WO2021079659A1 - 導電性ピラー、接合構造、電子機器および導電性ピラーの製造方法 - Google Patents

導電性ピラー、接合構造、電子機器および導電性ピラーの製造方法 Download PDF

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WO2021079659A1
WO2021079659A1 PCT/JP2020/035176 JP2020035176W WO2021079659A1 WO 2021079659 A1 WO2021079659 A1 WO 2021079659A1 JP 2020035176 W JP2020035176 W JP 2020035176W WO 2021079659 A1 WO2021079659 A1 WO 2021079659A1
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Prior art keywords
fine particles
conductive pillar
base material
metal fine
sintered body
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PCT/JP2020/035176
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English (en)
French (fr)
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亮太 山口
真 矢田
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Dic株式会社
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Priority to US17/770,620 priority Critical patent/US20220293543A1/en
Priority to CN202080073466.8A priority patent/CN114586147A/zh
Priority to JP2021554163A priority patent/JP7147995B2/ja
Priority to KR1020227011406A priority patent/KR20220088851A/ko
Publication of WO2021079659A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021079659A1/ja

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a conductive pillar, a bonded structure, an electronic device, and a method for manufacturing the conductive pillar.
  • a flip chip mounting method has been used as a method of electrically connecting a semiconductor chip and a semiconductor substrate.
  • the flip chip mounting method is a method in which bumps are formed on an electrode pad arranged on a semiconductor chip, the semiconductor chip and the semiconductor substrate are placed facing each other via the bumps, and the bumps are melted and joined by heating. is there.
  • a conductive pillar may be formed on an electrode pad arranged on a semiconductor chip, and a bump may be formed on the conductive pillar.
  • the copper pillar is conventionally formed by the method shown below.
  • a plating base layer and a resist layer are formed in this order on a semiconductor chip having an electrode pad.
  • a part of the resist layer is removed to expose the plating base layer on the electrode pad.
  • a copper pillar is formed on the plating base layer by using an electroplating method.
  • the resist layer is removed, and the plating base layer arranged under the resist layer is removed by etching.
  • Patent Document 1 As a method for forming copper pillars without using the electroplating method, a method using metal particles and solder has been reported (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and provides a conductive pillar provided on a base material and capable of joining a base material and a member to be joined with a high joining strength via a joining layer, and a method for manufacturing the same.
  • the purpose is to do.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a bonding structure and an electronic device having the conductive pillars of the present invention and capable of bonding a base material and a member to be bonded with high bonding strength.
  • [1] It is composed of a sintered body of metal fine particles provided on a base material.
  • the average particle size measured by using the small-angle X-ray scattering measurement method for the metal fine particles is less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the conductive pillar according to [1], wherein the metal fine particles are one or more metals selected from Ag and Cu.
  • Conductive pillars with a concave shape recessed on the base material side A bonding structure characterized by having a bonding layer provided along the concave shape of the conductive pillar.
  • the conductive pillar has a plurality of grooves extending from the upper surface toward the base material, and the groove has an anchor portion filled with a part of the bonding layer [4].
  • a method for producing a conductive pillar which comprises a step of sintering the columnar body to form a sintered body having a concave shape recessed on the base material side on the upper surface.
  • the conductive pillar of the present invention is composed of a sintered body of metal fine particles provided on a base material, and has an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m measured by using the small-angle X-ray scattering measurement method for metal fine particles, and is sintered.
  • the upper surface of the body has a concave shape recessed toward the base material. Therefore, by providing the bonding layer along the concave shape of the conductive pillar, the bonding layer that has entered the concave shape of the conductive pillar is formed.
  • the conductive pillar of the present invention is composed of a sintered body of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m measured by the small-angle X-ray scattering measurement method, and has a porous structure in which the metal fine particles are fused by sintering. Have. Therefore, when the bonding layer is formed, the molten material to be the bonding layer enters the porous structure of the sintered body and solidifies. From these facts, the conductive pillar of the present invention has a large bonding area with the bonding layer, and is made of a dense metal whose upper surface is a flat surface parallel to the base material by being formed by an electroplating method, for example.
  • the base material and the member to be bonded can be bonded with high bonding strength via the bonding layer.
  • the conductive pillar of the present invention is composed of a sintered body of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m measured by using the X-ray small angle scattering measurement method, and has a porous structure in which the metal fine particles are fused by sintering. Therefore, the stress caused by the difference in thermal expansion rate can be relaxed as compared with the dense bulk metal formed by the electroplating method or the like, and excellent durability can be obtained.
  • the bonding structure of the present invention is arranged between a base material and a member to be bonded, and has a conductive pillar of the present invention and a bonding layer provided along the concave shape of the conductive pillar. Therefore, in the bonding structure of the present invention, the bonding layer is inserted into the concave shape of the conductive pillar, and the base material and the member to be bonded are bonded with high bonding strength via the bonding layer. Since the electronic device of the present invention includes the bonding structure of the present invention, the base material and the member to be bonded are bonded with high bonding strength.
  • the conductive pillar of the present invention capable of bonding a base material and a member to be bonded with a high bonding strength via a bonding layer can be produced without using an electroplating method.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view showing an example of the conductive pillar of the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 2A is a plan view of the conductive pillar shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the conductive pillar shown in FIG. 2A cut along the line AA'.
  • 3 (A) to 3 (C) are process diagrams for explaining an example of the method for manufacturing the conductive pillars shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the joining structure of the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the joining structure of the present embodiment.
  • 5 (A) to 5 (C) are process diagrams for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing the bonded structure shown in FIG. 4 (A).
  • FIG. 6A is a photomicrograph of a cross section of the conductive pillar of the example.
  • FIG. 6B is a magnified micrograph of a part of the cross section of the conductive pillar of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6A.
  • FIG. 6C is a photomicrograph of the upper surface of the conductive pillar of the example.
  • FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph of a cross section taken after forming a bonding layer along the concave shape of the sintered body forming the conductive pillars of the example and removing the resist layer.
  • FIG. 8 is a micrograph of a cross section taken in a state where the base material and the member to be joined are joined in an example and filled with a sealing resin.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the particle size distribution of the copper fine particles.
  • the conductive pillar, the bonding structure, the electronic device, and the method for manufacturing the conductive pillar of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
  • the feature portion may be enlarged and shown for convenience. Therefore, the dimensional ratio of each component may differ from the actual one.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view showing an example of the conductive pillar of the present embodiment.
  • FIG. 2A is a plan view of the conductive pillar shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the conductive pillar shown in FIG. 2A cut along the line AA'.
  • the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment is composed of the sintered body 12.
  • the sintered body 12 is provided on the base material 11 having the electrode pad 13.
  • the base material 11 having the electrode pad 13 is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a semiconductor chip in which an arbitrary electric circuit is formed, an interposer, and the like.
  • known materials used for the base material 11 such as metals such as copper, ceramics, silicon, resins, and composite materials thereof, can be used.
  • a conductive material made of a metal or alloy such as Ti, Cu, Al, Au can be used.
  • the electrode pad 13 may have a single-layer structure made of one kind of material, or may have a multi-layer structure made of two or more kinds of materials.
  • the sintered body 12 has a substantially columnar outer shape.
  • the bondability with the bonding layer described later becomes good, and the base material 11 and the member to be bonded to be bonded to the base material 11 are higher. It is preferable because it is bonded with the bonding strength.
  • the size of the sintered body 12 (the size of the conductive pillar 1) is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less in diameter, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less so as to cope with the miniaturization of the joint structure accompanying the miniaturization of electronic devices. It is particularly preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
  • the size of the sintered body 12 (the size of the conductive pillar 1) is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more in diameter, and 20 ⁇ m or more, because the bondability and conductivity with the bonding layer described later are further improved. Is more preferable.
  • the planar shape of the sintered body 12 is not limited to the substantially circular shape shown in FIG. 2A, and can be appropriately determined according to the planar shape of the electrode pad 13.
  • the planar shape of the sintered body 12 may be, for example, a polygonal shape such as a substantially rectangular shape, or a shape such as a substantially elliptical shape or a substantially oval shape.
  • the upper surface 12b of the sintered body 12 has a concave shape recessed on the base material 11 side.
  • the concave shape preferably has a substantially hemispherical shape.
  • the contact area between the upper surface 12b of the sintered body 12 and the bonding layer described later becomes wide, and the bondability between the sintered body 12 and the bonding layer becomes even better.
  • the base material 11 and the member to be joined to be joined to the base material 11 are joined with higher joining strength, which is preferable.
  • the upper surface 12b of the sintered body 12 is formed with a plurality of groove portions 12a extending from the upper surface 12b toward the base material 11.
  • the material to be the bonding layer which will be described later, melts into the groove portions 12a and then hardens to form an anchor portion.
  • the bondability between the sintered body 12 and the bonding layer is further improved, and the substrate 11 and the member to be bonded to be bonded to the substrate 11 are bonded with higher bonding strength, which is preferable.
  • the sintered body 12 is made of a sintered body of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m, and has a porous structure in which the metal fine particles are fused by sintering.
  • the measured value measured by the small-angle X-ray scattering measurement method (Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, SAXS) is used.
  • the conductive pillar 1 since the conductive pillar 1 is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m, the conductive pillar 1 has a high density and good conductivity including metal fine particles. Further, when the conductive pillar 1 is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m, for example, the sintered body 12 is substantially cylindrical and has a diameter of 100 ⁇ m or less that can correspond to the miniaturization of the bonded structure. Even if it is small, it has sufficient conductivity by containing a sufficient number of metal fine particles at a high density. Therefore, the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment can cope with the miniaturization of the joint structure.
  • the conductive pillar 1 is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m
  • the surface of the sintered body 12 is compared with the case of a sintered body of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more.
  • the surface area of the metal fine particles exposed to is increased. Therefore, the bondability and electrical connection between the sintered body 12 and the electrode pad 13 and the bonding layer described later are improved.
  • the conductive pillar 1 is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m
  • the shape of the conductive pillar 1 can be formed by the fusion function of the metal fine particles obtained by sintering.
  • the average particle size of the metal fine particles is 1 ⁇ m or more
  • the shape of the conductive pillar cannot be formed by using the fusion function between the metal fine particles by sintering. Therefore, when the average particle size of the metal fine particles is 1 ⁇ m or more, it is necessary to contain a pineapple resin for joining the metal fine particles in the conductive pillar. Therefore, when the average particle size of the metal fine particles is 1 ⁇ m or more, the heat resistance performance is inferior to that of the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment.
  • the conductive pillar 1 is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less measured using SAXS.
  • the conductive pillar 1 is made of a sintered body 12 which contains the metal fine particles at a higher density and has a larger surface area of the metal fine particles exposed on the surface, which is preferable.
  • the metal species used as the metal fine particles it is preferable to use one or more selected from Au, Ag, Cu, and Ni from the viewpoint of stability of the metal fine particles, and one or more metals selected from Ag and Cu. Is more preferable.
  • the metal species may be only one kind, a mixture of two or more kinds, or an alloy containing two or more kinds of metal elements.
  • 3 (A) to 3 (C) are process diagrams for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing the conductive pillar 1 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIGS. 3 (A) to 3 (C) a case where three conductive pillars 1 are formed on the base material 11 will be described as an example, but the three conductive pillars 1 are formed on the substrate 11.
  • the number of conductive pillars 1 to be used is not limited to three, but may be one, two, or four or more, and is determined as necessary. Further, the arrangement of the plurality of conductive pillars 1 formed on the substrate 11 is appropriately determined according to the arrangement of the electrode pads 13 provided on the base material 11.
  • a resist layer 16 is formed on a base material 11 having an electrode pad 13.
  • various dry films such as photoresist (photo-resist), polyimide, epoxy, and epoxy molding compound (EMC) can be used.
  • a part of the resist layer 16 is removed to form a resist opening 16a formed of a columnar recess that exposes the electrode pad 13 (FIG. 3). See (A)).
  • a patterning method for the resist layer 16 a known method can be used.
  • the resist opening 16a functions as a mold for manufacturing the sintered body 12.
  • the resist opening 16a is filled with the conductive paste 12c containing metal fine particles using the squeegee 12d.
  • the conductive paste 12c may be carried out in an inert gas atmosphere such as an argon gas atmosphere or in a reducing gas atmosphere.
  • the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c are less likely to be oxidized, which is preferable.
  • the squeegee 12d used for filling the conductive paste 12c for example, one made of rubber such as plastic or urethane rubber, ceramic, metal or the like can be used.
  • the method of filling the resist opening 16a with the conductive paste 12c is not limited to the method using the squeegee 12d, and methods such as doctor plaid, dispenser, inkjet, press injection, vacuum printing, and pressing by pressurization may be used. You may use it.
  • a paste containing metal fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m is used as the conductive paste 12c.
  • a mixture of metal fine particles having an average primary particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m, a solvent, and a dispersant, a protective agent, and other additives contained as needed can be used.
  • the metal fine particles and the dispersant may be contained in the conductive paste 12c as a composite of the metal fine particles and the dispersant.
  • the metal fine particles and the protective agent may be contained in the conductive paste 12c as a composite of the metal fine particles and the protective agent.
  • the conductive paste 12c can be produced, for example, by mixing a material to be the conductive paste 12c by a known method.
  • the metal species of the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c used as the material of the conductive pillar 1 are those corresponding to the metal fine particles forming the conductive pillar 1 to be manufactured.
  • the metal fine particles spherical or flake-shaped metal fine particles can be used.
  • the average primary particle size of the metal fine particles used as the material of the conductive pillar 1 was measured using SAXS of the metal fine particles forming the sintered body 12 (conductive pillar 1) after sintering.
  • the average particle size is appropriately determined so as to be within a predetermined range.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c is set to less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the primary particle size is 100 nm or less.
  • the particle size of the metal fine particles used as the material of the conductive pillar 1 is less than 1 ⁇ m, which means that the average primary particle size of the metal fine particles is less than 1 ⁇ m.
  • the average primary particle size of the metal fine particles used as the material of the conductive pillar 1 can be calculated by observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
  • TEM transmission electron microscope
  • a value calculated by analyzing an image of a photograph taken by using a TEM is used as the average primary particle diameter of the metal fine particles used as the material of the conductive pillar 1.
  • a dispersion liquid in which metal fine particles are dispersed in a solvent at an arbitrary concentration is cast on a carbon film-coated grid, dried to remove the solvent, and used as a sample for TEM observation.
  • 200 fine particles are randomly extracted from the obtained TEM image.
  • the area of each of the extracted fine particles is obtained, and the value calculated based on the number of particles when converted into a true sphere is adopted as the average primary particle diameter.
  • Randomly sampled metal particles are excluded from overlapping two particles.
  • the metal fine particles constituting the aggregate are treated as independent particles. For example, when five primary particles are contacted or secondarily aggregated to form one aggregate, each of the five particles constituting the aggregate is a target for calculating the average primary particle size of the metal fine particles.
  • the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c (the metal fine particles are a composite with the dispersant and the composite with the dispersant) so that the conductive paste 12c in which the metal fine particles are uniformly dispersed can be obtained. / Or, in the case of a complex with a protective agent, it is preferable to use one that does not aggregate the complex).
  • the solvent one or more kinds of solvents containing hydroxyl groups may be used, one or more kinds of solvents not containing hydroxyl groups may be used, or a solvent containing hydroxyl groups and a solvent not containing hydroxyl groups are mixed. May be used.
  • Examples of the solvent containing a hydroxyl group include water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, amyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol, 1-hexanol and cyclohexanol.
  • Benzyl alcohol 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, neopentyl glycol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4- Butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, isobutylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-pentanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, diethylene glycol, Triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, dipropylene glycol, 2,5-hexanediol, glycerin, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether ,
  • solvent containing no hydroxyl group examples include acetone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, acetamide, acrylonitrile, propionitrile, n-butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -caprolacto, propiolactone, and carbon dioxide-2.
  • Examples of the additive contained in the conductive paste 12c include a silicon-based leveling agent, a fluorine-based leveling agent, and a defoaming agent.
  • a thioether type organic compound or the like can be used as the dispersant contained in the conductive paste 12c.
  • the thioether-type organic compound suitable as a dispersant include ethyl 3- (3- (methoxy (polyethoxy) ethoxy) -2-hydroxypropylsulfanyl) propionate represented by the following formula (1) [polyethylene glycol methylglycidyl ether (polyethylene glycol methylglycidyl ether (1)). Addition compound of ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate to polyethylene glycol chain having a molecular weight of 200 to 3000 (8 to 136 carbon atoms)] and the like.
  • Me represents a methyl group
  • Et represents an ethyl group
  • N is 200 to 3000.
  • the compound represented by the formula (1) is an addition compound of ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate to polyethylene glycol methyl glycidyl ether, and the molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol chain in polyethylene glycol methyl glycidyl ether is 200 to 3000 (8 to 136 carbon atoms). )belongs to.
  • the polyethylene glycol chain has a molecular weight of 200 (8 carbon atoms), 1000 (46 carbon atoms), 2000 (91 carbon atoms), 3000 (136 carbon atoms).
  • the metal fine particles can be satisfactorily dispersed in the solvent, and aggregation due to poor dispersion can be suppressed. Further, when the molecular weight is 3000 or less, the dispersant is less likely to remain in the sintered body 12 formed by sintering the conductive paste 12c. As a result, the wettability of the sintered body 12 with respect to the material to be the bonding layer, which will be described later, is improved, the material to be the bonding layer is easily filled in the plurality of groove portions 12a of the sintered body 12, and the anchor portion is easily formed. ..
  • the compound represented by the formula (1) forms a complex with the metal fine particles.
  • the complex of the compound represented by the formula (1) and the metal fine particles is easily and uniformly dispersed in a solvent such as water and ethylene glycol. Therefore, by using the complex of the compound represented by the formula (1) and the metal fine particles, the conductive paste 12c in which the metal fine particles are uniformly dispersed can be easily obtained. By using the conductive paste 12c in which the metal fine particles are uniformly dispersed, a conductive pillar 1 having stable characteristics in which the metal fine particles are uniformly arranged can be obtained.
  • the complex of the metal fine particles and the dispersant can be produced, for example, by a method of mixing and reacting the metal fine particles and the dispersant.
  • Examples of the complex of the metal fine particles and the dispersant include a complex [1] and a complex [2] produced by the methods shown below.
  • the complex [1] and the complex [2] may be purified as necessary and then used as a material for the conductive paste 12c.
  • an amine compound, a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid salt and the like can be used as the protective agent contained in the conductive paste 12c.
  • Suitable amine compounds as protective agents include, for example, one or more selected from octylamine, N, N-dimethylethylenediamine, and 3- (2-ethylhexyloxy) propylamine.
  • Examples of a carboxylic acid suitable as a protective agent include linoleic acid.
  • Octylamine, N, N-dimethylethylenediamine, 3- (2-ethylhexyloxy) propylamine, and linoleic acid all form a complex with the metal fine particles and suppress the reaction between the metal and oxygen to suppress the reaction between the metal and oxygen. Prevent oxidation. Therefore, by using the conductive paste 12c containing these complexes, a conductive pillar 1 having good conductivity in which oxidation of metal fine particles is suppressed can be obtained.
  • the complex of the metal fine particles and the protective agent can be produced, for example, by a method of mixing and reacting the metal fine particles and the protective agent.
  • Specific examples of the complex of the metal fine particles and the protective agent include a complex [3] and a complex [4] produced by the methods shown below.
  • the complex [3] and the complex [4] may be purified as necessary and then used as a material for the conductive paste 12c.
  • the conductive paste 12c containing metal fine particles is filled in the resist opening 16a to form a columnar body, and then the columnar body is formed before the columnar body is sintered to form the sintered body 12. It is preferable to perform a step of exposing at least the surface (upper surface in FIG. 3B) to an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more. As a result, the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c forming the surface of the columnar body are oxidized.
  • the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere that exposes at least the surface of the columnar body is preferably 200 ppm or more, and more preferably 1000 ppm or more.
  • the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere that exposes at least the surface of the columnar body is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 25% or less, and the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere (20.1%) or less. Is even more preferable.
  • the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing atmosphere is 30% or less, it is possible to prevent the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c forming the columnar body from being excessively oxidized.
  • the exposure time for exposing at least the surface of the columnar body to an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more can be appropriately determined depending on the exposure temperature, the type of metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c, and the like.
  • the exposure time is not particularly limited, but for example, when exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more in an environment of a temperature of 25 ° C., it is preferably in the range of 1 minute to 180 minutes, and in the range of 3 minutes to 60 minutes. Is more preferable.
  • the exposure time is 1 minute or more, the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c forming the surface of the columnar body are sufficiently oxidized.
  • the conductivity of the sintered body 12 obtained after sintering may become insufficient. There is.
  • the sintered body 12 may be reduced by a conventionally known method, if necessary, after forming the sintered body 12. Examples of the oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more include the atmosphere.
  • the columnar body is sintered to form a sintered body 12 having a concave shape recessed on the base material 11 side on the upper surface 12b as shown in FIG. 3C.
  • the columnar body made of the conductive paste 12c is sintered, so that the columnar body having good wettability to the resist 16 (conductive paste 12c) is formed on the inner surface of the resist opening 16a. It is presumed that the metal fine particles contained in the columnar body are fused to each other to reduce the volume as compared with the columnar body while maintaining the close contact state.
  • the columnar body when at least the surface of the columnar body (upper surface in FIG. 3B) is exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more before the step of forming the sintered body 12, the columnar body is exposed.
  • a plurality of groove portions 12a extending from the upper surface 12b toward the base material 11 are formed on the upper surface 12b of the sintered body 12. It is presumed that this is because the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c forming the surface of the columnar body to be the sintered body 12 are oxidized.
  • the paste containing metal fine particles is applied onto a substrate.
  • a series of steps from the step of performing to the completion of firing are performed in an inert gas atmosphere. This is to prevent the metal fine particles such as copper fine particles contained in the paste containing the metal fine particles from being oxidized (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 6168837 and Japanese Patent No. 6316683). Therefore, in the conventional technique, the atmosphere is not changed in the middle of a series of steps from the step of applying the paste containing the metal fine particles on the substrate to the completion of firing, and the metal fine particles coated on the substrate are included. The paste was not exposed to an oxygenated atmosphere before being sintered, and no grooves were formed on the upper surface of the sintered body.
  • tentative firing may be performed in which the solvent contained in the columnar body is volatilized at a low temperature before firing the columnar body.
  • the firing method for firing the columnar body is not particularly limited, and for example, a vacuum solder reflow device, a hot plate, a hot air oven, or the like can be used.
  • the sintering temperature and sintering time of the columnar body should be within a range in which the metal fine particles contained in the columnar body (conductive paste 12c) are fused to each other to obtain the sintered body 12 having sufficient conductivity and strength. Just do it.
  • the firing temperature is preferably 150 to 350 ° C, more preferably 200 to 250 ° C.
  • the firing time is preferably in the range of 1 to 60 minutes, more preferably in the range of 5 to 15 minutes.
  • the temperature at which the metal fine particles are fused differs depending on the metal type used for the metal fine particles.
  • the temperature at which the metal fine particles are fused can be measured using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG-DTA) or a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
  • the atmosphere at the time of sintering is not particularly limited, and can be determined according to the metal type used for the metal fine particles.
  • the metal type of the metal fine particles when the metal type of the metal fine particles is a noble metal, it may be in an inert gas atmosphere or in the atmosphere.
  • the metal type of the metal fine particles is a base metal, it is preferable to perform sintering in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas.
  • an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas.
  • a forming gas containing hydrogen may be used as an atmospheric gas for sintering, or a gas to which a reducing component such as formic acid is added may be used. ..
  • the method for producing the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment in order to produce a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m measured using SAXS, metal fine particles having an average primary particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m are produced.
  • a conductive paste 12c containing the mixture is used.
  • the conductive paste 12c having an average primary particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m of the metal fine particles has good filling property when the resist opening 16a is filled. Therefore, the conductive pillar 1 made of the sintered body 12 formed by sintering the conductive paste 12c (columnar body) filled in the resist opening 16a has good conductivity containing metal fine particles at a high density. It becomes.
  • the conductive paste 12c has good filling property, it is possible to form a fine conductive pillar 1 that can cope with the miniaturization of the joint structure. Moreover, since the conductive paste 12c has good filling property, the sintered body 12 formed by sintering the conductive paste 12c (columnar body) has the bondability with the electrode pad 13 and the bonding layer described later. Good electrical connection.
  • the conductive paste 12c when the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment is a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less measured using SAXS, the conductive paste 12c has an average primary particle size of 100 nm or less. Use one containing metal fine particles.
  • the conductive paste 12c has even better filling property when filling the resist opening 16a, which is more preferable. Specifically, when the average primary particle diameter of the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c is 100 nm or less, for example, even if the resist opening 16a is a fine particle having a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 100 ⁇ m, the conductive paste 12c can be filled in the resist opening 16 at a high density.
  • the average primary particle diameter of the metal fine particles contained in the conductive paste 12c is less than 1 ⁇ m, it can be obtained by sintering the paste 12c (columnar body).
  • the shape of the conductive pillar 1 can be formed by the fusion function between the metal fine particles.
  • FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the joining structure of the present embodiment.
  • the bonding structure 20 shown in FIG. 4A has the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment described above.
  • the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment is arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 which is arranged to face the base material 11.
  • Examples of the member 21 to be joined include a semiconductor package in which an arbitrary electric circuit is formed and the electrode 23 is provided on the surface.
  • FIG. 4A shows three joining structures 20 arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21, but the joining arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21
  • the number of structures 20 is not limited to three, but may be one or two, or four or more, and is determined as necessary.
  • the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment has the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment and the bonding layer 22 provided along the concave shape of the conductive pillar 1.
  • the conductive pillar 1 shown in FIG. 3 (C) is installed in a state where the vertical direction in FIG. 3 (C) is inverted.
  • the bonding layer 22 has a single-layer structure made of one type of material will be described as an example, but the bonding layer has a multi-layer structure in which two or more types of materials are laminated. You may.
  • the bonding layer 22 As the material of the bonding layer 22, Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, Ni, a solder alloy or the like can be used, and an alloy containing one or more metals selected from Sn, Pb, Ag and Cu is used. Is preferable.
  • the bonding layer 22 may be formed of only a single component or may contain a plurality of components.
  • solder alloy used as the material of the bonding layer 22 Sn—Ag alloy, Sn—Pb alloy, Sn—Bi alloy, Sn—Zn alloy, Sn—Sb alloy, Sn—Bi alloy, Sn—In alloy, Sn—Cu
  • An alloy an alloy in which two elements selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Bi, In and Cu are added to Sn can be used.
  • the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment has an intermetallic compound layer 25 at the interface between the conductive pillar 1 and the bonding layer 22.
  • the intermetallic compound layer 25 improves the bonding strength between the conductive pillar 1 and the bonding layer 22.
  • the components in the bonding layer 22 are diffused toward the inside of the conductive pillar 1, and the metal fine particle components in the conductive pillar 1 (sintered body 12) are directed toward the inside of the bonding layer 22. It is formed by diffusing. Therefore, the composition of the intermetallic compound layer 25 changes depending on the metal species forming the conductive pillar 1 (sintered body 12) and the bonding layer 22 and the sintering conditions.
  • the sealing resin 26 is filled in the region where the bonding structure 20 is not arranged between the base material 11 and the member 21 to be bonded.
  • the material of the sealing resin 26 conventionally known materials such as epoxy resin can be used.
  • the sintered body 12 shown in FIG. 3 (C) is bonded into a concave shape recessed on the base material 11 side.
  • the material 22a to be the layer 22 is supplied, melted (reflowed), and solidified.
  • a bump made of the bonding layer 22 is provided along the concave shape of the sintered body 12.
  • the obtained bonding layer 22 has a convex curved surface shape due to the difference in surface energy between the resist layer 16 and the material 22a serving as the bonding layer 22.
  • Examples of the method for supplying the material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 to the concave shape of the sintered body 12 include a printing method such as a stencil mask method and a dry film method, a ball mounting method, a vapor deposition method, and a molten solder injection method (IMS method). ) Etc. can be used. Among these, as shown in FIG. 5A, it is preferable to use the IMS method of embedding the molten solder in the concave shape of the sintered body 12 using the injection head 22b. By using the IMS method, the solder which is the material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 can be supplied to the concave shape of the sintered body 12 in a molten state, which is preferable.
  • a printing method such as a stencil mask method and a dry film method
  • a ball mounting method such as a ball mounting method, a vapor deposition method, and a molten solder injection method (IMS method).
  • IMS method molten
  • a plurality of groove portions 12a extending from the upper surface 12b toward the base material 11 are formed on the upper surface 12b of the sintered body 12. Therefore, by melting (reflowing) the material 22a to be the bonding layer 22, the material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 enters the groove 12a and is filled in the groove 12a to form the anchor portion. Further, the molten material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 also enters the porous structure of the sintered body 12 and solidifies.
  • the material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 supplied in the concave shape of the sintered body 12 forms an intermetallic compound layer 25 with the metal fine particle component in the conductive pillar 1 (sintered body 12). Since the sintered body 12 has a porous structure, it has a large specific surface area. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the intermetallic compound layer 25 is formed more quickly than, for example, as compared with the case where the conductive pillar is made of a dense bulk metal formed by an electroplating method or the like.
  • the resist layer 16 is removed.
  • a known method can be used.
  • the case where the resist layer 16 is removed after the bonding layer 22 is formed has been described as an example, but the resist layer 16 does not have to be removed after the bonding layer 22 is formed.
  • the resist layer 16 is arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be joined by laminating the base material 11 and the member to be joined, which will be described later.
  • the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 are electrically connected by the flip chip mounting method.
  • the base material 11 having the bonding layer 22 formed on the sintered body 12 and the member to be bonded 21 are arranged and laminated so as to face each other.
  • the surface of the member to be joined 21 provided with the electrode 23 is arranged facing upward, and the surface of the base material 11 on which the bonding layer 22 is formed is arranged facing downward.
  • the electrode 23 of the member to be joined 21 and the bonding layer 22 of the base material 11 are overlapped with each other.
  • the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 are heated in a laminated state to melt the joint layer 22, and the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 are joined to solidify the joint layer 22.
  • the joint structure 20 shown in FIG. 4 (A) is obtained.
  • the sealing resin 26 is filled in the region where the bonding structure 20 is not arranged between the base material 11 and the member 21 to be bonded.
  • a filling method of the sealing resin 26 a conventionally known method can be used.
  • the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment is composed of a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles provided on the base material 11, and has an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m measured using SAXS of the metal fine particles, and is a sintered body.
  • the upper surface 12b (lower surface in FIG. 4A) of 12 has a concave shape recessed toward the base material 11. Therefore, by providing the bonding layer 22 along the concave shape of the conductive pillar 1, the bonding layer 22 that has entered the concave shape of the conductive pillar 1 is formed.
  • the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment is made of a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m measured using SAXS, and has a porous structure in which the metal fine particles are fused by sintering. .. Therefore, when the bonding layer 22 is formed, the molten material 22a to be the bonding layer 22 enters the porous structure of the sintered body 12 and solidifies. From these facts, the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment has a large bonding area with the bonding layer 22, for example, a dense metal whose upper surface is a flat surface parallel to the base material by being formed by an electroplating method.
  • the base material 11 and the member to be bonded 21 can be bonded to each other with high bonding strength via the bonding layer 22.
  • the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment is made of a sintered body 12 of metal fine particles having an average particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m and has a porous structure in which the metal fine particles are fused by sintering, an electroplating method or the like is used. Compared with the dense bulk metal formed in the above, the stress caused by the difference in thermal expansion rate can be relaxed, and excellent durability can be obtained.
  • the method for producing the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment includes a step of forming a columnar body on the base material 11 using metal fine particles having an average primary particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m, and a step of sintering the columnar body to obtain an upper surface 12b. It has a step of forming a sintered body 12 having a concave shape recessed on the base material 11 side. Therefore, according to the method for manufacturing the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment, the conductive pillar 1 can be manufactured without using the electroplating method.
  • a copper pillar is formed on a base material by an electroplating method
  • plating is performed when the plating base layer arranged under the resist layer is etched and removed after the copper pillar is formed. In some cases, a part of the base material was removed together with the base layer. Further, when the copper pillars are formed by the electroplating method, the cost of introducing the equipment necessary for forming the copper pillars is high, and the environmental load due to the harmful waste liquid is also large.
  • the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment is arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be bonded 21, and the conductive pillar 1 of the present embodiment and the bonding layer 22 provided along the concave shape of the conductive pillar 1 are provided. And have. Therefore, in the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment, the bonding layer 22 is inserted into the concave shape of the conductive pillar 1, and the base material 11 and the member to be bonded 21 are bonded with high bonding strength via the bonding layer 22. It will be the one that was done.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing a conductive pillar using metal particles.
  • Patent Document 1 does not describe anything about the particle size of the metal particles, and it is not about what kind of particle size the metal particles are used to obtain high bonding strength. It was unknown.
  • FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the joining structure of the present embodiment.
  • the only difference between the example shown in FIG. 4 (B) and the example shown in FIG. 4 (A) is the shape of the joint structure. Therefore, in FIG. 4B, the same members as those in FIG. 4A are designated by the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will be omitted.
  • a plurality of (three in the example shown in FIG. 4 (B)) joining structures 20a, 20b, and 20c are provided between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21. There is.
  • the planar shape of one of the three joint structures 20a, 20b, 20c is larger than that of the other joint structures 20b, 20c.
  • the other joint structures 20b and 20c have the same shape.
  • the planar shapes of the electrode pads 13a and the electrodes 23a that are in contact with one of the joint structures 20a are other. It is larger than the electrode pad 13 and the electrode 23.
  • the outer diameter (diameter) of the substantially columnar conductive pillar 1a of the joint structure 20a is made larger than that of the other conductive pillars 1b and 1c.
  • the size of the bonding layer 22a of the bonding structure 20a is also larger than that of the bonding layer 22 of the other bonding structures 20b and 20c.
  • the distance between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 is substantially constant, and the lengths of the base materials 11 in the three joint structures 20a, 20b, and 20c in the thickness direction. Is almost the same.
  • the three bonding structures 20a, 20b, and 20c shown in FIG. 4B form resist openings having shapes corresponding to the outer shapes of the conductive pillars 1a, 1b, and 1c in the step of patterning the resist layer 16. Except for the above, it can be produced at the same time by using the same method as the three bonding structures 20 shown in FIG. 4 (A) described above. Therefore, the dimensional accuracy of the obtained joint structure is obtained in the case of manufacturing the three joint structures 20a, 20b, 20c shown in FIG. 4 (B) and in the case of manufacturing the three joint structures 20 shown in FIG. 4 (A). And there is no difference in the number of manufacturing processes.
  • FIG. 4B three bonding structures 20a, 20b, and 20c arranged between the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21 are shown, but the base material 11 and the member to be joined 21
  • the number of the joining structures 20a, 20b, and 20c arranged between them is not limited to three, and may be, for example, only two of the joining structure 20a and the joining structure 20b, or four or more. It may be present and will be decided as needed.
  • FIG. 4B the case where the planar shapes of the conductive pillars 1a, 1b, and 1c (sintered body 12) are all substantially circular (see FIG. 2A) has been described as an example.
  • the planar shape of each conductive pillar is not limited to a substantially circular shape, and can be appropriately determined according to the planar shape of the electrode pad 13.
  • the case where the lengths of the base materials 11 in the thickness direction in the three joint structures 20a, 20b, and 20c are substantially the same has been described as an example, but the base materials of the respective joint structures have been described.
  • the length of 11 in the thickness direction may be partially or wholly different.
  • the electronic device of this embodiment includes the bonding structure 20 of this embodiment.
  • the electronic device of the present embodiment preferably includes a plurality of bonding structures 20. In this case, a part or all of the plurality of joint structures 20 may have different shapes.
  • a device having a three-dimensional (3D) mounting structure including a plurality of bonding structures 20 of the present embodiment, or an interposer including a plurality of bonding structures 20 of the present embodiment is used as the electronic device of the present embodiment. Examples include devices having a 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) mounting structure. Since the electronic device of the present embodiment includes the bonding structure 20 of the present embodiment, the base material 11 and the member to be bonded 21 are bonded with high bonding strength.
  • the mixture was heated while blowing nitrogen at a flow rate of 50 mL / min, and was degassed by aeration and stirring at 125 ° C. for 2 hours.
  • the mixture was returned to room temperature, and a diluted solution of hydrazine hydrate (1.50 g, 30.0 mmol) (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) diluted with 7 mL of water was added dropwise using a syringe pump. About 1/4 of the diluted solution was added dropwise over 2 hours to stop temporarily, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours to confirm that the foaming had subsided, and then the remaining amount was added dropwise over 1 hour.
  • the temperature of the obtained brown solution was raised to 60 ° C., and the mixture was further stirred for 2 hours to terminate the reduction reaction.
  • the obtained reaction mixture is circulated in a hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane module (HIT-1-FUS1582 , 145 cm 2 , fractional molecular weight 150,000) manufactured by Daisen Membrane Systems Co., Ltd., and the same amount as the leaching filtrate is used.
  • a 0.1% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate While adding a 0.1% aqueous solution of hydrazine hydrate, the mixture was circulated and purified until the filtrate from the ultrafiltration module became about 500 mL. The supply of the 0.1% hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution was stopped, and the mixture was concentrated as it was by the ultrafiltration method to obtain an aqueous dispersion of 2.85 g of a complex of a thioether-type organic compound and copper fine particles. The non-volatile content in the aqueous dispersion was 16%.
  • ⁇ Preparation of conductive paste> Each of the above 5 mL of the aqueous dispersion is sealed in a 50 mL three-necked flask, and while heating to 40 ° C. using a water bath, nitrogen is flowed under reduced pressure at a flow rate of 5 mL / min to completely remove water and copper. 1.0 g of a dry powder of the fine particle composite was obtained. To the dry powder of the obtained copper fine particle composite, 0.11 g of ethylene glycol which had been nitrogen bubbling for 30 minutes in a glove bag substituted with argon gas was added as a solvent. After adding ethylene glycol to the dry powder of the copper fine particle composite, it was mixed in a mortar for 10 minutes to obtain a conductive paste having a metal fine particle content of 90%.
  • thermogravimetric analysis > 2 to 25 mg of the synthesized dry powder of the copper fine particle composite was precisely weighed on an aluminum pan for thermogravimetric analysis and placed on an EXSTAR TG / DTA6300 type differential thermal weight analyzer (manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.). Then, in an inert gas atmosphere, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 600 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C. per minute, and the weight loss rate of 100 ° C. to 600 ° C. was measured. From the results, it was confirmed that an organic substance containing a 3% polyethylene oxide structure was present in the dry powder of the copper fine particle complex.
  • the average primary particle size of the synthesized copper fine particle complex was measured by TEM observation. First, the dried powder of the synthesized copper fine particle complex was diluted 100-fold with water to prepare a dispersion liquid. Next, the dispersion was cast on a carbon film-coated grid, dried, and observed with a transmission electron microscope (device: TEMJEM-1400 (manufactured by JEOL), acceleration voltage: 120 kV). Then, 200 copper fine particle composites were randomly extracted from the obtained TEM images, the areas of each were calculated, and the particle size when converted to a true sphere was calculated based on the number of particles, and the average primary particle size was calculated. did. As a result, the average primary particle size of the synthesized copper fine particle complex was 42 nm.
  • a sintered body of the conductive paste obtained by the above method was prepared by simulating the method for producing the conductive pillars of the examples described later. Specifically, the conductive paste obtained by the above method was uniformly applied onto a silicon wafer in an argon gas atmosphere so as to have a film thickness of 1 mm.
  • the silicon wafer coated with the conductive paste was exposed to the atmosphere at a temperature of 25 ° C. for 20 minutes.
  • calcination was performed to volatilize the solvent in the conductive paste coated on the silicon wafer at a low temperature.
  • the calcination was performed by heating a silicon wafer coated with the conductive paste at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes using a tabletop vacuum solder reflow device (manufactured by Unitemp) in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
  • the conductive paste applied on the silicon wafer was sintered to form a sintered body. Sintering of the conductive paste was performed by heating the silicon wafer after tentative firing at 250 ° C. for 10 minutes using a tabletop vacuum solder reflow device (manufactured by Unitemp) in a nitrogen atmosphere containing formic acid vapor. ..
  • the obtained sintered body was scraped off from the silicon wafer, and the powder of the copper fine particle sintered body was collected.
  • the average particle size of the collected copper fine particle sintered body was measured by the small-angle X-ray scattering measurement (SAXS) method. The result can be regarded as the average particle size of the metal fine particles forming the conductive pillars of the examples described later.
  • An X-ray diffractometer (trade name: SmartLab) manufactured by Rigaku Co., Ltd. was used for measuring the average particle size of the copper fine particles in the sintered body. The measurement was performed in the step mode with the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ in the range of 0 to 4 °. The step angle was 0.005 ° and the measurement time was 5 seconds.
  • the average particle size of the copper fine particles was estimated by calculating the measurement data obtained by SAXS using analysis software (NANO-Solver Ver.3). The result is shown in FIG. FIG. 9 is a graph showing the particle size distribution of the copper fine particles. As shown in FIG. 9, the particle size of the copper fine particles in the sintered body is 322 nm (distribution 1) with a volume fraction of 6%, 45 nm (distribution 2) with a volume fraction of 91%, and 15 nm with a volume fraction of 4%. It was (distribution 3). From this result, the average particle size of the copper fine particles in the sintered body was estimated to be 59.112 nm.
  • the conductive paste obtained by the above method was filled in the columnar resist opening to form a columnar body composed of metal fine particles on the base material.
  • the conductive paste was filled in an argon gas atmosphere.
  • the conductive paste is placed on the substrate, and the squeegee installed in the semi-automatic screen printing device (manufactured by Ceria) is swept back and forth on the substrate at an attack angle of 70 ° and a moving speed of 10 mm / s. It was carried out by the method of coating.
  • the squeegee a square squeegee made of urethane rubber having a hardness of 70 ° was used.
  • the substrate on which the columnar body was formed was exposed to the atmosphere at a temperature of 25 ° C. for 20 minutes, so that at least the surface of the columnar body was exposed to an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or more.
  • calcination was performed to volatilize the solvent contained in the columnar body at a low temperature.
  • the calcination was carried out by heating the base material on which the columnar body was formed at 120 ° C. for 5 minutes using a tabletop vacuum solder reflow device (manufactured by Unitemp) in a nitrogen gas atmosphere.
  • the columnar body was sintered to form a sintered body having a concave shape recessed on the base material side on the upper surface.
  • the columnar body was sintered by heating the base material after pre-baking at 250 ° C. for 10 minutes using a tabletop vacuum solder reflow device (manufactured by Unitemp) in a nitrogen atmosphere containing formic acid vapor.
  • FIG. 6A is a photomicrograph of a cross section of the conductive pillar of the example.
  • FIG. 6B is a magnified micrograph of a part of the cross section of the conductive pillar of the embodiment shown in FIG. 6A.
  • FIG. 6C is a photomicrograph of the upper surface of the conductive pillar of the example.
  • reference numeral 11 indicates a base material
  • reference numeral 12 indicates a sintered body
  • reference numeral 12a indicates a groove portion
  • reference numeral 12b indicates an upper surface
  • reference numeral 13 indicates an electrode pad.
  • the conductive pillar (sintered body 12) of the example had a concave shape in which the upper surface 12b was recessed toward the base material 11.
  • the conductive pillars of the examples had a porous structure in which metal fine particles were fused by sintering.
  • the concave shape recessed on the substrate side of the sintered body forming the conductive pillar is melted by using an IMS (Injection Molded Soldering) method (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2015-106617). Solder was supplied and bumps were provided along the concave shape of the sintered body. Specifically, the molten solder was directly injected and supplied from the injection head (reservoir) holding the molten solder to the resist opening portion. SAC305 was used as the solder alloy. As a result, a bonding layer (bump) made of a solder alloy was produced. The obtained bonding layer had a raised shape like a convex curved surface. Then, the resist layer was removed.
  • IMS injection Molded Soldering
  • FIG. 7 is a photomicrograph of a cross section taken after forming a bonding layer along the concave shape of the sintered body forming the conductive pillars of the example and removing the resist layer.
  • the material 22a to be the bonding layer enters into the plurality of groove portions 12a formed on the upper surface 12b of the conductive pillar (sintered body 12) of the embodiment, and the groove portion 12a is filled with the anchor portion.
  • the material 22a to be the bonding layer enters into the plurality of groove portions 12a formed on the upper surface 12b of the conductive pillar (sintered body 12) of the embodiment, and the groove portion 12a is filled with the anchor portion.
  • the groove portion 12a was filled with the anchor portion.
  • an intermetallic compound layer was formed at the interface between the sintered body 12 and the bonding layer.
  • a base material having a bonding layer formed on the sintered body and a semiconductor package (member to be bonded) having an electrode made of copper on the surface were placed facing each other and laminated.
  • the surface on which the electrode of the member to be joined is provided is arranged upward, and the surface on which the bonding layer of the base material is formed is arranged downward, so that the electrode of the member to be joined and the base are arranged. It was in a state where the joint layer of the material was overlapped.
  • the base material and the member to be joined were heated in a laminated state to melt the joint layer, and the base material and the member to be joined were joined to form a joint structure.
  • the sealing resin was filled in the region where the bonding structure was not arranged between the base material and the member to be bonded by a method of injecting an underfill agent made of an epoxy resin.
  • FIG. 8 is a micrograph of a cross section taken in a state where the base material and the member to be joined are joined in an example and filled with a sealing resin.
  • reference numeral 11 is a base material
  • reference numeral 12 is a sintered body
  • reference numeral 12a is a groove portion
  • reference numeral 12b is an upper surface
  • reference numeral 13 is an electrode pad
  • reference numeral 21 is a member to be joined
  • reference numeral 22 is a bonding layer
  • reference numeral 23 is an electrode.
  • Reference numeral 25 indicates an intermetal compound layer
  • reference numeral 26 indicates a sealing resin.
  • FIG. 8 between the base material 11 and the member 21 to be joined, there is a sintered body 12 of conductive pillars and a joining layer 22 provided along the concave shape of the sintered body 12. A joint structure was formed.
  • the insulation resistance was measured when a voltage of 3.7 V was applied for 96 hours at a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85%.
  • the bonding structure of the example had an insulation resistance of 1 M ⁇ or more, and the resistance change rate was less than 10%. From this, it was confirmed that the bonded structure of the example showed a good resistance value and had excellent reliability.
  • Conductive pillar 11: Substrate, 12: Sintered body, 12a: Groove, 12b: Top surface, 12c: Conductive paste, 12d: Squeegee, 13: Electrode pad, 16: Resist layer, 16a: Resist opening , 20: Bonded structure, 21: Bonded member, 22: Bonded layer, 22b: Injection head, 23: Electrode, 25: Intermetallic compound layer, 26: Encapsulating resin.

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Abstract

基材と被接合部材とを接合層を介して高い接合強度で接合できる導電性ピラーおよびその製造方法を提供する。 具体的には基材11上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体12で構成され、金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、焼結体12の上面12bが、基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状である導電性ピラー1とする。金属微粒子が、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることが好ましい。

Description

導電性ピラー、接合構造、電子機器および導電性ピラーの製造方法
 本発明は、導電性ピラー、接合構造、電子機器および導電性ピラーの製造方法に関する。
 従来、半導体チップと半導体基板とを電気的に接続する方法として、フリップチップ実装法が用いられている。フリップチップ実装法は、半導体チップ上に配置された電極パッド上にバンプを形成し、バンプを介して半導体チップと半導体基板とを対向配置し、加熱することによりバンプを溶融して接合する方法である。また、フリップチップ実装法では、半導体チップ上に配置された電極パッド上に導電性ピラーを形成し、その上にバンプを形成する場合がある。
 電極パッド上に形成される導電性ピラーとして、銅ピラーがある。銅ピラーは、従来、以下に示す方法により形成されている。電極パッドを有する半導体チップ上に、メッキ下地層とレジスト層とをこの順に形成する。次に、レジスト層の一部を除去して、電極パット上のメッキ下地層を露出させる。続いて、電気メッキ法を用いてメッキ下地層上に銅ピラーを形成する。その後、レジスト層を除去し、レジスト層の下に配置されていたメッキ下地層を、エッチングにより除去する。
 電気メッキ法を用いずに銅ピラーを形成する方法として、金属粒子およびはんだを用いる方法が報告されている(例えば、特許文献1参照)。
米国特許第9859241号明細書
 しかしながら、半導体チップ上に従来の導電性ピラーを形成し、その上に形成したバンプを介して半導体チップと半導体基板とを電気的に接続した場合、半導体チップと半導体基板との接合強度が十分に得られない場合があった。このため、バンプなどの接合層を介して半導体チップと半導体基板とを高い接合強度で接合できる導電性ピラーが求められていた。
 本発明は、上記事情を鑑みてなされたものであり、基材上に設けられ、基材と被接合部材とを接合層を介して高い接合強度で接合できる導電性ピラーおよびその製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
 また、本発明は、本発明の導電性ピラーを有し、基材と被接合部材とを高い接合強度で接合できる接合構造および電子機器を提供することを目的とする。
[1] 基材上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体で構成され、
 前記金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、
 前記焼結体の上面が、前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状であることを特徴とする導電性ピラー。
[2] 前記金属微粒子が、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることを特徴とする[1]に記載の導電性ピラー。
[3] 前記基材と、前記基材と対向配置される被接合部材との間に配置された接合構造であって、
 基材上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体で構成され、前記金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、前記焼結体の上面が、前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状である導電性ピラーと、
 前記導電性ピラーの前記凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層とを有することを特徴とする接合構造。
[4] 前記導電性ピラーが上面から前記基材に向かって延出する複数の溝部を有し、 前記溝部内に前記接合層の一部が充填されたアンカー部を有することを特徴とする[3]に記載の接合構造。
[5] 前記接合層が、Sn、Pb、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属を含有する合金からなることを特徴とする[3]または[4]に記載の接合構造。
[6] 前記導電性ピラーと前記接合層との間に、金属間化合物層を有することを特徴とする[3]~[5]のいずれかに記載の接合構造。
[7] [3]~[6]のいずれかに記載の接合構造を含むことを特徴とする電子機器。[8] 前記接合構造を複数含み、複数の接合構造のうち、一部または全部が異なる形状である[7]に記載の電子機器。
[9] 基材上に、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を用いて柱状体を形成する工程と、
 前記柱状体を焼結して、上面に前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状を有する焼結体を形成する工程とを有することを特徴とする導電性ピラーの製造方法。
[10] 前記金属微粒子が、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることを特徴とする[9]に記載の導電性ピラーの製造方法。
[11] 前記焼結体を形成する工程の前に、前記柱状体の少なくとも表面を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する工程を有することを特徴とする[9]または[10]に記載の導電性ピラーの製造方法。
 本発明の導電性ピラーは、基材上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体で構成され、金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、焼結体の上面が、基材側に窪んだ凹型形状である。このため、導電性ピラーの凹部形状に沿って接合層を設けることにより、導電性ピラーの凹部形状に入り込んだ接合層が形成される。しかも、本発明の導電性ピラーは、X線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満である金属微粒子の焼結体からなり、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有する。このため、接合層を形成する際に、焼結体の多孔質構造に、接合層となる溶融した材料が入り込んで固化する。これらのことから、本発明の導電性ピラーは、接合層との接合面積が大きく、例えば、電気メッキ法で形成されることにより上面が基材と平行な平面とされた緻密な金属からなる導電性ピラーと比較して、接合層と高い接合強度で接合される。その結果、本発明の導電性ピラーによれば、基材と被接合部材とを接合層を介して高い接合強度で接合できる。
 さらに、本発明の導電性ピラーは、X線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満である金属微粒子の焼結体からなり、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有するため、電気メッキ法などを用いて形成された緻密なバルク金属と比較して、熱膨張率の差によって生じる応力を緩和でき、優れた耐久性が得られる。
 本発明の接合構造は、基材と被接合部材との間に配置され、本発明の導電性ピラーと、導電性ピラーの凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層とを有する。したがって、本発明の接合構造は、導電性ピラーの凹部形状に接合層が入り込んだものであり、接合層を介して基材と被接合部材とが高い接合強度で接合されたものとなる。
 本発明の電子機器は、本発明の接合構造を含むため、基材と被接合部材とが高い接合強度で接合されたものとなる。
 本発明の導電性ピラーの製造方法によれば、電気メッキ法を用いずに、基材と被接合部材とを接合層を介して高い接合強度で接合できる本発明の導電性ピラーを製造できる。
図1は、本実施形態の導電性ピラーの一例を示した側面図である。 図2(A)は図1に示した導電性ピラーの平面図である。図2(B)は図2(A)に示した導電性ピラーをA-A´線に沿って切断した断面図である。 図3(A)~図3(C)は、図1および図2に示す導電性ピラーの製造方法の一例を説明するための工程図である。 図4(A)は、本実施形態の接合構造の一例を示した断面図である。図4(B)は、本実施形態の接合構造の他の一例を示した断面図である。 図5(A)~図5(C)は、図4(A)に示す接合構造の製造方法の一例を説明するための工程図である。 図6(A)は、実施例の導電性ピラーの断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。図6(B)は、図6(A)に示す実施例の導電性ピラーの断面の一部を撮影した拡大顕微鏡写真である。図6(C)は、実施例の導電性ピラーの上面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。 図7は、実施例の導電性ピラーを形成している焼結体の凹部形状に沿って接合層を形成し、レジスト層を除去した後の状態における断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。 図8は、実施例において基材と被接合部材とを接合し、封止樹脂を充填した状態の断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。 図9は、銅微粒子の粒子径分布を示したグラフである。
 以下、本発明の導電性ピラー、接合構造、電子機器および導電性ピラーの製造方法について、図面を用いて詳細に説明する。なお、以下の説明で用いる図面は、本発明の特徴をわかりやすくするために、便宜上特徴となる部分を拡大して示している場合がある。このため、各構成要素の寸法比率などは、実際とは異なっている場合がある。
[導電性ピラー]
 図1は、本実施形態の導電性ピラーの一例を示した側面図である。図2(A)は図1に示した導電性ピラーの平面図である。図2(B)は図2(A)に示した導電性ピラーをA-A´線に沿って切断した断面図である。
 本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、図1に示すように、焼結体12で構成されている。焼結体12は、図1に示すように、電極パッド13を有する基材11上に設けられている。
 電極パッド13を有する基材11としては、特に限定されるものではなく、任意の電気回路が形成された半導体チップ、インターポーザなどが挙げられる。基材11の材料としては、例えば、銅などの金属、セラミック、シリコン、樹脂、およびこれらの複合材料など、基材11に使用される公知の材料を用いることができる。また、電極パッド13の材料としては、Ti、Cu、Al、Auなどの金属または合金からなる導電材料を用いることができる。電極パッド13は、1種類の材料からなる単層構造のものであってもよいし、2種類以上の材料で形成された多層構造のものであってもよい。
 焼結体12は、図1、図2(A)および図2(B)に示すように、略円柱状の外形形状を有する。焼結体12が、略円柱状の外形形状を有するものであると、後述する接合層との接合性が良好となり、基材11と、基材11と接合される被接合部材とがより高い接合強度で接合されるため、好ましい。
 焼結体12の大きさ(導電性ピラー1の大きさ)は、電子機器の小型化に伴う接合構造の微細化に対応できるように、直径100μm以下であることが好ましく、更に好ましくは50μm以下であり、特に好ましくは30μm以下である。焼結体12の大きさ(導電性ピラー1の大きさ)は、後述する接合層との接合性および導電性がより一層良好なものとなるため、直径5μm以上であることが好ましく、20μm以上であることがより好ましい。
 焼結体12の平面形状は、図2(A)に示す略円形形状に限定されるものではなく、電極パッド13の平面形状などに応じて適宜決定できる。焼結体12の平面形状は、例えば、略矩形などの多角形状であってもよいし、略楕円形、略長円形などの形状であってもよい。
 焼結体12の上面12bは、図2(B)に示すように、基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状を有している。凹部形状は、図1、図2(A)および図2(B)に示すように、略半球型の形状を有することが好ましい。この場合、焼結体12の上面12bと、後述する接合層との接触面積が広いものとなり、焼結体12と接合層との接合性がより一層良好となる。その結果、基材11と、基材11と接合される被接合部材とがより高い接合強度で接合されるため、好ましい。
 焼結体12の上面12bには、図2(B)に示すように、上面12bから基材11に向かって延出する複数の溝部12aが形成されていることが好ましい。焼結体12が、複数の溝部12aを有している場合、後述する接合層となる材料が溶融して溝部12a内に入り込み、その後に硬化することにより、アンカー部が形成される。その結果、焼結体12と接合層との接合性がより一層良好となり、基材11と、基材11と接合される被接合部材とがより高い接合強度で接合されるため、好ましい。
 焼結体12は、平均粒子径が1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体からなり、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有する。
 本実施形態においては、焼結体12を形成している金属微粒子の平均粒子径として、X線小角散乱測定法(Small-Angle X-ray Scattering、SAXS)を用いて測定した測定値を用いる。
 本実施形態では、導電性ピラー1が、平均粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体12であるので、高密度で金属微粒子を含む導電性の良好なものとなる。また、導電性ピラー1が平均粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体12であると、例えば、焼結体12が略円柱状であって、直径が接合構造の微細化に対応できる100μm以下の小さいものであっても、十分な数の金属微粒子を高密度で含むことにより、十分な導電性を有するものとなる。したがって、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、接合構造の微細化に対応できる。
 また、導電性ピラー1が平均粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体12であるので、平均粒子径1μm以上の金属微粒子の焼結体である場合と比較して、焼結体12の表面に露出する金属微粒子の表面積が広くなる。このため、焼結体12と、電極パッド13および後述する接合層との接合性および電気的接続が良好となる。
 さらに、導電性ピラー1が平均粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体12であるため、焼結によって得られる金属微粒子同士の融着機能により、導電性ピラー1の形状を形成できる。
 これに対し、金属微粒子の平均粒子径が1μm以上である場合、焼結することによる金属微粒子同士の融着機能を用いて、導電性ピラーの形状を形成することはできない。したがって、金属微粒子の平均粒子径が1μm以上である場合、導電性ピラー中に、金属微粒子同士を接合するためのパインダー樹脂を含有させる必要がある。よって、金属微粒子の平均粒子径が1μm以上である場合、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1と比較して、耐熱性能が劣るものとなる。
 導電性ピラー1は、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が100nm以下である金属微粒子の焼結体12であることがより好ましい。金属微粒子の平均粒子径が100nm以下であると、より高密度で金属微粒子を含み、表面に露出する金属微粒子の表面積がより広い焼結体12からなる導電性ピラー1となり、好ましい。
 金属微粒子として用いられる金属種としては、金属微粒子の安定性の観点から、Au、Ag、Cu、Niから選択される一種以上を用いることが好ましく、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることがより好ましい。金属種は、一種類のみであってもよいし、二種類以上の混合物であってもよいし、二種類以上の金属元素を含む合金であっても良い。
[導電性ピラーの製造方法]
 次に、本実施形態の導電性ピラーの製造方法について、例を挙げて詳細に説明する。 図3(A)~図3(C)は、図1および図2に示す導電性ピラー1の製造方法の一例を説明するための工程図である。
 本実施形態では、図3(A)~図3(C)に示すように、基材11上に3つの導電性ピラー1を形成する場合を例に挙げて説明するが、基板11上に形成する導電性ピラー1の数は、3つに限定されるものではなく、1つまたは2つでもよいし、4つ以上であってもよく、必要に応じて決定される。また、基板11上に形成する複数の導電性ピラー1の配置は、基材11上に設けられた電極パッド13の配置に応じて、適宜決定される。
 図1に示す導電性ピラー1を製造するには、まず、電極パッド13を有する基材11上にレジスト層16を形成する。レジスト層16の材料としては、例えば、フォトレジスト (photo-resist)、ポリイミド、エポキシ、エポキシモールディングコンパウンド(epoxy-molding compound:EMC)など、各種ドライフィルムを用いることができる。
 次に、本実施形態では、レジスト層16をパターニングすることにより、レジスト層16の一部を除去して、電極パット13を露出させる円柱状の凹部からなるレジスト開口部16aを形成する(図3(A)参照)。レジスト層16のパターニング方法としては、公知の方法を用いることができる。レジスト開口部16aは、焼結体12を製造するための鋳型として機能する。
 続いて、基材11上に、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を用いて柱状体を形成する。具体的には、図3(B)に示すように、スキージ12dを用いて、金属微粒子を含む導電性ペースト12cを、レジスト開口部16aに充填する。
 導電性ペースト12cをレジスト開口部16aに充填する際には、アルゴンガス雰囲気などの不活性ガス雰囲気下または還元性ガス雰囲気下で行ってもよい。この場合、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が酸化されにくく、好ましい。
 導電性ペースト12cの充填に使用するスキージ12dとしては、例えば、プラスチック、ウレタンゴムなどのゴム、セラミック、金属などからなるものを用いることができる。
 導電性ペースト12cをレジスト開口部16aに充填する方法としては、スキージ12dを用いる方法に限定されるものではなく、ドクタープレード、ディスペンサ、インクジェット、プレス注入、真空印刷、加圧による押込みなどの方法を用いてもよい。
 本実施形態においてレジスト開口部16aに充填する導電性ペースト12cとしては、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を含むものを用いる。導電性ペースト12cとしては、例えば、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子と、溶媒と、必要に応じて含有される分散剤、保護剤およびその他の添加剤との混合物などを用いることができる。金属微粒子および分散剤は、導電性ペースト12c中に、金属微粒子と分散剤との複合体として含有されていてもよい。また、金属微粒子および保護剤は、導電性ペースト12c中に、金属微粒子と保護剤との複合体として含有されていてもよい。導電性ペースト12cは、例えば、導電性ペースト12cとなる材料を、公知の方法で混合することにより製造できる。
 導電性ピラー1の材料として使用される導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の金属種は、製造される導電性ピラー1を形成する金属微粒子に対応するものを用いる。 導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の形状については、特に制限はない。例えば、金属微粒子として、球状、フレーク状などの金属微粒子を用いることができる。
 本実施形態において、導電性ピラー1の材料として使用される金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径は、焼結後の焼結体12(導電性ピラー1)を形成する金属微粒子のSAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が、所定の範囲内となるように、適宜決定される。例えば、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満である金属微粒子の焼結体12からなる導電性ピラー1を製造する場合には、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径を1μm未満とし、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が100nm以下である金属微粒子の焼結体12からなる導電性ピラー1を製造する場合には、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径を100nm以下とする。
 本実施形態において、導電性ピラー1の材料として使用される金属微粒子の粒子径が1μm未満であるとは、金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径が1μm未満であることを意味する。
 導電性ピラー1の材料として使用される金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径は、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)観察により算出できる。
 本実施形態では、導電性ピラー1の材料として使用される金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径として、TEMを用いて撮影した写真の画像を解析することにより算出した値を用いる。
 具体的には、金属微粒子を、任意の濃度で溶媒に分散させた分散液を、カーボン膜被覆グリッド上にキャストし、乾燥させて溶媒を除去し、TEM観察用の試料とする。得られたTEM像の中から無作為に微粒子を200個抽出する。抽出した微粒子それぞれの面積を求め、真球に換算したときの粒子径を個数基準として算出した値を、平均一次粒子径として採用する。無作為に抽出される金属微粒子から、2個の粒子が重なったものは除外する。多数の粒子が、接触又は二次凝集して集合している場合には、集合を構成している金属微粒子はそれぞれ独立した粒子であるものとして取り扱う。例えば、5個の一次粒子が接触又は二次凝集して1つの集合を構成している場合、集合を構成する5個の粒子それぞれが金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径の算出対象となる。
 導電性ペースト12cに含まれる溶媒としては、金属微粒子が均一に分散した導電性ペースト12cが得られるように、導電性ペースト12c中に含まれる金属微粒子(金属微粒子が、分散剤との複合体および/または保護剤との複合体である場合には複合体)を凝集させないものを用いることが好ましい。溶媒としては、水酸基を含む1種以上の溶媒を用いてもよいし、水酸基を含まない1種以上の溶媒を用いてもよいし、水酸基を含有する溶媒と水酸基を含有しない溶媒とを混合して用いてもよい。
 水酸基を含む溶媒としては、例えば、水、メタノール、エタノール、1-プロパノール、イソプロパノール、1-ブタノール、イソブタノール、sec-ブタノール、tert-ブタノール、アミルアルコール、tert-アミルアルコール、1-ヘキサノール、シクロヘキサノール、ベンジルアルコール、2-エチル-1-ブタノール、1-ヘプタノール、1-オクタノール、4-メチル-2-ペンタノール、ネオペンチルグリコール、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,3-ブタンジオール、1,4-ブタンジオール、2,3-ブタンジオール、イソブチレングリコール、2,2-ジメチル-1,3-ブタンジオール、2-メチル-1,3-ペンタンジオール、2-メチル-2,4-ペンタンジオール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、1,5-ペンタンジオール、2,4-ペンタンジオール、ジプロピレングリコール、2,5-ヘキサンジオール、グリセリン、ジエチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノベンジルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールモノフェニルエーテル、プロピレングリコールジメチルエーテルなどが挙げられる。
 水酸基を含まない溶媒としては、例えば、アセトン、シクロペンタノン、シクロヘキサノン、アセトフェノン、アクリロニトリル、プロピオニトリル、n-ブチロニトリル、イソブチロニトリル、γ-ブチロラクトン、ε-カプロラクト、プロピオラクトン、炭酸-2,3-ブチレン、炭酸エチレン、炭酸1,2-エチレン、炭酸ジメチル、炭酸エチレン、マロン酸ジメチル、乳酸エチル、安息香酸メチル、サリチル酸メチル、二酢酸エチレングリコール、ε-カプロラクタム、ジメチルスルホキシド、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチルホルムアミド、N-メチルアセトアミド、N-エチルアセトアミド、N,N-ジエチルホルムアミド、ホルムアミド、ピロリジン、1-メチル-2-ピロリジノン、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド、ナフタレンなどが挙げられる。
 導電性ペースト12cに含有される添加剤としては、例えば、シリコン素系レベリング剤、フッ素系レベリング剤、消泡剤などが挙げられる。
 導電性ペースト12cに含有される分散剤としては、例えば、チオエーテル型有機化合物などを用いることができる。分散剤として好適なチオエーテル型有機化合物としては、例えば、下記式(1)で示されるエチル3-(3-(メトキシ(ポリエトキシ)エトキシ)-2-ヒドロキシプロピルスルファニル)プロピオナート〔ポリエチレングリコールメチルグリシジルエーテル(ポリエチレングリコール鎖の分子量200~3000(炭素数8~136))への3-メルカプトプロピオン酸エチルの付加化合物〕などが挙げられる。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-C000001
(式(1)中、Meはメチル基を示し、Etはエチル基を示す。nは200~3000である。)
 式(1)で示される化合物は、ポリエチレングリコールメチルグリシジルエーテルへの3-メルカプトプロピオン酸エチルの付加化合物であり、ポリエチレングリコールメチルグリシジルエーテルにおけるポリエチレングリコール鎖の分子量が200~3000(炭素数8~136)のものである。式(1)で示される化合物として、具体的には、例えば、ポリエチレングリコール鎖が分子量200(炭素数8)、1000(炭素数46)、2000(炭素数91)、3000(炭素数136)であるものなどが挙げられる。
 ポリエチレングリコールメチルグリシジルエーテルにおけるポリエチレングリコール鎖の分子量が200以上であると、金属微粒子を溶媒に良好に分散させることができ、分散不良による凝集を抑制できる。また、分子量が3000以下であると、導電性ペースト12cを焼結して形成される焼結体12中に、分散剤が残留しにくくなる。その結果、後述する接合層となる材料に対する焼結体12の濡れ性が良好となり、接合層となる材料が焼結体12の複数の溝部12a内に充填されやすく、アンカー部が形成されやすくなる。
 式(1)で示される化合物は、金属微粒子と複合体を形成する。式(1)で示される化合物と金属微粒子との複合体は、水、エチレングリコールなどの溶媒に容易に均一に分散する。したがって、式(1)で示される化合物と金属微粒子との複合体を用いることで、容易に金属微粒子が均一に分散した導電性ペースト12cが得られる。金属微粒子が均一に分散した導電性ペースト12cを用いることにより、金属微粒子が均一に配置された特性の安定した導電性ピラー1が得られる。
 金属微粒子と分散剤との複合体は、例えば、金属微粒子と分散剤とを混合して反応させる方法により製造できる。金属微粒子と分散剤との複合体としては、例えば、以下に示す方法により製造した複合体〔1〕および複合体〔2〕などが挙げられる。複合体〔1〕および複合体〔2〕は必要に応じて精製してから導電性ペースト12cの材料として用いてもよい。
<複合体〔1〕の製造>
 酢酸銅(II)-水和物と、分散剤としての式(1)で示される化合物と、エチレングリコールとからなる混合物に、窒素を吹き込みながら加熱し、攪拌し、脱気してから室温に戻す。次いで、室温に戻した混合物に、ヒドラジン水和物を水で希釈したヒドラジン溶液を滴下して、銅を還元する。
 以上の工程により、銅からなる金属微粒子と、式(1)で示される化合物からなる分散剤との複合体〔1〕が得られる。
<複合体〔2〕の製造>
 硝酸銀(I)と、分散剤としての式(1)で示される化合物と、蒸留水とからなる混合物に、還元剤としてのジメチルアミノエタノールと蒸留水との混合液を滴下する。その後、混合液を加熱して還元反応を終結させる。
 以上の工程により、銀からなる金属微粒子と、式(1)で示される化合物からなる分散剤との複合体〔2〕が得られる。
 導電性ペースト12cに含有される保護剤としては、例えば、アミン化合物、カルボン酸、カルボン酸塩などを用いることができる。保護剤として好適なアミン化合物としては、例えば、オクチルアミン、N,N-ジメチルエチレンジアミン、3-(2-エチルヘキシルオキシ)プロピルアミンから選ばれる1種または2種以上などが挙げられる。保護剤として好適なカルボン酸としては、リノール酸などが挙げられる。
 オクチルアミン、N,N-ジメチルエチレンジアミン、3-(2-エチルヘキシルオキシ)プロピルアミン、リノール酸は、いずれも金属微粒子と複合体を形成し、金属と酸素との反応を抑制して、金属微粒子の酸化を防止する。したがって、これらの複合体を含む導電性ペースト12cを用いることにより、金属微粒子の酸化が抑制された導電性の良好な導電性ピラー1が得られる。
 金属微粒子と保護剤との複合体は、例えば、金属微粒子と保護剤とを混合して反応させる方法により製造できる。金属微粒子と保護剤との複合体としては、具体的には、例えば、以下に示す方法により製造した複合体〔3〕および複合体〔4〕などが挙げられる。複合体〔3〕および複合体〔4〕は必要に応じて精製してから導電性ペースト12cの材料として用いてもよい。
<複合体〔3〕の製造>
 硝酸銅と、保護剤としてのオクチルアミンおよびリノール酸とを、トリメチルペンタンに混合攪拌して溶解し、混合溶液とする。その後、この混合溶液に、水素化ホウ素ナトリウムを含むプロパノール溶液を滴下して銅を還元する。
 以上の工程により、黒色の固体からなり、銅からなる金属微粒子と、有機物からなる保護剤との複合体〔3〕が得られる。
<複合体〔4〕の製造>
 アルゴンガス雰囲気下で、保護剤としてのN,N-ジメチルエチレンジアミンおよび3-(2-エチルヘキシルオキシ)プロピルアミンからなる混合液を加熱攪拌し、さらにシュウ酸銀を添加して加熱攪拌して反応させる。
 以上の工程により、銀からなる金属微粒子と、有機物からなる保護剤との複合体〔4〕が得られる。
 本実施形態においては、金属微粒子を含む導電性ペースト12cを、レジスト開口部16aに充填して柱状体を形成した後、柱状体を焼結して焼結体12を形成する前に、柱状体の少なくとも表面(図3(B)においては上面)を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する工程を行うことが好ましい。このことにより、柱状体の表面を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が酸化される。
 柱状体の少なくとも表面を暴露する酸素含有雰囲気における酸素濃度は、200ppm以上であることが好ましく、1000ppm以上であることがより好ましい。酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素濃度が200ppm以上であると、柱状体の表面を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の酸化が促進されるため、柱状体の少なくとも表面を酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する時間が短時間で済み、好ましい。
 柱状体の少なくとも表面を暴露する酸素含有雰囲気における酸素濃度は、30%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、大気中の酸素濃度(20.1%)以下であることがさらに好ましい。酸素含有雰囲気中の酸素濃度が30%以下であると、柱状体を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が、過剰に酸化されることを防止できる。
 柱状体の少なくとも表面を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する暴露時間は、暴露する温度、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の種類などに応じて適宜決定できる。暴露時間は特に限定されないが、例えば、温度25℃の環境下で酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する場合、1分~180分の範囲であることが好ましく、3分~60分の範囲であることがより好ましい。暴露時間が1分以上であると、柱状体の表面を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が十分に酸化される。その結果、柱状体を焼結することによって、十分な深さおよび数を有する複数の溝部12aが形成され、好ましい。また、暴露時間が180分以下であると、柱状体の表面を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が過剰に酸化されることを防止できる。
 柱状体を焼結して焼結体12を形成する前に、柱状体に含まれる金属微粒子が過剰に酸化されると、焼結後に得られる焼結体12の導電性が不十分になる恐れがある。柱状体に含まれる金属微粒子が過剰に酸化された場合には、焼結体12を形成した後に、必要に応じて従来公知の方法により焼結体12を還元すればよい。
 酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気としては、例えば、大気が挙げられる。
 次に、柱状体を焼結して、図3(C)に示すように、上面12bに基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状を有する焼結体12を形成する。焼結体12の凹型形状は、導電性ペースト12cからなる柱状体が焼結されることによって、レジスト16に対する濡れ性の良好な柱状体(導電性ペースト12c)が、レジスト開口部16aの内面と密着した状態を維持しつつ、柱状体に含まれる金属微粒子同士が融着して柱状体よりも体積が減少したことにより形成されるものと推定される。
 また、焼結体12を形成する工程の前に、柱状体の少なくとも表面(図3(B)においては上面)を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する工程を行った場合、柱状体を焼結することにより、焼結体12の上面12bには、図3(C)に示すように、上面12bから基材11に向かって延出する複数の溝部12aが形成される。これは、焼結体12となる柱状体の表面を形成している導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子が、酸化されていることによるものと推定される。
 なお、従来の技術では、銅微粒子などの金属微粒子を含むペーストを基材上に塗布して焼結し、焼結体からなる配線などを形成する場合、金属微粒子を含むペーストを基板上に塗布する工程から焼成が完了するまでの一連の工程を不活性ガス雰囲気中で行っている。これは、金属微粒子を含むペースト中に含まれる銅微粒子などの金属微粒子が酸化される(例えば、特許第6168837号公報、特許第6316683号公報参照。)こと防ぐためである。したがって、従来の技術では、金属微粒子を含むペーストを基板上に塗布する工程から焼成が完了するまでの一連の工程の途中で雰囲気を変更することはなく、基板上に塗布された金属微粒子を含むペーストが、焼結される前に酸素を含む雰囲気に暴露されることはなく、焼結体の上面に溝部が形成されることはなかった。
 本実施形態においては、必要に応じて、柱状体を焼成する前に、柱状体に含まれる溶媒を低温で揮発させる仮焼成を行ってもよい。
 柱状体を焼成する焼成方法としては、特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、真空はんだリフロー装置、ホットプレート、熱風オーブンなどを用いることができる。
 柱状体の焼結温度および焼結時間は、柱状体(導電性ペースト12c)に含まれる金属微粒子同士が融着して、十分な導電性および強度を有する焼結体12が得られる範囲であればよい。焼成温度は、150~350℃であることが好ましく、200~250℃であることがより好ましい。焼成時間は、1~60分間の範囲であることが好ましく、5~15分間の範囲であることがより好ましい。
 金属微粒子が融着する温度は、金属微粒子に使用する金属種によって異なる。金属微粒子が融着する温度は、熱重量分析装置(TG-DTA)または示差走査熱量計(DSC)を用いて測定できる。
 焼結する際の雰囲気は特に限定されるものではなく、金属微粒子に使用する金属種に応じて決定できる。例えば、金属微粒子の金属種が貴金属である場合、不活性ガス雰囲気であってもよいし、大気中であってもよい。金属微粒子の金属種が卑金属である場合、窒素ガス、アルゴンガスなどの不活性ガス雰囲気下で焼結を行うことが好ましい。また、金属微粒子の金属種が卑金属である場合、焼結する際の雰囲気ガスとして、水素を含有したフォーミングガスを使用してもよいし、蟻酸などの還元成分を添加したガスを用いてもよい。
 以上の工程により、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1が得られる。
 本実施形態の導電性ピラー1の製造方法では、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満である金属微粒子の焼結体12を製造するために、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を含む導電性ペースト12cを用いる。金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径が1μm未満である導電性ペースト12cは、レジスト開口部16aに充填する際の充填性が良好である。したがって、レジスト開口部16aに充填した導電性ペースト12c(柱状体)を焼結して形成された焼結体12からなる導電性ピラー1は、金属微粒子を高密度で含む導電性の良好なものとなる。また、導電性ペースト12cが良好な充填性を有するため、接合構造の微細化に対応できる微細な導電性ピラー1を形成できる。しかも、導電性ペースト12cが良好な充填性を有するため、導電性ペースト12c(柱状体)を焼結して形成された焼結体12は、電極パッド13および後述する接合層との接合性および電気的接続が良好となる。
 また、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1が、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が100nm以下の金属微粒子の焼結体12である場合、導電性ペースト12cとして、平均一次粒子径が100nm以下の金属微粒子を含むものを用いる。この導電性ペースト12cは、レジスト開口部16aに充填する際の充填性がより一層良好であり、より好ましい。 具体的には、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径が100nm以下である場合、例えば、レジスト開口部16aが直径100μmの円柱形状を有する微細なものであっても、導電ペースト12cをレジスト開口部16内に高密度で充填できる。
 これに対し、例えば、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm以上である金属微粒子の焼結体を製造するために、平均一次粒子径が1μm以上の金属微粒子を含む導電性ペーストを用いる場合、導電性ペーストのレジスト開口部への充填性が不十分となる。したがって、微細な導電性ピラーの製造が困難となり、接合構造の微細化に対応しにくい。
 また、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1の製造方法では、導電性ペースト12cに含まれる金属微粒子の平均一次粒子径が1μm未満であるので、ペースト12c(柱状体)を焼結することによって得られる金属微粒子同士の融着機能により、導電性ピラー1の形状を形成できる。
[接合構造]
 次に、本実施形態の接合構造について詳細に説明する。図4(A)は、本実施形態の接合構造の一例を示した断面図である。図4(A)に示す接合構造20は、上述した本実施形態の導電性ピラー1を有する。
 図4(A)に示すように、本実施形態の接合構造20は、基材11と、基材11と対向配置される被接合部材21との間に配置されている。被接合部材21としては、例えば、任意の電気回路が形成され、表面に電極23を有する半導体パッケージなどが挙げられる。
 図4(A)には、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置された3つの接合構造20を示しているが、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置される接合構造20の数は、3つに限定されるものではなく、1つまたは2つでもよいし、4つ以上であってもよく、必要に応じて決定される。
 本実施形態の接合構造20は、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1と、導電性ピラー1の凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層22とを有する。図4(A)に示す接合構造20では、図3(C)に示す導電性ピラー1が、図3(C)における上下方向を反転させた状態で設置されている。
 本実施形態においては、接合層22が一種類の材料からなる単層構造である場合を例に挙げて説明するが、接合層は、二種類以上の材料が積層された多層構造のものであってもよい。
 接合層22の材料としては、Au、Ag、Cu、Sn、Ni、はんだ合金等を用いることができ、Sn、Pb、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属を含有する合金を用いることが好ましい。接合層22は、単一成分のみで形成されていてもよいし、複数の成分を含むものであってもよい。
 接合層22の材料として用いるはんだ合金としては、Sn-Ag合金、Sn-Pb合金、Sn-Bi合金、Sn-Zn合金、Sn-Sb合金、Sn-Bi合金、Sn-In合金、Sn-Cu合金、SnにAu、Ag、Bi、InおよびCuからなる群より選ばれる2つの元素を添加した合金等を用いることができる。
 図4(A)に示すように、本実施形態の接合構造20では、導電性ピラー1の上面12b(図4(A)においては下面)から基材11に向かって延出する複数の溝部12a内に、接合層22の一部が充填されてアンカー部が形成されている。このため、本実施形態の接合構造20では、導電性ピラー1の焼結体12と接合層22とがより一層高い接合強度で接合されたものとなる。
 図4(A)に示すように、本実施形態の接合構造20は、導電性ピラー1と接合層22との界面に金属間化合物層25を有する。金属間化合物層25は、導電性ピラー1と接合層22との接合強度を向上させる。金属間化合物層25は、接合層22中の成分が導電性ピラー1の内部に向かって拡散するとともに、導電性ピラー1(焼結体12)中の金属微粒子成分が接合層22の内部に向かって拡散することにより形成される。したがって、金属間化合物層25の組成は、導電性ピラー1(焼結体12)および接合層22を形成している金属種および焼結条件により変化する。
 図4(A)に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間における接合構造20の配置されていない領域には、封止樹脂26が充填されている。封止樹脂26の材料としては、エポキシ樹脂など従来公知のものを用いることができる。
[接合構造の製造方法]
 次に、図4(A)に示す本実施形態の接合構造20の製造方法として、図3(C)に示す導電性ピラー1を用いて接合構造を製造する場合を例に挙げて詳細に説明する。
 図5(A)~図5(C)は、図4(A)に示す接合構造の製造方法の一例を説明するための工程図である。
 図4(A)に示す接合構造20を製造するには、図5(A)に示すように、図3(C)に示す焼結体12の基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状に、接合層22となる材料22aを供給して溶融(リフロー)させて固化させる。このことにより、焼結体12の凹部形状に沿って接合層22からなるバンプを設ける。得られた接合層22は、図5(A)に示すように、レジスト層16と、接合層22となる材料22aとの表面エネルギー差により、凸曲面状に盛り上がった形状を有するものとなる。
 焼結体12の凹型形状に接合層22となる材料22aを供給する方法としては、例えば、ステンシルマスク法・ドライフィルム法などの印刷法、ボールマウント法、蒸着法、溶融はんだインジェクション法(IMS法)などを用いることができる。これらの中でも特に、図5(A)に示すように、注入ヘッド22bを用いて溶融はんだを焼結体12の凹型形状に埋め込むIMS法を用いることが好ましい。IMS法を用いることで、接合層22となる材料22aであるはんだを、溶融した状態で焼結体12の凹型形状に供給でき、好ましい。
 本実施形態では、図5(A)に示すように、焼結体12の上面12bに、上面12bから基材11に向かって延出する複数の溝部12aが形成されている。したがって、接合層22となる材料22aを溶融(リフロー)することにより、接合層22となる材料22aが溝部12a内に入り込み、溝部12a内に充填されてアンカー部が形成される。また、焼結体12の多孔質構造にも、接合層22となる溶融した材料22aが入り込んで固化する。
 また、焼結体12の凹型形状に供給された接合層22となる材料22aは、導電性ピラー1(焼結体12)中の金属微粒子成分と金属間化合物層25を形成する。焼結体12は、多孔質構造であるため、比表面積が大きい。このため、本実施形態では、例えば、導電性ピラーが電気メッキ法などを用いて形成された緻密なバルク金属からなるものである場合と比較して、素早く金属間化合物層25が形成される。
 次に、図5(B)に示すように、レジスト層16を除去する。レジスト層16を除去する方法としては、公知の方法を用いることができる。
 本実施形態では、接合層22を形成した後に、レジスト層16を除去する場合を例に挙げて説明したが、レジスト層16は、接合層22の形成後に除去しなくてもよい。レジスト層16を除去しない場合、レジスト層16は、基材11と後述する被接合部材とを積層することにより、基材11と被接合部材との間に配置される。
 次に、フリップチップ実装法により、基材11と被接合部材21とを電気的に接続する。具体的には、図5(C)に示すように、焼結体12上に接合層22が形成された基材11と、被接合部材21とを対向配置させて積層する。本実施形態では、被接合部材21の電極23が設けられた面を上に向けて配置し、基材11の接合層22が形成された面を下に向けて配置する。そして、図5(C)に示すように、被接合部材21の電極23と、基材11の接合層22とを重ね合わせた状態とする。その後、基材11と被接合部材21とを積層した状態で加熱して接合層22を溶融し、基材11と被接合部材21とを接合し、接合層22を固化させる。
 以上の工程により、図4(A)に示す接合構造20が得られる。
 その後、図4(A)に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間における接合構造20の配置されていない領域に、封止樹脂26を充填する。封止樹脂26の充填方法としては、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
 本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、基材11上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体12で構成され、金属微粒子のSAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、焼結体12の上面12b(図4(A)においては下面)が、基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状である。このため、導電性ピラー1の凹部形状に沿って接合層22を設けることにより、導電性ピラー1の凹部形状に入り込んだ接合層22が形成される。しかも、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、SAXSを用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満である金属微粒子の焼結体12からなり、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有する。このため、接合層22を形成する際に、焼結体12の多孔質構造に、接合層22となる溶融した材料22aが入り込んで固化する。これらのことから、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、接合層22との接合面積が大きく、例えば、電気メッキ法で形成されることにより上面が基材と平行な平面とされた緻密な金属からなる導電性ピラーと比較して、接合層22と高い接合強度で接合される。その結果、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1によれば、基材11と被接合部材21とを接合層22を介して高い接合強度で接合できる。
 また、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1は、平均粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子の焼結体12からなり、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有するため、電気メッキ法などを用いて形成された緻密なバルク金属と比較して、熱膨張率の差によって生じる応力を緩和でき、優れた耐久性が得られる。
 本実施形態の導電性ピラー1の製造方法は、基材11上に、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を用いて柱状体を形成する工程と、前記柱状体を焼結して、上面12bに基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状を有する焼結体12を形成する工程とを有する。したがって、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1の製造方法によれば、電気メッキ法を用いずに、導電性ピラー1を製造できる。
 これに対し、例えば、電気メッキ法を用いて基材上に銅ピラーを形成する場合、銅ピラーを形成した後、レジスト層の下に配置されていたメッキ下地層をエッチング除去する際に、メッキ下地層とともに基材の一部が除去されてしまうことがあった。また、電気メッキ法を用いて銅ピラーを形成する場合、銅ピラーの形成に必要な設備を導入するコストが大きく、有害廃液による環境負荷も大きかった。
 本実施形態の接合構造20は、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置され、本実施形態の導電性ピラー1と、導電性ピラー1の凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層22とを有する。したがって、本実施形態の接合構造20は、導電性ピラー1の凹部形状に接合層22が入り込んだものであり、接合層22を介して基材11と被接合部材21とが高い接合強度で接合されたものとなる。
 これに対し、特許文献1には、金属粒子を用いて導電性ピラーを作製する方法が開示されている。しかし、特許文献1には、金属粒子の粒子径について何ら記載されておらず、どのような粒子径の金属粒子を用いて導電性ピラーを作成することにより、高い接合強度が得られるかについては不明であった。
(他の例)
 本実施形態では、図4(A)に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置された3つの接合構造20が、全て略同じ形状を有する場合を例に挙げて説明したが、基材11と被接合部材21との間に本実施形態の接合構造が複数設けられている場合、複数の接合構造のうち、一部または全部が異なる形状であってもよい。すなわち、各接合構造の有する導電性ピラーおよび接合層の形状は、基材11の電極パッドおよび被接合部材21の電極の平面形状に応じて適宜決定できる。
 図4(B)は、本実施形態の接合構造の他の一例を示した断面図である。図4(B)に示す例が、図4(A)に示す例と異なるところは、接合構造の形状のみである。このため、図4(B)において、図4(A)と同じ部材については、同じ符号を付し、説明を省略する。
 図4(B)に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間には、複数(図4(B)に示す例では3つ)の接合構造20a、20b、20cが設けられている。図4(B)に示す接合構造20a、20b、20cにおいては、3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cのうち1つの接合構造20aの平面形状が、他の接合構造20b、20cよりも大きいものとなっており、他の接合構造20b、20cの形状が同じとなっている。
 より詳細には、図4(B)に示すように、3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cのうち、1つの接合構造20aと接触している電極パッド13aおよび電極23aの平面形状が、他の電極パッド13および電極23よりも大きいものとなっている。それに伴って接合構造20aの有する略円柱状の導電性ピラー1aの外径(直径)が、他の導電性ピラー1b、1cと比較して大きいものとされている。また、接合構造20aの有する接合層22aの大きさも、他の接合構造20b、20cの有する接合層22と比較して大きいものとされている。また、図4(B)に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間隔は略一定とされており、3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cにおける基材11の厚み方向の長さは略同じとされている。
 図4(B)に示す3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cは、レジスト層16をパターニングする工程において、導電性ピラー1a、1b、1cの外形形状にそれぞれ対応する形状を有するレジスト開口部を形成すること以外は、上述した図4(A)に示す3つの接合構造20と同様の方法を用いて、同時に製造できる。したがって、図4(B)に示す3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cを製造する場合と、図4(A)に示す3つの接合構造20を製造する場合とでは、得られる接合構造の寸法精度および製造工程数に違いはない。
 これに対し、例えば、電気メッキ法を用いて基材上に複数の銅ピラーを形成する場合、複数の銅ピラー中に形状の異なる銅ピラーが含まれていると、以下に示す不都合が生じる。すなわち、メッキレートの制御が困難となって、銅ピラーの寸法精度が不十分になる場合がある。また、全ての銅ピラーを同時に形成できず、製造工程が非常に煩雑になる場合がある。したがって、電気メッキ法を用いて基材上に複数の銅ピラーを形成する場合には、形状の異なる銅ピラーを含む複数の銅ピラーを設けることは困難であった。
 なお、図4(B)においては、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置された3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cを示しているが、基材11と被接合部材21との間に配置される接合構造20a、20b、20cの数は、3つに限定されるものではなく、例えば、接合構造20aと接合構造20bの2つのみであってもよいし、4つ以上であってもよく、必要に応じて決定される。
 また、図4(B)においては、導電性ピラー1a、1b、1c(焼結体12)の平面形状が全て略円形形状(図2(A)参照)である場合を例に挙げて説明したが、各導電性ピラーの平面形状は略円形に限定されるものではなく、電極パッド13の平面形状などに応じて適宜決定できる。
 また、図4(B)においては、3つの接合構造20a、20b、20cにおける基材11の厚み方向の長さが略同じである場合を例に挙げて説明したが、各接合構造の基材11の厚み方向の長さは、一部または全部が異なっていてもよい。
[電子機器]
 本実施形態の電子機器は、本実施形態の接合構造20を含む。本実施形態の電子機器は、接合構造20を複数含むことが好ましい。この場合、複数の接合構造20のうち、一部または全部が異なる形状であってもよい。
 具体的には、本実施形態の電子機器としては、本実施形態の接合構造20を複数含む3次元(3D)実装構造を有するデバイス、または本実施形態の接合構造20を複数含むインターポーザを用いた2.5次元(2.5D)実装構造を有するデバイスなどが挙げられる。
 本実施形態の電子機器は、本実施形態の接合構造20を含むため、基材11と被接合部材21とが高い接合強度で接合されたものとなる。
 以下、実施例により本発明をさらに具体的に説明する。なお、本発明は、以下の実施例のみに限定されない。
[金属微粒子を含む導電性ペーストの製造]
 導電性ピラーの製造に使用する導電性ペーストとして、以下に示す方法により、金属微粒子と分散剤との複合体と、溶媒とを含むものを製造した。
<複合体の水分散液の製造>
 酢酸銅(II)-水和物(3.00g、15.0mmol)(東京化成工業社製)、式(1)で示されるエチル3-(3-(メトキシ(ポリエトキシ)エトキシ)-2-ヒドロキシプロピルスルファニル)プロピオナート〔ポリエチレングリコールメチルグリシジルエーテル(ポリエチレングリコール鎖の分子量2000(炭素数91))への3-メルカプトプロピオン酸エチルの付加化合物〕(0.451g)、およびエチレングリコール(10mL)(関東化学社製)からなる混合物に、窒素を50mL/分の流量で吹き込みながら加熱し、125℃で2時間通気攪拌して脱気した。この混合物を室温に戻し、ヒドラジン水和物(1.50g、30.0mmol)(東京化成工業社製)を水7mLで希釈した希釈溶液を、シリンジポンプを用いて滴下した。希釈溶液は、約1/4量を2時間かけて滴下して一旦停止し、2時間攪拌して発泡が沈静化するのを確認した後、残量を更に1時間かけて滴下した。得られた褐色の溶液を60℃に昇温して、さらに2時間攪拌し、還元反応を終結させた。
 得られた反応混合物をダイセン・メンブレン・システムズ社製の中空糸型限外濾過膜モジュール(HIT-1-FUS1582、145cm、分画分子量15万)中に循環させ、浸出する濾液と同量の0.1%ヒドラジン水和物水溶液を加えながら、限外濾過モジュールからの濾液が約500mLとなるまで循環させて精製した。0.1%ヒドラジン水和物水溶液の供給を止め、そのまま限外濾過法により濃縮することにより、2.85gのチオエーテル型有機化合物と銅微粒子との複合体の水分散液を得た。水分散液中の不揮発物含量は16%であった。
<導電性ペーストの調製>
 上記の水分散液5mLをそれぞれ50mL三口フラスコに封入し、ウォーターバスを用いて40℃に加温しながら、減圧下で窒素を5mL/分の流速で流して、水を完全に除去し、銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末1.0gを得た。得られた銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末に、アルゴンガス置換したグローブバッグ内で30分間窒素バブリングしたエチレングリコール0.11gを、溶媒として添加した。銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末にエチレングリコールを添加した後、乳鉢で10分間混合し、金属微粒子含有率90%の導電性ペーストを得た。
<熱重量分析(TG-DTA)による重量減少率の測定>
 合成した銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末2~25mgを、熱重量分析用アルミパンに精密にはかりとり、EXSTAR TG/DTA6300型示差熱重量分析装置(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー株式会社製)に載せた。そして、不活性ガス雰囲気下において、室温~600℃まで毎分10℃の割合で昇温し、100℃~600℃の重量減少率を測定した。その結果から、銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末中に、3%のポリエチレンオキシド構造を含む有機物が存在することを確認した。
<平均一次粒子径の測定>
 合成した銅微粒子複合体の平均一次粒子径を、TEM観察により測定した。まず、合成した銅微粒子複合体の乾燥粉末を、水で100倍に希釈して分散液とした。次に、分散液をカーボン膜被覆グリッド上にキャストして乾燥させ、透過型電子顕微鏡(装置:TEMJEM-1400(JEOL製)、加速電圧:120kV)にて観察した。そして、得られたTEM像の中から無作為に200個の銅微粒子複合体を抽出し、それぞれ面積を求め、真球に換算したときの粒子径を個数基準として算出し、平均一次粒子径とした。その結果、合成した銅微粒子複合体の平均一次粒子径は、42nmであった。
<導電性ピラーを形成している金属微粒子の平均粒子径の測定>
 後述する実施例の導電性ピラーの製造方法を模擬して、上記の方法により得られた導電性ペーストの焼結体を作成した。具体的には、上記の方法により得られた導電性ペーストを、アルゴンガス雰囲気中でシリコンウエハ上に、膜厚が1mmとなるように均一に塗布した。
 次に、導電性ペーストの塗布されたシリコンウエハを、温度25℃の環境下で大気中に20分間暴露した。
 次に、シリコンウエハ上に塗布した導電性ペースト中の溶媒を低温で揮発させる仮焼成を行った。仮焼成は、窒素ガス雰囲気中で、卓上型真空はんだリフロー装置(ユニテンプ社製)を用いて、導電性ペーストの塗布されたシリコンウエハを120℃で5分間加熱することにより行った。
 次に、シリコンウエハ上に塗布した導電性ペーストを焼結して、焼結体を形成した。導電性ペーストの焼結は、蟻酸蒸気を含む窒素雰囲気中で、卓上型真空はんだリフロー装置(ユニテンプ社製)を用いて、仮焼成後のシリコンウエハを250℃で10分間加熱することにより行った。
 得られた焼結体をシリコンウエハから掻き落とし、銅微粒子焼結体の粉末を採取した。採取した銅微粒子焼結体の平均粒子径を、X線小角散乱測定(SAXS)法により測定した。その結果は、後述する実施例の導電性ピラーを形成している金属微粒子の平均粒子径とみなすことができる。
 焼結体中の銅微粒子の平均粒子径の測定には、リガク社製のX線回折装置(商品名:SmartLab)を用いた。測定は、回折角度2θを0から4°までの範囲とし、ステップモードで行った。なお、ステップ角は0.005°、計測時間は5秒とした。
 銅微粒子の平均粒子径は、SAXSにより得られた測定データを、解析ソフト(NANO-Solver Ver.3)を用いて計算することにより見積もった。その結果を図9に示す。図9は、銅微粒子の粒子径分布を示したグラフである。図9に示すように、焼結体中の銅微粒子の粒子径は、体積分率6%が322nm(分布1)、体積分率91%が45nm(分布2)、体積分率4%が15nm(分布3)であった。この結果から、焼結体中の銅微粒子の平均粒子径は59.112nmと見積もられた。
<導電性ピラーの作製>
 直径4インチのシリコンウエハ上に、スパッタ法によりTi(厚さ50nm)とCu(250nm)とがこの順に積層された電極パッドを形成し、電極パッドを有する基材とした。次に、電極パッドを有する基材の電極パッド側の面上に、レジスト樹脂を塗布してパターニングすることにより、直径30μmの円柱状の凹部からなる複数のレジスト開口部を有する膜厚30μmのレジスト層を形成した。レジスト開口部のアスペクト比(深さ:直径)は、1:1であった。
 次いで、以下に示す方法により、上記の方法により得られた導電性ペーストを、円柱状のレジスト開口部内に充填し、基材上に金属微粒子で構成される柱状体を形成した。導電性ペーストの充填は、アルゴンガス雰囲気中で行った。導電性ペーストの充填は、基材上に導電性ペーストを載せ、半自動スクリーン印刷装置(セリア製)に設置したスキージを、基板上でアタック角度70°、移動速度10mm/sで1往復掃引して塗布する方法により行った。スキージとしては、硬度70°のウレタンゴム製の角スキージを用いた。
 次に、柱状体の形成された基材を、温度25℃の環境下で大気中に20分間暴露することにより、柱状体の少なくとも表面を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露した。
 次に、柱状体に含まれる溶媒を低温で揮発させる仮焼成を行った。仮焼成は、窒素ガス雰囲気中で、卓上型真空はんだリフロー装置(ユニテンプ社製)を用いて、柱状体の形成された基材を120℃で5分間加熱することにより行った。
 次に、柱状体を焼結して、上面に基材側に窪んだ凹型形状を有する焼結体を形成した。柱状体の焼結は、蟻酸蒸気を含む窒素雰囲気中で、卓上型真空はんだリフロー装置(ユニテンプ社製)を用いて、仮焼成後の基材を250℃で10分間加熱することにより行った。
 以上の工程により、実施例の導電性ピラーを得た。
 図6(A)は、実施例の導電性ピラーの断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。図6(B)は、図6(A)に示す実施例の導電性ピラーの断面の一部を撮影した拡大顕微鏡写真である。図6(C)は、実施例の導電性ピラーの上面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。
 図6(A)において、符号11は基材、符号12は焼結体、符号12aは溝部、符号12bは上面、符号13は電極パッドを示す。図6(A)に示すように、実施例の導電性ピラー(焼結体12)は、上面12bが基材11側に窪んだ凹型形状であった。また、実施例の導電性ピラーの上面12bには、上面12bから基材11に向かって延出する複数の溝部12aが形成されていた。
 また、図6(B)および図6(C)に示すように、実施例の導電性ピラーは、金属微粒子が焼結により融着した多孔質構造を有していた。
 次に、導電性ピラーを形成している焼結体の基材側に窪んだ凹型形状に、IMS(Injection Molded Soldering)工法(例えば、特開2015-106617号公報参照。)を用いて、溶融はんだを供給し、焼結体の凹部形状に沿ってバンプを設けた。具体的には、溶融はんだを保持する注入ヘッド(リザーバ)からレジスト開口部分に、直接溶融はんだを射出して供給した。はんだ合金としては、SAC305を使用した。これにより、はんだ合金からなる接合層(バンプ)を作製した。得られた接合層は、凸曲面状に盛り上がった形状であった。その後、レジスト層を除去した。
 図7は、実施例の導電性ピラーを形成している焼結体の凹部形状に沿って接合層を形成し、レジスト層を除去した後の状態における断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。
 図7に示すように、実施例の導電性ピラー(焼結体12)の上面12bに形成された複数の溝部12a内に接合層となる材料22aが入り込み、溝部12a内に充填されてアンカー部が形成されていることが確認できた。また、焼結体12と接合層との界面に、金属間化合物層が形成されていることが確認できた。
 次に、焼結体上に接合層が形成された基材と、表面に銅からなる電極を有する半導体パッケージ(被接合部材)とを対向配置させて積層した。具体的には、被接合部材の電極が設けられた面を上に向けて配置し、基材の接合層が形成された面を下に向けて配置して、被接合部材の電極と、基材の接合層とを重ね合わせた状態とした。そして、基材と被接合部材とを積層した状態で加熱して、接合層を溶融し、基材と被接合部材とを接合し、接合構造を形成した。その後、基材と被接合部材との間における接合構造の配置されていない領域に、エポキシ樹脂からなるアンダーフィル剤を注入する方法により、封止樹脂を充填した。
 図8は、実施例において基材と被接合部材とを接合し、封止樹脂を充填した状態の断面を撮影した顕微鏡写真である。図8において、符号11は基材、符号12は焼結体、符号12aは溝部、符号12bは上面、符号13は電極パッド、符号21は被接合部材、符号22は接合層、符号23は電極、符号25は金属間化合物層、符号26は封止樹脂を示す。
 図8に示すように、基材11と被接合部材21との間には、導電性ピラーの焼結体12と、焼結体12の凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層22とを有する接合構造が形成されていた。
(評価)
 実施例の接合構造について以下に示す方法により「接合強度」「絶縁抵抗」「信頼性」を評価した。
「接合強度」
 実施例の接合構造を8個(No.1~No.8)用意し、それぞれから接合試験片を採取した。そして、JIS Z-03918-5:2003「鉛フリーはんだ試験方法」に記載の方法で、各接合試験片にそれぞれせん断力を付加し、接合強度を測定した。その結果を表1に示す。
 表1に示すように、実施例の接合構造は、いずれも接合強度が170~230MPaの範囲内であり、ばらつきが少なく、高い接合強度を有していることが確認できた。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
「絶縁抵抗」「信頼性」
 実施例の接合構造について、温度130℃、相対湿度85%で3.7Vの電圧を96時間付与した時の絶縁抵抗を測定した。その結果、実施例の接合構造は、1MΩ以上の絶縁抵抗であって、抵抗変化率が10%未満であった。
 このことから、実施例の接合構造は良好な抵抗値を示し、優れた信頼性を有していることが確認できた。
 1:導電性ピラー、11:基材、12:焼結体、12a:溝部、12b:上面、12c:導電性ペースト、12d:スキージ、13:電極パッド、16:レジスト層、16a:レジスト開口部、20:接合構造、21:被接合部材、22:接合層、22b:注入ヘッド、23:電極、25:金属間化合物層、26:封止樹脂。

Claims (11)

  1.  基材上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体で構成され、
     前記金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、
     前記焼結体の上面が、前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状であることを特徴とする導電性ピラー。
  2.  前記金属微粒子が、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の導電性ピラー。
  3.  前記基材と、前記基材と対向配置される被接合部材との間に配置された接合構造であって、
     基材上に設けられた金属微粒子の焼結体で構成され、前記金属微粒子のX線小角散乱測定法を用いて測定した平均粒子径が1μm未満であり、前記焼結体の上面が、前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状である導電性ピラーと、
     前記導電性ピラーの前記凹部形状に沿って設けられた接合層とを有することを特徴とする接合構造。
  4.  前記導電性ピラーが上面から前記基材に向かって延出する複数の溝部を有し、
     前記溝部内に前記接合層の一部が充填されたアンカー部を有することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の接合構造。
  5.  前記接合層が、Sn、Pb、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属を含有する合金からなることを特徴とする請求項3または請求項4に記載の接合構造。
  6.  前記導電性ピラーと前記接合層との間に、金属間化合物層を有することを特徴とする請求項3~請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の接合構造。
  7.  請求項3~請求項6のいずれか一項に記載の接合構造を含むことを特徴とする電子機器。
  8.  前記接合構造を複数含み、複数の接合構造のうち、一部または全部が異なる形状である請求項7に記載の電子機器。
  9.  基材上に、平均一次粒子径1μm未満の金属微粒子を用いて柱状体を形成する工程と、 前記柱状体を焼結して、上面に前記基材側に窪んだ凹型形状を有する焼結体を形成する工程とを有することを特徴とする導電性ピラーの製造方法。
  10.  前記金属微粒子が、AgおよびCuから選択される1種以上の金属であることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の導電性ピラーの製造方法。
  11.  前記焼結体を形成する工程の前に、前記柱状体の少なくとも表面を酸素濃度200ppm以上の酸素含有雰囲気に暴露する工程を有することを特徴とする請求項9または請求項10に記載の導電性ピラーの製造方法。
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