WO2020096006A1 - 希少糖含有組成物の製造方法および希少糖含有組成物 - Google Patents
希少糖含有組成物の製造方法および希少糖含有組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020096006A1 WO2020096006A1 PCT/JP2019/043722 JP2019043722W WO2020096006A1 WO 2020096006 A1 WO2020096006 A1 WO 2020096006A1 JP 2019043722 W JP2019043722 W JP 2019043722W WO 2020096006 A1 WO2020096006 A1 WO 2020096006A1
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- Prior art keywords
- sugar
- fructose
- psicose
- glucose
- rare
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Definitions
- the present invention uses D-fructose as a raw material, uses two enzyme reactions, and combines two enzyme reactions in series so that the enzyme is not lost in a separation operation during the production process, and in principle,
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a sugar-containing composition in which 100% of all raw materials can be obtained as a product, and a rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as sugar as a product and its use.
- the enzymes ketose 3-epimerase and xylose isomerase used in the present invention will be defined.
- Isomerase Isomerase catalyzes "a reaction in which the chemical formula does not change".
- Isomerase acting on hexose catalyzes "a reaction in which the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 does not change".
- aldose isomerase catalyzes "intramolecular hydrogen transfer” and promotes a redox reaction between C 1 and C 2 .
- Epimerase In the case of a monosaccharide, epimerase is an enzyme that moves the position of -OH bound to C to the opposite side, and catalyzes "a reaction where the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 does not change". Therefore, it is an enzyme belonging to isomerase.
- the enzyme "isomerase” is well known in the art, and examples thereof include ketose 3-epimerase, xylose isomerase, and glucose isomerase.
- glucose isomerase is not an official scientific name.
- Glucose isomerase as the name of the enzyme is not included in the EC number registered in the International Union of Biochemical and Molecular Biology. This is not a "scientific name for an enzyme.”
- D-xylose isomerase is the scientific name and glucose isomerase is only commonly used as a commercial name. The reason is that D-xylose isomerase acts "on humans” to act on glucose having a similar structure, and glucose is not used as fructose in nature. Epimerase is included in isomerases.
- the EC number includes all the enzymes belonging to "EC.5.- (isomerase)". Even if a newly discovered enzyme, which is classified as another isomerase, has a slight action capable of catalyzing these reactions, it is meant to be included.
- the name "isomerase” used in the present invention is used to include a wide group of enzymes.
- the conventional technique produces pure rare sugar D-allulose (D-psicose) using ketose 3-epimerase (for example, D-allulose 3-epimerase) as a raw material of D-fructose.
- ketose 3-epimerase for example, D-allulose 3-epimerase
- the rare sugar D-psicose acts epimerase on D-fructose to form a mixture of D-fructose and D-psicose, which can be separated and purified to form powdery crystals of D-psicose.
- This D-psicose has its own use as a sweetener, a medicine, etc., and it is mass produced and started to be sold all over the world.
- Patent Document 1 aims to solve the problem that conventional sweeteners such as fructose-glucose syrup have different sweetness qualities from sugar, and to make the sweetener very close to the sweetness and taste of sugar.
- the amount of D-glucose and D-psicose is 100 parts by weight or more, and D-psicose is 9 parts by weight or more, and D-fructose, D-glucose and D-psicose are 100 parts by weight in total.
- D-fructose is 34 to 55 parts by weight, and the total of D-glucose and D-psicose is 66 to 45 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of D-fructose, D-glucose and D-psicose in total.
- a sweetener have been developed.
- the production method which is a sweetener containing the above-mentioned sweetener D-psicose and which can be produced at low cost is (1) a method using a so-called isomerized sugar as a raw material, and (2) a mixed enzyme. The method used and (3) the method for preparing a sugar solution containing high D-psicose are shown.
- (1) Method using continuous plant First fructose-glucose liquid sugar is prepared, and then ketose 3-epimerase is allowed to act on it.
- Fructose glucose syrup is produced from starch as a raw material using enzymes such as immobilized or batch-type alpha amylase, glucoamylase, and glucose isomerase.
- the produced isomerized sugar solution is continuously reacted with epimerase to produce a mixed sugar solution of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose.
- the resulting molasses consists of approximately 58 parts by weight D-glucose, 34 parts by weight D-fructose and 8 parts by weight D-psicose. It is a relatively low product with about 8% D-psicose.
- (2) Method using mixed enzyme Glucose isomerase + ketose 3-epimerase is allowed to act on the above glucose syrup.
- the resulting sugar solution consists of 41 parts by weight of D-glucose, 48 parts by weight of D-fructose and 11 parts by weight of D-psicose in a reaction time of 2 hours.
- D-glucose is 43 parts by weight
- D-fructose is 48 parts by weight
- D-psicose is 9 parts by weight.
- D-psicose contained as a main component and a D-psicose-containing low-caloric sweetener having an improved taste consisting of sugar alcohol and / or a high-intensity sweetener, Efforts are being made to improve the sweetness while maintaining its function by adding high-intensity sweeteners and other sweeteners.
- the rare sugar D-psicose is produced from D-fructose at a yield of 20 to 25% when D-fructose is reacted with D-ketohexose 3-epimerase (Patent Document 3). Further, when D-psicose 3-epimerase (Non-patent Document 1) is used, D-psicose is produced at a yield of 40%, and when boric acid is used together, 62% of D-psicose is produced. There is a report. When producing D-fructose after producing purified D-fructose, since it is performed in separate steps, there are restrictions on raw materials, transportation, reaction costs, plant operation costs, etc. Mass production is extremely difficult.
- HFCS is obtained through a process of separating D-fructose and adding it to the product.
- the composition obtained in the production process without separating each component is not used as a sweetener.
- three enzyme reactions, purification and concentration are required.
- Liquefaction Water and ⁇ -amylase, which is a hydrolase, are added to starch and heated to about 95 ° C. As a result, the high molecular weight starch is decomposed to some extent.
- Saccharification After completion of liquefaction, cool to about 55 ° C.
- a high fructose liquid sugar having a fructose content of 90 to 95% can be produced.
- a fructose fructose liquid sugar having a fructose content of 42% By blending this with a fructose fructose liquid sugar having a fructose content of 42%, a fructose glucose solution having a fructose content of 55% is produced. Since the sweetener having the same degree of sweetness and taste as the sugar described in Patent Document 1 has the function of suppressing the obesity effect of isomerized sugar, it is time to enter the market and its invention.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a rare sugar-containing composition in consideration of points to be improved as a sweetener while maintaining excellent functionality of D-psicose.
- Isomerized sugar is said to be the cause of obesity because D-fructose (fructose) has a bad effect on the accumulation of neutral fat.
- D-fructose has the advantage of being sweet and delicious. Adjusting D-fructose to an amount that does not cause defects, adjusting the composition to bring out the advantage that D-fructose is sweet, supplementing the sweetness which is the weak point of D-psicose, and the functionality of D-psicose It is required to create a new sweetener that you have.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a rare sugar-containing composition by a simple method that does not add anything by combining two reactions.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method completed by constructing an unprecedented system construction in which
- a rare sugar-containing composition consisting of a certain D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-psicose ratio has the same sweetness and sweetness as sugar, and also prevents lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity. It can be an effective sweetener, its rare sugar-containing composition can be produced in a pure form without side reaction products by connecting conventional production lines in an appropriate form, and a special purification step is added. They found that there was no need, and completed the present invention.
- the gist of the present invention is a method for producing a rare sugar-containing composition described in (1) to (13) below.
- D-fructose is used in the second step.
- D-Conversion of D-fructose to D-glucose using D-xylose isomerase that does not act on psicose to obtain a target product with a new composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose how to.
- the target product of the second step is 10 to 20 parts by weight of the rare sugar D-psicose, D-glucose and D-glucose, based on 100 parts by weight of the rare sugars D-psicose, D-glucose and D-fructose.
- the target product of the second step is 15 to 20 parts by weight of the rare sugar D-psicose, D-glucose and D-glucose and 100 parts by weight of the rare sugars D-psicose, D-glucose and D-fructose in total.
- the target product of the second step is a rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as sugar.
- the reaction in the first step and the reaction in the second step are reactions carried out by passing the substrate solution through the immobilized enzyme column, and by adjusting the flow rate of the substrate, the target product is obtained.
- the gist of the present invention is the following (14) to (19) rare sugar-containing compositions having the same taste as sugar and uses of the following (20) to (29).
- a composition containing a rare sugar having the same taste as sugar is the following (14) to (19) rare sugar-containing compositions having the same taste as sugar and uses of the following (20) to (29).
- a pharmaceutical or quasi drug which comprises the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- An oral composition comprising the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- a cosmetic comprising the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- An antiobesity agent which comprises the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- An antifeedant comprising the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- An agent for improving insulin resistance which comprises the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- a low-calorie sweetener comprising the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of the sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- a sugar-like sweetener comprising the rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as that of sugar according to any one of (14) to (19).
- D-Fructose (fructose) has the advantage of being sweet and tasty, but it is the reason why isomerized sugar containing it is said to be the cause of obesity because it has a detrimental effect on the accumulation of neutral fat.
- the amount of D-fructose is adjusted to a level that does not cause defects, and the composition is adjusted to bring out the advantage that D-fructose is sweet, which supplements the weakness of D-psicose, the sweetness, and the functionality of D-psicose. You can create a new sweetener that you have.
- the rare sugar-containing composition of the present invention which has the same taste as sugar, is a composition having a new composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose, therefore, foods, beverages, especially functional foods (prevention of obesity) Etc.) as well as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, feeds, agricultural chemicals (plant growth regulators, plant disease resistance amplification agents, etc.) and industrial applications.
- a method for producing a rare sugar-containing composition by a simple method that does not add anything by using two raw materials and two enzymatic reactions and skillfully combining the two reactions. it can. It is characterized by being completed by reacting epimerase and isomerase under suitable conditions, without the cost of new equipment investment, and by being able to freely use continuous or individual reactions for production. A manufacturing method can be provided.
- the same sweetness as sugar can be improved by the D-fructose content, and the production cost can be reduced by connecting it appropriately to the conventional production line, and the function of D-psicose can be sufficiently maintained. It is possible to provide a completed manufacturing method by constructing an unprecedented system.
- the concentration operation can be omitted, and the product can be obtained only by the deionization operation and concentration of the product of the enzymatic reaction, and a significant cost reduction can be expected.
- ketose 3-epimerase is allowed to act on raw material D-fructose to produce a mixture of D-fructose and a rare sugar D-psicose
- D-xylose isomerase which does not act on D-psicose is allowed to act on the mixture.
- -Converting fructose to D-glucose to produce a composition of a rare sugar D-psicose, D-glucose and D-fructose having a new composition of interest and a method of producing the same taste as the obtained sugar.
- Rare sugar-containing composition and use thereof will be described.
- a method for producing a rare sugar-containing composition using D-fructose as a raw material comprising the step of preparing D-fructose as a mixture with D-psicose by ketose 3-epimerase in the first step and converting it into D-psicose.
- D-fructose By converting D-fructose into D-glucose using a non-acting D-xylose isomerase, a method characterized by obtaining a target product having a new composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose is obtained. is there.
- the manufacturing method of the present invention will be described in more detail. (1) Use D-fructose as a raw material.
- D-fructose is used as a raw material.
- RSS is an isomerized sugar, but the raw material is D-fructose.
- the present invention is characterized by using D-fructose as a raw material for producing a mixture of D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-psicose.
- ketose 3-epimerase is allowed to act on a raw material to produce a rare sugar D-psicose.
- a mixture of D-fructose and the rare sugar D-psicose is obtained.
- the mixture of D-fructose and the rare sugar D-psicose is an equilibrium mixture of D-fructose and the rare sugar D-psicose, or a mixture of D-fructose and the rare sugar D-psicose adjusted to a desired concentration. ..
- the composition of D-psicose can be changed by not allowing the reaction to reach equilibrium.
- the second step is to allow the product of the first step to act with isomerase.
- D-xylose isomerase Since D-xylose isomerase does not act on D-psicose, it converts only D-fructose to D-glucose in the product of the first step, and a mixture of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose is obtained. obtain. A target product of a new composition is produced. 4) The target product of the second step is a rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as sugar. The amount of D-fructose is adjusted to an extent that does not have a bad influence on the accumulation of neutral fat, etc., and the composition is adjusted to bring out the advantage that D-fructose is sweet, and the sweetness, which is the weak point of D-psicose, is supplemented. And it creates a new sweetener with the functionality of D-psicose. The sweetness of this product can be evaluated as a sweetener having the same taste quality as sugar by expressing it as a calculated value based on
- the outline of the manufacturing method of the present invention is shown in FIG.
- the reaction proceeds sequentially by passing the raw material D-fructose through two bioreactors (immobilized epimerase column [reaction 1] and immobilized isomerase column [reaction 2]), and D-glucose, D-fructose and D-fructose -The desired product with a new composition of psicose is obtained.
- reaction 1 The reaction of the immobilized epimerase column will be described.
- Isomerase which is the reaction in Reaction 2, acts on D-fructose introduced from Reaction 1 and D-fructose of D-psicose, but does not act on D-psicose.
- reaction 1 The reaction of the immobilized isomerase column will be described.
- D-fructose is converted to D-psicose, and a mixture of D-fructose and D-psicose is produced. If necessary, the reaction can be carried out until equilibrium is reached.
- isomerase reacts only with D-fructose to produce a mixture of D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-psicose. If necessary, the reaction can be carried out until equilibrium is reached.
- the result is a rare sugar-containing composition having about 44:36:20 D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose.
- the rare sugar-containing composition having this composition ratio is a novel composition. That is, the obtained rare sugar-containing composition adjusts the amount of sweet and delicious D-fructose to such an extent that its defects (the adverse effect on the accumulation of neutral fat, etc.) are not produced, but it is a weak point of D-psicose. It is a rare sugar-containing composition (sweetener) having the same taste as sugar, which contains D-psicose in an amount sufficient to compensate for the degree of sweetness and which has the functionality of D-psicose.
- D-fructose is not too sweet, it is an amount sufficient to supplement the weakness of D-psicose, that is, sweetness, and D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-psicose having the functionality.
- the sweetness balance of D-psicose produces a sweetener similar to sugar.
- the production equipment necessary for producing this novel rare sugar-containing composition is a production machine for producing D-psicose from D-fructose, which is directly connected to an isomerase column which is generally used for producing isomerized sugar. Only need be. Therefore, it can be manufactured at a very low cost.
- composition of the novel rare sugar-containing composition can be easily made constant or changed by adjusting the enzymatic reaction of epimerase and isomerase.
- Advantage 3 Since there is no separation process in the manufacturing process, the manufacturing process can be simplified. This not only significantly reduces costs, but also facilitates management of the manufacturing process.
- Advantage 4 In the manufacturing process, the raw materials and products are not lost during the manufacturing process such as separation operation, and in principle, 100% of all raw materials can be obtained as products.
- composition ratio of the products by adjusting the two enzyme activities or adjusting the speed of passage through the reaction column.
- the ketohexose 3-epimerase used in producing the target product of the novel composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose of the present invention is an enzyme that isomerizes D-fructose into D-psicose.
- the origin or classification name of the enzyme may be any [eg, from a bacterium belonging to the genus Pseudomonas of Patent Document 1, Arthrobacter globiformis M30 strain (International Deposit No. NITE BP-1111) of Patent Document 6).
- D-ketohexose 3-epimerase obtainable and non-patent document 1].
- D-xylose isomerase is an enzyme capable of isomerizing D-glucose into D-fructose
- the origin and name of the enzyme are not limited (for example, Patent Documents 1 and 4).
- Purified enzymes may be used as these enzymes, or microorganisms that produce the enzymes may be used.
- the purified enzyme or the enzyme-producing microorganism is used as a purified enzyme or an immobilized enzyme having the enzyme-producing microorganism immobilized thereon, or an immobilized microorganism.
- the enzyme is most practically immobilized on an appropriate substrate such as an ion exchange resin before use.
- the whole manufacturing process can be applied in either a batch system or a continuous system.
- the epimerization reaction step of the raw material D-fructose and the step of isomerizing the mixture of the reaction product D-fructose and D-psicose are performed in a series of steps, and further, D-tagatose 3-epimerase and glucose isomerase are added. It is performed by fixing each.
- the epitaxy reaction step using D-fructose as a raw material and the isomerization step of the reaction product are performed in a series of steps, and the enzyme used is immobilized and the production method used for individual production has been
- the enzymatic epimerization and enzymatic isomerization can be used by immobilizing the enzyme, and a stable and easily usable immobilized enzyme can be obtained by various immobilization methods.
- the immobilized enzyme it is possible to continuously perform a large amount of epimerization and isomerization reactions. For example, using immobilized enzymes each having an activity of 1000 U / wet weight resin (g).
- a crude enzyme solution was collected from a solution of disrupted cells obtained by disrupting bacterial cells, and the crude enzyme solution was passed through a column-packed ion exchange resin at a low temperature (4 ° C.) to obtain ions.
- the immobilized enzyme can be obtained by binding the crude enzyme protein to the exchange resin and allowing purified water to pass therethrough and washing.
- An immobilization system was obtained which was able to withstand continuous production in terms of stability (retention of activity) completely satisfactory for commercial production.
- a large amount of continuous isomerization reaction (epitification reaction) can be performed using the obtained immobilized enzyme.
- the composition of the present invention is a composition having a new composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose, mainly from liquid sugar containing D-glucose, D-fructose and the like, a simple method.
- the technique described in Patent Document 4 for producing a sugar in a crystalline state or a solid state can be applied.
- Isomerized sugar is a technique for utilizing a composition in an equilibrium state as a sweetener. To obtain isomerized sugar industrially, glucose isomerase, which is an isomerase, is added to glucose solution and reacted at about 60 ° C to change a part of glucose to fructose, and then water is evaporated.
- fructose fructose liquid sugar with a fructose concentration of less than 50% Fructose fructose liquid sugar with a fructose concentration of less than 50%
- fructose glucose liquid sugar with a fructose concentration of 50% to less than 90% fructose concentration of 90%
- fructose concentration of 90% The above-mentioned high fructose syrup is produced.
- Isomerized sugar which is a mixed sugar solution of glucose (D-glucose) and fructose (D-fructose) is used in a liquid state because crystallization is extremely difficult. This is because, in general, it is extremely difficult to bring a liquid sugar containing a plurality of sugars into a crystalline state and there is no choice but to use it in a liquid state.
- the rare sugar-containing isomerized sugar described in Patent Document 4 contains a plurality of rare sugars such as D-psicose and D-allose in addition to D-glucose and D-fructose. It is clear that the pure single substance is easy to crystallize, and the substance containing impurities is hard to crystallize. " It is intended to solve the problems of these isomerized sugars, and a liquid sugar mainly containing D-glucose, D-fructose, etc., for example, a sugar in a crystalline state or a solid state is produced by a simple method from an isomerized sugar.
- the solid sugar composed of a plurality of sugars which has been considered difficult until now, that is, a complex crystalline sugar and / or D-fructose is incorporated into an aggregate of D-glucose monohydrate crystals.
- the present invention provides a granular crystal and a method for producing the same, which makes it possible to expand the use of isomerized sugar. That is, the invention described in Patent Document 4 is an epoch-making one that breaks through technical matters that are common knowledge in the art.
- the rare sugar-containing isomerized sugar obtained by the method was attempted to be used as a sweetener, an antiobesity agent, an antifeedant, an insulin sensitizer, and a low-calorie sweetener, and had functionality. It is gaining attention as a sugar. Since the composition of the present invention has a novel composition of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose, this technique described in Patent Document 4 can be used.
- a rare sugar-containing composition having a D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose of about 44:36:20 is obtained.
- a sugar solution obtained by a method using a continuous plant contains 42 parts by weight of D-fructose and 58 parts by weight of glucose which are commonly used.
- D-glucose D-fructose: D-psicose
- tagatose 3-epimerase as a ketohexose 3-epimerase
- the sugar solution obtained by the method using a mixed enzyme is D-glucose: D-fructose: D- with a reaction time of 2 hours when a mixed enzyme of glucose isomerase and tagatose 3-epimerase is allowed to act on D-glucose.
- a rare sugar-containing composition having a psicose of 41:48:11 and a reaction time of 1 hour of D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose of 43: 48: 9 is obtained.
- the sugar solution obtained by the method for preparing a sugar solution containing high D-psicose has a reaction time of 4 hours and D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose of 54:36:10 and a reaction time of 20 hours.
- a rare sugar-containing composition in which D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose is 41:42:17 is obtained.
- both rare sugar-containing compositions have a degree of sweetness and a sweetness approaching that of sugar as compared with conventional fructose-glucose liquid sugar. Further, it is described that the sweetness and the taste quality can be adjusted by further adding fructose and D-glucose to these rare sugar-containing compositions.
- the new sweetener thus obtained can be used in combination with sweeteners such as sucrose, sugar alcohol, aspartame and stevia, if desired.
- sweeteners such as sucrose, sugar alcohol, aspartame and stevia
- water-soluble dietary fiber having low sweetness polydextrose, inulin, indigestible dextrin, etc.
- polydextrose, inulin, indigestible dextrin, etc. may be appropriately added.
- the sweetener of the present invention includes an embodiment in which D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose is a rare sugar-containing composition with an amount of about 44:36:20.
- D-glucose D-fructose: D-psicose is a rare sugar-containing composition with an amount of about 44:36:20.
- Its content is not particularly limited. It can be appropriately adjusted depending on the degree of the intended function, the usage mode, the usage amount, and the like.
- the novel sweetener having the same taste as the sugar of the present invention contains D-psicose and has an obesity-preventing effect. In addition, it can be used in combination with other active ingredients for the purpose of preventing lifestyle-related diseases.
- the composition of the present invention is characterized by being a product of D-fructose which is a raw material and which has not been subjected to a separation operation by simulated migration chromatography. Further, it is a product of D-fructose as a raw material, and is characterized in that it is a liquid sugar itself that has passed through an immobilized enzyme reaction column, a new D- glucose, D- fructose and D-psicose Since it is a composition of composition, it is also used for the application described in Patent Document 4. Glucose, fructose, and D-psicose are all foods (in terms of approval and certification), and because they are a mixture of foods, they are extremely safe and easy to handle.
- D-psicose D-allulose
- D-allulose D-psicose
- sugar compositions containing D-psicose include foods, beverages, especially functional foods (such as obesity prevention), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, feeds, agricultural chemicals (plant growth regulators, plant disease resistance amplification). Agents, etc., and industrial use.
- Sweeteners with the same taste as sugar are foods, health foods, patient foods, food materials, health food materials, patient food materials, food additives, health food additives, patient food additives, beverages.
- the sweetener having the same taste as the sugar of the present invention When used in foods, it is generally used in the form as it is, a form diluted with water, a form suspended in oil or the like, an emulsion form food, or a food industry. You may prepare the form etc. which added the said carrier.
- the form of the beverage is a non-alcoholic beverage or an alcoholic beverage.
- non-alcoholic beverages include carbonated beverages, fruit juice beverages, non-carbonated beverages such as nectar beverages, soft drinks, sports beverages, tea, coffee, cocoa, and the like, and in the form of alcoholic beverages, beer, sparkling liquor, 3 Beer, sake, plum wine, wine, champagne, liqueur, shochu, medicinal liquor and the like can be mentioned.
- the rare sugar-containing composition of the present invention the use form as a food material or food additive for the purpose of improving the glucose metabolism abnormality and / or lipid metabolism abnormality, tablets, capsules, powder to be dissolved in beverages, etc.
- a food material or food additive for the purpose of improving the glucose metabolism abnormality and / or lipid metabolism abnormality
- solid agents such as granules, semi-solids such as jelly, liquids such as drinking water, and high-concentration solutions used after dilution.
- the rare sugar-containing composition of the present invention can be appropriately added to foods to prepare a health food or a sick food for the purpose of improving abnormal sugar metabolism and / or abnormal lipid metabolism.
- vitamins, carbohydrates, pigments, flavors and the like which are usually added to foods can be appropriately mixed.
- the food can be eaten in any liquid or solid form.
- the capsule is made of, for example, a gelatin film prepared by adding water to the raw material gelatin to dissolve it, and adding a plasticizer (glycerin, D-sorbitol, etc.) thereto.
- a plasticizer glycolin, D-sorbitol, etc.
- the rare sugar-containing composition of the present invention can be used as a sweetener in the same application as sugar. It can also be used for cooking, tea, coffee and seasonings (such as mirin).
- the above foods and drinks can be processed and manufactured by blending the composition with the raw materials of general foods according to a conventional method.
- the amount of the composition to be added to the food or drink varies depending on the form of the food and is not particularly limited, but is usually 0 to 1 to 5% by weight.
- the above food and drink can also be used as functional foods, dietary supplements or health foods.
- the form is not particularly limited, and for example, as a food production example, a highly nutritive milk protein with a balanced amino acid, soybean protein, proteins such as egg albumin, their degradation products, and egg white oligos.
- a mixture of amino acids alone can be used according to a conventional method. It can also be used in the form of soft capsules, tablets and the like.
- nutraceuticals or functional foods examples include sugar, fat, trace elements, vitamins, emulsifiers, liquid foods mixed with semi-digested nutritional foods, dietary nutritional supplements, drinks, capsules, Processed forms such as enteral nutrients can be mentioned.
- the above-mentioned various foods include, for example, sports drinks, foods and drinks such as nutritional drinks, nutritional additives such as amino acids, vitamins and minerals and sweeteners, spices, and spices in order to improve nutritional balance and flavor. It is also possible to add a pigment or the like.
- Functional foods are suitable for use in the fields of health foods and preventive medicines that prevent specific diseases and the like (prevent obesity).
- a health food for preventing a specific disease in addition to a sugar composition containing a rare sugar D-psicose (D-allulose) which is an essential ingredient, as an optional ingredient, vitamins and carbohydrates usually added to foods, Dyes, fragrances and the like can be appropriately added.
- the food can be eaten in any liquid or solid form. It can be eaten as a soft capsule which is encapsulated by encapsulating with gelatin or the like.
- the capsule is made of, for example, a gelatin film prepared by adding water to the raw material gelatin to dissolve it, and adding a plasticizer (glycerin, D-sorbitol, etc.) thereto.
- a sugar composition containing the rare sugar D-psicose (D-allulose) according to the present invention prepared directly as a food, other foods And any form commonly used for foods or health foods such as capsules and tablets.
- a sugar composition containing the rare sugar D-psicose (D-allulose) according to the present invention prepared directly as a food, other foods And any form commonly used for foods or health foods such as capsules and tablets.
- an excipient a bulking agent, a binder, a thickener, an emulsifier, a coloring agent, a flavor, a food additive, a seasoning, etc.
- It can be shaped into powder, granules, tablets and the like depending on the application. Further, it can be ingested by mixing it into a food material to prepare a food and commercializing it as a functional food.
- the composition of the present invention can be applied to feed for livestock, poultry and pets.
- it can be mixed with dry dog food, dry cat food, wet dog food, wet cat food, semi-moist dock food, poultry feed, livestock feed such as cattle and pigs.
- the feed itself can be prepared according to a conventional method.
- These therapeutic agents and prophylactic agents include animals other than humans, for example, domestic animals such as cows, horses, pigs and sheep, poultry such as chickens, quail and ostriches, reptiles, pets such as birds or small mammals, It can also be used for cultured fish.
- a drug intended to improve the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism and / or abnormal lipid metabolism intended to exert physiological effects, and the effect of improving obesity are used alone or in general.
- Appropriate additives such as excipients, stabilizers, preservatives, binders, disintegrants, etc. are blended, and liquids, granules, fine granules, powders, tablets, capsules, pills, sprays, sprays, etc. Can be administered orally or nasally.
- compositions of the present invention can be used for preparing the composition of the present invention as a medicine.
- Water, gelatin, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, talc, animal and vegetable oils, benzyl alcohol, gums, polyalkylene glycols, petroleum resins, coconut oil, lanolin, or any other carrier used in medicine is It can be used as a carrier for a medicament containing the composition of the invention.
- stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, and salts for changing the osmotic pressure and maintaining an appropriate pH of the compounding agent can be appropriately used as auxiliary agents.
- the dosage form When used as a pharmaceutical composition, a known method can be used for its formulation.
- the dosage form can be appropriately selected, and examples of such a dosage form include tablets, granules, powders, capsules, coating agents, liquid agents, and suspension agents when prepared as an oral administration preparation.
- a preparation for parenteral administration it may include injections, drops, suppositories and the like.
- the dose can be appropriately set depending on the formulation of the pharmaceutical composition, the administration method, the purpose of use and the age, body weight and symptoms of the administration subject applied thereto.
- a sugar composition containing the rare sugar D-psicose (D-allulose) as an active ingredient is used not only as a drug itself but also as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- a sugar composition containing D-psicose (D-allulose) can be used alone as a preparation, or a pharmaceutical composition prepared by adding a pharmaceutically usable carrier or diluent can also be used. it can.
- Such formulations or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered by the oral or parenteral routes as described above.
- solid or fluid (gel and liquid) formulations or pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration take the form of tablets, capsules, tablets, pills, powders, granules or gel preparations.
- the dosage and administration dose can be adjusted appropriately depending on the formulation form.
- the daily dose may be taken as an oral solid preparation such as a tablet or an oral solution in one to several divided doses. Also, for example, in the case of a dosage form in which an infant is taken with a syrup, troche, chewable tablet, etc. to act locally and also exert a systemic effect by oral administration, the daily dose is 1/2 to 1/10 as a single dose. It may be mixed and taken, and in this case, the total dose need not be less than the daily dose.
- diluents and excipients such as commonly used fillers, fillers, binders, disintegrants, surfactants, lubricants, coating agents, sustained-release agents, etc. can be used. ..
- Adhesives, elastic agents, plasticizers, adsorbents, fragrances, colorants, flavoring agents, antioxidants, moisturizers, light-shielding agents, brighteners, antistatic agents and the like can be used.
- the present invention discloses a skin external preparation utilizing the skin moisturizing, skin antioxidant and skin anti-aging effects of the rare sugar D-psicose (D-allulose), that is, a therapeutic drug, a skin external preparation, a cosmetic, etc.
- Patent Document 7 It is possible to provide a skin external preparation having an effect of improving and preventing skin roughness and roughness.
- the external preparation for skin of the present invention contains a rare sugar D-psicose (a sugar composition containing D-allulose as an essential component, and other than the above, components usually used for external preparations for skin such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, for example, an aqueous component, Oily ingredients, powder ingredients, alcohols, moisturizers, thickeners, UV absorbers, whitening agents, preservatives, antioxidants, surfactants, fragrances, coloring agents, various skin nutrition agents, etc.
- a rare sugar D-psicose a sugar composition containing D-allulose as an essential component
- components usually used for external preparations for skin such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, for example, an aqueous component, Oily ingredients, powder ingredients, alcohols, moisturizers, thickeners, UV absorbers, whitening agents, preservatives, antioxidants, surfactants, fragrances, coloring agents, various skin nutrition agents, etc.
- sequestering agents such as disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, sodium citrate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium metaphosphate, gluconic acid, caffeine, tannin, verabamil, licorice extract, glabridin , Hot water extract of karin fruit, various crude drugs, drugs such as tocopherol acetate, glycyrrhizic acid, tranexamic acid and its derivatives or salts thereof, Vita Minor C, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbic acid curcoside, arbutin, kojic acid, saccharides such as D-glucose, D-fructose, trehalose and the like can be appropriately added, that is, the rare sugar D-psicose (D-alulose).
- drugs such as tocopherol acetate, glycyrrhizic acid, tranexamic acid and its derivatives or salts thereof, Vita Minor C, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate,
- oils and fats such as vegetable oils, waxes such as lanolin and beeswax, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, higher alcohols, esters, various surfactants, pigments, fragrances, vitamins, plants
- a skin external preparation can be produced by appropriately mixing materials used as a raw material for a normal skin external preparation, such as animal extract components, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, preservatives, and bactericides.
- licorice extract components such as glycyrrhetinic acid, which is a raw material for anti-inflammatory skin external preparation, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, azulene, dl- ⁇ -tocophe It can be used together with rolls and its derivatives, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, etc.
- the external preparation for skin is, for example, an ointment, cream, emulsion, lotion, pack, bath preparation, etc., in any form used for conventional external preparations for skin.
- the dosage form is not particularly limited, that is, when it is used as an external preparation for skin, its dosage form can be appropriately selected, for example, solution system, solubilization system, emulsion system, powder dispersion system, water-oil.
- a preparation impregnated or applied to a sheet such as a non-woven fabric can be mentioned.
- Another group of the inventors of the present invention aims to provide a substance having an action of amplifying disease resistance against plants, which may drastically reduce the amount of pesticides used.
- the invention of a disease resistance amplifying agent has already been registered (Patent Document 8), but since then, research and development have been dramatically advanced, and a plurality of patents exist.
- soluble films have come to be used in the formulation of cosmetics and the like.
- an edible soluble film has been used as a flavor film that retains flavors and the like for the purpose of changing the mood and preventing bad breath.
- a soluble film that exhibits excellent solubility and film properties and can be suitably used for these applications has been proposed. (Patent Document 9), in this way, the sweetener having the sweetness and taste of sugar of the present invention can be applied to pharmaceuticals, quasi drugs, and cosmetics.
- the blending amount in foods, beverages or cosmetics, or feed is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 0.01 to 10% by weight of D-psicose (D-allulose).
- D-psicose D-allulose
- a pharmaceutical product it can be orally administered as a capsule, powder, tablet or the like, and since it dissolves in water, it is possible to adopt an administration method such as intravenous injection or intramuscular injection other than oral administration.
- the dose varies depending on, for example, the degree of symptoms of diabetes, body weight, age, sex and the like, and it is desirable to determine an appropriate amount for use according to the symptoms.
- the amount of the drug in the drug is not particularly limited, but per kg body weight, 0.01 to 2,000 mg of D-psicose (D-allulose) for oral administration, 0.01 to 1,000 mg for intravenous injection, intramuscular injection In the case of administration, it is preferably about 0.01 to 1,000 mg.
- the sugar solution as the product of Reaction 2 was composed of approximately 43 parts by weight of D-glucose, 37 parts by weight of D-fructose, and 20 parts by weight of D-psicose. It will be described in detail below that the rare sugar-containing composition obtained by the production method of the present invention is closer to sugar in sweetness.
- the manufacturing process shown on the left side of FIG. 3 is a process for manufacturing a sweetener having the sweetness and taste of sugar described in Patent Document 1. It is shown that a mixed sugar composition with a D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose ratio of 50:40:10 was obtained.
- the novel rare sugar-containing composition production process of the present invention of FIG. 2 production process of the preliminary experiment
- two production processes are shown in comparison.
- the product of the preliminary experiment manufactured by the manufacturing process shown on the right side of FIG. 3 is a mixed sugar composition having a D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose ratio of 44.4: 30.6: 20.
- FIG. 4 a drawing showing the sweetness curve is shown.
- This drawing is a drawing in which FIG. 2 of Patent Document 1 is cited.
- AA sweetness
- BB time
- CC is D-glucose + D-fructose
- DD is sugar
- EE is D-fructose + D-glucose + D-psicose
- FF is D-psicose.
- CC uses isomerized sugar (55 parts by weight of fructose + 45 parts by weight of glucose).
- D-glucose is about 70% of the sweetness of sugar
- D-fructose is about 170% of the sweetness of sugar.
- D-fructose is said to be sweet and delicious sugar.
- the degree of sweetness and the quality of sweetness of the high-fructose corn syrup depend on the content ratio of D-fructose and D-glucose. It is generally known that, compared to a single-component sweetener, the mixed sugar has a broader sweetening peak width and a round sweetening property. From the results of the sensory test of Example 2 of Patent Document 1 (see Table 1), it is known that when the glucose: psicose ratio is about 9: 1, a sweetness degree and a sweetness quality similar to sugar can be obtained.
- a combination close to the sweetness and / or taste of sugar is a mixed sugar containing D-glucose and D-psicose in the range of 30 to 80 parts by weight (70 to 20 parts by weight). It is revealed that.
- Isomerized sugar is often used in soft drinks and frozen desserts due to its characteristic of increasing sweetness at low temperatures.
- fructose has the effect of enhancing the scent of fruits (particularly citrus fruits), so it is used in canned fruits and drinks.
- D-fructose which constitutes the high-fructose corn syrup
- Fructose which is a monosaccharide, is considered to have a high metabolic rate in the liver, despite its slow absorption rate from the intestinal tract.
- fructose In rats of experimental animals fed a high fructose diet, fructose inhibits the reaction of insulin, raises the level of uric acid, and enhances the appearance of metabolic syndrome such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Isomerized sugar is said to be the cause of obesity because D-fructose (fructose) has a bad effect on the accumulation of neutral fat. Of course, taking too much fructose is not good for your health, but on the other hand, unlike glucose, fructose is thought to stabilize the blood sugar level and not put a burden on the body.
- fructose It is also known that a proper intake of fructose enhances the utilization of fat and suppresses the decomposition of liver glycogen to enhance the endurance of exercise. How much fructose should be ingested without harming the body and contributing to health, and improvement of isomerized sugar as a sweetener is required, aiming at an appropriate intake of fructose.
- the present invention focuses on the functionality of D-allulose (D-psicose) to achieve an appropriate intake of fructose, and achieves an appropriate intake of D-fructose (fructose) with the aim of improving isomerized sugar. I was able to do it.
- Adjusting D-fructose to an amount that does not cause defects adjusting the composition to bring out the advantage that D-fructose is sweet, supplementing the sweetness which is the weak point of D-psicose, and the functionality of D-psicose I was able to create the new sweetener I had.
- the mixed sugar composition of the present invention having a D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose ratio of 44.4: 30.6: 20 has 30.6 parts by weight of fructose and 30 to 80 parts by weight of the above-mentioned fructose. It is a value close to the lower limit in the range (Patent Document 1), and sweet and delicious D-fructose is adjusted to an amount that does not cause its defects (detrimental effect on accumulation of neutral fat). A sufficient amount to supplement the weakness, the sweetness.
- D-glucose and D-psicose are values close to the upper limit in the range of 70 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight of D-glucose and D-psicose (Patent Document 1), and the function of D-psicose. It produces a sweetener that contains a proper amount of D-psicose, and the sweetness balance of D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-psicose is similar to that of sugar.
- D-psicose has a refreshing and refreshing taste, but has a characteristic that the sweetness is delayed.
- D-psicose is about 70% of the sweetness of sugar, and when used alone as a sweetener, both sweetness and sweetness are different from sugar. From these, by adding D-psicose, the sweetness curve of FIG. 4 changes from the curve CC of isomerized sugar (55 parts by weight of fructose + 45 parts by weight of glucose) to the mixed sugar curve (fructose + glucose + psicose) EE. It can be seen that the taste changed to that of sugar DD. On the right side of FIG.
- Example 4 the sweetness of the mixed composition having a D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose ratio of 50:40:10 is shown in the upper part, and the product of the preliminary experiment of Example 1 is shown in the lower part.
- Characteristics of the method for producing a composition containing a rare sugar having the same taste as sugar by using D-fructose as a raw material of the present invention (comparative items: product content, index of contamination degree, control of reaction rate, chromatography)
- the necessity / non-necessity of the fractionator and the exchange of the immobilized enzyme will be described with reference to FIG. 5 in comparison with the production method described in Patent Document 5, the production method described in Patent Document 1, and the simple addition method.
- the "new sweetener”, “RSS”, “sugar-like sweetener” and “simple addition method” in Fig. 5 are the rare sugar-containing sweetening compositions as described below. 1.
- Novel sweetener a method for producing a rare sugar-containing composition having the same taste as sugar by using D-fructose as a raw material of the present invention.
- RSS “Rare Sugar Sweet” (manufactured by Matsutani Chemical Co., Ltd.), a rare sugar syrup manufactured by the manufacturing method described in Patent Document 5 (trade name: rare sugar sweet).
- a rare sugar-containing sugar composition containing 0.5 to 17% by mass of D-psicose, 0.2 to 10% by mass of D-allose, and other rare sugars.
- Sugar-like sweetener A novel sweetener having a sugar-like taste produced by the production method described in Patent Document 1.
- Mere addition method A mixture of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-psicose alone. Purification (such as crystallization) must be overcome to produce a single product.
- the ratio of D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose can be changed depending on the purpose by changing the activity (enzyme amount) of D-xylose isomerase in the second reaction.
- the present invention is also characterized by the fact that the composition of the product is not constant and that a composition suitable for the purpose can be obtained. It was confirmed that products of various compositions could be obtained by changing the reaction conditions. It is possible to produce products having different compositions by changing the enzyme activity (amount of immobilized enzyme) of both enzymes or the speed of passage through the immobilized enzyme column. This example shows the possibility of changing the amount of enzyme.
- the characteristics of the present invention were examined by changing the activity (enzyme amount) of D-xylose isomerase in the second reaction and measuring the composition of the product below.
- ketose 3-epimerase was allowed to act on D-fructose to produce an equilibrium mixture of D-fructose and D-psicose.
- Patent Document 6 An ion exchange resin (anion resin) was put into the obtained enzyme solution and stirred at 5 ° C. for 40 hours to obtain an immobilized enzyme.
- the obtained DAE-immobilized enzyme was packed in a 100 ml immobilization reaction column.
- 20 mM Mg 2 SO 4 was added to a 50% concentration D-fructose solution, and a solution adjusted to pH 7.5 with 0.5 M NaOH solution was passed at a flow rate of 100 ml / hour. .. After passing the solution, the solution was analyzed by HPLC to find that it was D-fructose 79%: D-psicose 20%.
- the ratio of D-glucose: D-fructose: D-psicose can be changed according to the purpose by changing the enzyme amount of ketose 3-epimerase in the first reaction.
- the first reaction which was produced by changing the amount of the enzyme ketose 3-epimerase, was used for the study using the products of D-fructose and D-psicose as substrates.
- the experimental method was to use the ketose 3-epimerase obtained in Example 2 to reduce the enzyme amount from 50 ml to 20 ml to obtain a mixed liquid having different compositions of D-fructose and D-psicose.
- An experiment was conducted to change the amount of enzyme used for the second D-xylose isomerase reaction.
- the composition of the product was measured by changing the activity (enzyme amount) of the second reaction, D-xylose isomerase, using this D-fructose 85%: D-psicose 15%.
- the experiment is similar to the experiment of Example 2 in which the amount of D-xylose isomerase was changed.
- the amount of D-psicose can be set to the maximum ratio. In this way, it is a technological development that has a wide range of possibilities as a new sweetener manufacturing method.
- the sugar composition containing D-psicose can be used for foods, beverages, especially functional foods (such as obesity prevention), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, feeds, agricultural chemicals (plant growth regulators, It is expected to be expanded to industrial applications such as plant disease resistance amplification agents).
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Abstract
Description
ここで、本発明で使用する酵素ケトース3-エピメラーゼおよびキシロースイソメラーゼについて定義する。
(1)イソメラーゼ
イソメラーゼは「化学式は変化しない反応」を触媒する。ヘキソースに作用するイソメラーゼは「化学式C6H12O6は変化しない反応」を触媒する。たとえばアルドースイソメラーゼは「分子内での水素の移動」を触媒し、C1とC2間の酸化還元反応を進める。
(2)エピメラーゼ
エピメラーゼは単糖の場合、Cに結合した‐OHの位置を反対側に移動させる酵素であり、「化学式C6H12O6は変化しない反応」を触媒する。従ってイソメラーゼに属する酵素である。
(3)まとめ
イソメラーゼがエピメラーゼよりも上位に存在する。すなわち、酵素「イソメラーゼ」とは、この業界で良く知られており、例えばケトース3-エピメラーゼ、キシロースイソメラーゼ、グルコースイソメラーゼが挙げられる。ただし、グルコースイソメラーゼは科学的正式名称ではない。酵素の名称としてグルコースイソメラーゼは国際生化学分子生物学連合で登録されているEC番号には入れられていない。これは「科学的な酵素の名称」ではない。D-キシロースイソメラーセが科学的名称でグルコースイソメラーゼは商業名として一般に使用されているのみである。理由はD-キシロースイソメラーゼが構造類似のグルコースに作用するのを「人間が利用しているのみ」であり、自然界ではグルコースをフラクトースにして利用することはない。
エピメラーゼはイソメラーゼの中に含まれる。従って、(a)「D-グルコースをD-フラクトースに異性化する酵素」、(b)「D-フラクトースをD-プシコースに異性化する酵素」と表現することができる。
上記の(a)「D-グルコースをD-フラクトースに異性化する酵素」について、この中には、例えばある微生物のL-ラムノースイソメラーゼがD-グルコースに作用し、D-フラクトースに変換するものがあったとしてもそのL-ラムノースイソメラーゼも含まれる。あらゆる微生物、植物、動物等の生物が持つタンパク質がD-グルコースをD-フラクトースに変換するものも全てが含まれる。
また、(b)「D-フラクトースをD-プシコースに異性化する酵素」について、これにはあらゆる生物の生産するタンパク質がD-フラクトースをD-プシコースへ変換する場合においてもこれに含まれる。
従って、EC番号に「EC.5.-(異性化酵素)」に属する全ての酵素を含む。たとえ新たに発見された酵素、他の異性化酵素に分類されているものがこれらの反応を触媒し得る作用をわずかでも持っていると、それを含むことを意味する。本発明で使用する『イソメラーゼ』という名称は、広い酵素群を含むものとして使用している。
また、異性化糖を原料とし、化学反応を用いて希少糖を含有するシロップ、レアシュガースィ-ト(RSS)も生産されている(特許文献5参照)。
特許文献1に、従来の甘味料としての果糖ブドウ糖液糖の甘味質ともに砂糖とは異なっている問題点を解決して、砂糖の甘味度および味質に非常に近い甘味料にすることを目的とするもので、D-フラクトース、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコースよりなる砂糖とほぼ同様の甘味度および味質を有する甘味料であって、かつ、異性化糖の肥満効果を抑制するための甘味料であり、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコースの合計100重量部に対して、D-プシコースが9重量部以上であり、D-フラクトース、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコースの合計100重量部に対して、D-フラクトースが34~55重量部であり、およびD-フラクトース、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコースの合計100重量部に対して、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコースの合計が66~45重量部である甘味料が開発されている。
上記甘味料のD-プシコースを含む甘味料でありながら低コストでも作ることができる製造方法は、いわゆる異性化糖を原料とする、(1)連続プラントを用いた方法、(2)混合酵素を用いた方法、(3)高D-プシコース含有の糖液を調製する方法が示されている。
(1)連続プラントを用いた方法
まず、果糖ブドウ糖液糖を作成し、次いで、ケトース3-エピメラーゼを作用させる。果糖ブドウ糖液糖は、デンプンを原料に、固定化したもしくはバッチによるアルファアミラーゼ、グルコアミラーゼ、グルコースイソメラーゼなどの酵素を用いて製造する。次いで、生成した異性化糖液を連続的にエピメラーゼに作用させ、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの混合糖液を生成する。実施例によると、得られる糖液は、およそD-グルコース58重量部、D-フラクトース34重量部、D-プシコース8重量部とからなる。D-プシコースの量が約8%と比較的低い生産物である。
(2)混合酵素を用いた方法
上記ブドウ糖液糖にグルコースイソメラーゼ+ケトース3-エピメラーゼを作用させる。イソメラーゼおよびエピメラーゼが含まれる固定化酵素を適当なカラムに充填し分解ブドウ糖液糖を連続的に流入させ、反応液を分取する。
実施例によると、得られる糖液は、反応時間2時間でおよそD-グルコース41重量部、D-フラクトース48重量部、D-プシコース11重量部とからなる。反応時間を1時間とするとD-グルコース43重量部、D-フラクトース48重量部、D-プシコース9重量部となる。
(3)高D-プシコース含有の糖液を調製する方法
ブドウ糖液糖に、固定化グルコースイソメラーゼおよびD-タガトース3-エピメラーゼの混合酵素を加えて反応させた。実施例によると、得られる糖液は、反応時間4時間でD-グルコース54重量部、D-フラクトース36重量部、D-プシコース10重量部となり、反応時間20時間でD-グルコース41重量部、D-フラクトース42重量部、D-プシコース17重量部とからなる。
例えば、希少糖D-プシコースは、D-フラクトースにD-ケトヘキソース3-エピメラーゼ(特許文献3)を作用させるとD-フラクトースから収率20~25%で生成する。また、D-プシコース3-エピメラーゼ(非特許文献1)を使用した場合は、40%の収率でD-プシコースが生成し、ホウ酸を併用した場合には62%のD-プシコースが生成するとの報告がある。精製D-フラクトースの製造を行ってからD-プシコースの製造を行う場合、別々の工程で行うため、原料、輸送、反応コストやプラント運営コストなどの制約を受け、現実的にD-プシコースの工業的大量製造は困難を極める。
以下詳細に記載するが、デンプンから異性化糖を生成するには、3回の酵素反応と精製、濃縮が必要である。
(1)液化:デンプンに水と加水分解酵素であるα-アミラーゼを加え、95℃程度に加熱する。これにより高分子のデンプンはある程度小さく分解される。
(2)糖化:液化終了後に55℃程度まで冷却し、グルコアミラーゼを加える。この反応で、糖はさらに細かく分解され、ブドウ糖になる。
(3)異性化:60℃で異性化酵素のグルコースイソメラーゼを加え、約半分のブドウ糖を果糖に変化させる。異性化糖の名称はこの反応(ブドウ糖が果糖に異性化する反応)に由来している。
(4)精製・濃縮:異性化後、液糖をろ過機やイオン交換装置で精製し、水分を蒸発させて濃縮することにより、果糖分42%のブドウ糖果糖液糖が得られる。さらに、クロマトグラフィーによって果糖純度を高めることにより、果糖分90-95%の高果糖液糖を作ることができる。これを果糖分42%のブドウ糖果糖液糖とブレンドすることで果糖分55%の果糖ブドウ糖液などが作られる。
特許文献1に記載された砂糖とほぼ同様の甘味度および味質を有する甘味料が異性化糖の肥満効果を抑制するという機能を有することからも市場の入り口に立つべき時期にあり、その発明においても目的とされたD-プシコースを含む甘味料でありながら低コストでも作ることができる製造方法を踏まえた、さらなる低コスト等の製造方法の改良、大量生産技術の開発への取り組みが急務である。
異性化糖が肥満などの元凶と言われるのは、D-フラクトース(果糖)が中性脂肪の蓄積などへと悪い影響を示すことからである。一方、D-フラクトースは甘くて美味しいという利点がある。D-フラクトースを欠点が出ない程度の量に調整し、D-フラクトースが甘いという利点を引き出す組成に調整すること、D-プシコースの弱点である甘味度を補うこと、D-プシコースの機能性を持った新たな甘味料を作り出すことが求められる。
(1)原料としてD-フラクトースを用い希少糖含有組成物を製造する方法であって、第一段階で、ケトース3-エピメラーゼでD-フラクトースをD-プシコースとの混合物とし、第二段階でD-プシコースに作用しないD-キシロースイソメラーゼを用いたD-フラクトースをD-グルコースへ変換することで、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の目的生産物を得ることを特徴とする方法。
(2)第一段階の生産物がD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの混合物である、上記(1)に記載の方法。
(3)第一段階の生産物がD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの平衡混合物である、上記(1)に記載の方法。
(4)第一段階の生産物が目的とする濃度に調整されたD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの混合物である、上記(1)に記載の方法。
(5)第二段階が、第一段階の生産物にD-キシロースイソメラーゼを連続または個別に作用させる、上記(1)ないし(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(6)第二段階の目的生産物が、希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖D-プシコースが10~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが90~80重量部の組成物である、上記(1)ないし(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(7)第二段階の目的生産物が、希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖D-プシコースが15~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが85~80重量部の組成物である、上記(1)ないし(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(8)第二段階の目的生産物が、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物である、上記(1)ないし(7)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(9)用いるケトース3エピメラーゼおよびD-キシロースイソメラーゼの酵素活性を調整することで、目的生産物の組成を目的のものにすることを特徴とする上記(1)ないし(8)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(10)第一段階の反応および第二段階の反応が、それぞれ基質溶液を固定化酵素カラムの中を通過させて行う反応であって、かつ、基質の流速を調整することで、目的生産物の組成を目的のものにすることを特徴とする上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(11)原料であるD-フラクトースを基質として固定化酵素反応を用い、理論上は副生産物を生産することなく100%目的生産物として得ることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし10のいずれかに記載の方法。
(12)目的生産物が、製造工程中に疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作で失われることはないことを特徴とする、上記(1)ないし(11)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(13)第二段階の目的生産物が固定化酵素カラムを通過した液糖そのものから、結晶状態あるいは固体状態の糖質を生成させることを特徴とする、上記(1)ないし(12)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(14)希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖プシコースが10~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが90~80重量部である、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(15)希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖プシコースが15~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが85~80重量部である、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(16)原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作を経ていない生産物である、上記(14)または(15)に記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(17)原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、固定化酵素反応カラムを通過した液糖そのものである、上記(14)、(15)または(16)に記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(18)砂糖と同じ味質の甘味料である、上記(14)ないし(17)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(19)シロップ状または結晶質状である、上記(14)ないし(18)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
(20)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする砂糖様甘味料。
(21)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする食品。
(22)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする医薬品もしくは医薬部外品。
(23)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする口腔用組成物。
(24)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする化粧品。
(25)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする抗肥満剤。
(26)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする摂食抑制剤。
(27)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とするインスリン抵抗性の改善剤。
(28)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする低カロリー甘味剤。
(29)上記(14)ないし(19)のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする砂糖様甘味剤。
まず、製造方法から説明する。
[製造方法]
原料としてD-フラクトースを用い希少糖含有組成物を製造する方法であって、第一段階で、ケトース3-エピメラーゼでD-フラクトースをD-プシコースとの混合物とし、第二段階でD-プシコースに作用しないD-キシロースイソメラーゼを用いたD-フラクトースをD-グルコースへ変換することで、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の目的生産物を得ることを特徴とする方法である。
本発明の製造方法をさらに詳細に説明する。
(1)原料としてD-フラクトースを用いること。
従来、D-プシコースを作る場合も、原料としてD-フラクトースを用いる。RSSは異性化糖であるが、原料はD-フラクトースである。本発明はD-グルコース、D-フラクトース、およびD-プシコースの混合物を製造するための原料としてD-フラクトースを用いることを特徴としている。
(2)第一段階の第一反応で、原料にケトース3-エピメラーゼを作用させて希少糖D-プシコースを製造すること。第一反応で、D-フラクトースと希少糖D-プシコースの混合物を得る。D-フラクトースと希少糖D-プシコースの混合物が、D-フラクトースおよび希少糖D-プシコースの平衡混合物である、または目的とする濃度に調整されたD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの混合物である。平衡まで反応をさせないことで、D-プシコースの組成を変更することができる。
(3)第二段階が、第一段階の生産物にイソメラーゼを作用させること。
D-キシロースイソメラーゼはD-プシコースに作用しないので、第一段階の生産物の中で、D-フラクトースのみをD-グルコースへと変換し、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの混合物を得る。新たな組成の目的生産物を製造する。
4)第二段階の目的生産物が砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物であること。
D-フラクトースを中性脂肪の蓄積などへと悪い影響が出ない程度の量に調整し、D-フラクトースが甘いという利点を引き出す組成に調整され、D-プシコースの弱点である甘味度を補い、かつ、D-プシコースの機能性を持った新たな甘味料を作り出す。この生産物の甘味度はこれまでの実績に基づき計算値として表現することで、砂糖と同じ味質の甘味料であると評価することができる。
原料であるD-フラクトースを二つのバイオリアクター(固定化エピメラーゼカラム[反応1]、固定化イソメラーゼカラム[反応2])を通過することで反応は順次進行し、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の目的生産物が得られる。
固定化エピメラーゼカラムの反応を説明する。
原料であるフラクトースはエピメラーゼと反応し、フラクトース:プシコース=約4:1の混合物が反応1のカラムからでて来る。
[反応2]
反応1からの反応生産混合物すなわち、D-フラクトース:D-プシコース=約4:1の混合物が反応2の固定化イソメラーゼカラムへ導入される。反応2での反応であるイソメラーゼは、反応1から導入されるD-フラクトースとD-プシコースのD-フラクトースには作用するがD-プシコースには作用しない。
[反応1、2の生産物]
固定化イソメラーゼカラムの反応を説明する。
反応1でD-フラクトースがD-プシコースへ変換され、D-フラクトースとD-プシコースの混合物が生産される。必要に応じ、平衡に達するまで反応させることができる。それが反応2のカラムへ導入され、反応2でイソメラーゼがD-フラクトースのみに反応しD-グルコース、D-フラクトース、およびD-プシコースの混合物が生産される。必要に応じ、平衡に達するまで反応させることができる。平衡に達すると、その結果として、D-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが約44:36:20の希少糖含有組成物が得られる。この組成比の希少糖含有組成物は新規の組成物である。すなわち、得られる希少糖含有組成物は、甘くて美味しいD-フラクトースをその欠点(中性脂肪の蓄積などへと悪い影響)が出ない程度の量に調整するが、D-プシコースの弱点である甘味度を補うには十分な量で、しかもD-プシコースの機能性を持った量のD-プシコースを含有する砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物(甘味料)である。
[特徴1]
エピメラーゼとイソメラーゼを、それぞれ固定化反応カラムを分離して反応できるため、目的の反応を適切な条件で進行させることが容易である。
[特徴2]
二つの酵素はそれぞれに適正な反応条件で進行させることが可能であり、活性の低下などが起こった場合に個別に交換するなどで、簡易に対応することが可能である。
[特徴3]
二つの酵素反応を別々に行うことで、目的とする糖のみを反応させることが可能である。二つの特異性に応じて巧みにコントロールすることで、目的物を砂糖の甘味度に近似できることが大きな特徴である。D-フラクトースが甘すぎない量ではあるが、D-プシコースの弱点である甘味度を補うには十分な量で、かつ、D-プシコースの機能性を持ったD-グルコース、D-フラクトース、およびD-プシコースの甘味のバランスが砂糖に近似する甘味料を作り出している。
[利点1]
この新規希少糖含有組成物を生産するのに必要な製造機器は、D-プシコースをD-フラクトースから作る製造機に、一般に異性化糖を製造する場合に用いられているイソメラーゼカラムをそのまま接続するのみでよい。そのため非常に安価に製造が可能である。
[利点2]
新規希少糖含有組成物の組成は、エピメラーゼ、イソメラーゼの酵素反応を調整することで、一定にすることも変化させることも容易である。
[利点3]
製造工程に分離過程がないことによって、製造工程をシンプルにすることができる。このことでコスト削減は著しいばかりでなく製造工程の管理が容易である。
[利点4]
製造工程中に原料や生産物が製造中に、分離操作等で失われることはなく、原理的には原料の全て100%が生産物として得ることが可能である。
[利点5]
二つの酵素活性の調整、あるいは反応カラムを通過する速度を調整することで、生産物の組成比を変更することも可能である。
本発明のD-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の目的生産物を製造するに際し用いられる、ケトヘキソース3-エピメラーゼは、D-フラクトースをD-プシコースへ異性化する酵素であれば、酵素の起源や分類名称が何であってもよい〔例えば特許文献1のシュードモナス属に属する細菌、特許文献6のアルスロバクター グロビホルミス(Arthrobacter globiformis)M30株(国際寄託番号NITE BP-1111)から得ることのできるD-ケトヘキソース3-エピメラーゼおよび非特許文献1〕。
D-キシロースイソメラーゼはD-グルコースをD-フラクトースに異性化する能力がある酵素であれば、酵素の起源や名称に制限はない(例えば特許文献1および4)。
これらの酵素は、精製酵素を使っても良いし、該酵素を生産微生物でも良い。本発明においては、精製酵素または、該酵素生産微生物は、精製酵素または、該酵素生産微生物を固定化した固定化酵素、固定化微生物として用いられる。
酵素はイオン交換樹脂などの適切な基材に固定化して用いることがもっとも実用的である。全体の製造工程は、バッチ式または連続式のいずれの方式でも適用することができる。連続式の場合、原料D-フラクトースのエピ化反応工程と反応生成物D-フラクトースとD-プシコースの混合物を異性化する工程を一連の工程で行い、さらに、D-タガトース3-エピメラーゼとグルコースイソメラーゼをそれぞれ固定化して行われる。このように、D-フラクトースを原料としたエピ化反応工程とその反応生成物の異性化工程を一連の工程で行い、更に、用いる酵素を固定化して個別に製造に用いた製造法はこれまでになく、新規な製造法といえる。
酵素によるエピ化および酵素による異性化は、酵素を固定化しての利用が可能であり、種々の固定化方法によって安定で利用しやすい固定化酵素を得ることができる。固定化酵素を用いることで、連続的に大量のエピ化および異性化反応を行うことが可能である。たとえば、それぞれ1000U/湿重量樹脂(g)の活性を有する固定化酵素を使用して行われる。菌体細胞を破壊するかして得られた破壊細胞の溶液から粗酵素液として採取し、カラム充填したイオン交換樹脂に対し、該粗酵素液を低温(4℃)下で通液させ、イオン交換樹脂に粗酵素タンパク質を結合させ、精製水を通液させて洗浄し、固定化酵素を得ることができる。商業的生産に完全に満足できる安定性(活性維持)の点で連続生産に耐えられる固定化系が得られた。得られた固定化酵素を用いて連続的で大量の異性化反応(エピ化反応)を行うことができる。
希少糖D-プシコースは、D-フラクトースにD-ケトヘキソース3-エピメラーゼ(特許文献3)を作用させるとD-フラクトースから収率20~25%で生成する。特許文献3に記載の方法においては、D-プシコースを生産することを目的としているので、D-フラクトースから出発した、その反応後の平衡状態の組成物は、D-プシコースを分離するためのものであった。その平衡状態の組成物として取得したわけではなく、その組成物はD-プシコース分離用中間組成物であった。
従来の糖質甘味料、例えばHFCSやD-プシコースなどを生産する場合は、酵素反応が平衡反応であるため目的とする甘味料を生産する場合に、疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作が必須となる。本発明においては、この分離操作を行わずに原料となるD-フラクトースの全てを理論的には収率100%で生産物を生産できる。また、本発明の組成物はD-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の組成物であるから、主にD-グルコース、D-フラクトースなどを含有する液糖から、簡便な方法により結晶状態あるいは固体状態の糖質を生成せしめる特許文献4に記載された技術が適用可能である。
平衡状態の組成物を甘味料として利用する技術に異性化糖がある。異性化糖を工業的に得るには、異性化酵素であるグルコースイソメラーゼをブドウ糖液に添加して60℃程度で反応させることによりブドウ糖の一部を果糖に変化させたのち、水分を蒸散させて濃縮し、クロマトグラフィーによる分離精製をおこなうなどして果糖純度を高め、果糖濃度が50%未満のブドウ糖果糖液糖、果糖濃度が50%以上90%未満の果糖ブドウ糖液糖、果糖濃度が90%以上の高果糖液糖などを製造することを行う。ブドウ糖(D-グルコース)と果糖(D-フラクトース)の混合糖液である異性化糖は、結晶化が非常に難しいことから、液体の状態で利用されている。これは、一般に、複数の糖が存在する液糖を結晶状態にすることが極めて困難であり、液体の状態で利用するほかないからである。
そのような状況下、特許文献4に記載された希少糖含有異性化糖は、D-グルコースとD-フラクトースのほかに、D-プシコースやD-アロースなどの複数の希少糖を含むので、「純粋な単一物は結晶化し易く、不純物を含むものは結晶化し難い」ということからしても、非常に結晶し難い組成物であることは明白である。これら異性化糖の問題を解決するものであり、主にD-グルコース、D-フラクトースなどを含有する液糖、例えば、異性化糖から、簡便な方法により結晶状態あるいは固体状態の糖質を生成せしめるという、これまで困難であるとされてきた複数の糖からなる固形状糖質、すなわち複合体結晶糖質および/またはD-フラクトースがD-グルコース1水和物結晶の集合体に取り込まれている粒状結晶、ならびにその製造方法を提供し、異性化糖の用途を拡大することを可能とするものである。すなわち、特許文献4に記載された発明は、当業界において常識とされていた技術事項をブレイクスルーする画期的なものである。当該方法によって得られた希少糖含有異性化糖は、甘味剤、抗肥満剤、摂食抑制剤、インスリン抵抗性改善剤、低カロリー甘味料としての利用が試みられており、機能性をもった糖質として、注目を浴びつつある。
本発明の組成物はD-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の組成物であるから、特許文献4に記載されたこの技術が利用可能である。
本発明の製造方法の一態様では、D-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが約44:36:20の希少糖含有組成物が得られる。
一方、特許文献1に記載の甘味料の製造は、(1)連続プラントを用いた方法で得られる糖液は、一般通常的に使用される、D-フラクトース42重量部およびグルコース58重量部を構成糖とする異性化糖にケトヘキソース3-エピメラーゼとしてタガトース3-エピメラーゼを作用させるとD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが58:34:8の希少糖含有組成物が得られる。(2)混合酵素を用いた方法で得られる糖液は、グルコースイソメラーゼとタガトース3-エピメラーゼの混合酵素をD-グルコースに作用させると、反応時間2時間でD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが41:48:11の、反応時間1時間でD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが43:48:9の希少糖含有組成物が得られる。(3)高D-プシコース含有の糖液を調製する方法で得られる糖液は、反応時間4時間でD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが54:36:10の、反応時間20時間でD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが41:42:17の、希少糖含有組成物が得られる。
特許文献1に記載の方法では、どちらの希少糖含有組成物も従来の果糖ブドウ糖液糖に比べ、甘味度、甘味質に砂糖に近づくことがわかっている。また、これらの希少糖含有組成物に、果糖、D-グルコースをさらに添加することにより、甘味度や味質を調整することができることが記載されている。
本発明の製造方法の一態様で得られた、D-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースが約44:36:20の希少糖含有組成物は計算上の甘味度1.05であり、特許文献1に記載の方法で得られたいずれの希少糖含有組成物と比べても、甘味度において砂糖により近づいていることがわかる。
本発明の、希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖プシコースが10~20重量部、好のましくは15~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが90~80重量部、好のましくは85~80重量部である、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物は、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の組成物であるから、特許文献4に記載された用途に用いられる。
本発明の組成物は、原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作を経ていない生産物であることを特徴としている。また、原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、固定化酵素反応カラムを通過した液糖そのものであることを特徴としており、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の組成物であるから、やはり特許文献4に記載された用途に用いられる。ブドウ糖・果糖・D-プシコースとも、すべて食品(認可認証の面で)であり、食品の混合物だから極めて安全で扱いやすい。D-プシコース(D-アルロース)は食品素材に微量に存在し、安全性が高く、大量生産技術が開発された今日、コスト面でも利用価値は高いものである。なお急性経口毒性試験では5,000mg/kg以上であることがすでに知られている。
本発明の希少糖含有組成物の、前記糖質代謝異常および/または脂質代謝異常改善を目的とした食品素材あるいは食品添加物としての使用形態としては、錠剤、カプセル剤、飲料などに溶解させる粉末あるいは顆粒などの固形剤、ゼリーなどの半固形体、飲料水などの液体、希釈して用いる高濃度溶液などがある。
さらに、本発明の希少糖含有組成物を適宜食品に添加して糖質代謝異常および/または脂質代謝異常改善などを目的とした保健食または病人食とすることができる。任意的成分として、通常食品に添加されるビタミン類、炭水化物、色素、香料など適宜配合することができる。食品は液状または固形の任意の形態で食することができる。ゼラチンなどで外包してカプセル化した軟カプセル剤として食することができる。カプセルは、例えば、原料ゼラチンに水を加えて溶解し、これに可塑剤(グリセリン、D- ソルビトールなど)を加えることにより調製したゼラチン皮膜でつくられる。
これらの治療剤および予防剤は、ヒト以外の動物、例えば、牛、馬、豚、羊などの家畜用哺乳類、鶏、ウズラ、ダチョウなどの家禽類、は虫類、鳥類或いは小型哺乳類などのペット類、養殖魚類などにも用いることができる。
本発明の甘味料の甘味を生かしつつ、生理作用の発現を意図した糖質代謝異常および/または脂質代謝異常改善効果、肥満改善効果を目的とした薬剤は、これらを単独で用いるほか、一般的賦形剤、安定剤、保存剤、結合剤、崩壊剤などの適当な添加剤を配合し、液剤、顆粒剤、細粒剤、散剤、錠剤、カプセル剤、丸剤、散布剤、スプレー剤等の適当な剤型を選んで製剤し、経口的、経鼻的に投与することができる。
逆に、製剤形態からみて無理な服用容量とならなければ1日服用量に相当する量を1回分として配合してもよい。製剤の調製にあたっては、通常使用される充填剤、増量剤、結合剤、崩壊剤、表面活性剤、滑沢剤、コーティング剤、徐放化剤など、希釈剤や賦形剤を用いることができる。この他、必要に応じて溶解補助剤、緩衝剤、保存剤、可溶化剤、等張化剤、乳化剤、懸濁化剤、分散剤、増粘剤、ゲル化剤、硬化剤、吸収剤、粘着剤、弾性剤、可塑剤、吸着剤、香料、着色剤、矯味剤、抗酸化剤、保湿剤、遮光剤、光沢剤、帯電防止剤などを使用することができる。
さらに、化粧品等の製剤化に、可溶性フィルムが使用されるようになってきている。例えば、香料等を保持させたフレーバーフィルム等として気分転換、口臭予防等を目的として、可食性の可溶性フィルムが使用されている。食品、医薬品等の包装材として、又食品、医薬品等の有効成分を保持する担体として、優れた溶解性とフィルム特性を示し、これらの用途に好適に用いることができる可溶性フィルムが提案されており(特許文献9)、このようにして、本発明の砂糖の甘味度および味質を有する甘味料を医薬品もしくは医薬部外品、化粧品に適応することができる。
(1)微生物の培養と酵素の大量生産、
(2)酵素反応による希少糖への変換、
(3)平衡反応の場合は生産物の希少糖と原料(果糖等)との分離、
(4)希少糖の濃縮の4つの工程があり、必要に応じ、
(5)希少糖の結晶化の5つ目の工程が付加される。これらの工程を効率よく実施し、希少糖を大量に生産する。
本実施例で予備実験の一例を示す。
予備実験の生産方法は、上記(3)の希少糖と原料(果糖等)との分離は行わないことを特徴とする。
すなわち、図1に示すように、原料のD-フラクトースにケトース3-エピメラーゼを作用させてD-フラクトースからD-プシコースへ変換させる反応1の通常のD-フラクトースからD-プシコースを作る工程で、D-プシコースを分離することなくそのまま、反応2のD-キシロースイソメラーゼ反応を行った。この時に経時的にカラムから溶出してくる反応液をサンプリングして、HPLC(検出器;RI、カラム;三菱化成 MCI GEL CK 08EC、移動相;水、流速; 0.4ml/min)にて分析した(この分析条件は、以降の実験例でも同様である)。HPLC分析結果を図2に示す。反応2の生産物である糖液は、およそD-グルコース43重量部、D-フラクトース37重量部、D-プシコース20重量部とからなることが判明した。
本発明の製造方法で得られた希少糖含有組成物が甘味度において砂糖により近づいていることについて以下に詳述する。
一方、図3の右側には、図2の本発明の新規希少糖含有組成物製造工程(上記予備実験の製造工程)であり、二つの製造工程を対比して示した。図3の右側に示す製造工程で製造された予備実験の生産物は、D-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースの比が44.4:30.6:20の混合糖組成物である。
図4の左側には、甘味曲線を示す図面が示されている。この図面は、特許文献1の図2を引用した図面である。図中、AAは甘味度、BBは時間、CCはD-グルコース+D-フラクトース、DDは砂糖、EEはD-フラクトース+D-グルコース+D-プシコース、FFはD-プシコースである。CCは、異性化糖(フラクトース55重量部+グルコース45重量部)を用いている。
D-グルコースは砂糖の甘味度の70%程度、D-フラクトースは砂糖の甘味度の170%程度である。D-フラクトースが甘くて美味しい糖といわれる所以である。異性化糖における甘味度および甘味質は、D-フラクトースとD-グルコースの含有比率により異なる。一般的に単一成分の甘味料に比較して、混合糖は甘味のピーク幅が広がり丸い甘味特性を示すことが知られている。特許文献1の実施例2の官能試験結果(表1参照)から、グルコース:プシコースの比が、9:1程度で砂糖に近い甘味度および甘味質が得られることがわかっている。また、砂糖の甘味度および/または味質に近い組み合わせは、フラクトース30重量部から80重量部の範囲においてD-グルコースおよびD-プシコースを(70重量部から20重量部)の範囲で含む混合糖であることを明らかにしている。
また、D-グルコースおよびD-プシコース64.4重量部は上記D-グルコースおよびD-プシコース70重量部から20重量部の範囲(特許文献1)における上限に近い数値であり、D-プシコースの機能性を持った量のD-プシコースを含有し、かつ、D-グルコース、D-フラクトース、およびD-プシコースの甘味のバランスが砂糖に近似する甘味料を作り出している。
また、D-プシコースは、きれの良い清涼感のある味質を呈するが、甘味を遅く感じる特性がある。D-プシコースは砂糖の甘味度の70%程度であり、単独で甘味料として用いる場合には、甘味度および甘味質共に砂糖とは異なっている。
これらのことから、D-プシコースが加わることによって、図4の甘味曲線は、異性化糖(フラクトース55重量部+グルコース45重量部)の曲線CCから混合糖曲線(フラクトース+グルコース+プシコース)EEのように変化し、砂糖DDの味質に近づいたことが見て取れる。
図4の右側には、上部に、D-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースの比が50:40:10の混合組成物の甘味度が、下部に、実施例1の予備実験の生産物のD-グルコース:D-フラクトース:D-プシコースの比が44.4:30.6:20の甘味度が計算されている。実施例1で調製した、D-グルコース、D-フラクトース、D-プシコースの混合組成物が限りなく砂糖に近い味を示すことが明らかとなった。
図5の、「新規甘味料」、「RSS」、「砂糖様甘味料」、「単なる添加法」は以下のとおりの希少糖含有甘味組成物である。
1.新規甘味料:本発明の原料としてD-フラクトースを用い砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を製造する方法
2.RSS:「レアシュガースウィート」(松谷化学工業株式会社製)、特許文献5に記載の製造方法で製造された希少糖シロップ(商品名:レアシュガースウィート)。D-プシコース0.5~17質量%、D-アロース0.2~10質量%及びその他希少糖が含まれた希少糖含有糖組成物。
3.砂糖様甘味料:特許文献1に記載の製造方法で製造された砂糖様味質をもつ新規甘味料。
4.単なる添加法:D-グルコース、D-フラクトース、D-プシコース単品の混合物。単品の製造には精製(結晶化など)の問題を克服しなければならない。
本発明は、生産物の組成が一定ではなく目的に応じた組成を得ることが可能であることも大きな特徴である。反応条件を変化させ、各種の組成の生産物を得られることを確認した。両酵素の酵素活性(固定化酵素の量)あるいは固定化酵素カラムを通過する速度を変化することで組成の異なる生産物の生産が可能である。本実施例は酵素量を変化させることでの可能性を示したものである。
アルスロバクター グロビホルミス(Arthrobacter
globiformis)M30株は、日本国独立行政法人製品評価技術基盤機構特許生物寄託センター(日本国千葉県木更津市東かずさ鎌足2-5-8)に受託番号 NITE BP-1111として国際寄託されている(特許文献6)。
得られた酵素液にイオン交換樹脂(アニオン樹脂)を入れ、5℃にて40時間撹拌し固定化酵素を得た。得られたDAE固定化酵素を100ml固定化反応カラムに充填した。
DAE固定化酵素カラムに50%濃度のD-フラクトース溶液に20mMのMg2SO4を添加し、0.5MのNaOH溶液にてpH7.5に調整した溶液を100ml/時間の流量で通液した。通液後溶液をHPLCにて分析するとD-フラクトース79%:D-プシコース20%であった。
[生産1]
市販のD-キシロース―イソメラーゼ固定化酵素(ノボ社製)80mlを150mlのMg2SO4溶液100mlに分散し、十分に水和させてから100ml固定化反応カラムに充填した。ついでD-キシロースイソメラーゼ固定化酵素カラムに、DAE固定化酵素反応後溶液を100ml/時間の流量で通液した。
[生産2]
同様にDAE反応後液(D-フラクトース79%:D-プシコース20%)をD-キシロースイソメラーゼ固定化酵素カラム50mlに100ml/時間の流量で通液した。
[生産3]
同様にDAE反応後液(D-フラクトース79%:D-プシコース20%)をD-キシロースイソメラーゼ固定化酵素カラム20mlに100ml/時間の流量で通液した。
第一の反応であるケトース3-エピメラーゼの酵素量を変えることで生産される、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの生産物を基質として用いた検討を行った。
[生産1]
固定化D-キシロースイソメラーゼ100mlに上記D-フラクトース85%:D-プシコース15%を100ml/時間の流量で通液した。通液後溶液をHPLCにて分析するとD-グルコース43%:D-フラクトース41%:D-プシコース15%であった。
[生産2]
固定化D-キシロースイソメラーゼ50mlに上記D-フラクトース85%:D-プシコース15%を100ml/時間の流量で通液した。通液後溶液をHPLCにて分析するとD-グルコース27%:D-フラクトース51%:D-プシコース15%であった。
[生産3]
固定化D-キシロースイソメラーゼ20mlに上記D-フラクトース85%:D-プシコース15%を100ml/時間の流量で通液した。通液後溶液をHPLCにて分析するとD-グルコース19%:D-フラクトース59%:D-プシコース15%であった。
Claims (29)
- 原料としてD-フラクトースを用い希少糖含有組成物を製造する方法であって、第一段階で、ケトース3-エピメラーゼでD-フラクトースをD-プシコースとの混合物とし、第二段階でD-プシコースに作用しないD-キシロースイソメラーゼを用いたD-フラクトースをD-グルコースへ変換することで、D-グルコース、D-フラクトースおよびD-プシコースの新たな組成の目的生産物を得ることを特徴とする方法。
- 第一段階の生産物がD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの混合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第一段階の生産物がD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの平衡混合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第一段階の生産物が目的とする濃度に調整されたD-フラクトース及び希少糖D-プシコースの混合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第二段階が、第一段階の生産物にD-キシロースイソメラーゼを連続または個別に作用させる、請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第二段階の目的生産物が、希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖D-プシコースが10~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが90~80重量部の組成物である、請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第二段階の目的生産物が、希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖D-プシコースが15~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが85~80重量部の組成物である、請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第二段階の目的生産物が、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物である、請求項1ないし7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 用いるケトース3エピメラーゼおよびD-キシロースイソメラーゼの酵素活性を調整することで、目的生産物の組成を目的のものにすることを特徴とする請求項1ないし8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第一段階の反応および第二段階の反応が、それぞれ基質溶液を固定化酵素カラムの中を通過させて行う反応であって、かつ、基質の流速を調整することで、目的生産物の組成を目的のものにすることを特徴とする請求項1ないし9のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 原料であるD-フラクトースを基質として固定化酵素反応を用い、理論上は副生産物を生産することなく100%目的生産物として得ることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 目的生産物が、製造工程中に疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作で失われることはないことを特徴とする、請求項1ないし11のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 第二段階の目的生産物が固定化酵素カラムを通過した液糖そのものから、結晶状態あるいは固体状態の糖質を生成させることを特徴とする、請求項1ないし12のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖プシコースが10~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが90~80重量部である、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- 希少糖D-プシコース、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースの合計100重量部に対して、希少糖プシコースが15~20重量部、D-グルコースおよびD-フラクトースが85~80重量部である、砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- 原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、疑似移動クロマトグラフィーによる分離操作を経ていない生産物である、請求項14または15に記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- 原料となるD-フラクトースの生産物であって、かつ、固定化酵素反応カラムを通過した液糖そのものである、請求項14、15または16に記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- 砂糖と同じ味質の甘味料である、請求項14ないし17のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- シロップ状または結晶質状である、請求項14ないし18のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする砂糖様甘味料。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする食品。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする医薬品もしくは医薬部外品。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする口腔用組成物。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする化粧品。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする抗肥満剤。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする摂食抑制剤。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とするインスリン抵抗性の改善剤。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする低カロリー甘味剤。
- 請求項14ないし19のいずれかに記載の砂糖と同じ味質の希少糖含有組成物を含有することを特徴とする砂糖様甘味剤。
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WO2022234671A1 (ja) * | 2021-05-07 | 2022-11-10 | 国立大学法人香川大学 | D-アルロースの機能性を持つ砂糖に近い味質の甘味料の大量生産方法 |
CN115490300A (zh) * | 2022-09-16 | 2022-12-20 | 中国船舶重工集团公司第七0七研究所九江分部 | 一种离子交换器均匀进水分配装置 |
WO2023063337A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-12 | 2023-04-20 | 国立大学法人香川大学 | 実質上純粋なd-タリトールまたはアリトールの製造方法 |
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CN117625591B (zh) * | 2024-01-24 | 2024-04-26 | 四川省农业科学院茶叶研究所 | 一种黑茶用生物复合酶及其制茶工艺 |
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JP7002159B2 (ja) | 2022-02-08 |
CN113015810A (zh) | 2021-06-22 |
US20210324434A1 (en) | 2021-10-21 |
JP2021151234A (ja) | 2021-09-30 |
CN113015810B (zh) | 2024-07-05 |
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