that can be used as the interlayer film include oxides, nitrides, oxide nitrides, nitride oxides, metal oxides, metal oxide nitrides, and metal nitride oxides having insulating properties.
- the material may be selected according to the function of the insulator.
- the insulator 820, the insulator 822, the insulator 826, the insulator 852, the insulator 854, and the like preferably have an insulator having a low relative permittivity.
- the insulator may have silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen have been added, silicon oxide or resin having pores, and the like. preferable.
- the insulator may be silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, or silicon oxide having pores.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxide nitride are thermally stable, they can be combined with a resin to form a laminated structure that is thermally stable and has a low relative permittivity.
- the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (nylon, aramid, etc.), polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylic, and the like.
- a transistor using an oxide semiconductor can stabilize the electrical characteristics of the transistor by surrounding it with an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, as the insulator 824, the insulator 850, and the like, an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be used.
- Examples of the insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, tantalum, and zirconium. Insulations containing, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium or tantalum may be used in single layers or in layers.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide or Metal oxides such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride and the like can be used.
- Conductors that can be used for wiring and plugs include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, and indium.
- a material containing one or more metal elements selected from ruthenium and the like can be used.
- a semiconductor having high electrical conductivity typified by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, and silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a single layer of a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material formed of the above materials is used. Alternatively, they can be laminated and used. It is preferable to use a refractory material such as tungsten or molybdenum that has both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is preferable to use tungsten. Alternatively, it is preferably formed of a low resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. Wiring resistance can be reduced by using a low resistance conductive material.
- n is not particularly limited, but is 2 or more and 200 or less, preferably 2 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 2 or more and 10 or less.
- n is not particularly limited, but is 2 or more and 200 or less, preferably 2 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 2 or more and 10 or less.
- each memory circuit layer 870 the memory circuit 860 and various wirings are arranged in a matrix as in FIG. 22. Further, as shown in FIG. 23, the memory circuit layers 870 adjacent to each other in the stacking direction are electrically connected by wiring such as a writing bit line WBL.
- the conductor 607 is arranged so as to be embedded in the insulator 611 and the insulator 612.
- the conductor 607 is in contact with the conductor 857 provided in the same layer as the conductor 856.
- the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n preferably have a structure sealed by an insulator 611, an insulator 612, an insulator 687, an insulator 683, and an insulator 684.
- the insulator 611 is arranged on the silicon layer 871
- the insulator 612 is arranged on the insulator 611.
- the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n are arranged on the insulator 612, and the insulator 612 is also formed in the same pattern as the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n in the top view.
- the insulator 687 is arranged in contact with the upper surface of the insulator 611, the side surface of the insulator 612, and the side surface of the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n. That is, the insulator 687 is formed in a sidewall shape with respect to the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n.
- the insulator 681, the insulator 687, and the insulator 683 are arranged so as to cover the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n. Further, the insulator 684 is arranged so as to cover the insulator 683.
- the insulator 611, the insulator 612, the insulator 687, the insulator 683, and the insulator 684 it is preferable to use a barrier material like the insulator 682 and the like.
- each memory circuit layer 870 is sealed by an insulator 687 and an insulator 683. It is preferable to use the same material for the insulator 687 and the insulator 683. Further, it is preferable that the insulator 687 and the insulator 683 are formed under the same conditions. By contacting the insulator 687 and the insulator 683 having the same film quality, a sealing structure having high airtightness can be obtained.
- metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, and indium gallium zinc oxide can be used.
- the insulator 687 and the insulator 683 which are structures for sealing the memory circuit layer 870, are further covered with the insulator 684.
- silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide has a high barrier property against hydrogen, and is therefore preferably used as a sealing material.
- an insulator 684 having a high covering property above the insulator 683 that covers the upper part of the transistor 600.
- the insulator 684 it is preferable to use the same material as the insulator 612 and the insulator 683.
- the insulator 612 and the insulator 683 can be formed into a film by a sputtering method, so that a sealing structure can be provided by a film having a relatively low hydrogen concentration in the film.
- the film formed by the sputtering method has a relatively low coverage. Therefore, by forming the insulator 611 and the insulator 684 into a film by using a CVD method or the like having a high covering property, the airtightness can be further improved.
- the insulator 612 and the insulator 683 have a lower hydrogen concentration than the insulator 611 and the insulator 684.
- the insulator 611, the insulator 612, the insulator 682, the insulator 687, the insulator 683, and the insulator 684 may be made of a material having a barrier property against oxygen. Since the sealing structure has a barrier property against oxygen, it is possible to suppress the outward diffusion of excess oxygen contained in the insulator 680 and efficiently supply it to the transistor 600.
- the insulator 674 is provided so as to embed the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n, the insulator 684, and the like.
- the insulator 674 an insulator that can be used for the insulator 680 may be used.
- the heights of the upper surfaces of the insulator 674 and the insulator 684 are substantially the same.
- openings may be provided in the insulator 674, the insulator 684, the insulator 683, and the insulator 611, and the conductor 876 may be arranged in the openings.
- the lower surface of the conductor 876 is in contact with the conductor 856.
- a conductor 878 that is in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 876 and functions as wiring may be provided.
- FIG. 24 shows a configuration in which the memory circuit layer 870_1 to the memory circuit layer 870_n are collectively sealed with the insulator 611, the insulator 612, the insulator 687, the insulator 683, and the insulator 684.
- the semiconductor device according to the embodiment is not limited to this.
- each memory circuit layer 870 may be sealed with an insulator 611, an insulator 612, an insulator 687, an insulator 683, and an insulator 684.
- FIG. 27 is an example of a block diagram for explaining a configuration example of an integrated circuit including the configuration of the semiconductor device 100.
- the integrated circuit 390 illustrated in FIG. 27 includes a CPU 10, an accelerator 20, an on-chip memory 131, a DMAC (Direct Memory Access Controller) 141, a power supply circuit 160, a power management unit (PMU) 142, a security circuit 147, a memory controller 143, and a DDR.
- SDRAM Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- SDRAM Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- display interface circuit 146 bridge circuit 150
- bridge control circuit 151 bridge control circuit 151
- battery control circuit 151 battery It has an Analog-to-digital controller
- DAC Digital-to-analog controller
- the CPU 10 has, as an example, a CPU core 111, an instruction cache 112, a data cache 113, and a bus interface circuit 114.
- the accelerator 20 has a memory circuit 121, an arithmetic circuit 122, and a control circuit 123.
- the CPU core 111 has a plurality of CPU cores.
- the instruction cache 112 may have a circuit configuration for temporarily storing instructions executed by the CPU core 111.
- the data cache 113 may have a circuit configuration for temporarily storing the data processed by the CPU core 111 or the data obtained by the processing.
- the bus interface circuit 114 may have a circuit configuration capable of transmitting and receiving signals such as data and addresses to and from the bus for connecting the CPU 10 and other circuits in the semiconductor device.
- the memory circuit 121 corresponds to the configuration including the memory circuit 24 described in the first embodiment.
- the memory circuit 121 may have a circuit configuration for storing data to be processed by the accelerator 20.
- the arithmetic circuit 122 corresponds to a configuration including the arithmetic circuit 23 described in the first embodiment.
- the arithmetic circuit 122 may have a circuit configuration that performs arithmetic processing of the data held in the memory circuit 121.
- the control circuit 123 may have a circuit configuration for controlling each circuit in the accelerator 20.
- the high-speed bus 140A has various signals between the CPU 10, the accelerator 20, the on-chip memory 131, the DMAC 141, the power management unit 142, the security circuit 147, the memory controller 143, the DDR SDRAM controller 144, the USB interface circuit 145, and the display interface circuit 146. It is a bus for transmitting and receiving at high speed.
- AMBA Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture
- AHB Advanced High-performance Bus
- the on-chip memory 131 has a circuit configuration for storing a circuit included in the integrated circuit 390, for example, data or a program input / output to / from the CPU 10 or the accelerator 20.
- DMAC141 is a direct memory access controller. By having the DMAC 141, peripheral devices other than the CPU 10 can access the on-chip memory 131 without going through the CPU 10.
- the power management unit 142 has a circuit configuration for controlling the power gating of a circuit such as a CPU core of the integrated circuit 390.
- the security circuit 147 has a circuit configuration for enhancing the confidentiality of the signal, such as transmitting and receiving a signal encrypted between the integrated circuit 390 and an external circuit.
- the memory controller 143 has a circuit configuration for writing or reading a program for execution by the CPU 10 or the accelerator 20 from a program memory outside the integrated circuit 390.
- the DDR SDRAM controller 144 has a circuit configuration for writing or reading data to and from a main memory such as a DRAM outside the integrated circuit 390.
- the USB interface circuit 145 has a circuit configuration for transmitting and receiving data via a circuit outside the integrated circuit 390 and a USB terminal.
- the display interface circuit 146 has a circuit configuration for transmitting and receiving data to and from a display device outside the integrated circuit 390.
- the power supply circuit 160 is a circuit for generating a voltage used in the integrated circuit 390. For example, it is a circuit that generates a negative voltage for stabilizing the electrical characteristics given to the back gate of an OS transistor.
- the low-speed bus 140B is a bus for transmitting and receiving various signals at low speed between the interrupt control circuit 151, the interface circuit 152, the battery control circuit 153, and the ADC / DAC interface circuit 154.
- AMBA-APB Advanced Peripheral Bus
- Transmission and reception of various signals between the high-speed bus 140A and the low-speed bus 140B are performed via the bridge circuit 150.
- the interrupt control circuit 151 has a circuit configuration for performing interrupt processing in response to a request received from a peripheral device.
- the interface circuit 152 has a configuration for functioning an interface such as UART (Universal Synchronous Receiver / Transmitter), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface).
- UART Universal Synchronous Receiver / Transmitter
- I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit
- SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
- the battery control circuit 153 has a circuit configuration for transmitting and receiving data related to charging / discharging of the battery outside the integrated circuit 390.
- the ADC / DAC interface circuit 154 has a circuit configuration for transmitting and receiving data to and from a device that outputs an analog signal, such as a MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) device outside the integrated circuit 390.
- a MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
- FIGS. 28A and 28B are diagrams showing an example of the arrangement of circuit blocks when SoC is used. As in the integrated circuit 390 shown in FIG. 28A, each configuration shown in the block diagram of FIG. 27 can be arranged by dividing the region on the chip.
- the on-chip memory 131 described with reference to FIG. 27 can be configured by a storage circuit composed of OS transistors, for example, NO SRAM or the like. That is, the on-chip memory 131 and the memory circuit 121 have the same circuit configuration. Therefore, when the SoC is used, the on-chip memory 131 and the memory circuit 121 can be integrated and arranged in the same area as in the integrated circuit 390E shown in FIG. 28B.
- a novel semiconductor device and an electronic device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device and an electronic device having low power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 29A illustrates an external view of an automobile as an example of a moving body.
- FIG. 29B is a diagram simplifying the exchange of data in the automobile.
- the automobile 590 has a plurality of cameras 591 and the like. Further, the automobile 590 is equipped with various sensors (not shown) such as an infrared radar, a millimeter wave radar, and a laser radar.
- the integrated circuit 390 can be used for the camera 591 and the like.
- the camera 591 processes a plurality of images obtained in a plurality of imaging directions 592 by the integrated circuit 390 described in the above embodiment, and the plurality of images are collected by the host controller 594 or the like via the bus 593 or the like.
- the host controller 594 or the like By analyzing this, it is possible to determine the surrounding traffic conditions such as the presence or absence of guardrails and pedestrians, and perform automatic driving. It can also be used in systems for road guidance, danger prediction, and the like.
- the obtained image data is subjected to arithmetic processing such as a neural network to increase the resolution of the image, reduce image noise, face recognition (for crime prevention, etc.), and object recognition (for automatic driving).
- arithmetic processing such as a neural network to increase the resolution of the image, reduce image noise, face recognition (for crime prevention, etc.), and object recognition (for automatic driving).
- Etc. image compression, image correction (wide dynamic range), image restoration of lensless image sensor, positioning, character recognition, reduction of reflection reflection, etc. can be performed.
- moving objects may include trains, monorails, ships, flying objects (helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), airplanes, rockets), etc., and the computer of one aspect of the present invention is applied to these moving objects. Therefore, a system using artificial intelligence can be provided.
- FIG. 30A is an external view showing an example of a portable electronic device.
- FIG. 30B is a diagram simplifying the exchange of data in the portable electronic device.
- the portable electronic device 595 includes a printed wiring board 596, a speaker 597, a camera 598, a microphone 599, and the like.
- the integrated circuit 390 can be provided on the printed wiring board 596.
- the portable electronic device 595 improves user convenience by processing and analyzing a plurality of data obtained by the speaker 597, the camera 598, the microphone 599, etc. using the integrated circuit 390 described in the above embodiment. be able to. It can also be used in systems that perform voice guidance, image search, and the like.
- the obtained image data is subjected to arithmetic processing such as a neural network to increase the resolution of the image, reduce image noise, face recognition (for crime prevention, etc.), and object recognition (for automatic driving).
- arithmetic processing such as a neural network to increase the resolution of the image, reduce image noise, face recognition (for crime prevention, etc.), and object recognition (for automatic driving).
- Etc. image compression, image correction (wide dynamic range), image restoration of lensless image sensor, positioning, character recognition, reduction of reflection reflection, etc. can be performed.
- the portable game machine 1100 shown in FIG. 31A has a housing 1101, a housing 1102, a housing 1103, a display unit 1104, a connection unit 1105, an operation key 1107, and the like.
- the housing 1101, the housing 1102, and the housing 1103 can be removed.
- the connection unit 1105 provided in the housing 1101 to the housing 1108 the video output to the display unit 1104 can be output to another video device.
- the housing 1102 and the housing 1103 to the housing 1109, the housing 1102 and the housing 1103 are integrated and function as an operation unit.
- the integrated circuit 390 shown in the previous embodiment can be incorporated into the chips provided on the boards of the housing 1102 and the housing 1103.
- FIG. 31B is a USB connection type stick-type electronic device 1120.
- the electronic device 1120 has a housing 1121, a cap 1122, a USB connector 1123, and a substrate 1124.
- the substrate 1124 is housed in the housing 1121.
- a memory chip 1125 and a controller chip 1126 are attached to the substrate 1124.
- the integrated circuit 390 shown in the previous embodiment can be incorporated into the controller chip 1126 or the like of the substrate 1124.
- FIG. 31C is a humanoid robot 1130.
- the robot 1130 has sensors 2101 to 2106 and a control circuit 2110.
- the integrated circuit 390 shown in the previous embodiment can be incorporated in the control circuit 2110.
- the integrated circuit 390 described in the above embodiment can be used as a server that communicates with the electronic device instead of being built in the electronic device.
- the computing system is composed of electronic devices and servers.
- FIG. 32 shows a configuration example of the system 3000.
- the system 3000 is composed of an electronic device 3001 and a server 3002. Communication between the electronic device 3001 and the server 3002 can be performed via the Internet line 3003.
- the server 3002 has a plurality of racks 3004.
- a plurality of substrates 3005 are provided in the plurality of racks, and the integrated circuit 390 described in the above embodiment can be mounted on the substrate 3005.
- a neural network is configured on the server 3002.
- the server 3002 can perform the calculation of the neural network by using the data input from the electronic device 3001 via the Internet line 3003.
- the result of the calculation by the server 3002 can be transmitted to the electronic device 3001 via the Internet line 3003, if necessary. Thereby, the burden of calculation in the electronic device 3001 can be reduced.
- each embodiment can be made into one aspect of the present invention by appropriately combining with the configurations shown in other embodiments or examples. Further, when a plurality of configuration examples are shown in one embodiment, the configuration examples can be appropriately combined.
- the content described in one embodiment is another content (may be a part of the content) described in the embodiment, and / or one or more. It is possible to apply, combine, or replace the contents described in another embodiment (some contents may be used).
- figure (which may be a part) described in one embodiment is another part of the figure, another figure (which may be a part) described in the embodiment, and / or one or more.
- figures (which may be a part) described in another embodiment of the above more figures can be constructed.
- the components are classified by function and shown as blocks independent of each other.
- it is difficult to separate the components for each function and there may be a case where a plurality of functions are involved in one circuit or a case where one function is involved in a plurality of circuits. Therefore, the blocks in the block diagram are not limited to the components described in the specification, and can be appropriately paraphrased according to the situation.
- the size, the thickness of the layer, or the area is shown in an arbitrary size for convenience of explanation. Therefore, it is not necessarily limited to that scale.
- the drawings are schematically shown for the sake of clarity, and are not limited to the shapes or values shown in the drawings. For example, it is possible to include variations in the signal, voltage, or current due to noise, or variations in the signal, voltage, or current due to timing lag.
- electrode and “wiring” do not functionally limit these components.
- an “electrode” may be used as part of a “wiring” and vice versa.
- the terms “electrode” and “wiring” include the case where a plurality of “electrodes” and “wiring” are integrally formed.
- the voltage and the potential can be paraphrased as appropriate.
- the voltage is a potential difference from a reference potential.
- the reference potential is a ground voltage (ground voltage)
- the voltage can be paraphrased as a potential.
- the ground potential does not necessarily mean 0V.
- the electric potential is relative, and the electric potential given to the wiring or the like may be changed depending on the reference electric potential.
- a node can be paraphrased as a terminal, a wiring, an electrode, a conductive layer, a conductor, an impurity region, etc., depending on a circuit configuration, a device structure, and the like.
- terminals, wiring, etc. can be paraphrased as nodes.
- a and B are connected means that A and B are electrically connected.
- the term “A and B are electrically connected” refers to an object (an element such as a switch, a transistor element, or a diode, or a circuit including the element and wiring) between A and B. ) Is present, it means a connection that can transmit an electric signal between A and B.
- the case where A and B are electrically connected includes the case where A and B are directly connected.
- the fact that A and B are directly connected means that the electric signal between A and B is transmitted between A and B via wiring (or electrodes) or the like without going through the object.
- a possible connection is a connection that can be regarded as the same circuit diagram when represented by an equivalent circuit.
- the switch means a switch that is in a conductive state (on state) or a non-conducting state (off state) and has a function of controlling whether or not a current flows.
- the switch means a switch having a function of selecting and switching a path through which a current flows.
- the channel length means, for example, in the top view of a transistor, a region or a channel where a semiconductor (or a portion where a current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate overlap is formed.
- the distance between the source and drain in the region means, for example, in the top view of a transistor, a region or a channel where a semiconductor (or a portion where a current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate overlap is formed. The distance between the source and drain in the region.
- the channel width is a source in, for example, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion where a current flows in a semiconductor when a transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap, or a region where a channel is formed.
- membrane and layer can be interchanged with each other in some cases or depending on the situation.
- conductive layer to the term “conductive layer”.
- insulating film to the term “insulating layer”.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aおよび図2Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図3Aおよび図3Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図4Aおよび図4Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図5A乃至図5Eは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図6Aおよび図6Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図7Aおよび図7Bは、各種のメモリを階層ごとに示す図である。
図8A乃至図8Cは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図9A乃至図9Cは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図10は、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図11は、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図12Aおよび図12Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図13は、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図14Aおよび図14Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図15Aおよび図15Bは、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図16は、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図17は、CPUの構成例を説明する図である。
図18Aおよび図18Bは、CPUの構成例を説明する図である。
図19は、CPUの構成例を説明する図である。
図20Aおよび図20Bは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の上面図および断面図である。
図21Aおよび図21Bは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の上面図および断面図である。
図22は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の上面図である。
図23は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の断面図である。
図24は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の断面図である。
図25は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の断面図である。
図26Aは、IGZOの結晶構造の分類を説明する図である。図26Bは、石英ガラスのXRDスペクトルを説明する図である。図26Cは、結晶性IGZOのXRDスペクトルを説明する図である。
図27は、集積回路の構成例を説明する図である。
図28Aおよび図28Bは、集積回路の構成例を説明する図である。
図29Aおよび図29Bは、集積回路の適用例を説明する図である。
図30Aおよび図30Bは、集積回路の適用例を説明する図である。
図31A乃至図31Cは、集積回路の適用例を説明する図である。
図32は、集積回路の適用例を説明する図である。
本発明の一態様である半導体装置の構成、および動作等について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態で説明したCPU10で実行するプログラムの演算の一部をアクセラレータ20で実行する場合の、動作の一例を説明する。
本実施の形態では、パワーゲーティングが可能なCPUコアを有するCPUの一例について説明する。
以下では、上記実施の形態に係る半導体装置の一例について、図20乃至図25を用いて説明する。まず、当該半導体装置を構成するメモリ回路(メモリセル)の構成例について説明する。
図20Aおよび図20Bに、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置を構成するメモリ回路860の構造を示す。図20Aは、メモリ回路860周辺の上面図である。また、図20Bは、メモリ回路860の断面図であり、図20Bは、図20AにA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する。図20Bにおいて、トランジスタ600のチャネル長方向の断面と、トランジスタ700のチャネル幅方向の断面を示す。なお、図20Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。なお、図20Aに示す、X方向、Y方向、およびZ方向は、それぞれが互いに直交または交差する方向である。ここで、X方向およびY方向は基板面に対して平行または概略平行であり、Z方向は基板面に対して垂直または概略垂直であることが好ましい。
以下では、本発明の一態様に係るメモリ回路860の詳細な構成について説明する。以下において、トランジスタ700の構成要素は、トランジスタ600の構成要素の記載を参酌できるものとする。
以下では、図21A、図21Bを用いてメモリ回路の変形例について説明する。図21Aは、メモリ回路860周辺の上面図である。また、図21Bは、メモリ回路860の断面図であり、図21Bは、図21AにA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する。図21Bにおいて、トランジスタ600のチャネル長方向の断面と、トランジスタ700のチャネル幅方向の断面を示す。なお、図21Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。なお、図21Aに示す、X方向、Y方向、およびZ方向は、それぞれが互いに直交または交差する方向である。ここで、X方向およびY方向は基板面に対して平行または概略平行であり、Z方向は基板面に対して垂直または概略垂直であることが好ましい。
酸化物630として、酸化物半導体として機能する金属酸化物を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る酸化物630に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
ここで、金属酸化物の構成例として、CAC−OS(Cloud−Aligned Composite Oxide Semiconductor)またはCAC−metal oxideについて説明する。
酸化物半導体(金属酸化物)は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC−OS、多結晶酸化物半導体、nc−OS(nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor)、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、および非晶質酸化物半導体などがある。
ここで、金属酸化物中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
酸化物630に用いることができる半導体材料は、上述の金属酸化物に限られない。酸化物630として、バンドギャップを有する半導体材料(ゼロギャップ半導体ではない半導体材料)を用いてもよい。例えば、シリコンなどの単体元素の半導体、ヒ化ガリウムなどの化合物半導体、半導体として機能する層状物質(原子層物質、2次元材料などともいう。)などを半導体材料に用いることが好ましい。特に、半導体として機能する層状物質を半導体材料に用いると好適である。
次に上述のメモリ回路860の配置の一例について、図22および図23を用いて説明する。図22および図23に、上記メモリ回路860を2×2×2個配置した、メモリ回路ブロックを示す。図22は、メモリ回路ブロックの上面図である。また、図23は、メモリ回路ブロックの断面図であり、図23は、図22にB1−B2の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する。図23において、トランジスタ600のチャネル長方向の断面と、トランジスタ700のチャネル幅方向の断面を示す。なお、図22の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。なお、図22に示す、X方向、Y方向、およびZ方向は、それぞれが互いに直交または交差する方向である。ここで、X方向およびY方向は基板面に対して平行または概略平行であり、Z方向は基板面に対して垂直または概略垂直であることが好ましい。
次に、上述のメモリ回路860を積層させた半導体装置の一例について、図24を用いて説明する。図24は、シリコン層871の上に、メモリ回路860を含むメモリ回路層870が複数積層された、半導体装置の断面図である。図24に示す半導体装置は、図1等に示すアクセラレータ20に対応しており、シリコン層871は演算処理部21に対応し、メモリ回路層870はメモリ部22に対応する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置100の構成を含む集積回路の構成について図27および図28を参照しながら説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態で説明した集積回路390を適用することが可能な電子機器、移動体、演算システムについて、図29A乃至図32を参照しながら説明する。
以上の実施の形態、および実施の形態における各構成の説明について、以下に付記する。
Claims (11)
- CPUと、アクセラレータと、を有し、
前記アクセラレータは、第1メモリ回路と、第2メモリ回路と、演算回路と、を有し、
前記第1メモリ回路は、第1トランジスタを有し、
前記第2メモリ回路は、第2トランジスタを有し、
前記第1トランジスタおよび前記第2トランジスタはそれぞれ、チャネル形成領域に金属酸化物を有する半導体層を有し、
前記演算回路は、第3トランジスタを有し、
前記第3トランジスタは、チャネル形成領域にシリコンを有する半導体層を有し、
CPUは、バックアップ回路が設けられたフリップフロップを有するCPUコアを有し、
前記バックアップ回路は、第4トランジスタを有し、
前記第4トランジスタは、チャネル形成領域に金属酸化物を有する半導体層を有し、
前記第1トランジスタおよび前記第2トランジスタは、異なる層に設けられ、
前記第1トランジスタを有する層および前記第2トランジスタを有する層は、前記第3トランジスタを有する層上に設けられる、半導体装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記バックアップ回路は、前記CPUがパワーゲーティング時において、前記フリップフロップに保持されたデータを電源電圧の供給が停止した状態で保持する機能を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項1または2において、
前記第1メモリ回路および前記第2メモリ回路は、前記演算回路に入力されるデータを保持する機能を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至3のいずれか一において、
前記第2メモリ回路は、前記第1メモリ回路とは異なる回路構成を有する、半導体装置。 - CPUと、アクセラレータと、を有し、
前記アクセラレータは、第1メモリ回路と、第2メモリ回路と、演算回路と、を有し、
前記第1メモリ回路は、第1トランジスタを有し、
前記第2メモリ回路は、第2トランジスタを有し、
前記第1トランジスタおよび前記第2トランジスタはそれぞれ、チャネル形成領域に金属酸化物を有する半導体層を有し、
前記演算回路は、第3トランジスタを有し、
前記第3トランジスタは、チャネル形成領域にシリコンを有する半導体層を有し、
前記第1トランジスタおよび前記第2トランジスタは、異なる層に設けられ、
前記第1トランジスタを有する層は、前記第3トランジスタを有する層上に設けられ、
前記第2トランジスタを有する層は、前記第1トランジスタを有する層上に設けられ、
前記第1メモリ回路は、前記第2メモリ回路とは異なるデータ保持特性を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記第1メモリ回路は、前記演算回路に入力されるデータまたは前記演算回路から出力されるデータを保持する機能を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項5または6において、
前記第1トランジスタを駆動するための振幅電圧は、前記第2トランジスタを駆動するための振幅電圧より小さい、半導体装置。 - 請求項5乃至7のいずれか一において、
前記第1トランジスタのゲート絶縁膜の膜厚は、前記第2トランジスタのゲート絶縁膜の膜厚より小さい、半導体装置。 - 請求項5乃至8のいずれか一において、
前記第2メモリ回路は、前記第1メモリ回路とは異なる回路構成を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至9のいずれか一において、
前記演算回路は、積和演算を行う回路である、半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至10のいずれか一において、
前記金属酸化物は、Inと、Gaと、Znと、を含む、半導体装置。
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