Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
  • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

• Pulmonary aspergillosis can be segmented into either a non-invasive or an invasive condition. A further sub-division is used to characterise the condition in patients who exhibit symptoms having an allergic component to aspergillosis (known asABPA; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) compared with those who do not.
• the factors precipitating pulmonary aspergillosis may be acute, such as exposure to high doses of immuno-suppressive medicines or to intubation in an intensive care unit. Alternatively, they may be chronic, resulting from a previous infection, such as with TB (Denning etal., 2011a). Chronic lung infections with aspergillus can leave patients with extensive and permanent lung damage, requiring lifetime treatment with oral azole drugs (Limper et ai., 2011).
• the invention provides a compound of formula (I): that is 4-(4-(4-(((3F?,5F?)-5-((1/-/-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methoxy)-3-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-/V-(4-fluorophenyl)benzamide in a crystalline form wherein the crystalline form is polymorphic Form 1.
• polymorphic Form 1 and the crystalline polymorphic Form 2 possess distinctly different crystal structures.
• polymorphic Forms 1 and 2 of the invention have the following characteristics and properties which make them particularly suitable for use as therapeutic agents.
• the polymorphs display high melting points [ ⁇ 202°C (Form 1) and ⁇ 183°C (Form 2)]; are physically robust (as determined by XRPD, TGA and DSC analysis); have good chemical stabilities (as determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis); are readily micronised to a respirable particle size; and are bioavailable when administered as an aqueous suspension by inhalation. Therefore, the Form 1 polymorph and the Form 2 polymorph are expected to be useful in various therapeutic applications as described herein.
• Figure 1 High resolution XRPD pattern of a representative sample of polymorphic Form 1.
• Figure 2 High resolution XRPD pattern of a representative sample of polymorphic Form 2.
• Figure 3 Vertical alignment of high resolution XRPD patterns of polymorphic Forms 1 and 2.
• Figure 4 Overlay of high resolution XRPD patterns of polymorphic Forms 1 and 2
• Figure 5 Calculated XRPD pattern for polymorphic Form 1.
• Figure 7 XRPD pattern of a prior art sample of Form 3 compared with XRPD patterns of representative samples of Forms 1, 2 and 3.
• Figure 9 DSC trace of polymorphic Form 1 obtained from aqueous acetone (5% H2O).
• Figure 10 XRPD pattern of polymorphic Form 1 obtained from aqueous acetone (5% H2O) after micronisation.
• Figure 12 DSC trace of polymorphic Form 2 obtained from THF/TBME.
• Figure 13 High resolution XRPD pattern of polymorphic Form 2 obtained from THF/TBME, after micronisation.
• Figure 14 Crystal structure of polymorphic Form 1 viewed along the a-axis
• Figure 15 Crystal structure of polymorphic Form 2 viewed along the b-axis
• Figure 16 Fast scanning DSC trace of polymorphic Form 1 (40°C/min).
• Figure 17 Fast scanning DSC trace of polymorphic Form 2 (40°C/min).
• Figure 18 Thermal analysis (DSC and TGA) of polymorphic Form 2 obtained from MIBK.
• Figure 19 Mean plasma drug concentrations following inhalation administration of polymorphic Form 1 to male rats at a nominal dose of 2.2 mg/kg.
• Reflections in 2Q are considered to be unique (and therefore characteristic of the crystal form) provided that no reflection is observed within ⁇ 0.2° 2Q when two (or more) diffraction patterns are compared.
• Polymorphic forms 1 and 2 exhibit a number of unique reflections (Table 1).
• Table 1 Unique XRPD Reflections of Polymorphic Forms 1 and 2.
• the crystalline form of Compound I in polymorphic Form 1 wherein the said crystalline form has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern containing three, four, five, six or seven peaks selected from ( ⁇ 0.2) 7.0, 7.4, 7.9, 18.2, 19.7, 20.8 and 24.7 degrees 2-theta.
• the crystalline form of Compound I in polymorphic Form 2 wherein the said crystalline form has unit cell dimensions of 16.81 A, 5.65 A and 35.56 A, and an a angle of 90°, a b angle of 101.54° and a g angle of 90°.
• Compound I is disclosed in the prior art in patent application publications WO2016/087878 A1 and W02016/087880 A1.
• Compound I prepared as disclosed therein, was isolated by one of the methods comprising: (a) the addition of water to a reaction mixture comprising Compound I in pyridine to obtain crude, solid Compound I, followed by purification by flash column chromatography, eluting with 0-3% MeOH in DCM; (b) the addition of water to a cooled reaction mixture comprising Compound I in DMF followed by further cooling of the reaction mixture and collection by filtration to obtain solid Compound I, followed by slurrying the filter cake in water and collection of the solids by filtration or; (c) the addition of water to a reaction mixture comprising Compound I in DMSO, followed by extraction of Compound I with EtOAc, evaporation of the volatiles in vacuo and purification of the residue by flash column chromatography, eluting with 0-2% MeOH in DCM and re-purification by flash
• polymorphic Form 3 results from the rapid production of Compound I, either by the addition of water to a solution of Compound I in a miscible organic solvent (such as DMF or DMSO) or by evaporation of a solvent mixture following purification by chromatography.
• a miscible organic solvent such as DMF or DMSO
• water is a powerful antisolvent for Compound I which leads to its rapid deposition, in these instances, in a nearly amorphous state.
• the same principle applies to samples returned from chromatography, whereby the rapid evaporation of the eluent containing Compound I gives rise to polymorphic Form 3, rather than a more ordered crystalline form such as Form 1 or Form 2.
• a representative sample of Form 3 was prepared by the following procedure. To a suspension of 4-(4-(4-(((3 ,5 )-5-((1/-/-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl) methoxy)-3-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid (2.50 g, 4.24 mmol), EDCI (1.63 g, 8.48 mmol) and DMAP (0.03 g, 0.21 mmol) in pyridine (30 ml.) was added 4-fluoroaniline (0.41 mL, 4.32 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 60°C for 2 hr then cooled to RT, diluted with water (60 mL) and stirred for 5 min.
• the resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (3 x 10 mL) and with diethyl ether (2 x 15 mL) to give a tan coloured powder.
• the crude product so obtained was purified by flash column chromatography (S1O2, 40 g, 0-3% MeOH in DCM, gradient elution).
• the resulting yellow solid (2.37 g) was suspended in DMSO (6.50 mL) and the mixture was heated at 60°C until dissolution was complete.
• Figure 7 shows the XRPD pattern of Compound I as polymorphic Form 3 prepared as described above (“Prior Art Sample”), compared with a sample of Form 3 typical of the batches used in the present studies (“Form 3 Reference”) and compared against XRPD patterns obtained from the Form 1 and Form 2 polymorphs.
• the XRPD traces of Form 3 material reveal it to be poorly crystalline and consequently it was not considered a readily developable entity. As a result, no comparative bioavailability data has been obtained for this polymorphic form (see Examples).
• Form 1 and Form 2 constitute an enantiotropic polymorphic pair.
• This property arises from a temperature dependency of their relative thermodynamic stabilities, whereby one of the polymorphs is the most thermodynamically stable manifestation of the material up to a characteristic (empirically determined) temperature; above which their order of stability is inverted.
• suspensions comprising equal amounts of the two polymorphs were matured, in one of six different solvents, at 50°C, 70°C and 135°C (Table 6).
• 50°C, 70°C and 135°C Table 6
• the 1:1 mixtures converted into suspensions containing only the Form 2 polymorph.
• all of the mixtures maintained at a temperature of 135°C were transformed into Form 1.
• a process for preparing Compound I as the crystalline polymorphic Form 1 which comprises heating Compound I in solvated form, e.g. the solvate formed with anisole, acetophenone, benzyl alcohol, chlorobenzene or cumene, to remove the solvent and thereby produce Compound I as the crystalline polymorphic Form 1.
• Compound I in solvated form is an intermediate in the synthesis of polymorphic Form 1.
• the solvent is aqueous acetone (containing 5% H2O v/v).
• “nominally dry” means that no water has been added to the solvent. Depending on the hydrophilicity of the selected solvent, trace water may be present though experimental conditions are designed to exclude it.
• composition comprising the compound of the invention optionally in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers.
• the compound of the invention is administered topically to the lung or nose, particularly, topically to the lung.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the invention optionally in combination with one or more topically acceptable diluents or carriers.
• the compound of the invention is administered by inhalation.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier is water.
• compositions may conveniently be administered in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the pharmaceutical art, for example as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA., (1985).
• the compositions may also conveniently be administered in multiple unit dosage form.
• Suitable compositions for pulmonary or intranasal administration include powders, liquid solutions, liquid suspensions, aqueous suspensions, nasal drops comprising solutions or suspensions or pressurised or non-pressurised aerosols.
• Topical administration to the nose or lung may be achieved by use of a non-pressurised formulation such as an aqueous suspension.
• a non-pressurised formulation such as an aqueous suspension.
• Such formulations may be administered by nebulisation i.e. by means of a nebuliser e.g. one that can be either hand-held and portable or non-portable and intended for home or hospital use.
• a nebuliser e.g. one that can be either hand-held and portable or non-portable and intended for home or hospital use.
• An example of such a device is a RESPIMAT inhaler.
• Liquid suspension and aerosol formulations (whether pressurised or unpressurised) will typically contain the compound of the invention in particulate form, for example with a D 5 o of 0.5-10 pm, suitably around 1-5 pm, such as 1-2 pm.
• the compound of the invention in particulate form has a Dio of 0.2 to 1 pm, such as 0.2 to 0.5 pm.
• the compound of the invention in particulate form has a D 90 of 2 to 6 pm such as 3 to 4 pm.
• the particulate form of the compound may, for example, be a micronised form. Micronisation may be performed using a jet mill such as those manufactured by Hosokawa Alpine. The resultant particle size distribution may be measured using laser diffraction (e.g.
• Dio and D 90 values used in the context of laser diffraction, are taken to mean Dvi 0 and Dv 90 values and refer to the particle size whereby 10% of the distribution lies below the Dio value, and 90% of the distribution lies below the D 90 value, respectively.
• the aqueous medium typically comprises water and one or more excipients selected from buffers, tonicity adjusting agents (such as sodium chloride), pH adjusting agents, viscosity modifiers, co solvents (such as propylene glycol) and surfactants (such as Lipoid S100).
• tonicity adjusting agents such as sodium chloride
• pH adjusting agents such as sodium chloride
• viscosity modifiers such as sodium chloride
• co solvents such as propylene glycol
• surfactants such as Lipoid S100
• the aqueous medium comprises at least about 40% water such as at least about 60% water, at least about 80% water, at least about 95% water, or at least about 99% water, such as at least about 99% water.
• Compound I when Compound I is administered as an aqueous suspension, Compound I is employed as crystalline polymorphic Form 2.
• concentration of Compound I in the aqueous suspension formulation is 1-10 mg/ml_ such as 4-6 mg/ml_.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound I, employed as crystalline polymorphic Form 2, in particulate form suspended in an aqueous medium.
• Aerosol formulations typically comprise the active ingredient suspended or dissolved in a suitable aerosol propellant, such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• a suitable aerosol propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• CFC propellants include trichloromonofluoromethane (propellant 11), dichlorotetrafluoromethane (propellant 114), and dichlorodifluoromethane (propellant 12).
• Suitable HFC propellants include tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and heptafluoropropane (HFC- 227).
• the propellant typically comprises 40%-99.5%, e.g.
• the formulation may comprise excipients including co-solvents (e.g. ethanol) and surfactants (e.g. lecithin, sorbitan trioleate and the like).
• co-solvents e.g. ethanol
• surfactants e.g. lecithin, sorbitan trioleate and the like.
• Other possible excipients include polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerine and the like.
• Aerosol formulations are packaged in canisters and a suitable dose is delivered by means of a metering valve (e.g. as supplied by Bespak, Valois or 3M or alternatively by Aptar, Coster or Vari).
• lactose refers to a lactose- containing component, including a-lactose monohydrate, b-lactose monohydrate, a-lactose anhydrous, b-lactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose. Lactose components may be processed by micronisation, sieving, milling, compression, agglomeration or spray drying.
• lactose in various forms are also encompassed, for example Lactohale ® (inhalation grade lactose; DFE Pharma), lnhaLac ® 70 (sieved lactose for dry powder inhaler; Meggle), Pharmatose ® (DFE Pharma) and Respitose ® (sieved inhalation grade lactose; DFE Pharma) products.
• the lactose component is selected from the group consisting of olactose monohydrate, olactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose.
• the lactose is olactose monohydrate.
• Dry powder formulations may also contain other excipients such as sodium stearate, calcium stearate or magnesium stearate.
• a dry powder formulation is typically delivered using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) device.
• DPI dry powder inhaler
• Example dry powder delivery systems include SPINHALER, DISKHALER, TURBOHALER, DISKUS, SKYEHALER, ACCUHALER and CLICKHALER.
• dry powder delivery systems include ECLIPSE, NEXT, ROTAHALER, HANDIHALER, AEROLISER, CYCLOHALER, BREEZHALER/NEOHALER, MONODOSE, FLOWCAPS, TWINCAPS, X-CAPS, TURBOSPIN, ELPENHALER, MIATHALER, TWISTHALER, NOVOLIZER, PRESSAIR, ELLIPTA, ORIEL dry powder inhaler, MICRODOSE, PULVINAL, EASYHALER, ULTRAHALER, TAIFUN, PULMOJET, OMNIHALER, GYROHALER, TAPER, CONIX, XCELOVAIR and PROHALER.
• Compound I is useful in the treatment of mycoses and for the prevention or treatment of disease associated with mycoses.
• a method of treatment of a subject with a mycosis which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of Compound I.
• Mycoses may, in particular, be caused by Aspergillus spp. such as Aspergillus fumigatus or Aspergillus pullulans especially Aspergillus fumigatus Mycoses may also be caused by Candida spp., e.g. Candida albicans or Candida glabrata; by Rhizopus spp., e.g. Rhizopus oryzae; by Cryptococcus spp., e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans; by Chaetomium spp., e.g. Chaetomium globosum; by Penicillium spp., e.g. Penicillium chrysogenum and by Trichophyton spp., e.g. Trichophyton rubrum.
• Aspergillus spp. such as Aspergillus fumigatus or Aspergillus pullulans especially Aspergillus fumigatus Mycoses may also be caused by Candida
• a disease associated with a mycosis is, for example, pulmonary aspergillosis.
• Compound I in the form of the Form 2 polymorph for use in the treatment of mycoses and diseases associated with a mycosis.
• Compound I may be used in a prophylactic setting by administering Compound I prior to onset of the mycosis.
• Compound I may be administered prophylactically to subjects at risk of developing a mycosis such as premature infants, children with congenital defects of the lung or heart, immunocompromised subjects (e.g. those suffering from HIV infection), asthmatics, subjects with cystic fibrosis, elderly subjects and subjects suffering from a chronic health condition affecting the heart or lung (e.g. congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
• Subjects include human and animal subjects, especially human subjects.
• the compound of the invention is especially useful for the treatment of mycoses such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection and for the prevention or treatment of disease associated with mycoses such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection in at-risk subjects.
• At-risk subjects are defined above.
• the compound of the invention is also useful for the treatment of azole resistant mycoses such as azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infection, particularly in combination with posaconazole.
• Second or further active ingredients include active ingredients suitable for the treatment or prevention of a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection, or disease associated with a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection, or conditions co-morbid with a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
• a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection
• disease associated with a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection
• conditions co-morbid with a mycosis such as Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
• the compound of the invention may be co-formulated with a second or further active ingredient, or the second or further active ingredient may be formulated to be administered separately, by the same or a different route.
• the compound of the invention may be administered to patients already being treated systemically with an anti-fungal, such as voriconazole or posaconazole.
• an anti-fungal such as voriconazole or posaconazole.
• the compound of the invention may be co-administered, e.g. co-formulated, with one or more agents selected from amphotericin B, an echinocandin, such as caspofungin, and an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, such as lovastatin, pravastatin or fluvastatin.
• agents selected from amphotericin B, an echinocandin, such as caspofungin, and an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, such as lovastatin, pravastatin or fluvastatin such as lovastatin, pravastatin or fluvastatin.
• the compound of the invention may alternatively (or in addition) be co-administered, e g. co- formulated, with one or more agents selected from candicidin, filipin, hamycin, natamycin, nystatin, rimocidin, bifonazole, butoconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, fenticonazole, isoconazole, ketoconazole, luliconazole, miconazole, omoconazole, oxiconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, tioconazole, albaconazole, efinaconazole, epoxiconazole, fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, propiconazole, ravuconazole, terconazole, abafungin, amorolfin, butenafine, naftifine, terbinafine, ani
• Preferred combination partners include intraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin and posaconazole.
• the compound of the invention may be administered at a suitable interval, for example once per week, once every other day, once per day, twice per day, three times per day or four times per day.
• a suitable dose amount for a human of average weight is expected to be around 50 pg to 10 mg/day e.g. 500 pg to 5 mg/day although the precise dose to be administered may be determined by a skilled person.
• X-Ray powder diffraction patterns were collected on a PANalytical diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (45 kV, 40 mA), q - Q goniometer, focusing mirror, divergence slit (1/2”), soller slits at both incident and divergent beam (4 mm) and a PIXcel detector.
• the software used for data collection was X’Pert Data Collector, version 2.2f and the data was presented using X’Pert Data Viewer, version 1.2d.
• XRPD patterns were acquired under ambient conditions via a transmission foil sample stage (polyimide - Kapton, 12.7 pm thickness film) under ambient conditions using a PANalytical X’Pert PRO.
• the data collection range was 2.994-35°20 with a continuous scan speed of 0.202 s 1 .
• X-Ray powder diffraction patterns were collected on a Bruker AXS C2 GADDS diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), using an automated XYZ stage, laser video microscope for auto-sample positioning and a HiStar 2-dimensional area detector.
• X-ray optics consisted of a single Gobel multilayer mirror coupled with a pinhole collimator of 0.3 mm.
• a weekly performance check was carried out using a certified standard NIST 1976 Corundum (flat plate). The beam divergence was approximately 4 mm.
• a Q-Q continuous scan mode was employed with a sample to detector distance of 20 cm, thereby providing an effective 2Q range of 3.2°-29.7°.
• samples were exposed to the X-ray beam for 120 sec.
• the software used for data collection was GADDS for XP/2000 4.1.43 and the data were analysed and presented using Diffrac Plus EVA v15.0.0.0.
• Samples run under ambient conditions were prepared as flat plate specimens using powder, as received, without grinding. Approximately 1-2 mg of the sample was lightly pressed on a glass slide to obtain a flat surface. Samples run under non-ambient conditions were mounted on a silicon wafer with heat-conducting compound. The sample was then heated to the appropriate temperature at 20°C/min and subsequently held isothermally for 1 min before data collection was initiated.
• X-Ray powder diffraction patterns were collected on a Bruker D8 diffractometer using Cu Ka radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), Q-2Q goniometer, and divergence of V4 and receiving slits, a Ge monochromator and a Lynxeye detector. The instrument was checked for its performance using a certified Corundum standard (NIST 1976). The software used for data collection was Diffrac Plus XRD Commander v2.6.1 and the data were analysed and presented using Diffrac Plus EVA v15.0.0.0. Samples were run under ambient conditions as flat plate specimens using powder as received. The sample was gently packed into a cavity cut into polished, zero-background (510) silicon wafer. The sample was rotated in its own plane during analysis. Data was collected as follows:
• the data was collected on a Fluid Film Devices 3-circle diffractometer using a Dectris Pilatus 2M detector.
• the crystal was mounted in a MiTeGen loop using a perfluoropolyether oil.
• the wavelength used was 0.6889 A. All data were collected at 295 K.
• the structure was solved by routine automatic direct methods and refined by least-squares refinement on all unique measured F 2 values.
• NMR spectra were collected on a Bruker 400 MHz instrument equipped with an auto-sampler and controlled by a DRX400 console. Automated experiments were acquired using ICON-NMR v4.0.7 running with Topspin v1.3 using the standard Bruker loaded experiments. For non-routine spectroscopy, data were acquired through the use of Topspin alone. Samples were prepared in DMSO-ds, unless otherwise stated. Off-line analysis was carried out using ACD Spectrus Processor 2012.
• the XRPD trace of the micronised solid (Fig. 10) confirmed that its polymorphic integrity was retained during this process.
• Figure 16 comprises a fast scanning DSC trace of this sample of polymorphic Form 1 and reveals that it has a melting point of 202.6°C.
• Figure 17 displays a fast scanning DSC trace of this sample of polymorphic Form 2 and shows that this form has a melting point of 182.6°C.
• Form 2 is the more thermodynamically stable state (has the lowest Gibbs free energy) from absolute zero up to a transition point, which is the temperature at which Forms 1 and 2 have equal thermodynamic stability. Above this transition temperature the Form 1 polymorph is the more thermodynamically preferred until its melting point is reached.
• the Form 1 polymorph prepared from toluene showed a weight reduction of 0.3% w/w on heating from 25-120°C, consistent with the loss of 0.1 mol of water. Degradation was evident from 320°C (data not shown).
• Table 8 Cross-seeding Experiments of Forms 1 and 2 at 5°C, 25°C and 50°C.
• Table 9 The Fate of Form 2 Slurried in Acetone, Water and Acetone/Water Mixtures.
• Table 10 The Fate of Form 2 Slurried in THF and THF/Water Mixtures.
• Table 11 The Fate of Form 2 Slurried in 1,4-Dioxane/Water Mixtures. 1 4 Dioxane Temp Polymorphic Form by XRPD 3 80 2 2 2 2 2
• Table 12 The Fate of Form 2 Slurried in MEK/Water Mixtures.
• Table 13 Equilibration of Forms 1 and 2, Singularly and as Mixtures, in MEK and THF Alone and in the Presence of Water.
• the male RccHanTM:WIST rat was considered a suitable species and strain because of its acceptance by regulatory agencies.
• the inhalation route of administration was chosen to simulate the conditions of clinical administration. A total of 14 of animals (six animals per group with two spare animals), 10 to 12 weeks of age and weighing 306 to 341 g at the start of drug treatment, were used in the study. Treatment consisted of a single 2 hour inhalation exposure with a nebulised formulation of either micronised Form 1 (98.94% purity) to Group 1 animals or micronised Form 2 (98.10% purity) to Group 2 animals.
• the pharmacokinetic parameters of the two polymorphic forms were determined to support pharmacology and toxicology studies in animals and clinical studies in man.
• Suspensions were manufactured by first preparing a concentrated solution of the surfactants (wetting solution) and a saline solution. These were then used to make the vehicle.
• a saline solution was prepared as follows. Sodium chloride (50 g) was weighed into a 5000 mL volumetric flask, made up to volume with water, stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 10 min and then passed through a 0.22 pm membrane filter. Wetting solution was prepared as follows.
• Lipoid S100 (10 g) was weighed into a 2000 mL Duran bottle, 1000 g of propylene glycol was added and the mixture was stirred on a Silverson mixer equipped with a 1” high shear screen for 1 min at 8000 rpm and then passed through a 0.22 pm membrane filter. Vehicle was prepared as follows. The wetting solution (500 ml_) was transferred into a 5000 mL volumetric flask, made to volume with saline solution, stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 10 min and then passed through a 0.22 pm membrane filter.
• a 1000 mL batch of 4 mg/mL suspension of Compound I was prepared as follows. Compound I (4.00 g) was weighed into a small beaker, 100 mL of wetting solution was added and the mixture was stirred with a Silverson mixer equipped with a 1” high shear screen for 5 min at 8000 rpm. The mixture was then transferred into a 5000 mL Duran bottle using saline solution and stirred using a Silverson mixer equipped with a 1” high shear screen for 5 min at 8000 rpm, after which it was stored between 2 and 8°C.
• Higher or lower strength suspensions (range 0.2 to 20 mg/mL) were prepared by adjusting the input weight of API as appropriate for higher mg/mL suspensions or by further diluting with vehicle for lower mg/mL suspensions. All formulations were magnetically stirred for at least 30 min, and assessed visually prior to administration.
• Rats were acclimatised to the inhalation dosing procedure for three consecutive days prior to dosing. Animals were treated with the test substance by aerosol inhalation administration for 120 min via snout only exposure, at a target aerosol concentration of 25.2 pg/L. The estimations of inhaled dose from an exposure duration of 2 hr and an assumed body weight of 300 g were calculated using the formula:
• Dose (mg/kg/day) C x RMV x D BWx10
• C is the aerosol concentration (pg/L); RMV is the respiratory minute volume (L/min); D is the duration of exposure (120 mins) and BW is the group mean body weight (kg).
• PSD particle size distribution
• Table 14 Chamber Aerosol Concentrations and Estimated Inhaled Dosages of Compound I Attained During Aerosol Inhalation Administration.
• Footnotes MMAD. Mass median aerodynamic diameter; og. Geometric standard deviation
• target aerosol concentrations 25.2 pg/L were selected to deliver nominal doses of 2.2 mg/kg.
• An actual aerosol concentration of 28.8 pg/L of Form 1 was achieved providing an estimated inhaled dosage of approximately 2.48 mg/kg to Group 1 animals.
• the aerosol concentration attained for Form 2 was 32.6 pg/L thereby delivering an estimated inhaled dosage of approximately 2.82 mg/kg for Group 2 animals.
• the achieved aerosol concentrations were close to the target value and the estimated inhaled doses were 113% and 128% of target for Groups 1 and 2 respectively.
• the particle size distribution confirmed that the generated aerosols were respirable to the rat.
• Venous blood samples (0.3 mL) were taken from the tail vein of animals and samples collected after dosing (2 hr from the start of dose administration) and thereafter at times 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 48 hr following treatment. Samples were treated with K 2 EDTA anticoagulant, spun at 2000 g for 10 min at 4°C and then stored frozen (-20°C ⁇ 10) whilst awaiting analysis. Plasma samples were subsequently analysed for Compound I by LGC using a validated LC-MS/MS method.
• Rat plasma samples were vortex mixed and a 25 mI_ aliquot removed and treated with 12.5 mI_ of internal standard working solution (comprising 20 ng/mL of Compound 2) and 25 mI_ of 10 mM aq ammonium formate solution.
• the mixture was vortexed for 5 min at 1400 rpm, after which 300 mI_ of MTBE was added and the sample was then tumble mixed for 10 min. Following centrifugation at 3500 g for 5 min an aliquot of 150 mI_ of the organic layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen at 50°C for approximately 15 min.
• the residue was reconstituted in 100 mI_ of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (50:50) containing 0.1% formic acid and vortex mixed for 5 min at 1400 rpm. Samples prepared in this manner were then analysed using a validated LC- MS/MS to determine the original plasma concentration of Compound I.
• the LC system comprised an Acquity Binary Solvent Manager fitted with an Acquity UPLC C8 (50 x 2.1 mm) analytical column, the latter maintained at a nominal temperature of 40°C. Samples were analysed over a run time of 2.3 min by gradient elution (Table 15) using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in water (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Table 15: HPLC Eluent Gradient Profile.
• Compound I was used as a reference standard and the tetra deutero derivative Compound 2 was employed as the internal standard.
• Compound 2 is: 4-(4-(4-(((37?,5 ?)-5-((1/-/-1 ,2,4-triazol-1- yl)methyl)-5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methoxy)-3-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-/V- (4-fluorophenyl-2,3,5,6-d 4 )benzamide.
• Table 16 Mean Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Forms 1 and 2 of Compound I Following their Inhalation Administration to Rats.

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