Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
  • C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms
  • C01B21/088—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms containing also one or more halogen atoms
  • C01B21/09—Halogeno-amines, e.g. chloramine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B11/00—Oxides or oxyacids of halogens; Salts thereof
  • C01B11/04—Hypochlorous acid
  • C01B11/06—Hypochlorites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
  • C01B21/087—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms
  • C01B21/088—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more hydrogen atoms containing also one or more halogen atoms
  • C01B21/09—Halogeno-amines, e.g. chloramine
  • C01B21/091—Chloramine, i.e. NH2Cl or dichloramine, i.e. NHCl2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
  • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
  • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
  • C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
  • C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
  • C25B1/01—Products
  • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
  • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to methods for producing haloamines, such as chloramines, that are useful as biocidal agents.
• the invention also relates to haloamines solutions with reduced amounts of harmful halogen polyoxyanions such as perchlorate, chlorate, chlorite, and/or bromate, bromite, or perbromite.
• MCA monochloramine
• Haloamines can be formed by reacting a dilute ammonia solution or at least one ammonium salt or other nitrogen source with at least one halogen-containing oxidant.
• the required parent reagents are commonly available as concentrated solutions.
• the parent solutions are commonly stored near a haloamine generator in which they are combined in defined proportions to form the biocide treatment.
• storage results in a degradation of actives in the parent solutions.
• the degradation of halogen-containing oxidants results in the accumulation of harmful halogen polyoxyanions such as chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and/or analogous bromine ions including bromate.
• Halogen oxyanions can be generally presented by the formula:
• X is a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine bonded with up to n oxygen atoms.
• halogen oxyanions of interest to the present invention can be listed in the order of increasing number of oxygen atoms as follows:
• halogen oxyanions containing more than one oxygen atom, or halogen polyoxyanions have been found to be particularly harmful to human health.
• the perchlorate and chlorate ions have been found to inhibit thyroid iodine uptake and thus are a potential health concern for children, especially those with mild or moderate iodine deficiency.
• Bromate has been found mutagenic in vitro and in vivo and classified as a probable human carcinogen under the 1986 EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment.
• halogen-containing oxidant solutions will contain significant amounts of halogen polyoxyanions formed during storage that will end up in produced haloamine solutions, other methods of producing halogen-containing precursors of haloamines are needed.
• the present invention provides methods of producing a haloamine solution with reduced amounts of halogen polyoxyanions comprising (a) the on-site generation of a halogen-containing oxidant solution and (b) reacting on-site the halogen-containing oxidant with a nitrogen source, to thereby produce the haloamine solution.
• both reactions may be combined into a single step.
• the present invention also provides haloamine solution with no measurable amounts of halogen polyoxyanions.
• the present invention is directed to online production of biocidal haloamines solutions with reduced amounts of halogen polyoxyanions, preferably that are substantially free of halogen polyoxyanions.
• the formed solutions should contain less than 20% by weight of halogen polyoxyanions such as chlorates, for example, less than 10% by weight, or less than 5% by weight, or less than 1% by weight, or less than 0.1% by weight, or less than 0.01 percent, or less than 0.0001 percent by weight of halogen polyoxyanions, such as chlorates, or no measurable amount of any halogen polyoxyanions or chlorates.
• the present methods provide a haloamine product for which the risks to human health related to the presence of halogen polyoxyanions such as chlorate are effectively reduced or eliminated.
• This invention is often described herein with specific reference to monochoramine as the haloamine. However, this invention will be understood as applicable to other haloamines, such as other chloramines and bromamines, such as monobromamine. Also, the invention reduces the amount of chlorate anion, or the analogous bromate anion, depending on the halogen-containing precursors used and depending if sodium salts or another starting compound is used.
• the methods can reduce all halogen polyoxyanions, and preferably produce haloamines solutions free of halogen polyoxyanions of any type.
• biocidal haloamines chloramine solutions
• bleach a solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl
• ammonia-containing solution a solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl
• the ammonia-containing solution may vary between an ammonium carbamate solution, an ammonium bromide solution, and an ammonium sulfate solution and others.
• any desired source of nitrogen can be used, including ammonium salts.
• Commercial bleach is intended to deliver a certain concentration of hypochlorite ion.
• hypochlorite (OCT) decomposes with formation of chlorine polyoxyanions such as chlorite (CIO2 ) and further into chlorate (CIO3 ) via the following disproportionation reaction:
• the present invention provides methods of producing haloamines which result in a significantly reduced content of halogen polyoxyanions.
• the present method uses hypochlorite produced in-situ, which contains less of the undesired by-product chlorate anions.
• the produced hypochlorite can be used directly and immediately such that undesired chlorate anions are not formed.
• the hypochlorite used in the invention can be produced using a number of in-situ methods including reacting chlorine gas with caustic soda, or by reacting chlorinated hydantoin (e.g.,1,3- dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, l,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, or l-bromo-3-chloro-5,5- dimethylhydantoin) compounds with water, or by electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution.
• electrolysis or passing an electric current through a solution is not used in any stage of the method, for example, not used to produce chlorine or the hypochlorite.
• the ammonia-containing component then reacts with, and converts, the sodium hypochlorite to monochloramine having biocidal properties.
• hypochlorite can be controlled to achieve a quantitative conversion of sodium hypochlorite to monochloramine (i.e., a reaction yield of at least about 95 percent, preferably at least about 97 percent). Control of the reaction can avoid production of unwanted byproducts, such as dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride.
• an excess of ammonia, or at least no excess hypochlorite can be used; and/or (b) an alkaline pH, preferably at least about 10 to about 11 can be used.
• the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to monochloramine can be about 95 percent, or 97% or higher.
• the produced monochloramine solution can contain, for example, 0.0001 to 10% or 0.05 to 5% or 0.05 to 2% by weight of MCA.
• the hypochlorite solution is produced by reacting chlorine gas with an alkaline solution. Any desired alkaline solution can be used.
• the chlorine gas can be provided in a compressed form.
• the reaction of chlorine gas can be conducted using a continuous or intermittent process with the resulting hypochlorite solution accumulated, for example, in a storage tank downstream from the gas source and/or by mixing chlorine gas with alkaline water in such an intermediate tank.
• Preparing concentrated solutions of hypochlorite is not necessary. In fact, only a dilute solution, with hypochlorite concentration in the range 0.5-25 g/L, or 1-25 g/L or 2-10 g/L or 1-5 g/L is advantageously needed. Such a concentration is more than 5 times lower than that of the most common commercial 125 g/L hypochlorite solution.
• the hypochlorite tank volume and residence time should be selected to ensure the proper retention time of hypochlorite solution to avoid chlorate formation.
• the ammonium ion containing solution can be prepared in a separate tank using any suitable ammonium source including, for example, ammonia, aqueous ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium fluoride.
• the source of ammonia can be provided by many different ammonia-containing components.
• the ammonia source may be the Busan ® 1474 product, which is commercially available from Buckman Laboratories (Memphis, Tennessee) and is a blend of ammonia-containing compounds containing a total of 7.59% ammonia.
• a suitable chloramine solution is produced using a dilute hypochlorite solution obtained from a mixture of caustic, water, and chlorine gas, wherein the latter is generated electrolytically.
• the hypochlorite solution is accumulated at a minimal volume in an intermediate tank and/or fed directly into a
• a suitable chloramines solution is produced using a dilute hypochlorite solution instantly delivered by an electrolytic generator / electrolyzer.
• Suitable electrolyzers are available commercially from such suppliers as Electrolytic Technologies Systems LLC, North Miami Beach, FL, MIOX Corporation,
• the electrolyzers produce hypochlorite solutions using salt brines or sea water.
• the electrolyzer output can optionally be adjusted to proper pH such as 9-12 or 11-12, with caustic and water and accumulated in an intermediate tank or fed directly into a chloramines generator.
• the hypochlorite solution can be fed directly into a chloramines generator without any time in an intermediate tank.
• the chloramine producing reactions are combined into a single step as shown in Figure 4.
• electrolysis or passing an electric current through a solution is not used to produce chlorine gas or hypochlorite solution in an intermediate upstream stage.
• the present invention can be realized using a system comprising one or more or all the above configurations as shown in Figure 5.
• the dilute hypochlorite solution can be obtained simultaneously or intermittently from a number of sources selected but not limited to a group of those using chlorine gas, an electrolytic chlorine gas generator, or an electrolytic hypochlorite generator.
• the present invention provides on-site generation of halogen-containing oxidant solutions such as hypochlorite solutions using any of the above methods, which then can be used immediately to produce biocidal haloamines.
• halogen-containing oxidant solutions such as hypochlorite solutions using any of the above methods, which then can be used immediately to produce biocidal haloamines.
• Such immediate conversion with no storage period of the hypochlorite solutions eliminates formation of harmful halogen polyoxyanions, such as chlorates.
• a short storage period for example, less than an hour
• Such a short residence time especially with the lower concentration hypochlorite solutions that can be used in the invention, reduces or eliminates the formation of harmful chlorates.
• haloamines such as chloramines
• solutions thereof produced in the present invention can be used anywhere such biocides are used.
• biocidal haloamine applications in food processing and sanitation industry are known.
• the invention can be used in all current haloamine applications, especially including those regulated for the presence of chlorate or other halogen polyoxyanions, such as at starch and sugar mills, in brewing industry, bioethanol plants, the oil and gas industry, and swimming pools.
• the present invention is especially useful in the food processing industry.
• the flexible methods of the present invention produce the lowest possible chlorate level in the chloramine solutions produced.
• hypochlorite solutions many different on-site methods of producing the hypochlorite can be used, including use of a gaseous chlorine as a source of hypochlorite instead of or in combination with an electrolytic generator. Also, a stand-alone electrolytic generator of chlorine gas can be used instead of or in addition to electrolytic generation of hypochlorite solutions.
• the present invention is flexible in that an optional intermediate hypochlorite tank having a low residence time (for example, less than 48 hours, or less than 24 hours, or less than one hour, or less than half an hour, or less than 15 minutes, or less than 1 minute, such as one minute to 48 hours or 15 minutes to 24 hours) can be used.
• a low residence time for example, less than 48 hours, or less than 24 hours, or less than one hour, or less than half an hour, or less than 15 minutes, or less than 1 minute, such as one minute to 48 hours or 15 minutes to 24 hours
• commercial hypochlorite generators can be used without regard to the actual method utilized to generate hypochlorite.
• An embodiment of the present invention was tested for treating microbial contamination at a facility processing of starch into a value-added food and nutrition products.
• the haloamine producing unit was set up utilizing an electolytic chlorine gas generator in accordance with the diagram provided in Figure 2.
• the gaseous chlorine from the generator was combined with a sodium hydroxide solution to form a hypochlorite solution in a storage tank with about 1-hour residence time.
• the free active chlorine concentration in the tank was in the 2-9 g/L range.
• the chlorate content in the tank was in the range of 100-500 mg per kg of Free Active Chlorine.
• the produced haloamine solution contained a very low amount of halogen polyoxyanions.
• the chlorate levels measured in the processed starch were below 0.7 mg/L.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• 2019
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