WO2021124743A1 - 圧電フィルム - Google Patents
圧電フィルム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021124743A1 WO2021124743A1 PCT/JP2020/042164 JP2020042164W WO2021124743A1 WO 2021124743 A1 WO2021124743 A1 WO 2021124743A1 JP 2020042164 W JP2020042164 W JP 2020042164W WO 2021124743 A1 WO2021124743 A1 WO 2021124743A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- piezoelectric
- piezoelectric film
- layer
- electrode layer
- film
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
- H04R17/005—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers using a piezoelectric polymer
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/12—Non-planar diaphragms or cones
- H04R7/122—Non-planar diaphragms or cones comprising a plurality of sections or layers
- H04R7/125—Non-planar diaphragms or cones comprising a plurality of sections or layers comprising a plurality of superposed layers in contact
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/08—Shaping or machining of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies
- H10N30/085—Shaping or machining of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies by machining
- H10N30/088—Shaping or machining of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies by machining by cutting or dicing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/40—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as transformers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/852—Composite materials, e.g. having 1-3 or 2-2 type connectivity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/857—Macromolecular compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/88—Mounts; Supports; Enclosures; Casings
- H10N30/883—Additional insulation means preventing electrical, physical or chemical damage, e.g. protective coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
- H04R17/02—Microphones
- H04R17/025—Microphones using a piezoelectric polymer
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R2307/00—Details of diaphragms or cones for electromechanical transducers, their suspension or their manufacture covered by H04R7/00 or H04R31/003, not provided for in any of its subgroups
- H04R2307/025—Diaphragms comprising polymeric materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric film used in an electroacoustic converter or the like.
- the speakers used in these thin displays are also required to be thinner and lighter. Further, in response to the development of a flexible display using a flexible substrate such as plastic, the speaker used for the flexible display is also required to be flexible.
- the shape of the conventional speaker is generally a funnel-shaped so-called cone shape, a spherical dome shape, or the like.
- a speaker if such a speaker is to be incorporated in the above-mentioned thin display, it cannot be sufficiently thinned, and there is a risk of impairing lightness, flexibility, and the like.
- the speaker when the speaker is attached externally, it is troublesome to carry it.
- the Applicant has disclosed a piezoelectric film (electroacoustic conversion) as a piezoelectric film that is sheet-like, has flexibility, and can stably reproduce high-quality sound. Film) was proposed.
- the piezoelectric film disclosed in Patent Document 1 is a polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer) in which piezoelectric particles are dispersed in a viscoelastic matrix made of a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, and a polymer composite. It has an electrode layer formed on both sides of the piezoelectric body and a protective layer formed on the surface of the electrode layer.
- the piezoelectric film disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a (002) plane peak intensity and a (200) plane peak intensity derived from the piezoelectric particles when the polymer composite piezoelectric body is evaluated by an X-ray diffraction method.
- the intensity ratio ⁇ 1 (002) surface peak intensity / ((002) surface peak intensity + (200) surface peak intensity) is 0.6 or more and less than 1.
- Such a piezoelectric film functions as a piezoelectric speaker by, for example, maintaining it in a bent state. That is, by maintaining the piezoelectric film in a bent state and applying a driving voltage to the electrode layer, the polymer composite piezoelectric body expands and contracts due to the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric particles, and vibrates to absorb the expansion and contraction. The piezoelectric film vibrates the air by this vibration and converts an electric signal into sound.
- This piezoelectric film has a structure in which electrode layers are provided on both sides of the piezoelectric layer, and protective layers are provided on both sides thereof.
- the piezoelectric layer is preferably, for example, 300 ⁇ m or less, and is very thin. Further, the piezoelectric film is often cut into a desired shape and used as a cut sheet. Therefore, at the end (cut surface) of the piezoelectric film, the electrodes on both sides of the piezoelectric layer are likely to be short-circuited, and the piezoelectric film may not operate properly.
- An object of the present invention is to solve such a problem of the prior art, and a cut sheet-like piezoelectric film having electrode layers on both sides of a piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material. It is an object of the present invention to provide a piezoelectric film capable of preventing malfunction due to a short circuit of an electrode layer at an end portion.
- a cut sheet-like piezoelectric film having a piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material and electrode layers provided on both sides of the piezoelectric layer.
- a piezoelectric film characterized in that the distance in the thickness direction of the electrode layer at the end is 40% or more with respect to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer.
- the piezoelectric film according to [1] which has a protective layer that covers at least one of the electrode layers.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view conceptually showing an example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method of measuring the ratio of the distance between electrodes to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer in the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method for measuring the ratio of the distance between electrodes to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer in the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of the method for producing a piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of the method for producing a piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view conceptually showing an example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for explaining a method of measuring the ratio of the distance between electrodes to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer in the piezo
- FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of the method for producing a piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of the method for producing a piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of the method for producing a piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a conceptual diagram of an example of a flat speaker using the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for explaining the measurement method in the embodiment.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention will be described in detail based on the preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.
- the description of the constituent elements described below may be based on typical embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to such embodiments.
- the figures shown below are conceptual diagrams for explaining the present invention, and the thickness of each layer, the size of the constituent members, the positional relationship of the constituent members, and the like are actual objects. Is different.
- the numerical range represented by using "-" means a range including the numerical values before and after "-" as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention has a piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material, and electrode layers provided on both sides of the piezoelectric layer. Further, the distance in the thickness direction between the electrodes at the ends is 40% or more with respect to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention preferably covers one electrode layer, more preferably covers both electrode layers, and has a protective layer.
- Such a piezoelectric film of the present invention is used as an electroacoustic conversion film as an example.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is used as a diaphragm of a piezoelectric speaker, a microphone, and an electroacoustic converter such as a voice sensor.
- the electroacoustic converter when the piezoelectric film is stretched in the plane direction by applying a voltage to the piezoelectric film, the piezoelectric film moves upward (in the radiation direction of sound) in order to absorb the stretched portion, and conversely, When the piezoelectric film shrinks in the plane direction due to the application of a voltage to the piezoelectric film, the piezoelectric film moves downward in order to absorb this shrinkage.
- the electroacoustic converter converts vibration (sound) and an electric signal by the vibration caused by the repeated expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric film.
- the electric signal is input to the piezoelectric film and the sound is generated by the vibration corresponding to the electric signal. It is used for regenerating, converting the vibration of a piezoelectric film due to receiving sound waves into an electric signal, giving a tactile sensation by the vibration, and transporting an object.
- the applications of piezoelectric film include full-range speakers, tweeters, speakers such as squawkers and woofers, speakers for headphones, noise cancellers, microphones, and pickups (sensors for musical instruments) used for musical instruments such as guitars.
- Various acoustic devices can be mentioned.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is a non-magnetic material, it can be suitably used as a noise canceller for MRI among noise cancellers.
- the electro-acoustic converter using the piezoelectric film of the present invention is thin, light and bendable, it has functions as wearable products such as hats, mufflers and clothes, thin displays such as televisions and digital signage, and audio equipment. It is suitably used for buildings, automobile ceilings, curtains, umbrellas, wallpapers, windows and beds.
- FIG. 1 conceptually shows an example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric film 10 shown in FIG. 1 includes a piezoelectric layer 12, a first electrode layer 14 laminated on one surface of the piezoelectric layer 12, and a first protective layer 18 laminated on the first electrode layer 14. It has a second electrode layer 16 laminated on the other surface of the piezoelectric layer 12, and a second protective layer 20 laminated on the second electrode layer 16.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention is, for example, a cut sheet (sheet-sheet) cut into a desired shape from a long piezoelectric film produced by roll-to-roll or a large-sized piezoelectric film. It is a film of. Therefore, the end face of the piezoelectric film 10 is a cut surface.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is a polymer composite piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles 26 in a matrix 24 containing a polymer material.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer 12) preferably has the following requirements.
- the normal temperature is 0 to 50 ° C.
- Flexibility For example, when gripping in a loosely bent state like newspapers and magazines for portable use, it is constantly subjected to relatively slow and large bending deformation of several Hz or less from the outside. It will be. At this time, if the polymer composite piezoelectric body is hard, a large bending stress is generated by that amount, and cracks are generated at the interface between the polymer matrix and the piezoelectric particles, which may eventually lead to fracture. Therefore, the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to have appropriate softness.
- the minimum resonance frequency f 0 of the speaker diaphragm is given by the following equation.
- s is the stiffness of the vibration system and m is the mass.
- m is the mass.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric material is required to behave hard against vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and soft against vibrations of several Hz or less. Further, the loss tangent of the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to be appropriately large for vibrations of all frequencies of 20 kHz or less.
- polymer solids have a viscoelastic relaxation mechanism, and large-scale molecular motion decreases (Relaxation) or maximizes loss elastic modulus (absorption) as the temperature rises or the frequency decreases.
- Relaxation large-scale molecular motion decreases
- absorption loss elastic modulus
- main dispersion the relaxation caused by the micro-Brownian motion of the molecular chain in the amorphous region is called main dispersion, and a very large relaxation phenomenon is observed.
- the temperature at which this main dispersion occurs is the glass transition point (Tg), and the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism appears most prominently.
- polymer composite piezoelectric body (polymer layer 12), by using a polymer material having a glass transition point at room temperature, in other words, a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, for vibration of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
- a polymer composite piezoelectric material that is hard and behaves softly against slow vibrations of several Hz or less is realized.
- the polymer material to be the matrix 24 preferably has a maximum value of tangent Tan ⁇ at a frequency of 1 Hz by a dynamic viscoelasticity test of 0.5 or more at room temperature.
- the polymer material to be the matrix 24 preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of 100 MPa or more at 0 ° C. and 10 MPa or less at 50 ° C.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the polymer material to be the matrix 24 is more preferably having a relative permittivity of 10 or more at 25 ° C.
- a voltage is applied to the polymer composite piezoelectric body, a higher electric field is applied to the piezoelectric particles in the polymer matrix, so that a large amount of deformation can be expected.
- the polymer material has a relative permittivity of 10 or less at 25 ° C.
- polymer material satisfying such conditions examples include cyanoethylated polyvinyl alcohol (cyanoethylated PVA), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride core acrylonitrile, polystyrene-vinyl polyisoprene block copolymer, polyvinyl methyl ketone, and polybutyl. Methacrylate and the like are preferably exemplified. Further, as these polymer materials, commercially available products such as Hybler 5127 (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) can also be preferably used.
- Hybler 5127 manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.
- the polymer material constituting the matrix 24 it is preferable to use a polymer material having a cyanoethyl group, and it is particularly preferable to use cyanoethylated PVA. That is, in the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention, it is preferable to use a polymer material having a cyanoethyl group as the matrix 24 for the piezoelectric layer 12, and it is particularly preferable to use cyanoethylated PVA.
- the above-mentioned polymer materials typified by cyanoethylated PVA are also collectively referred to as "polymer materials having viscoelasticity at room temperature".
- polystyrene resin As these polymer materials having viscoelasticity at room temperature, only one type may be used, or a plurality of types may be used in combination (mixed).
- a plurality of polymer materials may be used in combination in the matrix 24 of the piezoelectric layer 12, if necessary. That is, in the matrix 24 constituting the polymer composite piezoelectric body, in addition to the above-mentioned polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature for the purpose of adjusting dielectric properties, mechanical properties, etc., if necessary, other materials are used.
- a dielectric polymer material may be added.
- dielectric polymer material examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, and vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer.
- fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene cyanide-vinyl acetate copolymer, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxysaccharose, cyanoethyl hydroxycellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxypurrane, cyanoethyl methacrylate, cyanoethyl acrylate, cyanoethyl.
- Cyano groups such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl amylose, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, cyanoethyl dihydroxypropyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl amylose, cyanoethyl polyacrylamide, cyanoethyl polyacrylate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyhydroxymethylene, cyanoethyl glycidol pullulan, cyanoethyl saccharose and cyanoethyl sorbitol
- polymers having a cyanoethyl group synthetic rubbers such as nitrile rubber and chloroprene rubber, and the like are exemplified.
- a polymer material having a cyanoethyl group is preferably used.
- these dielectric polymer materials are not limited to one type, and
- thermoplastic resins such as vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene, polystyrene, methacrylic resin, polybutene and isobutylene, and phenol resin and urea are used for the purpose of adjusting the glass transition point Tg of the matrix 24.
- a resin, a melamine resin, an alkyd resin, a heat-curable resin such as mica, or the like may be added.
- a tackifier such as rosin ester, rosin, terpene, terpene phenol, and petroleum resin may be added.
- the amount of the polymer material other than the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature is not limited, but the ratio to the matrix 24 is 30% by mass or less. Is preferable. As a result, the characteristics of the polymer material to be added can be exhibited without impairing the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism in the matrix 24, so that the dielectric constant can be increased, the heat resistance can be improved, and the adhesion to the piezoelectric particles 26 and the electrode layer can be improved. In this respect, favorable results can be obtained.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric material to be the piezoelectric layer 12 contains the piezoelectric particles 26 in such a polymer matrix.
- the piezoelectric particles 26 are dispersed in a polymer matrix.
- the piezoelectric particles 26 are uniformly (substantially uniform) dispersed in the polymer matrix.
- the piezoelectric particles 26 are preferably made of ceramic particles having a perovskite-type or wurtzite-type crystal structure. Examples of the ceramic particles constituting the piezoelectric particles 26 include lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead lanthanate lanthanate titanate (PLZT), barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc oxide (ZnO). Particles such as a solid solution (BFBT) of barium titanate and bismuth ferrite (BiFe 3) are exemplified.
- BFBT solid solution
- BiFe 3 bismuth ferrite
- the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 26 may be appropriately selected depending on the size of the piezoelectric film 10, the application of the piezoelectric film 10, and the like.
- the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 26 is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the amount ratio of the matrix 24 and the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 is the size in the plane direction of the piezoelectric film 10, the thickness of the piezoelectric film 10, the use of the piezoelectric film 10, and the piezoelectric. It may be appropriately set according to the characteristics required for the film 10.
- the volume fraction of the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably 30 to 80%, more preferably 50 to 80%.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is not limited, and may be appropriately set according to the size of the piezoelectric film 10, the application of the piezoelectric film 10, the characteristics required for the piezoelectric film 10, and the like. Good.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably 8 to 300 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 to 200 ⁇ m, further preferably 10 to 150 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 15 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably polarized (polled) in the thickness direction.
- the polarization treatment will be described in detail later.
- Metal impurities may be mixed in the piezoelectric layer 12.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed by using a paint for forming the piezoelectric layer 12, as will be described later.
- This coating material is prepared by adding a polymer material to be a matrix 24 and piezoelectric particles 26 to an organic solvent and stirring them. During the stirring during the preparation of the paint, the metal propeller to be stirred may be damaged and mixed in the paint, and may be mixed in the piezoelectric layer 12 as a metal impurity.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 has a small amount of such metal impurities.
- the amount of metal impurities in the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably 200 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, and even more preferably not contained at all.
- the amount of metal impurities in the piezoelectric layer 12 may be measured by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) analysis after treating the piezoelectric layer 12 with a strong acid or the like to incinerate it.
- ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma
- the metal to be detected include Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, In, Ba, Tl, and Bi. To do. When these metals are in a preferable range, short circuits can be suppressed.
- the laminated film of the piezoelectric film 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a second electrode layer 16 on one surface of such a piezoelectric layer 12 and a second protective layer 20 on the surface of the second electrode layer 16.
- the first electrode layer 14 is provided on the other surface of the piezoelectric layer 12, and the first protective layer 18 is provided on the surface of the first electrode layer 14.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 form an electrode pair.
- both sides of the piezoelectric layer 12 are sandwiched between electrode pairs, that is, the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, and further, the first protective layer 18 is sandwiched between the electrode pairs. It has a structure sandwiched between the second protective layer 20 and the second protective layer 20. In this way, the region held by the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is driven according to the applied voltage.
- the first and second elements in the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 and the like are added for convenience in order to explain the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention. Therefore, the first and second piezoelectric films 10 of the present invention have no technical meaning and are irrelevant to the actual usage state.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention has, for example, a sticking layer for sticking an electrode layer and a piezoelectric layer 12, and a sticking layer for sticking an electrode layer and a protective layer. It may have a layer.
- the adhesive may be an adhesive or an adhesive. Further, as the adhesive, a polymer material obtained by removing the piezoelectric particles 26 from the piezoelectric layer 12, that is, the same material as the matrix 24 can also be preferably used.
- the sticking layer may be provided on both the first electrode layer 14 side and the second electrode layer 16 side, or may be provided on only one of the first electrode layer 14 side and the second electrode layer 16 side. Good.
- the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 have a role of covering the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 and imparting appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength to the piezoelectric layer 12. Is responsible for. That is, in the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention, the piezoelectric layer 12 containing the matrix 24 and the piezoelectric particles 26 exhibits extremely excellent flexibility with respect to slow bending deformation, while depending on the application. May lack rigidity, mechanical strength, and the like.
- the piezoelectric film 10 is provided with a first protective layer 18 and a second protective layer 20 to supplement the piezoelectric film 10.
- the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 have the same configuration except for the arrangement position. Therefore, in the following description, when it is not necessary to distinguish between the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20, both members are collectively referred to as a protective layer.
- various sheet-like materials can be used.
- various resin films are preferably exemplified.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PP polypropylene
- PS polystyrene
- PC polycarbonate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide
- PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
- PEI Polyetherimide
- PEI Polystyrene
- PA Polyethylene
- PEN Polyethylene Naphthalate
- TAC Triacetyl Cellulose
- a resin film composed of a cyclic olefin resin and the like are preferably used. ..
- the thickness of the protective layer there is no limit to the thickness of the protective layer. Further, the thicknesses of the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 are basically the same, but may be different. If the rigidity of the protective layer is too high, not only the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 12 is restrained, but also the flexibility is impaired. Therefore, the thinner the protective layer is, the more advantageous it is, except when mechanical strength and good handleability as a sheet-like material are required.
- the thickness of the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 are each twice or less the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12, it is a preferable result in terms of ensuring both rigidity and appropriate flexibility. Can be obtained.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is 50 ⁇ m and the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 are made of PET, the thickness of the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, respectively. , 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the protective layer is not an indispensable constituent requirement. Therefore, the piezoelectric film of the present invention may or may not have either the first protective layer 18 or the second protective layer 20.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is the first protective layer. It is preferable to have 18 or the second protective layer 20, and it is preferable to have both the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20.
- the first electrode layer 14 is between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the first protective layer 18, and the second electrode layer is between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the second protective layer 20. 16 are formed respectively.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are provided to apply an electric field to the piezoelectric film 10 (piezoelectric layer 12).
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are basically the same except that the positions are different. Therefore, in the following description, when it is not necessary to distinguish between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, both members are collectively referred to as an electrode layer.
- the material for forming the electrode layer is not limited, and various conductors can be used. Specifically, carbon, palladium, iron, tin, aluminum, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, chromium, molybdenum, alloys thereof, indium tin oxide, and PEDOT / PPS (polyethylene dioxythiophene-polystyrene sulfone). Conductive polymers such as acid) are exemplified. Among them, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, and indium tin oxide are preferably exemplified. Among them, copper is more preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity, cost, flexibility and the like.
- the method of forming the electrode layer which includes a vapor phase deposition method (vacuum film deposition method) such as vacuum vapor deposition and sputtering, a film formation method by plating, a method of pasting a foil formed of the above materials, and Various known methods such as a coating method can be used.
- a vapor phase deposition method vacuum film deposition method
- a film formation method by plating a method of pasting a foil formed of the above materials
- Various known methods such as a coating method can be used.
- thin films such as copper and aluminum formed by vacuum deposition are preferably used as an electrode layer because the flexibility of the piezoelectric film 10 can be ensured.
- a copper thin film produced by vacuum deposition is preferably used.
- the thickness of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 There is no limitation on the thickness of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16. Further, the thicknesses of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are basically the same, but may be different.
- the protective layer described above if the rigidity of the electrode layer is too high, not only the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 12 is restricted, but also the flexibility is impaired. Therefore, the thinner the electrode layer is, the more advantageous it is, as long as the electric resistance does not become too high.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention is suitable because if the product of the thickness of the electrode layer and Young's modulus is less than the product of the thickness of the protective layer and Young's modulus, the flexibility is not significantly impaired.
- the thickness of the electrode layer is It is preferably 1.2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the piezoelectric film 10 has a structure in which the piezoelectric layer 12 is sandwiched between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, and the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20 are further sandwiched.
- Such a piezoelectric film 10 preferably has a maximum value at room temperature at which the loss tangent (Tan ⁇ ) at a frequency of 1 Hz by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement is 0.1 or more.
- the piezoelectric film 10 preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz as measured by dynamic viscoelasticity, which is 10 to 30 GPa at 0 ° C. and 1 to 10 GPa at 50 ° C.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the piezoelectric film 10 can have a large frequency dispersion in the storage elastic modulus (E') at room temperature. That is, it can behave hard for vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and soft for vibrations of several Hz or less.
- the product of the thickness and the storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity is 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 N / m at 0 ° C. , It is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 N / m at 50 ° C.
- the piezoelectric film 10 can be provided with appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength as long as the flexibility and acoustic characteristics are not impaired.
- the piezoelectric film 10 preferably has a loss tangent (Tan ⁇ ) of 0.05 or more at 25 ° C. and a frequency of 1 kHz in the master curve obtained from the dynamic viscoelasticity measurement.
- Ton ⁇ loss tangent
- the frequency characteristics of the speaker using the piezoelectric film 10 become smooth, and the amount of change in sound quality when the minimum resonance frequency f 0 changes with the change in the curvature of the speaker (piezoelectric film 10) can be reduced.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention is a long piezoelectric film produced by roll-to-roll or a cut sheet cut out from a large-sized piezoelectric film into a desired shape. is there. Therefore, the end face is a cut surface.
- the distance d in the thickness direction between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 at the end is 40% or more with respect to the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12. Is. In other words, the thickness direction is the stacking direction of the piezoelectric layer 12, the first electrode layer 14, the second electrode layer 16, and the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20.
- the insulation of the electrode layer sandwiching the piezoelectric layer is sufficiently secured as designed. If the insulation is insufficient, a short circuit between the electrodes when the voltage required for driving is applied causes a voltage higher than the design value to be applied to the power supply, causing the power supply to fail (damage) or stop abnormally due to a protection circuit. The drive stops.
- the voltage at which a discharge (spark) occurs between the electrodes varies depending on the atmospheric conditions and the shape of the electrodes, but for example, when the distance between the electrodes is about 100 ⁇ m between a flat plate and a needle-shaped electrode, it generally reaches several hundred volts. ..
- a piezoelectric film containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material that is, a piezoelectric film in which electrode layers are provided on both sides of the polymer composite piezoelectric layer
- the actual discharge may be different depending on the cutting conditions. It occurs at a much lower voltage than.
- the present inventor has further studied the phenomenon of short circuit that is considered to be an extension of this.
- the short circuit of the cut sheet-like piezoelectric film is caused by the burr of the electrode layer generated at the time of cutting and the residue of the electrode layer generated at the time of cutting (cutting residue) adhering to the cut surface, that is, the end surface of the piezoelectric film. I found that there is.
- burrs burskers
- the piezoelectric film in which the piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the electrode layers is cut, so-called burrs (whiskers) occur in which the electrode layer is partially pulled out due to the ductility of the metal. Further, the cutting causes the electrode layer to be finely broken to generate residue of the electrode layer. When cutting, the formation of burrs and debris cannot be avoided.
- a piezoelectric material such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
- the polymer composite piezoelectric layer contains the piezoelectric particles in the matrix containing the polymer material, it is harder and more brittle than the piezoelectric layer made of PVDF or the like. Therefore, in the piezoelectric film in which the polymer composite piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the electrode layers, the load on the cutter blade and the punching die is large at the time of cutting, and vibration is likely to occur, so that the electrode layer is higher than the general piezoelectric film. A large amount of burrs and debris will be generated. Therefore, in the piezoelectric film in which the polymer composite piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the electrode layers, a large amount of burrs and debris of the electrode layer adhere to the end face.
- the distance between the electrodes on the end face of the piezoelectric film becomes substantially very short as compared with the actual distance between the electrode layers.
- the cutting length becomes longer and the amount of burrs and debris generated increases, which is not a solution. That is, in the piezoelectric film in which the polymer composite piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between the electrode layers, simply increasing the distance between the electrode layers does not provide a solution for short circuit.
- the present inventor has found that in a piezoelectric film in which a polymer composite piezoelectric layer is sandwiched between electrode layers, the amount of burrs and debris adhered to the end face is the thickness at the end (cut surface) after cutting. It was found that it correlates with the ratio of the distance of the electrode layer in the longitudinal direction to the thickness of the polymer piezoelectric layer.
- the amount of burrs and debris generated during cutting is related to the sharpness of the cutter blade or the like that cuts. That is, the amount of burrs and debris generated at the time of cutting is smaller as the sharpness of the cutter blade and the mold at the time of cutting is better.
- the magnitude of plastic deformation at the end of the piezoelectric film due to cutting is related to the sharpness of the cutter blade or the like that performs cutting.
- the sharpness of the cutter blade or the like is good, the plastic deformation of the end portion is small. Therefore, when the sharpness of the cutter blade or the like is good, the difference between the thickness of the piezoelectric layer and the distance of the electrode layer at the end becomes small.
- the amount of burrs and debris that actually adheres to the end face is difficult to measure the amount of burrs and debris that actually adheres to the end face, the amount of burrs and debris that actually adheres to the end face and the electrode layer in the thickness direction at the end with respect to the thickness of the polymer piezoelectric layer.
- the distance ratio of is a correlation with the distance ratio of, and the smaller the difference between the thickness of the polymer composite piezoelectric layer and the distance in the thickness direction of the electrode layer at the end, the more burrs and debris that adhere to the end face. The amount of can be reduced.
- the distance in the thickness direction of the electrode layer at the end of the piezoelectric film is set to 40% or more with respect to the thickness of the polymer composite piezoelectric layer, so that the electrode layer to the end face is formed.
- the amount of burrs and debris adhered to the film can be sufficiently reduced to ensure the insulating property required to prevent a short circuit of the electrode layer even when the piezoelectric layer is thin.
- the present invention has been made by obtaining such knowledge, and a polymer composite piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material is designated as a piezoelectric layer 12, and the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed.
- a piezoelectric layer 12 a polymer composite piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material is designated as a piezoelectric layer 12, and the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed.
- the distance between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 at the end (cut portion) in the thickness direction is set to 40% or more of the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12.
- the distance between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 at the end (cut portion) in the thickness direction is “distance d”
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is “thickness t”.
- the ratio of the distance d to the thickness t is also referred to as "ratio p".
- the ratio p is less than 40%, sufficient insulating properties between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 at the ends cannot be ensured, and there is a high possibility that a short circuit will occur.
- the ratio p is preferably 50% or more.
- the ratio p of the distance d in the thickness direction between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 and the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 at the end of the piezoelectric film 10 is various known methods. It can be measured with.
- an end face, that is, a cut surface of the piezoelectric film 10 is used by using an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) equipped with an EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry).
- An example is a method of observing the end portion of the SEM and performing element mapping of the material forming the electrode layer for measurement.
- Commercially available products may be used for SEM and EDX.
- SEM is manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation.
- SU8220 and EDS are XFash 5060FQ manufactured by BRUKER, respectively.
- the end face of the piezoelectric film 10 is observed by the SEM (SEM-EDS) equipped with the EDS, and the elemental analysis of the end face of the observation region is performed by the EDS.
- SEM-EDS SEM-EDS
- elemental mapping of the forming materials of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is performed, and an image of the mapping result is obtained.
- the forming material of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is copper
- copper mapping is performed from the result of elemental analysis, and an image of the result of copper mapping is obtained.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are formed at the end of the piezoelectric film 10. The distance d in the thickness direction is measured.
- the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 when the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 is known from the catalog value of the piezoelectric film 10 or the like, that value may be used. Alternatively, the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 may be measured by a known method at the time when the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed in the manufacturing process of the piezoelectric film 10 (for example, the state of FIG. 5) described later. Alternatively, in the manufacturing process of the piezoelectric film 10 described later, the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 may be calculated from the coating thickness and composition of the coating material to be the piezoelectric layer 12. Alternatively, when the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed (for example, in the state of FIG. 5), the total thickness is measured, and then the piezoelectric layer 12 is partially removed and the thickness is measured. The thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 may be obtained.
- the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 may be measured by the following method.
- the piezoelectric film 10 is embedded in a resin.
- the embedding with the resin is preferably performed so as to embed with the resin at least 5 mm from the cut surface of the piezoelectric film 10.
- the resin used for embedding may be appropriately set according to the forming material and size (maximum surface area, thickness) of the piezoelectric film 10. If necessary, a plurality of types of resins used for embedding may be mixed and used. After the piezoelectric film 10 is embedded in the resin, the piezoelectric film 10 embedded in the resin is cut in a straight line at an arbitrary position.
- the cutting may be performed by a known method using a microtome or the like. It is preferable that the cutting is performed at a position where the center of the cut surface in the longitudinal direction is 5 mm or more and inside from all the ends (end faces) of the piezoelectric film 10. Then, if necessary, the cut surface is polished. Polishing may be performed by a known method. Further, elemental mapping of the materials for forming the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 by the above-mentioned SEM-EDS is performed at the central portion in the longitudinal direction of the cut surface.
- the distance in the thickness direction between the inner surface of the first electrode layer 14 and the inner surface of the second electrode layer 16 is measured at the center in the longitudinal direction of the cut surface, and this distance is used as the cut surface.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric film in.
- the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 can be measured on the cut surface of the piezoelectric film 10 without being affected by the above-mentioned plastic deformation (sagging).
- the thickness of the cut surface of the piezoelectric layer 12 is measured in five arbitrary cross sections, and the average value thereof is defined as the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer 12 of the piezoelectric film 10 to be measured.
- the method of embedding with this resin can also be used to measure the distance d in the thickness direction between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16. That is, the piezoelectric film is embedded 5 mm or more from the end so as to include the measurement position at the distance d, cut using a microtome, and polished as necessary, and each of the cut sheet-shaped piezoelectric films 10 is individually polished.
- the distance d may be measured with respect to the end surface (cut surface) using SEM-EDS as described above.
- the cut sheet-shaped piezoelectric film 10 when the cut sheet-shaped piezoelectric film 10 is rectangular, it has four end faces (cut faces). Therefore, as conceptually shown in FIG. 3, the ratio p of one end of the side A observed by SEM from the direction of the arrow a orthogonal to the side A and the ratio p to the side B are orthogonal to one corner.
- the ratio p of one end face of the side B observed by SEM can be measured from the direction of the arrow b. That is, when the piezoelectric film 10 is rectangular, the ratio p of the end portions of the piezoelectric film 10 at eight locations in total can be measured with respect to the four corner portions.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is not limited to the rectangle as described above, and various shapes can be used.
- the planar shape of the piezoelectric film of the present invention that is, the shape of the main surface, includes a circle, an ellipse, a triangle, a polygon of a pentagon or more, and the like.
- the ratio p [%] of the distance d to the thickness t is determined by observing the end portion, that is, the cut surface with SEM-EDS, and performing elemental mapping of the electrode forming material. It may be measured by the method.
- the ratio p is measured from two directions as shown in FIG.
- the average value of (location) is defined as the ratio p in the piezoelectric film 10.
- the polygon also includes a case where the corners are curved due to chamfering or the like.
- the ratio p is measured at eight places where the outer circumference is equally divided, and the average value is taken as the ratio p in the piezoelectric film 10.
- the sheet-like material 34 in which the second electrode layer 16 is formed on the surface of the second protective layer 20 shown in FIG. 4 is prepared.
- a sheet-like material 38 in which the first electrode layer 14 is formed on the surface of the first protective layer 18, which is conceptually shown in FIG. 6, is prepared.
- the sheet-like material 34 may be produced by forming a copper thin film or the like as the second electrode layer 16 on the surface of the second protective layer 20 by vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, plating or the like.
- the sheet-like material 38 may be produced by forming a copper thin film or the like as the first electrode layer 14 on the surface of the first protective layer 18 by vacuum vapor deposition, sputtering, plating or the like.
- a commercially available product in which a copper thin film or the like is formed on the protective layer may be used as the sheet-like material 34 and / or the sheet-like material 38.
- the sheet-like material 34 and the sheet-like material 38 may be the same or different.
- a protective layer with a separator temporary support
- PET or the like having a thickness of 25 to 100 ⁇ m can be used.
- the separator may be removed after thermocompression bonding of the electrode layer and the protective layer.
- a paint (coating composition) to be the piezoelectric layer 12 is applied onto the second electrode layer 16 of the sheet-like material 34, and then cured to form the piezoelectric layer 12.
- the laminated body 36 in which the sheet-like material 34 and the piezoelectric layer 12 are laminated is produced.
- a polymer material such as the above-mentioned cyanoethylated PVA is dissolved in an organic solvent, and piezoelectric particles 26 such as PZT particles are added and stirred to prepare a coating material.
- the organic solvent is not limited, and various organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), methylethylketone, and cyclohexanone can be used.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- the paint is cast (applied) to the sheet-like material 34 to evaporate and dry the organic solvent.
- a laminated body 36 having the second electrode layer 16 on the second protective layer 20 and laminating the piezoelectric layer 12 on the second electrode layer 16 is produced. ..
- the method of casting the paint there is no limitation on the method of casting the paint, and all known methods (coating devices) such as a bar coater, a slide coater, and a doctor knife can be used.
- the polymer material is a material that can be melted by heating, the polymer material is heated and melted to prepare a melt obtained by adding piezoelectric particles 26 to the polymer material, and the sheet shown in FIG.
- the laminated body 36 as shown in FIG. 5 may be produced by extruding the material 34 into a sheet and cooling the material 34.
- a polymer piezoelectric material such as PVDF may be added to the matrix 24 in addition to the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature.
- the polymer piezoelectric materials to be added to the coating material may be dissolved.
- the polymer piezoelectric material to be added may be added to the heat-melted polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature and heat-melted.
- a calendar treatment may be performed if necessary.
- the calendar treatment may be performed once or multiple times.
- the calendar treatment is a treatment in which a surface to be treated is pressed while being heated by using a heating press, a heating roller, or the like to perform flattening or the like.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 of the laminated body 36 having the second electrode layer 16 on the second protective layer 20 and forming the piezoelectric layer 12 on the second electrode layer 16 is subjected to polarization treatment (polling). )I do.
- the polarization treatment of the piezoelectric layer 12 may be performed before the calendar treatment, but it is preferably performed after the calendar treatment.
- the first electrode layer 14 may be formed before the polarization treatment, and the electric field polling treatment may be performed using the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16. .. Further, in the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention, it is preferable that the polarization treatment is performed in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric layer 12 rather than in the plane direction.
- the previously prepared sheet-like material 38 is laminated on the piezoelectric layer 12 side of the polarized body 36, and the first electrode layer 14 is laminated toward the piezoelectric layer 12. .. Further, this laminate is thermocompression-bonded using a heating press device, a heating roller, or the like so as to sandwich the first protective layer 18 and the second protective layer 20, and the laminate 36 and the sheet-like material 38 are bonded to each other. By laminating, a large format (long) piezoelectric film 10L as shown in FIG. 7 is produced. Alternatively, the laminate 36 and the sheet-like material 38 may be bonded together using an adhesive, and preferably further pressure-bonded to prepare the piezoelectric film 10L.
- the piezoelectric film 10L may be manufactured by using a cut sheet-like sheet-like material 34, a sheet-like material 38, or the like, or by using roll-to-roll. May be good.
- a large-sized piezoelectric film 10L produced by using a cutting means such as a cutter blade and a punching die is cut into a predetermined shape, for example, a rectangle to form a cut sheet.
- the piezoelectric film 10 is used.
- the piezoelectric film 10 produced in this way is polarized in the thickness direction instead of the plane direction, and large piezoelectric characteristics can be obtained without stretching treatment after the polarization treatment. Therefore, the piezoelectric film 10 has no in-plane anisotropy in the piezoelectric characteristics, and when a driving voltage is applied, the piezoelectric film 10 expands and contracts isotropically in all directions in the plane direction.
- FIG. 9 conceptually shows an example of a flat plate type piezoelectric speaker using the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 is a flat plate type piezoelectric speaker that uses the piezoelectric film 10 as a diaphragm that converts an electric signal into vibration energy.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 can also be used as a microphone, a sensor, or the like.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 includes a piezoelectric film 10, a case 42, a viscoelastic support 46, and a frame body 48.
- the case 42 is a thin housing made of plastic or the like and having one side open. Examples of the shape of the housing include a rectangular parallelepiped shape, a cubic shape, and a cylindrical shape.
- the frame body 48 is a frame material having a through hole having the same shape as the open surface of the case 42 in the center and engaging with the open surface side of the case 42.
- the viscoelastic support 46 has appropriate viscosity and elasticity, supports the piezoelectric film 10, and applies a constant mechanical bias to any part of the piezoelectric film to move the piezoelectric film 10 back and forth without waste. It is for converting into motion (movement in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the film). Examples of the viscoelastic support 46 include a non-woven fabric such as wool felt and wool felt containing PET and the like, glass wool and the like.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 accommodates the viscoelastic support 46 in the case 42, covers the case 42 and the viscoelastic support 46 with the piezoelectric film 10, and the upper end surface of the case 42 with the frame 48 around the piezoelectric film 10.
- the frame body 48 is fixed to the case 42 while being pressed against the case 42.
- the height (thickness) of the viscoelastic support 46 is thicker than the height of the inner surface of the case 42. Therefore, in the piezoelectric speaker 40, the viscoelastic support 46 is held in a state of being thinned by being pressed downward by the piezoelectric film 10 at the peripheral portion of the viscoelastic support 46. Similarly, in the peripheral portion of the viscoelastic support 46, the curvature of the piezoelectric film 10 suddenly fluctuates, and the piezoelectric film 10 is formed with a rising portion that becomes lower toward the periphery of the viscoelastic support 46. Further, the central region of the piezoelectric film 10 is pressed by the viscoelastic support 46 having a square columnar shape to be (omitted) flat.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 when the piezoelectric film 10 is stretched in the plane direction by applying a driving voltage to the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, the viscoelastic support 46 acts to absorb the stretched portion.
- the rising portion of the piezoelectric film 10 changes its angle in the rising direction.
- the piezoelectric film 10 having the flat portion moves upward.
- the piezoelectric film 10 contracts in the plane direction due to the application of the driving voltage to the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16
- the rising portion of the piezoelectric film 10 collapses in order to absorb the contracted portion. Change the angle in the direction (the direction closer to the plane).
- the piezoelectric film 10 having the flat portion moves downward.
- the piezoelectric speaker 40 generates sound by the vibration of the piezoelectric film 10.
- the piezoelectric film 10 the conversion from the expansion / contraction motion to the vibration can also be achieved by holding the piezoelectric film 10 in a curved state. Therefore, the piezoelectric film 10 can function as a flexible piezoelectric speaker by simply holding it in a curved state instead of the flat plate-shaped piezoelectric speaker 40 as shown in FIG.
- a piezoelectric speaker using such a piezoelectric film 10 can be stored in a bag or the like by, for example, being rolled or folded, taking advantage of its good flexibility. Therefore, according to the piezoelectric film 10, it is possible to realize a piezoelectric speaker that can be easily carried even if it has a certain size. Further, as described above, the piezoelectric film 10 is excellent in flexibility and flexibility, and has no in-plane anisotropy of piezoelectric characteristics. Therefore, the piezoelectric film 10 has little change in sound quality regardless of which direction it is bent, and moreover, there is little change in sound quality with respect to a change in curvature.
- the piezoelectric speaker using the piezoelectric film 10 has a high degree of freedom in the installation location, and can be attached to various articles as described above.
- a so-called wearable speaker can be realized by attaching the piezoelectric film 10 to clothing such as clothes and portable items such as a bag in a curved state.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is attached to a flexible display device such as a flexible organic EL display device and a flexible liquid crystal display device to obtain a display device. It can also be used as a speaker.
- the piezoelectric film 10 expands and contracts in the surface direction when a voltage is applied, and vibrates favorably in the thickness direction due to the expansion and contraction in the surface direction. It expresses good acoustic characteristics that can output sound.
- the piezoelectric film 10 that exhibits good acoustic characteristics, that is, high expansion / contraction performance due to piezoelectricity works well as a piezoelectric vibrating element that vibrates a vibrating body such as a diaphragm by laminating a plurality of sheets.
- the piezoelectric film may not have the first protective layer 18 and / or the second protective layer 20 if there is no possibility of a short circuit.
- a piezoelectric film having no first protective layer 18 and / or second protective layer 20 may be laminated via an insulating layer.
- a speaker in which a laminate of the piezoelectric films 10 is attached to a diaphragm and the diaphragm is vibrated by the laminate of the piezoelectric films 10 to output sound may be used. That is, in this case, the laminated body of the piezoelectric film 10 acts as a so-called exciter that outputs sound by vibrating the diaphragm.
- the laminated body of the piezoelectric film 10 acts as a so-called exciter that outputs sound by vibrating the diaphragm.
- the expansion and contraction of the laminate of the piezoelectric film 10 in the surface direction causes the diaphragm to which the laminate is attached to bend, and as a result, the diaphragm vibrates in the thickness direction.
- the vibration in the thickness direction causes the diaphragm to generate sound.
- the diaphragm vibrates according to the magnitude of the drive voltage applied to the piezoelectric film 10, and generates a sound according to the drive voltage applied to the piezoelectric film 10. Therefore, at this time, the piezoelectric film 10 itself does not output sound.
- the rigidity of the piezoelectric film 10 for each sheet is low and the elastic force is small, the rigidity is increased by laminating the piezoelectric film 10, and the elastic force of the laminated body as a whole is increased.
- the laminated body of the piezoelectric film 10 even if the diaphragm has a certain degree of rigidity, the diaphragm is sufficiently flexed with a large force to sufficiently vibrate the diaphragm in the thickness direction. Sound can be generated in the diaphragm.
- the number of laminated piezoelectric films 10 is not limited, and the number of sheets capable of obtaining a sufficient amount of vibration may be appropriately set according to, for example, the rigidity of the vibrating diaphragm.
- a single piezoelectric film 10 can be used as a similar exciter (piezoelectric vibrating element) as long as it has a sufficient stretching force.
- the diaphragm vibrated by the laminated body of the piezoelectric film 10 there is no limitation on the diaphragm vibrated by the laminated body of the piezoelectric film 10, and various sheet-like materials (plate-like material, film) can be used. Examples thereof include a resin film made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the like, foamed plastic made of expanded polystyrene and the like, paper materials such as corrugated cardboard, glass plates, wood and the like. Further, a device such as a display device may be used as the diaphragm as long as it can be sufficiently bent.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- foamed plastic made of expanded polystyrene and the like
- paper materials such as corrugated cardboard, glass plates, wood and the like.
- a device such as a display device may be used as the diaphragm as long as it can be sufficiently bent.
- the laminate of the piezoelectric films 10 it is preferable to attach the adjacent piezoelectric films to each other with a sticking layer (sticking agent). Further, it is preferable that the laminate of the piezoelectric film 10 and the diaphragm are also attached by the attachment layer.
- the adhesive layer may be made of an adhesive or an adhesive.
- an adhesive layer made of an adhesive is used, which gives a solid and hard adhesive layer after application. The same applies to the above points in the laminated body formed by folding back the long piezoelectric film 10 described later.
- the polarization direction of each of the piezoelectric films 10 is the polarization direction in the thickness direction. Therefore, in the laminated body of the piezoelectric films 10, the polarization directions may be the same for all the piezoelectric films 10, and there may be piezoelectric films having different polarization directions.
- the piezoelectric films 10 in the laminated body of the piezoelectric films 10, it is preferable to laminate the piezoelectric films 10 so that the polarization directions of the adjacent piezoelectric films 10 are opposite to each other.
- the polarity of the voltage applied to the piezoelectric layer 12 depends on the polarization direction of the piezoelectric layer 12. Therefore, regardless of whether the polarization direction is from the first electrode layer 14 to the second electrode layer 16 or from the second electrode layer 16 to the first electrode layer 14, all the piezoelectric films 10 to be laminated have the first electrode.
- the polarity of the layer 14 and the polarity of the second electrode layer 16 are made the same.
- the laminate of the piezoelectric films 10 may be configured to laminate a plurality of piezoelectric films 10 by folding back the long piezoelectric film 10 once or more, preferably a plurality of times.
- the structure in which the long piezoelectric film 10 is folded back and laminated has the following advantages. That is, in a laminated body in which a plurality of cut sheet-shaped piezoelectric films 10 are laminated, it is necessary to connect the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 to the drive power source for each piezoelectric film. On the other hand, in the configuration in which the long piezoelectric film 10 is folded back and laminated, the laminated body can be formed only by one long piezoelectric film 10.
- the long piezoelectric film 10 is folded back and laminated, only one power source is required for applying the driving voltage, and the electrode may be pulled out from the piezoelectric film 10 at one place. Further, in the configuration in which the long piezoelectric films 10 are folded back and laminated, the polarization directions of the adjacent piezoelectric films 10 are inevitably opposite to each other.
- a large-sized piezoelectric film was produced by the methods shown in FIGS. 4 to 7. First, cyanoethylated PVA (manufactured by CR-V Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) at the following composition ratio. Then, PZT particles as piezoelectric particles were added to this solution at the following composition ratio and stirred with a propeller mixer (rotation speed 2000 rpm) to prepare a coating material for forming a piezoelectric layer.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- PZT particles ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 300 parts by mass ⁇ Cyanoethylated PVA ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 30 parts by mass ⁇ DMF ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 70 parts by mass
- the mixed powder obtained by wet mixing with a ball mill was fired at 800 ° C. for 5 hours and then crushed.
- a sheet-like material obtained by vacuum-depositing a copper thin film having a thickness of 0.1 ⁇ m on a PET film having a thickness of 4 ⁇ m was prepared. That is, in this example, the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are copper-deposited thin films having a thickness of 0.1 m, and the first protective layer and the second protective layer are PET films having a thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
- a paint for forming the previously prepared piezoelectric layer was applied using a slide coater. The paint was applied so that the film thickness of the coating film after drying was 40 ⁇ m.
- the sheet-like material coated with the paint was heated and dried on a hot plate at 120 ° C. to evaporate the DMF.
- a laminate having a copper second electrode layer on the PET second protective layer and a piezoelectric layer (polymer composite piezoelectric layer) having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was produced on the copper second electrode layer. ..
- the produced piezoelectric layer was polarized in the thickness direction.
- the first electrode layer (copper thin film side) was directed toward the piezoelectric layer, and a sheet-like material in which the thin film was vapor-deposited on a PET film was laminated.
- the laminated body of the laminated body and the sheet-like material is thermocompression-bonded at a temperature of 120 ° C. using a laminator device to adhere and bond the composite piezoelectric body and the first electrode layer, and FIG. A large-sized piezoelectric film as shown in the above was produced.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer is 60 ⁇ m by changing the coating thickness of the coating material for forming the piezoelectric layer.
- a piezoelectric film and a piezoelectric film having a piezoelectric layer with a thickness of 140 ⁇ m were also produced.
- Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 The prepared piezoelectric film was cut into a size of 210 x 300 mm by changing the cutter blade and the mold to be used in various ways to prepare a cut sheet-shaped piezoelectric film.
- the distance d in the thickness direction between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer at the end and the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer were measured by the above-mentioned method using SEM-EDS.
- the ratio p [%] of the distance d and the thickness t was calculated.
- SEM-EDS SU8220 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation was used as the SEM, and XFash 5060FQ manufactured by BRUKER Corporation was used as the EDS.
- the produced piezoelectric film is placed on a 210 ⁇ 300 mm case containing glass wool as a viscoelastic support in advance, and then the peripheral portion is pressed by a frame to give an appropriate tension to the piezoelectric film.
- a piezoelectric speaker as shown in FIG. 9 was manufactured.
- the depth of the case was 9 mm
- the density of glass wool was 32 kg / m 3
- the thickness before assembly was 25 mm.
- the produced piezoelectric speaker was placed in an anechoic chamber, and 50 V and 100 V 100 Hz sine waves were input as input signals through a power amplifier. As shown in FIG. 10, a microphone placed at a distance of 50 cm from the center of the speaker. The sound was recorded at 50.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention in which the ratio p of the distance d in the thickness direction between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer at the end to the thickness t of the piezoelectric layer is 40% or more.
- the piezoelectric film evaluated as B had a slightly low insulating property between the electrodes on the end face, that is, the cut surface, and discharged at the same time as energization, so that a discharge sound was generated. I secured it and output the sound without any problem.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1に開示される圧電フィルムは、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料からなる粘弾性マトリックス中に圧電体粒子を分散してなる高分子複合圧電体(圧電体層)と、高分子複合圧電体の両面に形成された電極層と、電極層の表面に形成された保護層とを有するものである。また、特許文献1に開示される圧電フィルムは、高分子複合圧電体をX線回折法で評価した際の、圧電体粒子に由来する(002)面ピーク強度と(200)面ピーク強度との強度比率α1=(002)面ピーク強度/((002)面ピーク強度+(200)面ピーク強度)が、0.6以上1未満であるという特徴を有する。
そのため、圧電フィルムの端部(切断面)において、圧電体層の両面の電極がショートし易く、圧電フィルムが適正に動作しなくなってしまう場合がある。
[1] 高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層と、圧電体層の両面に設けられる電極層とを有する、カットシート状の圧電フィルムであって、
端部における電極層の厚さ方向の距離が、圧電体層の厚さに対して40%以上であることを特徴とする圧電フィルム。
[2] 電極層の少なくとも一方を覆う保護層を有する、[1]に記載の圧電フィルム。
[3] 端部における電極層の厚さ方向の距離が、圧電体層の厚さに対して95%以下である、[1]または[2]に記載の圧電フィルム。
[4] 高分子材料がシアノエチル基を有する、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルム。
[5] 高分子材料がシアノエチル化ポリビニルアルコールである、[4]に記載の圧電フィルム。
以下に記載する構成要件の説明は、本発明の代表的な実施態様に基づいてなされることがあるが、本発明はそのような実施態様に制限されるものではない。また、以下に示す図は、いずれも、本発明を説明するための概念的な図であって、各層の厚さ、構成部材の大きさ、および、構成部材の位置関係等は、実際の物とは異なる。
なお、本明細書において、「~」を用いて表される数値範囲は、「~」の前後に記載される数値を下限値および上限値として含む範囲を意味する。
本発明の圧電フィルムは、好ましくは一方の電極層を覆って、より好ましくは両方の電極層を覆って、保護層を有する。
電気音響変換器は、圧電フィルムへの電圧印加によって、圧電フィルムが面方向に伸長すると、この伸長分を吸収するために、圧電フィルムが、上方(音の放射方向)に移動し、逆に、圧電フィルムへの電圧印加によって、圧電フィルムが面方向に収縮すると、この収縮分を吸収するために、圧電フィルムが、下方に移動する。
電気音響変換器は、この圧電フィルムの伸縮の繰り返しによる振動により、振動(音)と電気信号とを変換するものであり、圧電フィルムに電気信号を入力して電気信号に応じた振動により音を再生したり、音波を受けることによる圧電フィルムの振動を電気信号に変換したり、振動による触感付与および物体の輸送等に利用される。
具体的には、圧電フィルムの用途としては、フルレンジスピーカー、ツイーター、スコーカーおよびウーハーなどのスピーカー、ヘッドホン用スピーカー、ノイズキャンセラー、マイクロフォン、ならびに、ギターなどの楽器に用いられるピックアップ(楽器用センサー)等、各種の音響デバイスが挙げられる。また、本発明の圧電フィルムは非磁性体であるため、ノイズキャンセラーのなかでもMRI用ノイズキャンセラーとして好適に用いることが可能である。
また、本発明の圧電フィルムを利用する電気音響変換器は薄く、軽く、曲がるため、帽子、マフラーおよび衣服といったウェアラブル製品、テレビおよびデジタルサイネージなどの薄型ディスプレイ、ならびに、音響機器等としての機能を有する建築物、自動車の天井、カーテン、傘、壁紙、窓およびベッドなどに好適に利用される。
図1に示す圧電フィルム10は、圧電体層12と、圧電体層12の一方の面に積層される第1電極層14と、第1電極層14に積層される第1保護層18と、圧電体層12の他方の面に積層される第2電極層16と、第2電極層16に積層される第2保護層20と、を有する。
本発明の圧電フィルム10は、例えば、ロール・トゥ・ロールによって作製された長尺な圧電フィルム、または、大判の圧電フィルムから、所望の形状に切り出された、カットシート状(枚葉紙状)のフィルムである。従って、圧電フィルム10の端面は、切断面である。
(i) 可撓性
例えば、携帯用として新聞および雑誌等のように書類感覚で緩く撓めた状態で把持する場合、絶えず外部から、数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けることになる。この時、高分子複合圧電体が硬いと、その分、大きな曲げ応力が発生し、高分子マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生し、やがて破壊に繋がる恐れがある。従って、高分子複合圧電体には適度な柔らかさが求められる。また、歪みエネルギーを熱として外部へ拡散できれば応力を緩和することができる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接が適度に大きいことが求められる。
(ii) 音質
スピーカーは、20Hz~20kHzのオーディオ帯域の周波数で圧電体粒子を振動させ、その振動エネルギーによって振動板(高分子複合圧電体)全体が一体となって振動することで音が再生される。従って、振動エネルギーの伝達効率を高めるために高分子複合圧電体には適度な硬さが求められる。また、スピーカーの周波数特性が平滑であれば、曲率の変化に伴い最低共振周波数f0が変化した際の音質の変化量も小さくなる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接は適度に大きいことが求められる。
このとき、圧電フィルムの湾曲程度すなわち湾曲部の曲率半径が大きくなるほど機械的なスチフネスsが下がるため、最低共振周波数f0は小さくなる。すなわち、圧電フィルムの曲率半径によってスピーカーの音質(音量、周波数特性)が変わることになる。
高分子複合圧電体(圧電体層12)において、ガラス転移点が常温にある高分子材料、言い換えると、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料をマトリックスに用いることで、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の遅い振動に対しては柔らかく振舞う高分子複合圧電体が実現する。特に、この振舞いが好適に発現する等の点で、周波数1Hzでのガラス転移点Tgが常温にある高分子材料を、高分子複合圧電体のマトリックスに用いるのが好ましい。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に、最大曲げモーメント部における高分子マトリックス/圧電体粒子界面の応力集中が緩和され、高い可撓性が期待できる。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に発生する曲げモーメントが低減できると同時に、20Hz~20kHzの音響振動に対しては硬く振る舞うことができる。
しかしながら、その反面、良好な耐湿性の確保等を考慮すると、高分子材料は、比誘電率が25℃において10以下であるのも、好適である。
また、これらの高分子材料としては、ハイブラー5127(クラレ社製)などの市販品も、好適に利用可能である。
以下の説明では、シアノエチル化PVAを代表とする上述の高分子材料を、まとめて『常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料』とも言う。
すなわち、高分子複合圧電体を構成するマトリックス24には、誘電特性および機械的特性などの調節等を目的として、上述した常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料に加え、必要に応じて、その他の誘電性高分子材料を添加しても良い。
中でも、シアノエチル基を有する高分子材料は、好適に利用される。
また、圧電体層12のマトリックス24において、これらの誘電性高分子材料は、1種に制限はされず、複数種を添加してもよい。
さらに、粘着性を向上する目的で、ロジンエステル、ロジン、テルペン、テルペンフェノール、および、石油樹脂等の粘着付与剤を添加しても良い。
これにより、マトリックス24における粘弾性緩和機構を損なうことなく、添加する高分子材料の特性を発現できるため、高誘電率化、耐熱性の向上、圧電体粒子26および電極層との密着性向上等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体粒子26は、好ましくは、ペロブスカイト型またはウルツ鉱型の結晶構造を有するセラミックス粒子からなるものである。
圧電体粒子26を構成するセラミックス粒子としては、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛(PZT)、チタン酸ジルコン酸ランタン酸鉛(PLZT)、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、および、チタン酸バリウムとビスマスフェライト(BiFe3)との固溶体(BFBT)等の粒子が例示される。
圧電体粒子26の粒径を上記範囲とすることにより、高い圧電特性とフレキシビリティとを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体層12中における圧電体粒子26の体積分率は、30~80%が好ましく、50~80%がより好ましい。
マトリックス24と圧電体粒子26との量比を上記範囲とすることにより、高い圧電特性とフレキシビリティとを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体層12の厚さは、8~300μmが好ましく、8~200μmがより好ましく、10~150μmがさらに好ましく、15~100μmが特に好ましい。
圧電体層12の厚さを、上記範囲とすることにより、剛性の確保と適度な柔軟性との両立等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
例えば、圧電体層12は、後述するように、圧電体層12を形成するための塗料を用いて形成する。この塗料は、有機溶媒に、マトリックス24となる高分子材料と圧電体粒子26とを投入して、攪拌することで調製する。この塗料の調製の際の攪拌時に、攪拌を行う金属製のプロペラが破損して、塗料中に混入してしまい、金属不純物として圧電体層12中に混入する場合がある。
従って、圧電体層12は、このような金属不純物の量が少ないのが好ましい。具体的には、圧電体層12中における金属不純物の量は、200ppm以下が好ましく、100ppm以下がより好ましく、全く含まないのがさらに好ましい。
言い換えれば、本発明の圧電フィルム10を構成する積層フィルムは、圧電体層12の両面を電極対、すなわち、第1電極層14および第2電極層16で挟持し、さらに、第1保護層18および第2保護層20で挟持してなる構成を有する。
このように、第1電極層14および第2電極層16で挾持された領域は、印加された電圧に応じて駆動される。
従って、本発明の圧電フィルム10における第1および第2には、技術的な意味は無く、また、実際の使用状態とは無関係である。
貼着剤は、接着剤でも粘着剤でもよい。また、貼着剤は、圧電体層12から圧電体粒子26を除いた高分子材料すなわちマトリックス24と同じ材料も、好適に利用可能である。なお、貼着層は、第1電極層14側および第2電極層16側の両方に有してもよく、第1電極層14側および第2電極層16側の一方のみに有してもよい。
第1保護層18と第2保護層20とは、配置位置が異なるのみで、構成は同じである。従って、以下の説明においては、第1保護層18および第2保護層20を区別する必要がない場合には、両部材をまとめて、保護層ともいう。
保護層の剛性が高過ぎると、圧電体層12の伸縮を拘束するばかりか、可撓性も損なわれる。そのため、機械的強度およびシート状物としての良好なハンドリング性等が要求される場合を除けば、保護層は、薄いほど有利である。
例えば、圧電体層12の厚さが50μmで第1保護層18および第2保護層20がPETからなる場合、第1保護層18および第2保護層20の厚さはそれぞれ、100μm以下が好ましく、50μm以下がより好ましく、中でも25μm以下とするのが好ましい。
しかしながら、第1電極層14および第2電極層16の保護、圧電体層12の保護、および、圧電フィルムの取り扱い性(ハンドリング性)等を考慮すると、本発明の圧電フィルムは、第1保護層18または第2保護層20を有するのが好ましく、第1保護層18および第2保護層20の両方を有するのが好ましい。
中でも、銅、アルミニウム、金、銀、白金、および、酸化インジウムスズは、好適に例示される。その中でも、導電性、コストおよび可撓性等の観点から銅がより好ましい。
中でも特に、圧電フィルム10の可撓性が確保できる等の理由で、真空蒸着によって成膜された銅およびアルミニウム等の薄膜は、電極層として、好適に利用される。その中でも特に、真空蒸着による銅の薄膜は、好適に利用される。
ここで、上述した保護層と同様に、電極層の剛性が高過ぎると、圧電体層12の伸縮を拘束するばかりか、可撓性も損なわれる。そのため、電極層は、電気抵抗が高くなり過ぎない範囲であれば、薄いほど有利である。
例えば、保護層がPET(ヤング率:約6.2GPa)で、電極層が銅(ヤング率:約130GPa)からなる組み合わせの場合、保護層の厚さが25μmだとすると、電極層の厚さは、1.2μm以下が好ましく、0.3μm以下がより好ましく、0.1μm以下とするのがさらに好ましい。
このような圧電フィルム10は、動的粘弾性測定による周波数1Hzでの損失正接(Tanδ)が0.1以上となる極大値が常温に存在するのが好ましい。
これにより、圧電フィルム10が外部から数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けたとしても、歪みエネルギーを効果的に熱として外部へ拡散できるため、高分子マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生するのを防ぐことができる。
これにより、常温で圧電フィルム10が貯蔵弾性率(E’)に大きな周波数分散を有することができる。すなわち、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の振動に対しては柔らかく振る舞うことができる。
これにより、圧電フィルム10が可撓性および音響特性を損なわない範囲で、適度な剛性と機械的強度を備えることができる。
これにより、圧電フィルム10を用いたスピーカーの周波数特性が平滑になり、スピーカー(圧電フィルム10)の曲率の変化に伴い最低共振周波数f0が変化した際の音質の変化量も小さくできる。
ここで、本発明の圧電フィルム10は、端部における第1電極層14と第2電極層16との厚さ方向の距離dが、圧電体層12の厚さtに対して、40%以上である。なお、厚さ方向とは、言い換えれば、圧電体層12と、第1電極層14および第2電極層16と、第1保護層18および第2保護層20との積層方向である。
本発明の圧電フィルム10は、このような構成を有することにより、端部における第1電極層14と第2電極層16とのショート(短絡)を好適に防止できる。
すなわち、大判のシート状物から所望の形状のカットシートを切り出す際には、例えば、カッター刃による切断、および、金型による打ち抜き等が用いられる。この切断では、切り出されるカットシートの切断部には剪断応力が掛かり、降伏応力が掛かった時点で、シートが切断(裁断)される。
そのため、本発明の圧電フィルム10の端部(端面/切断面)では、剪断応力による塑性変形、いわゆるダレが生じて、図1に概念的に示すように、第1電極層14と第2電極層16とが近接してしまい、ショートが生じやすくなる。
ところが、高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層、すなわち、高分子複合圧電体層の両面に電極層を設けた圧電フィルムでは、切断条件によっては、実際の放電は、それよりも大幅に低い電圧で発生する。
この延長上にあると考えられるショートの発生現象について、本発明者は、さらに検討を重ねた。その結果、カットシート状の圧電フィルムのショートは、切断時に生じる電極層のバリ、および、切断で生じた電極層のカス(切れカス)が、切断面すなわち圧電フィルムの端面に付着することに原因があることを見出した。
例えば、PVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)等の圧電材料を圧電体層として用いる、一般的な圧電フィルムであれば、電極層のバリおよびカスによる影響は、少ない。従って、圧電体層を厚くすることで、ショートを回避することも可能である。
これに対して、高分子複合圧電体層は、高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含むため、PVDF等からなる圧電体層に比して、硬く、かつ、脆い。そのため、高分子複合圧電体層を電極層で挟持した圧電フィルムでは、切断時にカッター刃および打ち抜き金型等に掛かる負担が大きく、また、振動も生じやすく、一般的な圧電フィルムよりも、電極層のバリおよびカスが多量に生成されてしまう。
そのため、高分子複合圧電体層を電極層で挟持した圧電フィルムでは、電極層のバリおよびカスが端面に多量に付着してしまう。その結果、圧電フィルムの端面における電極間距離が、実際の電極層同士の距離に比して、実質的に非常に短くなってしまう。また、高分子圧電体層の場合には、圧電体層を厚くしても、その分、切断長が長くなり、バリおよびカスの生成量が増えるので、解決策にはならない。すなわち、高分子複合圧電体層を電極層で挟持した圧電フィルムでは、単純に電極層間の距離を長くしても、ショートの解決策にはならない。
切断時におけるバリおよびカスの生成量は、切断を行うカッター刃等の切れ味に関係する。すなわち、切断時におけるバリおよびカスの生成量は、切断時におけるカッター刃および金型等の切れ味が良いほど、少ない。
一方で、切断による圧電フィルム端部における塑性変形の大きさは、切断を行うカッター刃等の切れ味に関係する。カッター刃等の切れ味が良い場合には、端部の塑性変形は小さい。従って、カッター刃等の切れ味が良い場合には、圧電体層の厚さと、端部における電極層の距離との差は小さくなる。
本発明者の検討によれば、圧電フィルムの端部における電極層の厚さ方向の距離を、高分子複合圧電体層の厚さに対して40%以上とすることにより、端面への電極層のバリおよびカスの付着量を十分に少なくして、圧電体層が薄い場合であっても、電極層のショートを防止するのに必要な絶縁性を確保できる。
以下の説明では、端部(裁断部)における第1電極層14と第2電極層16との厚さ方向の距離を『距離d』、圧電体層12の厚さを『厚さt』、厚さtに対する距離dの比を『比率p』とも言う。
本発明の圧電フィルム10は、このような構成を有することにより、カットシート状の圧電フィルムにおいて、端部における第1電極層14と第2電極層16とのショートを防止して、安定して適正に作動することが可能である。また、本発明の圧電フィルム10によれば、比率pが40%未満となった場合には、刃の交換、刃の調節、刃の研磨、および、刃のメンテナンス等を行うことで、適正な生産管理を行うことも可能になる。
比率pは、50%以上であるのが好ましい。
この点を考慮すると、比率pは、最大95%となる。
一例として、EDS(Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry、エネルギー分散型X線分析装置((EDX))を搭載したSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope、走査型電子顕微鏡)を用いて、圧電フィルム10の端面すなわち切断面の端部を観察して、電極層を形成する材料の元素マッピングを行って測定する方法が例示される。SEMおよびEDXは、市販品を用いればよい。一例として、SEMは日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製のSU8220が、EDSは、BRUKER社製のXFash 5060FQが、それぞれ、例示される。
次いで、元素分析の結果から、図2の下段に概念的に示すように、第1電極層14および第2電極層16の形成材料の元素マッピングを行い、マッピング結果の画像を得る。例えば、第1電極層14および第2電極層16の形成材料が銅である場合には、元素分析の結果から銅マッピングを行い、銅マッピングの結果の画像を得る。
あるいは、後述する圧電フィルム10の製造工程(例えば図5の状態)において、圧電体層12を形成した時点で、公知の方法で圧電体層12の厚さtを測定してもよい。あるいは、後述する圧電フィルム10の製造工程において、圧電体層12となる塗料の塗布厚および組成から、圧電体層12の厚さtを算出してもよい。あるいは、圧電体層12を形成した時点(例えば図5の状態)で、全厚を測定して、その後、一部で圧電体層12を除去して、厚さを測定し、その差から、圧電体層12の厚さtを求めてもよい。
圧電フィルム10を樹脂に包埋する。樹脂による包埋は、圧電フィルム10の切断面から5mm以上、樹脂で包埋するように行うのが好ましい。包埋に用いる樹脂は、圧電フィルム10の形成材料および大きさ(最大面の面積、厚さ)等に応じて、適宜、設定すればよい。なお、包埋に用いる樹脂は、必要に応じて、複数種を混合して用いてもよい。
圧電フィルム10を樹脂に包埋したら、樹脂に包埋した圧電フィルム10を、任意の場所で直線状に切断する。切断は、ミクロトーム等を使う方法の公知の方法で行えばよい。
なお、切断は、切断面の長手方向の中心が、圧電フィルム10の全ての端部(端面)から5mm以上、内側となる位置で行うのが好ましい。
次いで、必要に応じて切断面を研磨する。研磨は、公知の方法で行えばよい。
さらに、切断面の長手方向の中心部において、上述したSEM-EDSによる第1電極層14および第2電極層16の形成材料の元素マッピングを行う。次いで、元素マッピングの画像から、切断面の長手方向の中心で、第1電極層14の内面と第2電極層16の内面との厚さ方向の距離を測定し、この距離を、その切断面における圧電フィルムの厚さとする。これにより、圧電フィルム10の切断面において、上述した塑性変形(ダレ)の影響を受けることなく、圧電体層12の厚さtを測定できる。
このような圧電体層12の切断面における厚さの測定を、任意の5断面で行い、その平均値を、測定対象となる圧電フィルム10の圧電体層12の厚さtとする。
なお、この樹脂による包埋を行う方法は、第1電極層14と第2電極層16との厚さ方向の距離dの測定にも利用可能である。すなわち、距離dの測定位置を含むように圧電フィルムを端部より5mm以上包埋して、ミクロトームを用いた切断、および、必要に応じて研磨を行い、カットシート状の圧電フィルム10の個々の端面(切断面)に対して、SEM-EDSを用いて、上述のようにして距離dを測定すればよい。
p[%]=(d/t)×100
すなわち、圧電フィルム10が矩形である場合には、4か所の角部に対して、合計で8か所の圧電フィルム10の端部の比率pが測定できる。
いずれの形状であっても、距離dと、厚さtとの比率p[%]は、端部すなわち切断面をSEM-EDSで観察して、電極の形成材料の元素マッピングを行う、上述の方法で測定すればよい。
本発明においては、圧電フィルムが多角形の場合には、全ての角部を測定対象として、図3に示すように2方向から比率pを測定し、全ての比率p(角部の数×2か所)の平均値を、圧電フィルム10における比率pとする。なお、多角形とは、面取り等によって角部が曲線状になっている場合も含む。また、圧電フィルムが円形および楕円形などの多角形以外の場合には、外周を等分した8か所において比率pを測定し、その平均値を、圧電フィルム10における比率pとする。
まず、図4に示す、第2保護層20の表面に第2電極層16が形成されたシート状物34を準備する。さらに、図6に概念的に示す、第1保護層18の表面に第1電極層14が形成されたシート状物38を準備する。
あるいは、保護層の上に銅薄膜等が形成された市販品をシート状物を、シート状物34および/またはシート状物38として利用してもよい。
シート状物34およびシート状物38は、同じものでもよく、異なるものでもよい。
一例として、まず、有機溶媒に、上述したシアノエチル化PVA等の高分子材料を溶解し、さらに、PZT粒子等の圧電体粒子26を添加し、攪拌して塗料を調製する。
有機溶媒には制限はなく、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、メチルエチルケトン、および、シクロヘキサノン等の各種の有機溶媒が利用可能である。
シート状物34を準備し、かつ、塗料を調製したら、この塗料をシート状物34にキャスティング(塗布)して、有機溶媒を蒸発して乾燥する。これにより、図5に示すように、第2保護層20の上に第2電極層16を有し、第2電極層16の上に圧電体層12を積層してなる積層体36を作製する。
あるいは高分子材料が加熱溶融可能な物であれば、高分子材料を加熱溶融して、これに圧電体粒子26を添加してなる溶融物を作製し、押し出し成形等によって、図4に示すシート状物34の上にシート状に押し出し、冷却することにより、図5に示すような、積層体36を作製してもよい。
マトリックス24に、これらの高分子圧電材料を添加する際には、上記塗料に添加する高分子圧電材料を溶解すればよい。あるいは、加熱溶融した常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料に、添加する高分子圧電材料を添加して加熱溶融すればよい。
周知のように、カレンダ処理とは、加熱プレスおよび加熱ローラ等を用いて、被処理面を加熱しつつ押圧して、平坦化等を施す処理である。
圧電体層12の分極処理の方法には制限はなく、公知の方法が利用可能である。例えば、分極処理を行う対象に、直接、直流電界を印加する、電界ポーリングが例示される。なお、電界ポーリングを行う場合には、分極処理の前に、第1電極層14を形成して、第1電極層14および第2電極層16を利用して、電界ポーリング処理を行ってもよい。
また、本発明の圧電フィルム10においては、分極処理は、圧電体層12の面方向ではなく、厚さ方向に分極を行うのが好ましい。
さらに、この積層体を、第1保護層18および第2保護層20を挟持するようにして、加熱プレス装置および加熱ローラ等を用いて熱圧着して、積層体36とシート状物38とを貼り合わせ、図7に示すような、大判(長尺)の圧電フィルム10Lを作製する。
あるいは、積層体36とシート状物38とを、接着剤を用いて貼り合わせて、好ましくは、さらに圧着して、圧電フィルム10Lを作製してもよい。
この圧電スピーカー40は、圧電フィルム10を、電気信号を振動エネルギーに変換する振動板として用いる、平板型の圧電スピーカーである。なお、圧電スピーカー40は、マイクロフォンおよびセンサー等として使用することも可能である。
ケース42は、プラスチック等で形成される、一面が開放する薄い筐体である。筐体の形状としては、直方体状、立方体状、および、円筒状とが例示される。
また、枠体48は、中央にケース42の開放面と同形状の貫通孔を有する、ケース42の開放面側に係合する枠材である。
粘弾性支持体46は、適度な粘性と弾性を有し、圧電フィルム10を支持すると共に、圧電フィルムのどの場所でも一定の機械的バイアスを与えることによって、圧電フィルム10の伸縮運動を無駄なく前後運動(フィルムの面に垂直な方向の運動)に変換させるためのものである。粘弾性支持体46としては、一例として、羊毛のフェルトおよびPET等を含んだ羊毛のフェルトなどの不織布、ならびに、グラスウール等が例示される。
そのため、圧電スピーカー40では、粘弾性支持体46の周辺部では、粘弾性支持体46が圧電フィルム10によって下方に押圧されて厚さが薄くなった状態で、保持される。また、同じく粘弾性支持体46の周辺部において、圧電フィルム10の曲率が急激に変動し、圧電フィルム10に、粘弾性支持体46の周辺に向かって低くなる立上がり部が形成される。さらに、圧電フィルム10の中央領域は四角柱状の粘弾性支持体46に押圧されて、(略)平面状になっている。
逆に、第1電極層14および第2電極層16への駆動電圧の印加によって、圧電フィルム10が面方向に収縮すると、この収縮分を吸収するために、圧電フィルム10の立上がり部が、倒れる方向(平面に近くなる方向)に角度を変える。その結果、平面状の部分を有する圧電フィルム10は、下方に移動する。
圧電スピーカー40は、この圧電フィルム10の振動によって、音を発生する。
従って、圧電フィルム10は、図9に示すような剛性を有する平板状の圧電スピーカー40ではなく、単に湾曲状態で保持することでも、可撓性を有する圧電スピーカーとして機能させることができる。
また、上述のように、圧電フィルム10は、柔軟性および可撓性に優れ、しかも、面内に圧電特性の異方性が無い。そのため、圧電フィルム10は、どの方向に屈曲させても音質の変化が少なく、しかも、曲率の変化に対する音質変化も少ない。従って、圧電フィルム10を利用する圧電スピーカーは、設置場所の自由度が高く、また、上述したように、様々な物品に取り付けることが可能である。例えば、圧電フィルム10を、湾曲状態で洋服など衣料品およびカバンなどの携帯品等に装着することで、いわゆるウェアラブルなスピーカーを実現できる。
良好な音響特性すなわち圧電による高い伸縮性能を発現する圧電フィルム10は、複数枚を積層することにより、振動板等の被振動体を振動させる圧電振動素子としても、良好に作用する。
なお、圧電フィルム10を積層する際には、短絡(ショート)の可能性が無ければ、圧電フィルムは第1保護層18および/または第2保護層20を有さなくてもよい。または、第1保護層18および/または第2保護層20を有さない圧電フィルムを、絶縁層を介して積層してもよい。
積層した圧電フィルム10に駆動電圧を印加することで、個々の圧電フィルム10が面方向に伸縮し、各圧電フィルム10の伸縮によって、圧電フィルム10の積層体全体が面方向に伸縮する。圧電フィルム10の積層体の面方向の伸縮によって、積層体が貼着された振動板が撓み、その結果、振動板が、厚さ方向に振動する。この厚さ方向の振動によって、振動板は、音を発生する。振動板は、圧電フィルム10に印加した駆動電圧の大きさに応じて振動して、圧電フィルム10に印加した駆動電圧に応じた音を発生する。
従って、この際には、圧電フィルム10自身は、音を出力しない。
なお、十分な伸縮力を有するものであれば、1枚の圧電フィルム10を、同様のエキサイター(圧電振動素子)として用いることも可能である。
一例として、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)等からなる樹脂フィルム、発泡ポリスチレン等からなる発泡プラスチック、段ボール材等の紙材、ガラス板、および、木材等が例示される。さらに、十分に撓ませることができるものであれば、振動板として、表示デバイス等の機器を用いてもよい。
貼着層には制限はなく、貼着対象となる物同士を貼着できるものが、各種、利用可能である。従って、貼着層は、粘着剤からなるものでも接着剤からなるものでもよい。好ましくは、貼着後に固体で硬い貼着層が得られる、接着剤からなる接着剤層を用いる。
以上の点に関しては、後述する長尺な圧電フィルム10を折り返してなる積層体でも、同様である。
従って、圧電フィルム10の積層体において、分極方向は、全ての圧電フィルム10で同方向であってもよく、分極方向が異なる圧電フィルムが存在してもよい。
圧電フィルム10において、圧電体層12に印加する電圧の極性は、圧電体層12の分極方向に応じたものとなる。従って、分極方向が第1電極層14から第2電極層16に向かう場合でも、第2電極層16から第1電極層14に向かう場合でも、積層される全ての圧電フィルム10において、第1電極層14の極性および第2電極層16の極性を、同極性にする。
従って、隣接する圧電フィルム10同士で、分極方向を互いに逆にすることで、隣接する圧電フィルム10の電極層同士が接触しても、接触する電極層は同極性であるので、ショートする恐れがない。
長尺な圧電フィルム10を折り返して積層した構成は、以下のような利点を有する。
すなわち、カットシート状の圧電フィルム10を、複数枚、積層した積層体では、1枚の圧電フィルム毎に、第1電極層14および第2電極層16を、駆動電源に接続する必要がある。これに対して、長尺な圧電フィルム10を折り返して積層した構成では、一枚の長尺な圧電フィルム10のみで積層体を構成できる。また、長尺な圧電フィルム10を折り返して積層した構成では、駆動電圧を印加するための電源が1個で済み、さらに、圧電フィルム10からの電極の引き出しも、1か所でよい。
さらに、長尺な圧電フィルム10を折り返して積層した構成では、必然的に、隣接する圧電フィルム10同士で、分極方向が互いに逆になる。
図4~図7に示す方法で、大判の圧電フィルムを作製した。
まず、下記の組成比で、シアノエチル化PVA(CR-V 信越化学工業社製)をジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解した。その後、この溶液に、圧電体粒子としてPZT粒子を下記の組成比で添加して、プロペラミキサー(回転数2000rpm)で攪拌して、圧電体層を形成するための塗料を調製した。
・PZT粒子・・・・・・・・・・・300質量部
・シアノエチル化PVA・・・・・・・30質量部
・DMF・・・・・・・・・・・・・・70質量部
なお、PZT粒子は、主成分となるPb酸化物、Zr酸化物およびTi酸化物の粉末を、Pb=1モルに対し、Zr=0.52モル、Ti=0.48モルとなるように、ボールミルで湿式混合してなる混合粉を、800℃で5時間、焼成した後、解砕処理したものを用いた。
シート状物の第2電極層(銅蒸着薄膜)の上に、スライドコーターを用いて、先に調製した圧電体層を形成するための塗料を塗布した。なお、塗料は、乾燥後の塗膜の膜厚が40μmになるように、塗布した。
次いで、シート状物に塗料を塗布した物を、120℃のホットプレート上で加熱乾燥することでDMFを蒸発させた。これにより、PET製の第2保護層の上に銅製の第2電極層を有し、その上に、厚さが30μmの圧電体層(高分子複合圧電体層)を有する積層体を作製した。
次いで、積層体とシート状物との積層体を、ラミネータ装置を用いて、温度120℃で熱圧着することで、複合圧電体と第1電極層とを貼着して接着して、図7に示すような大判の圧電フィルムを作製した。
なお、大判の圧電フィルムは、この圧電体層の厚さが30μmの圧電フィルムに加え、圧電体層を形成するための塗料を塗布厚を変更することで、圧電体層の厚さが60μmの圧電フィルムおよび圧電体層の厚さが140μmの圧電フィルムも作製した。
作製した圧電フィルムを、使用するカッター刃および金型を、種々、変更して、210×300mmに切り出して、カットシート状の圧電フィルムを作製した。
作製した各圧電フィルムについて、端部における第1電極層と第2電極層との厚さ方向の距離d、および、圧電体層の厚さtを、SEM-EDSを用いる上述した方法で測定し、距離dと厚さtとの比率p[%]を算出した。なお、SEM-EDSによる測定において、SEMは日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製のSU8220を用い、EDSは、BRUKER社製のXFash 5060FQを用いた。
なお、ケースの深さは9mmとし、グラスウールの密度は32kg/m3で、組立前の厚さは25mmとした。
A: 問題なく音が鳴った
B: 放電音がした後、音が鳴った
C: 何も音がしない(パワーアンプに過電流が流れトリップした)
結果を下記の表に示す
これに対し、比率pが40%未満の比較例は、端面すなわち切断面における電極間の絶縁性が不十分で、ショートが生じたため、音が鳴らなかったと思われる。
以上の結果より、本発明の効果は明らかである。
12 圧電体層
14 第1電極層
16 第2電極層
18 第1保護層
20 第2保護層
24 高分子マトリックス
26 圧電体粒子
34,38 シート状物
36 積層体
40 圧電スピーカー
42 ケース
46 粘弾性支持体
48 枠体
50 マイクロフォン
Claims (5)
- 高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層と、前記圧電体層の両面に設けられる電極層とを有する、カットシート状の圧電フィルムであって、
端部における前記電極層の厚さ方向の距離が、前記圧電体層の厚さに対して40%以上であることを特徴とする圧電フィルム。 - 前記電極層の少なくとも一方を覆う保護層を有する、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記端部における前記電極層の厚さ方向の距離が、前記圧電体層の厚さに対して95%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記高分子材料がシアノエチル基を有する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記高分子材料がシアノエチル化ポリビニルアルコールである、請求項4に記載の圧電フィルム。
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WO2021124743A1 (ja) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-24 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 圧電フィルム |
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- 2020-11-12 JP JP2021565370A patent/JP7394873B2/ja active Active
- 2020-11-12 KR KR1020227019571A patent/KR20220100013A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2020-11-12 CN CN202080085145.XA patent/CN114762140A/zh active Pending
- 2020-11-12 EP EP20902808.3A patent/EP4080908A4/en active Pending
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Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20220100013A (ko) | 2022-07-14 |
JP7394873B2 (ja) | 2023-12-08 |
US12069429B2 (en) | 2024-08-20 |
EP4080908A4 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
EP4080908A1 (en) | 2022-10-26 |
CN114762140A (zh) | 2022-07-15 |
TW202125851A (zh) | 2021-07-01 |
US20220329950A1 (en) | 2022-10-13 |
JPWO2021124743A1 (ja) | 2021-06-24 |
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