WO2020107669A1 - 一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法 - Google Patents

一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020107669A1
WO2020107669A1 PCT/CN2019/071268 CN2019071268W WO2020107669A1 WO 2020107669 A1 WO2020107669 A1 WO 2020107669A1 CN 2019071268 W CN2019071268 W CN 2019071268W WO 2020107669 A1 WO2020107669 A1 WO 2020107669A1
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Prior art keywords
zinc
dust
steel
vacuum
reducing agent
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PCT/CN2019/071268
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
黄润
武庆慧
吕晓东
伍秦至
赵世翻
徐本军
张金柱
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贵州大学
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Priority to GB2101494.9A priority Critical patent/GB2588364B/en
Publication of WO2020107669A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020107669A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/001—Dry processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
    • C22B7/02—Working-up flue dust
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
    • C22B1/02—Roasting processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
    • C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
    • C22B1/24—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating
    • C22B1/248—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating of metal scrap or alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B19/00—Obtaining zinc or zinc oxide
    • C22B19/04—Obtaining zinc by distilling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B19/00—Obtaining zinc or zinc oxide
    • C22B19/30—Obtaining zinc or zinc oxide from metallic residues or scraps
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/10—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by solid carbonaceous reducing agents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of comprehensive utilization of secondary resources, and in particular relates to a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust.
  • Iron and steel companies will produce a lot of dust in various processes such as iron making, steel making and steel rolling, accounting for about 10% of the total steel output. It is one of the main sources of pollution in steel plants and a potential secondary resource. Due to the different raw material and fuel levels of various iron and steel enterprises, the dust not only has a higher iron content, but also contains a higher zinc content. If it is directly returned to the sinter as an ingredient, it will continuously recycle and enrich zinc, which will bring about blast furnace The bad influences such as knobs and tuyere upsets seriously endanger the smooth operation of the iron and steel smelting process.
  • the traditional zinc dust treatment methods are mainly wet method and fire method.
  • the wet process process is complicated, difficult to control, low in economic benefits, and generates a lot of chemical waste, which causes environmental pollution, is difficult to optimize and cannot be used on a large scale. Therefore, the current treatment of zinc-containing dust is concentrated on the pyrotechnic process, but the pyrotechnic process requires a higher processing temperature, greater consumption, and greater equipment investment.
  • Patent application CN201710643213.X which discloses a method of recycling steelmaking dust and the vacuum reduction electric furnace equipment used in the method, which uses steelmaking dust, coke powder, calcium oxide, water according to 53:20:15:12 Mix the proportions to make pre-reduced pellets, and then put them into the rotary furnace, and control the pre-reduction temperature to 1050 °C for 60 minutes to reduce, collect the first high-temperature furnace exhaust gas of the rotary furnace and the high-temperature furnace slag ), filter the first high-temperature furnace waste gas to obtain the first zinc-containing dust; then crush the first iron-containing slag with coke powder, calcium oxide, and water in a ratio of 55:18:15:12 to make a secondary reduction ball Group, put it into the electric furnace for secondary reduction, and control the pre-reduction temperature to 1150 °C for 50min, and collect the second high temperature furnace exhaust gas of the rotary furnace, filter the second high temperature furnace exhaust gas to obtain the second zinc-containing dust; Zinc oxide dust (prepared
  • the patent application uses pre-reduction treatment first, and the pre-reduction step and the reduction roasting treatment step are performed separately, thereby extending the entire process flow, and the temperature in the pre-reduction step is higher and the energy consumption is greater; and A secondary pre-reduction process is also required during the process, which further increases the cost.
  • the patent application CN201010237178.X discloses a process for recovering zinc and iron from waste galvanized sheet steelmaking dust.
  • the waste galvanized sheet steelmaking dust is used as a raw material.
  • the raw material is crushed and sieved to obtain leached materials.
  • the zinc oxide in the leaching material is leached at room temperature and weak acid, and zinc ferrite is leached at high temperature and strong acid.
  • the leaching rate of zinc in the whole leaching process is higher than 95%; the leaching solution uses iron phosphate precipitation process, and the iron precipitation rate reaches 99%;
  • the resulting zinc-rich liquid is extracted and electrodeposited to obtain electrodeposited zinc; and the iron phosphate obtained by the iron phosphate precipitation process can be further hydrolyzed to produce Fe(OH) 3 and HPO 4 2- , and the resulting Fe(OH) 3 can be used as The raw material of iron and steel plant, and HPO 4 2- can realize the recycling of iron sinking phosphoric acid.
  • the invention can not only recover the metal zinc and metal iron in the steelmaking dust of the waste galvanized steel sheet, but also realize the recycling of the iron precipitation agent phosphoric acid.
  • the patent application uses a wet process, which is complicated and difficult to control. If it is used on a large scale, it will generate a lot of chemical waste, resulting in environmental pollution and lower economic benefits.
  • Patent application CN201710639195.8 discloses a method for extracting lead and zinc from crude zinc oxide recovered from steel-making dust.
  • the method includes the following steps: 1) The crude zinc oxide is made into spherical particles and added to it Go to the oxidation smelting furnace for heating and oxidation refining; 2) Zinc and lead elements volatilize out of the furnace body in gaseous form, and become dust after meeting oxygen, collect the dust containing zinc and lead in a container; 3) Put the above dust into hydrochloric acid solution Stir to dissolve, the zinc component exists in the form of zinc ion solution, and the lead component exists in the form of solid lead chloride; 4) Add sodium carbonate solution to zinc ion solution to produce zinc carbonate, and lead chloride add sodium carbonate solution to produce lead carbonate; 5 ) Wash and dry.
  • the invention has simple process and convenient operation.
  • the purity of the final produced PbCO 3 and ZnCO 3 can reach more than 98%, the purity of PbO and ZnO can reach more than 99%, and the purity of elemental Zn and Pb can reach more than 99.9%.
  • the patent application first adopts reduction roasting treatment and then wet process treatment. The whole process is divided into two steps. The overall process is more complicated, the energy consumption is larger, and the control is more difficult. For example, large-scale use will produce more chemical waste , Environmental pollution.
  • the invention provides a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust.
  • This application promotes the reduction of zinc in steel-making dust through the addition of additives, realizes the recycling of steel-making dust, obtains high-quality zinc ingots, and reduces the energy consumption during the control of vacuum conditions during steel-making dust treatment.
  • the process is simple and the operation is simple.
  • Vacuum reduction can effectively evaporate the zinc in the steelmaking dust to achieve the purpose of condensing and collecting elemental zinc, so that the recovery rate of zinc in the steelmaking dust is as high as 97.76%, and effectively solves the
  • the problems of high cost, heavy pollution, high energy consumption, and large output of three wastes in the treatment of zinc steelmaking dust have finally achieved the purpose of recycling waste.
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles; the conditions of the vacuum roasting are: the reaction temperature is controlled at 850 to 950°C under a vacuum of 10 to 100 Pa , And constant temperature treatment 80 ⁇ 100min;
  • step (3) The volatile substance obtained in step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector, and the solid is collected to obtain a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • step (1) the mixing method of the raw materials before pressing into pellets is as follows: firstly, the steelmaking dust and the reducing agent are mixed uniformly, and then fed into a grinder to grind to a powder with a mesh size of 80 to 120 mesh, and then added Additives and water are mixed.
  • the steel-making dust is ball-milled by a ball mill, and the ball-milled powder is 30 to 60 mesh.
  • step (2) before the pellets are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, the formed pellets are first sent to a drying oven for drying treatment until their moisture content is zero.
  • drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C
  • time is 1 to 3 hours.
  • the addition of additives makes the zinc reduction process easier; in addition, this application selects a reasonable vacuum degree for vacuum reduction roasting of steelmaking dust, which greatly reduces the reaction temperature, and No inert gas is required for protection, which reduces energy consumption during the process; and in this application, the steelmaking dust is crushed and mixed evenly with the reducing agent and additives so that the steelmaking dust can fully contact with the reducing agent and additives, so that the reduction roasting process
  • the medium reaction can be fully carried out, because the reaction mainly occurs on the surface of the particles, and the kinetic conditions are good; the addition of water makes the test block easier to form; the constant temperature treatment time is reasonable, energy saving, while ensuring the reduction process is fully carried out, so that zinc can be basically completely After volatilization, the zinc ingot is collected by condensation.
  • the reaction principle of this application uses coke powder as a reducing agent, and the zinc in the steel-making dust pellets is reduced to a single substance through the reduction roasting method and is discharged in a gaseous form. Other components remain in the vacuum furnace, so that the zinc is detached.
  • the zinc steam is obtained through the condensation collection device to obtain high-purity zinc ingots. Excess tail gas is discharged through the activated carbon adsorption treatment to avoid secondary pollution in the recovery process.
  • the method of the present application first mixes steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives, and water uniformly, and then forms pellets under a pressure of 11 to 19 MPa, in order to increase the binding force of the block, so that the zinc oxide powder in the steel-making dust can Full contact with coke powder and diboron trioxide makes zinc oxide in the block most likely to be reduced to elemental zinc.
  • the method sets the reduction roasting conditions to control the reaction temperature to 850-950°C under a vacuum of 10-100 Pa, and constant temperature treatment for 80-100 min; if the vacuum is higher than 100Pa, the temperature is lower than 850°C, and the processing time is lower 80min, the zinc oxide cannot be fully reduced and the zinc element cannot escape from the block completely; if the vacuum is lower than 10Pa, the temperature is higher than 950°C, and the treatment time is higher than 100min, the zinc oxide cannot be fully reduced and the zinc element is caused, Waste of resources.
  • the final zinc recovery rate is as high as 97.76%, and the iron content in the obtained iron-containing material reaches more than 59.16%, which can be directly reused as iron concentrate to fully recover the resources And use.
  • the present invention mixes steel-making dust with reducing agents and additives, presses them into pellets, and sends them to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for reduction roasting.
  • the temperature is low, and the zinc in the steelmaking dust can be fully volatilized, thereby reducing the large energy consumption required for the temperature rise in the two pre-reduction processes, reducing the cost of comprehensive utilization of the steelmaking dust, and also reducing the energy consumption 3. Reduce the emissions of the three wastes.
  • the reasonable control of the vacuum degree of the present invention makes the gas pressure in the vacuum carbon tube furnace low, which can promote the gasification, evaporation of metals and the decomposition and reduction of metal compounds and degassing of molten metals, so that zinc is reduced in the roasting treatment process It can be fully volatilized, improve the recovery rate of elemental zinc, and then accelerate the speed of the reaction and reduce the temperature of the reaction, so that the metallurgical operation can be carried out at low temperature and reduce energy consumption.
  • the starting reaction temperature of MgO being reduced by carbothermal to metal magnesium vapor is 1476K (that is, 1203°C); under normal pressure, the starting temperature of MgO being reduced by carbothermal to metal magnesium vapor is 2154K ( That is 1881 °C).
  • the temperature is reasonably controlled in conjunction with the vacuum degree, so that zinc is fully volatilized during the reduction roasting process, which further improves the recovery rate of elemental zinc, and at the same time avoids that the temperature is too low to volatilize the zinc in the steelmaking dust. It also avoids the volatilization of metal magnesium or manganese caused by higher temperature, and reduces the energy consumption in the reduction roasting process.
  • this application promotes the reduction of zinc in steelmaking dust, realizes the recycling of steelmaking dust, obtains high-quality zinc ingots, and reduces the vacuum control during steelmaking dust treatment.
  • Energy consumption, simple process, simple operation, vacuum reduction can effectively evaporate zinc in steelmaking dust, achieve the purpose of condensing and collecting elemental zinc, make the recovery rate of zinc in steelmaking dust up to 97.76%, and effectively solve the existing technology.
  • Example 1 A Steelmaking dust/kg Coke powder/kg Boron trioxide/kg Example 1 100 6 0 Example 2 100 8 0 Example 3 100 8 2 Example 4 100 7 1 Example 5 100 7 1.5
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles and residues, and the residues are solids remaining in the vacuum carbon tube furnace; conditions for the vacuum roasting For: control the reaction temperature to 850°C under a vacuum of 10Pa, and treat it at a constant temperature for 100 minutes; before sending the pellets to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, first send the formed pellets to a drying oven for drying The moisture content is 0; the drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C and the time is 1h;
  • step (2) After the residue of step (2) is crushed and ball milled, an iron-containing material with improved grade is obtained; the volatile matter of step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector and collected This solid obtains a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • the chemical composition and content of the steel-making dust are shown in Table 1, and the amounts of the steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives and water are shown in Table 2.
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles and residues, and the residues are solids remaining in the vacuum carbon tube furnace; conditions for the vacuum roasting For: control the reaction temperature to 950°C under a vacuum of 100Pa, and treat it at a constant temperature for 80 minutes; before sending the pellets to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, first send the formed pellets to a drying oven for drying treatment The moisture content is 0; the drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C and the time is 3h;
  • step (2) After the residue of step (2) is crushed and ball milled, an iron-containing material with improved grade is obtained; the volatile matter of step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector and collected This solid obtains a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • the chemical composition and content of the steel-making dust are shown in Table 1, and the amounts of the steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives and water are shown in Table 2.
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles and residues, and the residues are solids remaining in the vacuum carbon tube furnace; conditions for the vacuum roasting For: control the reaction temperature to 890°C under a vacuum of 20Pa, and treat it at a constant temperature for 89 minutes; before sending the pellets into a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, first send the shaped pellets to a drying oven for drying The moisture content is 0; the drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C and the time is 1.5h;
  • step (2) After the residue of step (2) is crushed and ball milled, an iron-containing material with improved grade is obtained; the volatile matter of step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector and collected This solid obtains a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • the chemical composition and content of the steel-making dust are shown in Table 1, and the amounts of the steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives and water are shown in Table 2.
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles and residues, and the residues are solids remaining in the vacuum carbon tube furnace; conditions for the vacuum roasting For: control the reaction temperature to 930 °C under a vacuum of 90Pa, and treat it at a constant temperature for 85 minutes; before sending the pellets into a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, first send the formed pellets to a drying oven for drying treatment The moisture content is 0; the drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C and the time is 1.5h;
  • step (2) After the residue of step (2) is crushed and ball milled, an iron-containing material with improved grade is obtained; the volatile matter of step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector and collected This solid obtains a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • the chemical composition and content of the steel-making dust are shown in Table 1, and the amounts of the steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives and water are shown in Table 2.
  • a method for comprehensively recycling zinc from steelmaking dust includes the following steps:
  • step (1) The pellets of step (1) are sent to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting to obtain volatiles and residues, and the residues are solids remaining in the vacuum carbon tube furnace; conditions for the vacuum roasting For: control the reaction temperature to 900 °C under a vacuum of 50Pa, and treat it at a constant temperature for 90 minutes; before sending the pellets to a vacuum carbon tube furnace for vacuum roasting, first send the formed pellets to a drying oven for drying treatment The moisture content is 0; the drying temperature is ⁇ 120°C and the time is 2h;
  • step (2) After the residue of step (2) is crushed and ball milled, an iron-containing material with improved grade is obtained; the volatile matter of step (2) is gaseous elemental zinc, which is condensed into a solid after passing through a condensation collector and collected This solid obtains a high-purity zinc ingot.
  • the chemical composition and content of the steel-making dust are shown in Table 1, and the amounts of the steel-making dust, reducing agent, additives and water are shown in Table 2.
  • Example 1 The difference from Examples 1 to 5 is that the temperature is controlled to 800°C during vacuum baking, and other conditions remain unchanged.
  • Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 of this application were respectively used to recycle zinc from steelmaking dust, and the zinc recovery rate, iron content in iron-containing materials, and the total cost used after processing 100 kg of steelmaking dust with different methods were recorded.
  • the test results are shown in Table 3 below.
  • this application promotes the reduction of zinc in steelmaking dust through the addition of additives, realizes the recycling of steelmaking dust, obtains high-quality zinc ingots, and reduces the vacuum condition control during the steelmaking dust treatment process Energy consumption, and the process is simple and the operation is simple.
  • Vacuum reduction can effectively evaporate the zinc in the steelmaking dust to achieve the purpose of condensing and collecting elemental zinc, which makes the recovery rate of zinc in the steelmaking dust as high as 97.76%, and effectively solves the current
  • the problems of high cost, heavy pollution, high energy consumption, and large output of the three wastes in the treatment of zinc-containing steel-making dust have finally achieved the purpose of recycling waste.

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Abstract

一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂进行混合后，压制成球团，送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得气态单质锌挥发物，经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集固体获得高纯度锌锭。该方法促进了炼钢粉尘中锌的还原，实现了对炼钢粉尘的回收利用，获得了高品质锌锭，降低了炼钢粉尘处理过程中真空条件控制时的能耗，且工艺简单，操作简便。

Description

一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法 技术领域
本发明属于二次资源综合利用技术领域，尤其涉及一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法。
背景技术
钢铁企业在炼铁、炼钢以及轧钢等各工序会产生大量粉尘，约占到总钢产量的10％左右，是钢铁厂主要的污染源之一，同时也是一种潜在的二次资源。由于各钢铁企业的原料和燃料水平不同，粉尘中不仅有较高的铁含量，还会含有较高的锌含量，若直接作为配料返回烧结，将使锌不断循环富集，将带来高炉结瘤、风口上翘破损等恶劣影响，严重危害钢铁冶炼过程的顺利运行。
而我国锌资源数量少，消耗量大，需要加大对循环再生锌的利用，钢铁冶金粉尘就是一种重要的再生锌来源。但是由于含锌粉尘质量远不及传统炼锌原料，提锌价值有限，通常也无法直接给炼锌企业使用，因此如何有效利用含锌粉尘一直是业界的重要问题。
传统的含锌粉尘处理方法主要为湿法和火法。湿法处理工艺流程复杂，控制困难，经济效益低，并产生很多化学废物，造成环境污染，难以进行优化且无法大规模使用。因此，目前对含锌粉尘的处理集中在火法工艺上，但火法工艺需要的处理温度较高，消耗较大，设备投资也较大。
目前，关于从炼钢粉尘中回收锌进行二次利用的文献有一些，例如：
1、专利申请CN201710643213.X，公开了一种炼钢粉尘回收利用方法及其使用的真空还原电炉设备，该方法采用炼钢粉尘、焦粉、氧化钙、水按照53:20:15:12的比例混匀，制成预还原球团，再将其投入回转炉，并控制预还原温度为1050℃ 还原60min，收集回转炉的第一高温炉废气及高温炉内的炉渣(第一含铁炉渣)，过滤第一高温炉废气得到第一含锌粉尘；再将第一含铁炉渣粉碎与焦粉、氧化钙、水按照55:18:15:12的比例混匀，制成二次还原球团，将其投入电炉进行二次还原，并控制预还原温度为1150℃还原50min，并收集回转炉的第二高温炉废气，过滤第二高温炉废气得到第二含锌粉尘；最后，将粗氧化锌粉尘(第一含锌粉尘与第二含锌粉尘混合制得)或精氧化锌粉尘(第二含锌粉尘)与铁粉按照摩尔比1:1-1.2混合均匀，压制成块，再置于高频感应加热炉内1100℃下保温2h进行氧化还原反应，最后冷凝收集得到单质锌块；最终，可使最终锌的提取率达到95％以上，含铁渣料中铁含量品味达到60％以上，并且该方法经济环保，能够很好地实现废料循环利用的目的。可见，该专利申请采用的是先进行预还原处理，将预还原步骤与还原焙烧处理的步骤单独进行，进而延长了整个工艺流程，且预还原步骤中的温度较高，能耗较大；并且处理过程中还需要进行二次预还原处理，进而进一步增大了成本。
2、专利申请CN201010237178.X，公开了一种从废镀锌板炼钢粉尘中回收锌和铁的工艺，以废镀锌板炼钢粉尘为原料，原料经破碎、筛分后获得浸出物料，浸出物料中的氧化锌采用常温弱酸浸出，而铁酸锌采用高温强酸浸出，整个浸出流程中锌的浸出率高于95％；浸出液采用磷酸沉铁工艺沉铁，沉铁率达到99％；净化后的富锌液采用萃取、电积得到电积锌；而由磷酸沉铁工艺得到的磷酸铁可进一步水解生成Fe(OH) 3和HPO 4 2-，反应生成的Fe(OH) 3可作为钢铁厂的原料，而HPO 4 2-可实现沉铁剂磷酸的循环利用。本发明不仅能够回收废镀锌板炼钢粉尘中的金属锌和金属铁，同时实现沉铁剂磷酸的循环利用。但是，该专利申请采用的是湿法处理工艺，该工艺流程复杂，控制较为困难，如果大规模使用会产生很多化学废物，造成环境污染，带来的经济效益较低。
3、专利申请CN201710639195.8，公开了一种从炼钢粉尘回收的粗氧化锌中提炼铅和锌的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：1)将粗氧化锌制作为球形微粒，并将其加入到氧化熔炼炉内加热氧化提炼；2)锌和铅元素以气态形式挥发出炉体，遇氧后以变为粉尘，用容器收集含锌和铅的粉尘；3)将上述粉尘投入到盐酸溶液中 搅拌溶解，锌成分以锌离子溶液的形态存在，铅成分以氯化铅固体形态存在；4)在锌离子溶液中添加碳酸钠溶液生成碳酸锌，氯化铅添加碳酸钠溶液生成碳酸铅；5)水洗干燥。本发明工艺简单，操作方便，最终制作出的PbCO 3和ZnCO 3纯度能达到98％以上，PbO和ZnO纯度达到99％以上，单质Zn和Pb达到99.9％以上。但是，该专利申请先采用还原焙烧处理，再采用湿法工艺处理，整个过程分两步进行，整体工艺流程较复杂，能耗较大，控制较为困难，如大规模使用会产生较多化学废物，环境污染。
因此，如何有效的回收利用含锌的炼钢粉尘中的锌，且得到的残余物也可作为配料进行二次利用是关键性问题。
发明内容
本发明为解决上述技术问题，提供了一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法。本申请通过添加剂的添加，促进了炼钢粉尘中锌的还原，实现了对炼钢粉尘的回收利用，获得了高品质锌锭，降低了炼钢粉尘处理过程中真空条件控制时的能耗，且工艺简单，操作简便，真空还原能够有效蒸发炼钢粉尘中的锌，达到冷凝收集单质锌的目的，使得炼钢粉尘中锌的回收率高达97.76％，并有效解决了现有技术中对含锌炼钢粉尘处理时存在的成本较高、污染重、能耗高、三废产出量大的问题，最终实现了废料循环利用的目的。
为了能够达到上述所述目的，本发明采用以下技术方案：
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂、水进行混合，其中，炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水按照以下重量份配比进行混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂6～8份、添加剂0～2份、水0.4～0.7份，然后送入直径为20.01～30mm、压力为11～19MPa的模具中压制成球团；所述添加剂为三氧化二硼，还原剂为焦粉；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为10～100Pa下控制反应温度为850～950℃，并恒温处理80～100min；
(3)步骤(2)所得的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
进一步地，在步骤(1)，在压制成球团之前原料的混合方法为：先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂混合均匀，送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为80～120目的粉末，然后再加入添加剂和水进行混合。
进一步地，在炼钢粉尘和还原剂混合之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为30～60目的粉末。
进一步地，在步骤(2)，将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0。
进一步地，所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为1～3h。
文献《电炉粉尘中锌金属回收的试验研究》，钢铁研究学报，杜光宝、张梅、郭敏，2010-10-15，公开了：粉尘在堆放和运输过程中，部分已经结块，其含水量为1.94％。粉尘经过破碎—烘干—配炭—造球(添加粘结剂)—烘干，制得试验球团(直径8～15mm)，将球团放入氧化铝坩埚中，然后在试验温度下置入炉中恒温带，在通氮气保护气体下，进行高温焙烧试验；将试验球团置入炉中，在高温下，碳和CO逐渐把铁和锌还原出来，得到的金属铁，锌则以蒸汽的形式挥发出来，并且在外加水套的冷却下，在冷凝器里凝固下来，收到金属锌；结果得出：当碳/氧比为1.2，焙烧温度1100℃，还原时间10min，可以得到金属化率为84.95％的球团，并且收集到金属锌。该文献与本申请都向粉尘中添加物质、造球、焙烧的方式进行回收锌，碳和CO把锌还原后，气体中除了锌单质还会存在CO等其他其他，使得最终冷凝得到的物质不一定是纯锌，且该工艺还需要氮气保护下进行，这会增加回收处理成本。但是本申请是通过添加剂(三氧化二硼)的添加，使得锌的还原过程更容易进行；此外，本申请选用合理的真空度对炼钢 粉尘进行真空还原焙烧，极大地降低了反应温度，也不需要惰性气体进行保护，减少了处理过程中的能耗；且本申请中将炼钢粉尘粉碎后与还原剂、添加剂均匀混合使得炼钢粉尘能与还原剂和添加剂充分接触，使得还原焙烧过程中反应能够充分进行，因为反应主要发生在颗粒表层，动力学条件好；水的加入使得试块更容易成型；恒温处理时间合理，节能的同时保证了还原过程的充分进行，使得锌基本能够完全挥发，然后冷凝收集得到锌锭。
本申请反应原理：本申请方法以焦粉作为还原剂，通过还原焙烧方法将炼钢粉尘球团中的锌还原为单质并以气态形式排出，炼钢粉尘球团中的铁等有价金属及其他成分则残留在真空炉内，从而使锌脱离，锌蒸汽经冷凝收集装置得到高纯度锌锭，多余尾气通过活性炭吸附处理后排出，避免了回收过程中的二次污染。本申请方法首先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂、水混合均匀后，在11～19MPa的压力下制成球团，是为了增加块体的结合力，使炼钢粉尘中的氧化锌粉末能够与焦粉、三氧化二硼充分接触，让块体中的氧化锌最大可能被还原成锌单质。另外，该方法将还原焙烧条件设置为在真空度为10～100Pa下控制反应温度为850～950℃，恒温处理80～100min；若真空度高于100Pa，温度低于850℃，处理时间低于80min，则氧化锌不能充分还原而且锌单质不能从块体中完全逸出；若真空度低于10Pa，温度高于950℃，处理时间高于100min，则氧化锌不能充分还原且锌单质，造成资源的浪费。通过本发明中的炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，最终锌的回收率高达97.76％，获得的含铁物料中铁含量达到59.16％以上，可直接作为铁精矿再次利用，使资源得到充分回收和利用。
由于本发明采用了以上技术方案，具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明为解决上述缺陷，将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂进行混合，压制成球团后，送入真空碳管炉中进行还原焙烧处理，在整个处理过程中为整体处理，还原温度较低，并且能够充分地将炼钢粉尘中的锌挥发出来，进而降低了两次预还原过程升温需要的较大能耗，降低了炼钢粉尘综合利用的成本，且还能降低能耗、降低三废的排放量。
(2)本发明通过真空度的合理控制，使得真空碳管炉内的气体压力低，能够促进金属的气化、蒸发和金属化合物的分解还原和熔融金属脱气，使得锌在还原焙烧处理过程中得到充分挥发，提高单质锌的回收率，进而加快反应进行的速度和降低反应进行的温度，使冶金作业得以在低温下进行，降低能耗。例如：在体系压力为100Pa时，MgO被碳热还原为金属镁蒸汽的开始反应温度为1476K(即1203℃)；在常压下，MgO被碳热还原为金属镁蒸汽的开始温度为2154K(即1881℃)。
(3)本申请结合真空度进行合理控制温度，使得锌在还原焙烧处理过程中得到充分挥发，进一步提高了单质锌的回收率，同时避免过低温度难以使炼钢粉尘中的锌挥发出来，也避免较高的温度导致金属镁或者锰的挥发，降低还原焙烧处理过程中的能耗。
(4)本申请通过合理控制真空还原焙烧的工艺参数，使得锌以蒸气形式挥发且其他物质不能挥发，在冷凝过程中形成高纯度锌锭。
(5)本申请通过添加剂的添加，促进了炼钢粉尘中锌的还原，实现了对炼钢粉尘的回收利用，获得了高品质锌锭，降低了炼钢粉尘处理过程中真空条件控制时的能耗，且工艺简单，操作简便，真空还原能够有效蒸发炼钢粉尘中的锌，达到冷凝收集单质锌的目的，使得炼钢粉尘中锌的回收率高达97.76％，并有效解决了现有技术中对含锌炼钢粉尘处理时存在的成本较高、污染重、能耗高、三废产出量大的问题。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明，但本发明并不局限于这些实施方式，任何在本实施例基本精神上的改进或代替，仍属于本发明权利要求所要求保护的范围。
本申请实施例采用贵州某厂生产过程产生的炼钢粉尘，并对其化学成分进行分析，得出其成分的质量分数如下表1所示：
表1炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量
成分 TFe SiO 2 MgO Al 2O 3 MnO Zn Cu As
含量(wt％) 58.98 1.10 2.10 0.07 0.590 6.35 0.03 0.057
本申请实施例1～5主要原料及用量如下表2所示：
表2实施例1～5主要原料及用量
  炼钢粉尘/kg 焦粉/kg 三氧化二硼/kg
实施例1 100 6 0
实施例2 100 8 0
实施例3 100 8 2
实施例4 100 7 1
实施例5 100 7 1.5
实施例1
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、水进行混合后，压制成球团；所述还原剂为焦粉；所述压制成球团是先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、水混合均匀后，再送入直径为20.01mm的模具压球成型；所述压制成球团的压力为11MPa；所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂和水按照以下重量份配比混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂6份、水0.4份；在压制成球团之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为30目的粉末，与还原剂混合均匀，再送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为80目的粉末，然后再加入水进行混合；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物和残留物，所述残留物是残留在真空碳管炉中的固体；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为10Pa下控制反应温度为850℃，并恒温处理100min；将球团送入真空碳 管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0；所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为1h；
(3)将步骤(2)的残留物经破碎、球磨后，获得品位得到提升的含铁物料；将步骤(2)的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
所述炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量如表1所示，所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水的用量配比如表2所示。
实施例2
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、水进行混合后，压制成球团；所述还原剂为焦粉；所述压制成球团是先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、水混合均匀后，再送入直径为30mm的模具压球成型；所述压制成球团的压力为19MPa；所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂和水按照以下重量份配比混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂8份、水0.7份；在压制成球团之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为60目的粉末，与还原剂混合均匀，再送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为120目的粉末，然后再加入水进行混合；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物和残留物，所述残留物是残留在真空碳管炉中的固体；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为100Pa下控制反应温度为950℃，并恒温处理80min；将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0；所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为3h；
(3)将步骤(2)的残留物经破碎、球磨后，获得品位得到提升的含铁物料；将步骤(2)的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
所述炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量如表1所示，所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水的用量配比如表2所示。
实施例3
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂、水进行混合后，压制成球团；所述添加剂为三氧化二硼；所述还原剂为焦粉；所述压制成球团是先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂、水混合均匀后，再送入直径为21.05mm的模具压球成型；所述压制成球团的压力为12MPa；所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水按照以下重量份配比混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂8份、添加剂2份、水0.5份；在压制成球团之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为40目的粉末，与还原剂混合均匀，再送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为90目的粉末，然后再加入添加剂和水进行混合；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物和残留物，所述残留物是残留在真空碳管炉中的固体；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为20Pa下控制反应温度为890℃，并恒温处理89min；将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0；所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为1.5h；
(3)将步骤(2)的残留物经破碎、球磨后，获得品位得到提升的含铁物料；将步骤(2)的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
所述炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量如表1所示，所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水的用量配比如表2所示。
实施例4
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂、水进行混合后，压制成球团；所述添加剂为三氧化二硼；所述还原剂为焦粉；所述压制成球团是先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂、水混合均匀后，再送入直径为29.01mm的模具压球成型；所述压制成球团的压力为18MPa；所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水按照以下重量份配比混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂7份、添加剂1份、水0.6份；在压制成球团之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为50目的粉末，与还原剂混合均匀，再送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为110目的粉末，然后再加入添加剂和水进行混合；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物和残留物，所述残留物是残留在真空碳管炉中的固体；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为90Pa下控制反应温度为930℃，并恒温处理85min；将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0；所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为1.5h；
(3)将步骤(2)的残留物经破碎、球磨后，获得品位得到提升的含铁物料；将步骤(2)的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
所述炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量如表1所示，所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水的用量配比如表2所示。
实施例5
一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂、水进行混合后，压制成球团；所述添加剂为三氧化二硼；所述还原剂为焦粉；所述压制成球团是先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂、水混合均匀后，再送入直径为25.00mm的模具压球成型；所述压制成球团的压力为15MPa；所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水按照以下重量份配比混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂7份、添加剂1.5份、水0.5份；在压制成球团之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为45目的粉末， 与还原剂混合均匀，再送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为100目的粉末，然后再加入添加剂和水进行混合；
(2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物和残留物，所述残留物是残留在真空碳管炉中的固体；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为50Pa下控制反应温度为900℃，并恒温处理90min；将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0；所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为2h；
(3)将步骤(2)的残留物经破碎、球磨后，获得品位得到提升的含铁物料；将步骤(2)的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
所述炼钢粉尘的化学成分及含量如表1所示，所述炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水的用量配比如表2所示。
对比例1
与实施例1～5不同之处在于：在焙烧的过程中控制压强为1atm，其他条件不变。
对比例2
与实施例1～5不同之处在于：在真空焙烧的过程中控制温度为800℃，其他条件不变。
对比例3
按照专利申请CN201710643213.X中的实施例进行。
对比例4
按照专利申请CN201010237178.X中的实施例进行。
将本申请实施例1～5和对比例1～4方法分别进行炼钢粉尘回收利用锌试验，记录不同方法分别处理100kg炼钢粉尘后锌回收率、含铁物料中铁含量以及所用的成本合计，试验结果如下表3所示。
表3不同方法处理100kg炼钢粉尘实验结果
组别 锌回收率 含铁物料中铁含量 成本合计
实施例1 93.70％ 61.69％ 117元
实施例2 95.43％ 59.16％ 122元
实施例3 97.76％ 60.67％ 168元
实施例4 96.25％ 61.08％ 143元
实施例5 96.97％ 61.96％ 154元
对比例1 48.03％ 58.23％ 156元
对比例2 90.26％ 59.21％ 138元
对比例3 96.00％ 60.00％ 496元
对比例4 95.00％ 62.56％ 473元
由表3实验数据可知，本申请方法进行炼钢粉尘回收利用锌过程中，锌回收率、含铁物料中铁含量和对比例3及对比例4相当，但是在处理的炼钢粉尘量相同时，对比例3及对比例4所需的成本明显比本申请方法要高，因此，本申请方法在炼钢粉尘回收利用锌时具有明显优势。
综上所述，本申请通过添加剂的添加，促进了炼钢粉尘中锌的还原，实现了对炼钢粉尘的回收利用，获得了高品质锌锭，降低了炼钢粉尘处理过程中真空条件控制时的能耗，且工艺简单，操作简便，真空还原能够有效蒸发炼钢粉尘中的锌，达到冷凝收集单质锌的目的，使得炼钢粉尘中锌的回收率高达97.76％，并有效解决了现有技术中对含锌炼钢粉尘处理时存在的成本较高、污染重、能耗高、三废产出量大的问题，最终实现了废料循环利用的目的。
对于本领域技术人员而言，显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节，而且在没有背离本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下，能够以其他的具体形式实现本 发明。因此，无论从哪一点来看，均应将实施例看作是示范性的，而且是非限制性的，本发明的范围由所附权利要求而不是上述说明限定，因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同腰间的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    (1)将炼钢粉尘与还原剂、添加剂、水进行混合，其中，炼钢粉尘、还原剂、添加剂和水按照以下重量份配比进行混合：炼钢粉尘100份、还原剂6～8份、添加剂0～2份、水0.4～0.7份，然后送入直径为20.01～30mm、压力为11～19MPa的模具中压制成球团；所述添加剂为三氧化二硼，还原剂为焦粉；
    (2)将步骤(1)的球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧，获得挥发物；所述真空焙烧的条件为：在真空度为10～100Pa下控制反应温度为850～950℃，并恒温处理80～100min；
    (3)步骤(2)所得的挥发物是气态单质锌，其经过冷凝收集器后冷凝成固体，收集该固体获得高纯度锌锭。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，其特征在于：在步骤(1)，在压制成球团之前原料的混合方法为：先将炼钢粉尘、还原剂混合均匀，送入研磨机研磨成目粒度为80～120目的粉末，然后再加入添加剂和水进行混合。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，其特征在于：在炼钢粉尘和还原剂混合之前，先采用球磨机将炼钢粉尘进行球磨，球磨成目粒度为30～60目的粉末。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，其特征在于：在步骤(2)，将球团送入真空碳管炉中进行真空焙烧前，先将成型的球团送入干燥箱中干燥处理至其水分含量为0。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种炼钢粉尘综合利用回收锌的方法，其特征在于：所述干燥的温度为≥120℃，时间为1～3h。
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