Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
  • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
  • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
  • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
  • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
  • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
  • B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
  • B01D11/0288—Applications, solvents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
  • C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
  • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
  • C10M105/32—Esters
  • C10M105/38—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
  • C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
  • C11D7/20—Water-insoluble oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
  • C11D7/24—Hydrocarbons
  • C11D7/241—Hydrocarbons linear
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/22—Organic compounds
  • C11D7/28—Organic compounds containing halogen
  • C11D7/30—Halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
  • C11D7/50—Solvents
  • C11D7/5004—Organic solvents
  • C11D7/5018—Halogenated solvents
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
  • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
  • F25B45/00—Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/106—Carbon dioxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
  • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a refrigerant composition and more particularly to a refrigerant composition comprising 1 ,1-difluoroethylene (R- 1132a), difluoromethane (R-32) and 2, 3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) that is useful in mobile or automotive thermal management systems, such as heat pump and air-conditioning systems, especially systems for electric vehicles.
• R- 1132a 1 ,1-difluoroethylene
• R-32 difluoromethane
• R-1234yf 2, 3,3,3- tetrafluoropropene
• electric vehicle refers to both purely electric vehicles as well as vehicles which use electricity as one of several means of propulsion, such as hybrid vehicles.
• Cars fitted with internal combustion engines (ICEs) as primary propulsion systems often also have air-conditioning systems to provide passenger comfort by cooling and dehumidifying air.
• ICEs internal combustion engines
• Such cars provide passenger heating in low-temperature environments by using waste heat from the engine to heat cabin air.
• EVs electric vehicles
• passenger heating must be achieved either by using battery energy in a resistive heating system or by recycling and upgrading heat from other sources using a heat pump.
• a common strategy is to use the air conditioning system in reverse as a heat pump to provide some or all of the required heat at the appropriate temperature to the cabin air.
• a heat pump architecture is more expensive, it can help reduce the overall power draw for passenger heating.
• R-134a 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane (R- 134a), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) and carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744).
• R-134a has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1430 and is gradually being phased out in favour of R-1234yf (GWP of about 1) in order to meet new EU F-Gas regulations, which mandate that new mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems should use a refrigerant with GWP less than 150.
• GWP Global Warming Potential
• MAC mobile air-conditioning
• Ambient air temperature can be as low as -25°C to -30°C.
• the use of R-134a and/or R- 1234yf can be advantageous if the ambient temperature is above about -10°C; however, below this temperature their relatively low vapour pressure reduces the capacity of the system and also reduces the energy efficiency of the heat pump.
• Carbon dioxide is only used in a few ICE vehicles at present because it requires high-pressure equipment (leading to higher cost than that for system components using R-1234yf) and it offers poor energy efficiency in air-conditioning operation at higher ambient temperatures.
• compositions preferably should achieve satisfactory performance when operating in a heat pump mode at ambient temperatures as low as from about -25°C to about -30°C.
• compositions of the (present) invention addresses the above and other deficiencies, and the above needs, by the provision of a composition comprising 1 ,1-difluoroethylene (R-1132a), difluoromethane (R- 32) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) in particular amounts.
• Such compositions are referred to hereinafter as“the compositions of the (present) invention”.
• compositions disclosed herein offer improved performance relative to R-1234yf both in air-conditioning and heat pump modes of operation. This renders these fluids suitable for use in the air-conditioning systems of conventional ICE platforms and also in the thermal management systems of EV platforms.
• compositions of the invention have higher vapour pressures than that of R- 1234yf and hence allow operation at lower external ambient temperatures in a heat pump mode.
• the compositions offer improved energy consumption and heating capacity in heating mode as well as cooling mode.
• compositions are zeotropic and exhibit moderate “temperature glides”.
• compositions of the present invention typically comprise from about 6 to about 18 weight % R-1132a, from about 5 to about 35 weight % R-32 and from about 47 to about 89 weight % R-1234yf.
• compositions comprise from about 6 to about 15 weight % R-1132a, such as from about 7 to about 12 weight %, for example from about 7 to about 10 weight %.
• compositions of the present invention comprise from about 6 to about 30 weight % R-32, such as from about 7 to about 20 weight %, for example from about 8 to about 15 weight %, preferably from about 9 to about 13 weight %.
• compositions comprise from about 55 to about 88 weight % R-1234yf, such as from about 60 to about 87 weight %, for example from about 75 to about 85 weight %, preferably from about 78 to about 84 weight %.
• compositions of the present invention conveniently comprise from about 6 to about 10 weight % R-1132a, such as from 6 to about 7 weight %.
• compositions comprise from about 6 to less than about 30 weight % R-32, such as from about 7 to less than about 30 weight %.
• compositions of the invention comprise from about 55 to about 87 weight % R- 1234yf, such as from about 60 to about 84 weight %, preferably from about 75 to about 84 weight %.
• one of the preferred compositions of the present invention comprises about 8 weight % R-1132a, about 11 weight % R-32 and about 81 weight % R-1234yf.
• compositions of the invention may comprise from about 6 to about 9 weight % R-1132a, such as from about 6 to about 8 weight %.
• compositions of the invention may contain from about 7 to about 28 weight % R-32, such as from about 10 to about 25 weight %, for example from about 12 to about 23 weight %, preferably from about 14 to about 21 weight %, even more preferably from about 15 to about 19 weight %.
• the compositions of the present invention may comprise from about 63 to about 85 weight % R-1234yf, for example from about 67 to about 83 weight %, preferably from about 69 to about 82 weight %, even more preferably from about 72 to about 81 weight %.
• one of the preferred compositions of the present invention may comprise about 6 weight % R-1132a, about 20 weight % R-32 and about 74 weight % R-1234yfn.
• the tolerances (preferably manufacturing tolerances) for the compositions of the present invention are about ⁇ 0.5 weight % for R- 1132a, about ⁇ 1 weight % for R-32 and about ⁇ 1.5 weight % for R-1234yf.
• compositions of the present invention consist essentially of the stated components.
• Consist essentially of we include the meaning that the compositions of the invention contain substantially no other components, particularly no further (hydro)(fluoro)compounds (e.g. (hydro)(fluoro)alkanes or (hyd ro) (fl uoro) al kenes) ) known to be used in heat transfer compositions.
• the term“consist of is included within the meaning of “consist essentially of.
• compositions of the invention are substantially free of any component that has heat transfer properties (other than the components specified).
• the compositions of the invention may be substantially free of any other hydrofluorocarbon compound.
• compositions of the invention contain 0.5% by weight or less of the stated component, preferably 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1 % or less, based on the total weight of the compositions.
• compositions of the present invention have zero ozone depletion potential.
• compositions of the invention have a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of less than about 400, such as less than about 150, preferably less than about 140 or less than about 125.
• GWP Global Warming Potential
• compositions of the invention are of reduced flammability hazard when compared to R- 1132a.
• Flammability may be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34 (e.g. ASHRAE Standard 34:2019) incorporating the ASTM Standard E-681 , the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• compositions have one or more of (a) a higher lower flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy (c) a higher auto-ignition temperature; or (d) a lower burning velocity compared to R-1132a alone.
• the compositions of the invention are less flammable compared to R- 1132a in one or more of the following respects: lower flammable limit at 23°C; lower flammable limit at 60°C; breadth of flammable range at 23°C or60°C; auto-ignition temperature (thermal decomposition temperature); minimum ignition energy in dry air or burning velocity.
• the flammable limits and burning velocity being determined according to the methods specified in ASHRAE-34 and the auto-ignition temperature being determined in a 500ml glass flask by the method of ASTM E659-78.
• compositions of the present invention have a burning velocity of less than about 10 cm/s as determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34:2019, such as less than about 9 cm/s, for example less than about 8 cm/s.
• compositions of the invention are classified as weakly flammable (“class 2L”) as determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34:2019.
• compositions of the invention exhibit a completely unexpected combination of low/non-flammability, low GWP, improved lubricant miscibility and improved performance properties when used in heat pump and/or air-conditioning systems of vehicles, especially electric vehicles. Some of these properties are explained in more detail below.
• the compositions of the present invention have a temperature glide in an evaporator or condenser of less than about 12K, such as less than about 10K, for example less than about 5K
• compositions of the present invention can operate in a heat pump mode at a temperature of less than about -15°C, such as less than about -20°C, preferably whilst still having an evaporation pressure and compressor suction pressure above atmospheric pressure
• compositions of the invention have heating capacity which is greater than or about equal to that of R-1234yf.
• compositions of the present invention have a volumetric cooling capacity which is greater than or about equal to that of R-1234yf.
• compositions of the present invention have a cycle efficiency (coefficient of performance (COP)) which is greater than or about equal to that of R-1234yf.
• COP coefficient of performance
• the compositions of the present invention evaporate at a temperature of below about -30°C when in operation. This enables heat pump operation at ambient air temperatures as low as -25°C to -30°C.
• compositions of the present invention condense at a temperature of above about 40°C when in operation. This is particularly desirable, since passenger air flow from the vent into the cabin is ideally heated to a temperature of from about 40°C to about 50°C.
• the compressor discharge temperature of the compositions of the present invention is within about 15K of the existing refrigerant fluid (such as R-1234yf) they are replacing, preferably within about 10K or about 5K.
• compositions of the invention are typically suitable for use in existing designs of equipment and are compatible with all classes of lubricant currently used with established HFC refrigerants. They may be optionally stabilized or compatibilized with mineral oils by the use of appropriate additives. Preferably, when used in a heat transfer equipment, the composition of the present invention is combined with a lubricant.
• the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof, such as wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) and combinations thereof.
• compositions of the invention contain substantially no trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
• fluorochemicals may be obtained from Apollo Scientific (UK).
• compositions of the invention may be prepared by simply mixing R- 1132a, R-32 and R- 1234yf (and optional components, such as a lubricant) in the desired proportions.
• the compositions can then be added to a heat transfer device or used in any other way as described herein.
• composition of the invention as a working fluid in a heat pump system of a vehicle (such as an electric vehicle).
• composition of the present invention as a working fluid in an air-conditioning system of a vehicle (e.g. an electric vehicle).
• compositions of the invention as a replacement for an existing heat transfer fluid in a refrigeration or air-conditioning system, preferably wherein the existing fluid is R-407C or R-22.
• a heat transfer device comprising a composition according to the present invention.
• the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or an air-conditioning device.
• the heat transfer device comprises a residential or commercial air conditioning system, an air-conditioning system for a train or bus, a heat pump or a commercial or industrial refrigeration system.
• a method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition of the present invention and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.
• a method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition according to the present invention in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition.
• thermodynamic model of the R-1132a/R-32/R-1234yf fluid system was built using the Span- Wagner equation of state as implemented in NIST REFPROP9.1 software.
• a pure fluid model for R-1132a was derived by measuring its vapour pressure from boiling point to critical point, determining the critical point, measuring compressed liquid and vapour densities and measuring enthalpy content and heat capacity of the fluid in liquid and vapour states.
• the vapour-liquid equilibrium behaviour of the binary mixtures of R-1132a with R-32 and R- 1234yf was measured using constant-volume apparatus to measure the vapour pressure of a series of binary compositions over a range of temperatures and pressures from about -50°C to +70°C.
• Example 1 Cooling mode performance
• the compositions of the invention were modelled in cooling mode with R-1234yf as a reference.
• the cycle conditions used were as follows:
• compositions of the invention offer the following: (a) Improved energy efficiency (expressed as Coefficient of Performance) as compared to that of R-1234yf;
• the chosen evaporator and condenser temperatures correspond to operation with external ambient air at about -10°C and a desired air delivery temperature for the cabin of about 50°C.
• the performance of selected compositions of the invention in heating mode is shown in Tables 9 to 16 below.
• compositions of the invention offer the following benefits:
• Example 3 Experimental testing A composition comprising 8 weight % R- 1132a, 11 weight % R-32 and 81 weight % R-1234yf was tested in the air-conditioner/heat pump system of a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle over a range of cooling mode and heating mode conditions. This system has been designed for use with R-1234yf. The testing was conducted according to the SAE J2765 standard for evaluation of performance of mobile air-conditioning systems. Testing was run for the blend in two states: firstly, with the same compressor speed as used for R-1234yf; secondly, with the compressor speed adjusted so that the blend gave equivalent cooling or heating capacity. The performance in cooling and heating modes is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• the legend notation shows the compressor speed (Idle/Medium/High) and the ambient temperature for each test point.
• Ambient temperatures in cooling mode were from 25°C to 60°C; in heating mode from -20°C to 0°C. It can be seen that the blend gave significantly increased energy efficiency in cooling mode and significantly increased heating capacity at low ambient temperatures in heating mode, in line with the modelled results from Examples 1 and 2.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Detergent Compositions (AREA)
• Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)

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