WO2020084400A1 - 金属酸化物の作製方法、半導体装置の作製方法 - Google Patents
金属酸化物の作製方法、半導体装置の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020084400A1 WO2020084400A1 PCT/IB2019/058802 IB2019058802W WO2020084400A1 WO 2020084400 A1 WO2020084400 A1 WO 2020084400A1 IB 2019058802 W IB2019058802 W IB 2019058802W WO 2020084400 A1 WO2020084400 A1 WO 2020084400A1
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Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a metal oxide, a transistor, a semiconductor device, and an electronic device. Further, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a metal oxide and a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device. Further, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer and a module.
- a semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor circuit such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a memory device are one mode of a semiconductor device.
- a display device (a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting display device, or the like), a projection device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a power storage device, a storage device, a semiconductor circuit, an imaging device, an electronic device, or the like can be said to have a semiconductor device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- One embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method. Further, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter).
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- IC integrated circuit
- image display device also simply referred to as a display device
- Silicon-based semiconductor materials are widely known as semiconductor thin films applicable to transistors, but oxide semiconductors are drawing attention as other materials.
- CAAC c-axis aligned crystalline
- nc nanocrystalline
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 disclose a technique for manufacturing a transistor using an oxide semiconductor having a CAAC structure.
- One object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having favorable electric characteristics. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with high on-state current. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a first step of forming a metal oxide having indium on a substrate and a second step of performing microwave treatment on the metal oxide, and the second step. It is under reduced pressure, and is performed using a gas containing oxygen, the second step, the defect containing the hydrogen to oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide (V O H), and oxygen vacancy (V O)
- the process defects containing the hydrogen to oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide (V O H), divided into oxygen deficiency and (V O) and hydrogen (H), the third step, the metal oxide It is a method for producing a metal oxide, which reduces the oxygen deficiency (V 2 O 3 ) of.
- a first step of forming a metal oxide containing indium over a substrate and a second step of forming a first conductor and a second conductor over the metal oxide are performed.
- a third step of performing microwave treatment on the metal oxide, and a fourth step of performing heat treatment on the metal oxide are performed.
- the third step is under reduced pressure, and is carried out using a gas containing oxygen
- the fourth step is performed under reduced pressure
- the third step the defect containing the hydrogen to oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide (V O H)
- by the fourth step oxygen deficiency (V O ) in the metal oxide is reduced, and hydrogen (H) in the metal oxide is reduced.
- a first step of forming a metal oxide containing indium over a substrate and a second step of forming a first conductor and a second conductor over the metal oxide are performed.
- a fifth step of performing heat treatment the fourth step is performed under reduced pressure and using a gas containing oxygen, and the fifth step is performed under reduced pressure.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 300 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- the pressure of the microwave treatment is preferably 133 Pa or higher.
- the first step be performed by a sputtering method using an oxide target containing indium.
- a semiconductor device with favorable reliability can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device having favorable electric characteristics can be provided. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device with high on-state current can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a low power consumption semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 1A is a top view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1B to 1D are cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating the behavior of ⁇ Vsh in the + GBT test.
- FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating a drain current of a transistor.
- FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an energy diagram of a metal oxide.
- 3B and 3C are diagrams for explaining electron conduction.
- 4A and 4B is a schematic diagram of a V O H and, V O and H and reaction on energy of transition.
- FIG. 5A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5B to 5D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 6B to 6D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7B to 7D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8B to 8D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 9B to 9D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 10B to 10D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11B to 11D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 12B to 12D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 13B to 13D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14A is a top view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14B to 14D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15A is a top view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 15B to 15D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a top view illustrating a microwave processing device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a microwave processing device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a microwave processing device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 20 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 21 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the structure of the memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 22A and 22B are block diagrams illustrating a structural example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 23A to 23H are circuit diagrams each illustrating a structural example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 24A and 24B are schematic views of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 25A to 25E are schematic views of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 26A to 26H are diagrams illustrating electronic devices according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating a market image.
- the size, the layer thickness, or the region may be exaggerated for clarity. Therefore, it is not necessarily limited to that scale.
- the drawings schematically show ideal examples, and are not limited to the shapes or values shown in the drawings.
- a layer, a resist mask, or the like may be unintentionally reduced due to a process such as etching, but this may not be reflected in the drawing for easy understanding.
- the same reference numerals are commonly used in different drawings for the same portions or portions having similar functions, and repeated description thereof may be omitted.
- the hatch pattern may be the same and may not be given a reference numeral.
- top views also referred to as “plan views”
- perspective views description of some components may be omitted.
- description of some hidden lines may be omitted.
- the ordinal numbers given as the first, second, etc. are used for convenience, and do not indicate the process order or the stacking order. Therefore, for example, “first” can be replaced with “second” or “third” as appropriate.
- the ordinal numbers described in this specification and the like may be different from the ordinal numbers used to specify one embodiment of the present invention.
- X and Y are connected, the case where X and Y are electrically connected and the case where X and Y function And the case where X and Y are directly connected are disclosed in this specification and the like. Therefore, it is not limited to a predetermined connection relation, for example, the connection relation shown in the drawing or the text, and other than the connection relation shown in the drawing or the text is also disclosed in the drawing or the text.
- X and Y are objects (for example, devices, elements, circuits, wirings, electrodes, terminals, conductive films, layers, etc.).
- a transistor is an element having at least three terminals including a gate, a drain, and a source. And a region (hereinafter, also referred to as a channel formation region) in which a channel is formed between the drain (drain terminal, drain region or drain electrode) and the source (source terminal, source region or source electrode), A current can flow between the source and the drain via the channel formation region.
- a channel formation region refers to a region in which a current mainly flows.
- the functions of the source and drain may be switched when adopting transistors of different polarities or when the direction of current changes in circuit operation. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the terms “source” and “drain” can be interchanged in some cases.
- the channel length means, for example, in a top view of a transistor, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion where current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap with each other or a source in a channel formation region.
- the channel length does not necessarily have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be set to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel length is any one value, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in the channel formation region.
- the channel width is, for example, in a top view of a transistor, a region in which a semiconductor (or a portion of a semiconductor in which a current flows) and a gate electrode overlap with each other in a top view of the transistor, or a channel formation direction in a channel formation region. Is the length of the channel formation region in the vertical direction. Note that in one transistor, the channel width does not necessarily have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel width of one transistor may not be set to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel width is any one value, the maximum value, the minimum value, or the average value in the channel formation region.
- a channel width in a region where a channel is actually formed (hereinafter also referred to as an “effective channel width”) and a channel width shown in a top view of the transistor. (Hereinafter, also referred to as “apparent channel width”).
- the effective channel width becomes larger than the apparent channel width, and the effect thereof may not be negligible.
- the proportion of the channel formation region formed in the side surface of the semiconductor may be large. In that case, the effective channel width is larger than the apparent channel width.
- channel width when simply described as channel width, it may indicate an apparent channel width.
- channel width may mean an effective channel width. Note that the channel length, channel width, effective channel width, apparent channel width, and the like can be determined by analyzing a cross-sectional TEM image or the like.
- the impurities of the semiconductor refer to, for example, components other than the main constituents of the semiconductor.
- an element having a concentration of less than 0.1 atomic% can be said to be an impurity. Due to the inclusion of impurities, for example, the defect level density of the semiconductor may increase and the crystallinity may decrease.
- examples of impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include a Group 1 element, a Group 2 element, a Group 13 element, a Group 14 element, a Group 15 element, and an oxide semiconductor.
- transition metals other than the main component such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen. Water may also function as an impurity.
- oxygen vacancies may be referred to as V 2 O ) may be formed in the oxide semiconductor due to the mixture of impurities, for example.
- silicon oxynitride has a higher oxygen content than nitrogen as its composition. Further, silicon oxynitride has a composition containing more nitrogen than oxygen.
- the term “insulator” can be restated as an insulating film or an insulating layer.
- the term “conductor” can be referred to as a conductive film or a conductive layer.
- the term “semiconductor” can be restated as a semiconductor film or a semiconductor layer.
- parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of ⁇ 10 degrees to 10 degrees. Therefore, the case of -5 degrees or more and 5 degrees or less is also included.
- substantially parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of -30 degrees or more and 30 degrees or less.
- vertical means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 degrees or more and 100 degrees or less. Therefore, a case of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less is also included.
- generally vertical means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 degrees or more and 120 degrees or less.
- a metal oxide is a metal oxide in a broad sense. Metal oxides are classified into oxide insulators, oxide conductors (including transparent oxide conductors), oxide semiconductors (Oxide Semiconductor or simply OS), and the like. For example, when a metal oxide is used for a semiconductor layer of a transistor, the metal oxide may be referred to as an oxide semiconductor. That is, the term “OS transistor” can be rephrased as a transistor including a metal oxide or an oxide semiconductor.
- normally-off means that when a potential is not applied to the gate or a ground potential is applied to the gate, the drain current per channel width of 1 ⁇ m flowing in the transistor is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ at room temperature. It is 20 A or less, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or less at 85 ° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or less at 125 ° C.
- FIG. 1A to 1D are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device including a transistor 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A is a top view of the semiconductor device.
- 1B, 1C, and 1D are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by dashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 1A and also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel length direction.
- 1C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by dashed-dotted line A3-A4 in FIG. 1A and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction.
- FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by dashed-dotted line A5-A6 in FIG. 1A and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction. In the top view of FIG. 1A, some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes the transistor 200, the insulator 214 functioning as an interlayer film, the insulator 216, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 284.
- the transistor 200 includes a conductor 205 provided over a substrate (not shown) and embedded in an insulator 216, and an insulator 216 and an insulator 216.
- the insulator 222 over the 205, the insulator 224 over the insulator 222, and the oxide 230 over the insulator 224 (the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide).
- 230c) the insulator 250 disposed on the oxide 230, the conductor 260 (the conductor 260a and the conductor 260b) disposed on the insulator 250, and part of the upper surface of the oxide 230b.
- the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b are in contact with each other, the insulator 245a over the conductor 240a, and the insulator 245b over the conductor 240b.
- the oxide 230 (the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c) including a region where a channel is formed (hereinafter also referred to as a channel formation region) is added to a metal oxide (hereinafter referred to as a metal oxide) functioning as a semiconductor. , Also referred to as an oxide semiconductor).
- the metal oxide that functions as a semiconductor preferably has a bandgap of 2 eV or more, more preferably 2.5 eV or more. By using a metal oxide having a wide band gap in this manner, off-state current of the transistor can be reduced.
- Examples of the oxide 230 include In-M-Zn oxide (the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium). , One kind or a plurality of kinds selected from neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, etc.) may be used. Alternatively, as the oxide 230, an In—Ga oxide or an In—Zn oxide may be used.
- the transistor 200 including a metal oxide in a channel formation region has an extremely small leakage current in a non-conduction state, so that a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided. Since the metal oxide can be formed by a sputtering method or the like, it can be used for the transistor 200 included in the highly integrated semiconductor device.
- a metal oxide having a low carrier concentration is preferably used for the channel formation region.
- the concentration of impurities in the metal oxide may be lowered and the density of defect states may be lowered.
- low impurity concentration and low defect level density are referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- the case where the carrier concentration of the metal oxide in the channel formation region is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 or lower is defined as substantially high-purity intrinsic. Details of the carrier concentration of the metal oxide will be described later.
- the impurities in the metal oxide include, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- hydrogen contained in a metal oxide reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, which may cause oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide. If the channel formation region in the metal oxide contains oxygen vacancies, the transistor might have normally-on characteristics. Further, when containing the hydrogen to oxygen vacancies in the metal oxide, there is a case where oxygen vacancies and hydrogen combine to form a V O H. Defects containing hydrogen to an oxygen vacancy (V O H) serves as a donor, sometimes electrons serving as carriers are generated.
- part of hydrogen may be bonded to oxygen which is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron which is a carrier. Therefore, a transistor including a metal oxide containing a large amount of hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. Further, hydrogen in the metal oxide easily moves due to stress such as heat and an electric field; therefore, when a large amount of hydrogen is contained in the metal oxide, reliability of the transistor might be deteriorated.
- Defects containing hydrogen to an oxygen vacancy (V O H) can function as a donor of the metal oxide.
- the metal oxide may be evaluated by the carrier concentration instead of the donor concentration. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the carrier concentration which is assumed to be a state where no electric field is applied may be used as the parameter of the metal oxide, instead of the donor concentration. That is, the “carrier concentration” described in this specification and the like can be called the “donor concentration” in some cases.
- Hydrogen in the metal oxide is preferably reduced as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3. It is less than 3 , more preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- the carrier concentration of the metal oxide in the channel formation region is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less, and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3. It is more preferably the following or less, further preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 , and further preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the lower limit of the carrier concentration of the metal oxide in the channel formation region is not particularly limited, but can be set to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 cm ⁇ 3 , for example.
- the highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic it is preferable that the highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic.
- the V O H to obtain a sufficiently reduced metal oxide, to remove moisture in the metal oxide, the impurities such as hydrogen (dehydration, may be described as dehydrogenation.)
- the metal oxide impurities is sufficiently reduced such V O H By using the channel formation region of the transistor, it is possible to have stable electrical characteristics.
- the oxide 230 it is preferable to perform microwave treatment on the oxide 230 in an atmosphere containing oxygen and under reduced pressure.
- the microwave treatment By performing the microwave treatment, the electric field due to microwave, given the oxide 230, it is possible to separate the V O H in the oxide 230 on the V O and hydrogen. At this time, a part of the hydrogen separated may be combined with oxygen and removed as H 2 O from the oxide 230. Further, part of hydrogen may be gettered to the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the microwave treatment the hydrogen concentration in the oxide 230 can be reduced. Further, V O in the oxide 230 is divided into V O and hydrogen, and then V O that may exist can be repaired or supplemented by supplying oxygen to V O.
- an apparatus having a power source for generating high-density plasma or an apparatus having a power source for applying RF (Radio Frequency) to the substrate side.
- RF Radio Frequency
- a gas containing oxygen and by using high-density plasma, high-density oxygen radicals can be generated, and by applying RF to the substrate side, oxygen radicals generated by high-density plasma can be generated. It can be efficiently introduced into the oxide 230 or the insulator near the oxide 230.
- the heat treatment may be performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment.
- hydrogen in the oxide 230 can be efficiently removed.
- hydrogen in the oxide 230 can be removed more efficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower. Note that the step of performing heat treatment may be repeated a plurality of times while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment.
- the microwave treatment is preferably performed on the oxide 230.
- oxygen in the oxide 230 is mainly bonded to any one or more of In, the element M, and Zn.
- the bond between indium and oxygen tends to be weaker than the bond between element M or zinc and oxygen. Therefore, it is presumed that oxygen bound to indium is likely to be deficient. In other words, it is presumed that oxygen vacancies are likely to be formed near indium.
- V O H from being formed by entering the hydrogen to oxygen vacancies, V O H is easily formed indium vicinity.
- Indium is also a metal element that enhances the conductivity of the oxide 230. Therefore, the on-state current of the transistor 200 tends to increase as the atomic ratio of indium contained in the oxide 230 is higher. On the other hand, the higher the atomic ratio of indium contained in the oxide 230, V O H is estimated to easily formed. Therefore, the oxide 230, in the case of using an oxide containing indium, by performing the microwave treatment on the oxide 230 can reduce the V O H in the oxide 230. Therefore, the on-state current of the transistor 200 can be increased and stable electric characteristics can be given.
- hydrogen may diffuse into the metal oxide as the metal oxide film is formed.
- a deposition gas containing hydrogen may be used. It is highly possible that hydrogen contained in the film forming gas diffuses into the oxide 230.
- impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon exist in the atmosphere during the formation of the insulating film to be the insulator 250 or in the formed insulator 250.
- impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon exist in the atmosphere during the formation of the insulating film to be the insulator 250 or in the formed insulator 250.
- impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon exist in the atmosphere during the formation of the insulating film to be the insulator 250 or in the formed insulator 250.
- microwave treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen and under reduced pressure after the insulator 250 is formed over the oxide 230.
- an electric field due to microwaves is applied to the insulator 250 and the oxide 230, whereby hydrogen bonded to a silicon atom in the insulator 250 can be separated from the silicon atom.
- the V O H in 230 can be divided into the V O and hydrogen.
- a part of the hydrogen separated may be combined with oxygen and removed as H 2 O from the insulator 250 and the oxide 230.
- part of hydrogen may be gettered to the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- microwave treatment in this manner, hydrogen concentration in the insulator 250 and the oxide 230 can be reduced.
- V O in the oxide 230 is divided into V O and hydrogen, and then V O that may exist can be repaired or supplemented by supplying oxygen to V O.
- the heat treatment may be performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment. By performing such treatment, hydrogen in the insulator 250 and the oxide 230 can be efficiently removed.
- the step of performing heat treatment may be repeated a plurality of times while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment. For example, after microwave treatment is performed for 10 seconds or more and 300 seconds or less, preferably 30 seconds or more and 60 seconds or less, heat treatment for 30 seconds or more and 3000 seconds or less, preferably 300 seconds or a time in the vicinity thereof while maintaining a reduced pressure state. The step of performing may be performed 2 to 10 times. By repeating the heat treatment, hydrogen in the insulator 250 and the oxide 230 can be removed more efficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- the film quality of the insulator 250 is modified, so that diffusion of hydrogen, water, impurities, or the like can be suppressed. Therefore, diffusion of hydrogen, water, or impurities into the oxide 230 through the insulator 250 is suppressed by a post-process such as formation of a conductive film to be the conductor 260 or a post-process such as heat treatment. be able to.
- the binding energy of hydrogen atoms and silicon atoms in solid silicon oxide is 3.3 eV
- the binding energy of carbon atoms and silicon atoms is 3.4 eV
- the binding energy of nitrogen atoms and silicon atoms is 3.5 eV. Therefore, in order to remove the hydrogen atom bonded to the silicon atom, at least a radical or ion having an energy of 3.3 eV or more is caused to collide with the bonding portion between the hydrogen atom and the silicon atom, whereby the hydrogen atom and the silicon atom are separated from each other. A bond with an atom can be broken.
- radicals or ions having at least energy higher than binding energy are made to collide with the bond portion between the impurity atom and the silicon atom, so that It is possible to break the bond with the silicon atom.
- radicals and ions generated by plasma excited by microwaves a ground state O ( 3 P) of an oxygen atom radical, a first excited state O ( 1 D) of an oxygen atom radical, and a monovalent oxygen molecule Cation O 2 + and the like.
- the energy of O ( 3 P) is 2.42 eV and the energy of O ( 1 D) is 4.6 eV.
- O 2 + has an electric charge and is accelerated by the potential distribution in the plasma and the bias, the energy is not uniquely determined, but at least the internal energy alone has a higher energy than that of O ( 1 D). To have.
- radicals and ions such as O ( 1 D) and O 2 + cut the bonds between hydrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms, and carbon atoms in the insulator 250 and the silicon atoms, and bond with the silicon atoms. Hydrogen atoms, nitrogen atoms, and carbon atoms can be removed. Further, impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon can be reduced also by heat energy applied to the substrate when performing microwave-excited plasma treatment.
- O ( 3 P) since O ( 3 P) has low reactivity, it does not react with the insulator 250 and diffuses deep into the film. Further, O ( 3 P) reaches the oxide 230 through the insulator 250 and diffuses into the oxide 230.
- O ( 3 P) diffused in the oxide 230 approaches the oxygen deficiency containing hydrogen, hydrogen in the oxygen deficiency is released from the oxygen deficiency, and O ( 3 P) enters the oxygen deficiency instead. , Oxygen deficiency is compensated. Therefore, generation of electrons that are carriers can be suppressed in the oxide 230.
- the ratio of O ( 3 P) to the total radicals and ionic species is increased by performing microwave treatment under high pressure conditions.
- the pressure may be 133 Pa or higher, preferably 200 Pa or higher, more preferably 400 Pa or higher.
- oxygen and argon are used, and an oxygen flow rate ratio (O 2 / (O 2 + Ar)) is 50% or less, preferably 10% or more 30 % Or less is recommended.
- a transistor including such a metal oxide as a channel formation region can have normally-off characteristics, and a semiconductor device having favorable electric characteristics and reliability can be formed.
- the ⁇ Vsh measured in the + GBT (Gate Bias Temperature) stress test can be reduced. Therefore, reliability of the transistor can be improved.
- the model of the behavior of ⁇ Vsh will be described later.
- a semiconductor device with good reliability.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- ⁇ + Vsh behavior in + GBT stress test> The behavior of the off-current in the OS transistor and the ⁇ Vsh in the + GBT stress test will be described below.
- the metal oxide used for the channel formation region is described as an In—Ga—Zn oxide.
- ⁇ Vsh may shift in the negative direction over time. Further, ⁇ Vsh may exhibit a behavior that it does not fluctuate in the ⁇ direction (for example, the negative direction) but fluctuates in both the negative direction and the positive direction. In addition, in this specification etc., the said behavior may be called the jagged behavior in a + GBT stress test.
- FIG. 2A a schematic diagram for explaining the behavior of ⁇ Vsh in the + GBT test is shown in FIG. 2A.
- the vertical axis represents ⁇ Vsh [mV] and the horizontal axis represents time (hr) [hr].
- ⁇ Vsh is both a positive drift (arrow ⁇ in FIG. 2A) and a negative drift (arrow ⁇ in FIG. 2A). Fluctuates while having. As shown in FIG. 2A, ⁇ Vsh generally fluctuates in the negative direction while having the drifts indicated by arrows ⁇ and ⁇ .
- the OS transistor has a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer, a metal oxide layer having a channel formation region, a source region, and a drain region.
- FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of the Id-Vg characteristic of the OS transistor.
- the horizontal axis represents changes in the voltage (Vg) [V] applied to the gate electrode, and the vertical axis represents changes in the drain current (Id) [A].
- FIG. 2B is a semilogarithmic graph with the vertical axis being the logarithmic axis (log).
- One of the currents is a current related to an on-current and the other current is a current related to an off-current.
- the current A shown by the solid line in FIG. 2B is a current related to the on-current. Further, the current B shown by a broken line in FIG. 2B is a current related to off current.
- the voltage Vab shown in FIG. 2B is the value of the gate voltage at which the value of the current A and the value of the current B are the same.
- the drain current of the OS transistor is observed as the sum of the current A and the current B shown in FIG. 2B.
- the ratio of the current B to the drain current is high, and when the value of the gate voltage Vg is higher than the voltage Vab, the ratio of the current A to the drain current is high.
- the carriers related to the off current are presumed to be electrons due to V OH .
- V O H acts as a donor, to emit electrons serving as carriers.
- carriers are generated by doping phosphorus (P) or boron (B).
- the carriers are related to the current flowing between the source region and the drain region. That is, it is presumed that one type of carrier determines the on-current and the off-current in silicon.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram of an energy diagram of a metal oxide.
- the vertical axis represents energy.
- the horizontal direction indicates the density of the V O H.
- E CBM shown in FIG. 3A is energy at the bottom of the conduction band
- E VBM is energy at the top of the valence band
- E i is energy at the center of the energy gap (also referred to as a midgap).
- E 1 and E 2 are energies, and the value of E 2 is closer to the value of E i than the value of E 1 .
- the value of E 1 is closer to the value of E CBM than the value of E 2 .
- V O H which serves as a donor
- level caused by V O H it is estimated to be close to the conduction band minimum. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3A, the density distribution of the V O H is presumed to be located near the conduction band minimum.
- the carrier about off-current may be bound or released into levels or trapping centers due to V O H (trap centers). Further, it is assumed that the levels and trap centers due to V OH exist discretely.
- V OH disappears and V OH decreases.
- V O density of H is high closer to the conduction band bottom, and lower closer to the mid-gap (E i).
- V O H is easily formed indium vicinity. That, V O H is easily formed InO.
- the V O H conduction carriers caused by V O H is suppressed, it is possible to reduce the off current.
- carriers related to off current can be reduced.
- the off-state current carriers can be brought closer to the presence of so-called natural carriers.
- the carrier concentration of the metal oxide intrinsic carrier concentration e.g., if the band gap of the metal oxide of 3.3eV, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 cm -3 ) to You can get closer.
- the off-state current is increased and a high density of V O H, off-current decreases as the density of the V O H low.
- the V O H is generated off-current becomes large, off-current decreases as V O H disappears.
- the OS transistor has characteristics that the off current is unlikely to increase even at high temperature and the ratio of on current to off current is large even at high temperature.
- the OS transistor can perform good switching operation even at a high temperature of 125 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower.
- Off current at high temperatures mainly be due to the carrier conduction through the V O H, by reducing the V O H, it is possible to further reduce the off current at high temperatures.
- the jagged behavior of ⁇ Vsh may occur due to the current related to the on-current or may occur due to the current related to the off-current.
- the jagged behavior of DerutaVsh occurs due to the current related to the on-current, by V O H there are many, jagged behavior is likely to occur in DerutaVsh.
- the carriers related to the on-current are trapped in the level due to V OH , or the trapped carriers are released to the conduction band. If the energy of the Fermi level close to E 1, as compared with the case where the energy of the Fermi level close to the E 2, high density of the V O H, high density of states due to V O H.
- the carrier related to the on-state current is trapped in the level due to V OH , or the trapped carrier is released to the conduction band more frequently. Therefore, the variation of the on-current is likely to occur, and the jagged behavior of ⁇ Vsh is more likely to occur.
- a positive potential is applied to the gate electrode.
- an electric field generated from the gate electrode is applied to the metal oxide channel formation region.
- FIG. 4A and 4B is a schematic diagram of a V O H and, shed V O and H and reaction on energy of transition.
- the application model applied to the + GBT stress test of the OS transistor will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 4A.
- the vertical axis represents energy.
- the state A in FIG. 4A, and 4B a state where the V O and H are present as V O H
- the state B in FIG. 4A, and 4B are separated and the V O and H It is in a closed state (denoted as V O + H).
- the energy ⁇ E required to change (react) state 1 to state 2 is the difference between the energy of state 1 and the maximum energy located in the middle of the reaction. That is, it can be said that the larger the energy ⁇ E required for the reaction, the less likely the reaction occurs.
- V O H rather than shed V O and H, easily exist stably, energy is estimated to be low.
- FIG. 4A The transition of energy for the above reaction when no electric field is applied to the metal oxide is shown in FIG. 4A by the dotted line P.
- Delta] E 2 is the energy required to condition A is changed to the state B (V O H is divided into a V O and H).
- ⁇ E 1 is the energy required for the state B to change to the state A (V O and H combine to form V OH ).
- V O H orientation is changed, or V O H is rearranged.
- V O H, and shed V O and H a change in energy of the transition for the reaction of.
- V O H and a shed V O and H the reaction, there are one or more metastable states. That is, the reaction of V O H is divided into a V O and H, and, in each of the reactions and the V O and H linked to form a V O H, energy ⁇ E required for the reaction is, there exist a plurality.
- the V O H, and shed V O and H, the course of reactions illustrates the transition of the energy when one metastable state (state C) is present.
- the state C is a metastable state regarding V O and H, and may or may not function as a donor.
- Delta] E AC is the energy required to state A (V O H) is changed to a state C
- Delta] E CB the state C is a state B (shed V O and H ) Is the energy required to change to.
- ⁇ E BC is the energy required for changing the state B (divided V O and H) to the state C
- ⁇ E CA is the energy required for changing the state C to the state A (V O H).
- Delta] E BA the state B (shed V O and H) of the energy required for the change in state a (V O H).
- ⁇ E AC and ⁇ E CB are smaller than ⁇ E 2 . Therefore, when an electric field is applied to the metal oxide, the reaction in which V OH in the metal oxide is divided into V O and H becomes easy to proceed. Note that even if the electric field applied to the metal oxide is weak, a reaction in which V OH in the metal oxide is divided into V O and H can proceed.
- ⁇ E BA is smaller than ⁇ E 1 .
- ⁇ E BC is smaller than ⁇ E BA . Therefore, by an electric field is applied to the metal oxide, the state in the metal oxide B (shed V O and H) are likely to change to state A (V O H). That the number of V O H increases, varies ⁇ Vsh in the negative direction.
- ⁇ E AC is smaller than ⁇ E 2 and ⁇ E CB is smaller than ⁇ E AC . Therefore, when an electric field is applied to the metal oxide, V OH in the metal oxide easily returns to the state B (separated V O and H). V O H is, by returning to the shed V O and H, the number of V O H decreases.
- the number of V O H decreases, increasing the probability of ⁇ Vsh varies in the positive direction. That is, the reaction between the cut V O and H and V O H causes the energy to become unstable, resulting in a jagged behavior of ⁇ Vsh.
- FIG. 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of energy transition when one metastable state exists
- FIG. 4B a schematic diagram of energy transition when multiple metastable states exist is shown in FIG. 4B.
- a dotted line P shown in FIG. 4B is a transition of energy related to the above reaction when an electric field is not applied to the metal oxide, as in FIG. 4A.
- the solid line Q illustrated in Figure 4B three metastable state when (state C, the state D, and the state E) are present, V O H and a shed V O and H, the energy for the reaction of Is the transition.
- V O H, and shed V O and H tends to occur in the reaction, in the + GBT stress test, jagged behavior ⁇ Vsh occurs.
- Delta] E 2 is the energy required to state A (V O H) is changed to the state B (shed V O and H)
- Delta] E 1 is the state B It is the energy required for (divided V O and H) to change to state A (V O H).
- Delta] E AD is the energy required to state A (V O H) is changed to the state D
- Delta] E AC is state A (V O H) is in the state C
- ⁇ E CE is the energy required to change state C to state E
- ⁇ E EB is the energy required to change state E to state B (divided V O and H) It is the energy required to do.
- ⁇ E BE is the energy required for changing the state B (divided V O and H) to the state E
- ⁇ E BC is the state B (divided V O and H) changed to the state C.
- ⁇ E BD is the energy required to change state B (dissociated V O and H) to state D
- ⁇ E DA is the energy required to change state D to state A
- V is the energy required for the change in O H
- Delta] E BA is the energy required to state B (shed V O and H) are changed to the state A (V O H)
- ⁇ E CD is to state C is changed to the state D It is the required energy.
- the transition of energy with respect to can also change due to the difference in crystallinity of the metal oxide.
- the dotted line P shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B is referred to as a transition of energy relating to the reaction in a single crystal metal oxide
- the solid line Q shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B is a metal oxide having a CAAC structure or an nc structure. In some cases, it can be translated into the transition of energy related to the reaction in an object.
- V O H is sometimes easier reaction proceeds to divide into a V O and H.
- the transition of energy relating to the reaction in the metal oxide having the nc structure may be more complicated than the solid line Q shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B.
- V O H in the metal oxide is presumed to be repeat product and the disappearance. With other words, V O H drifts depending on the electric field, or V O H By repeatedly and the generation and disappearance are presumed jagged behavior occurs at + GBT stress test.
- the generation and disappearance of the V O H in the metal oxide may be one of various unstable factors.
- the phenomenon of varying off current every time measuring the OS transistor is believed to be due to the generation and disappearance of the V O H in the metal oxide.
- the OS transistor since carriers related to the short channel effect and carriers derived from V OH are different, an effect that the short channel effect is unlikely to occur may be considered.
- one of the short channel effects is an increase in the S value of the OS transistor. S value is related to on-current, the carrier is on the on-current, different from the V O H caused the carrier. Therefore, even if the generation and disappearance of V OH are repeated, the short channel effect is not affected or hardly affected. That is, it is presumed that the OS transistor has a device structure in which the short channel effect is unlikely to occur.
- V OH disappearance of V OH can be expressed as separating into V O and H.
- the separation of V 2 O and H can occur in the manufacturing process of the OS transistor by applying an electric field to the metal oxide by microwave treatment or by heat treatment such as dehydration treatment or dehydrogenation treatment. Therefore, it can be understood that microwave treatment or heat treatment is an important step in the manufacturing process of the OS transistor. Further, as the heat treatment, in addition to the above-mentioned heat treatment, oxygenation treatment is also important.
- Oxygenation treatment is performed in a process of manufacturing an OS transistor, in which heat treatment is performed in an oxygen atmosphere or heat treatment is performed in a state where an insulating film having excess oxygen is in contact with a metal oxide, This is a process for repairing the formed V 2 O with oxygen.
- Equation (1) is the disappearance of V O H, that is, represents the state in which V O H is separated into V O and H
- the formula (2) represents the state of being repaired by oxygen V O.
- an OS transistor when a conductor functioning as a source electrode or a drain electrode is in contact with a metal oxide, oxygen in the metal oxide may diffuse into the conductor and the conductor may be oxidized. It is highly probable that the electrical conductivity of the conductor will decrease due to the oxidation of the conductor. Note that diffusion of oxygen in the metal oxide into the conductor can be restated as absorption of oxygen in the metal oxide by the conductor.
- the three-layer structure of the source or drain electrode, the layer, and the metal oxide can be regarded as a three-layer structure including a metal-insulator-semiconductor, and has a MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) structure. , Or a diode junction structure mainly composed of a MIS structure.
- V O H includes a gather at the interface between the layer and the metal oxide To be done. That is, the existence probability of the V O H at the interface between the layer and the metal oxide is presumed to be higher. By V O H collects in the interface, the energy is stabilized. Further, V O H is that collects in the interface is presumed that the low-resistance region is formed in the metal oxide near the interface.
- hydrogen due to V OH collected at the interface may diffuse to the source electrode or the drain electrode.
- hydrogen due to V OH collected at the interface easily diffuses into the source electrode or the drain electrode, and the diffused hydrogen is absorbed by the source electrode.
- it may combine with nitrogen contained in the drain electrode. That is, hydrogen due to V OH collected at the interface may be absorbed by the source electrode or the drain electrode.
- an oxygen-deficient region is formed in the metal oxide near the interface.
- V O H in the metal oxide is also likely to move in an electric field of low region in the MIS structure, the metal oxide near the interface, the low-resistance region is formed.
- the insulator 214 preferably functions as an insulating barrier film which suppresses diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen from the substrate side into the transistor 200. Therefore, the insulator 214 has a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitric oxide molecules (N 2 O, NO, NO 2, etc.), and copper atoms. It is preferable to use an insulating material. Alternatively, an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) is preferably used.
- the function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities or oxygen means the function of suppressing the diffusion of any one or all of the impurities or oxygen.
- a film having a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen or oxygen may be a film that hardly permeates hydrogen or oxygen, a film that has low hydrogen or oxygen permeability, a film that has a barrier property against hydrogen or oxygen, or hydrogen or oxygen. May be called a barrier film or the like.
- the barrier film may be referred to as a conductive barrier film.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, or the like as the insulator 214. Accordingly, impurities such as water and hydrogen can be suppressed from diffusing from the substrate side to the transistor 200 side with respect to the insulator 214. Further, oxygen contained in the insulator 224 and the like can be suppressed from diffusing toward the substrate side of the insulator 214.
- the insulator 214 may have a stacked structure including two or more layers. In that case, the laminated structure is not limited to the same material, and may be a laminated structure made of different materials. For example, a stacked layer of aluminum oxide and silicon nitride may be used.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to use silicon nitride formed by a sputtering method. Accordingly, the concentration of hydrogen in the insulator 214 can be reduced, and impurities such as water and hydrogen can be further suppressed from diffusing from the substrate side of the insulator 214 to the transistor 200 side.
- the insulator 216 functioning as an interlayer film preferably has a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 214.
- a material having a low dielectric constant as the interlayer film, it is possible to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the wirings.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, silicon oxide having holes Etc. may be used as appropriate.
- the insulator 216 preferably has a low hydrogen concentration and has an excess oxygen region or oxygen that is released by heating (hereinafter also referred to as excess oxygen).
- excess oxygen for example, silicon oxide formed by a sputtering method is preferably used. Accordingly, hydrogen can be prevented from entering the oxide 230. Further, oxygen can be supplied to the oxide 230 to reduce oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230. Therefore, it is possible to provide a transistor in which variations in electrical characteristics are suppressed, stable electrical characteristics are obtained, and reliability is improved.
- the insulator 216 may have a laminated structure.
- the insulator 216 may be provided with an insulator similar to the insulator 214 at least in a portion in contact with the side surface of the conductor 205.
- oxidation of the conductor 205 due to oxygen contained in the insulator 216 can be suppressed.
- the conductor 205 can suppress a decrease in the amount of oxygen contained in the insulator 216.
- the conductor 205 may function as a second gate (also referred to as a bottom gate) electrode.
- the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor 200 can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductor 205 independently of the potential applied to the conductor 260, without changing the potential.
- Vth of the transistor 200 can be further increased and off-state current can be reduced. Therefore, applying a negative potential to the conductor 205 can reduce the drain current when the potential applied to the conductor 260 is 0 V, as compared to the case where no potential is applied.
- the conductor 205 is arranged so as to overlap with the oxide 230 and the conductor 260. Further, the conductor 205 is preferably embedded in the insulator 214 or the insulator 216 and provided.
- the conductor 205 is preferably provided larger than a channel formation region in the oxide 230 as illustrated in FIG. 1B.
- the conductor 205 extend in a region outside the end portion of the oxide 230 which intersects with the channel width direction. That is, it is preferable that the conductor 205 and the conductor 260 overlap with each other with the insulator provided outside the side surface of the oxide 230 in the channel width direction.
- the electric field of the conductor 260 functioning as the first gate electrode and the electric field of the conductor 205 functioning as the second gate electrode electrically surround the channel formation region of the oxide 230.
- a structure of a transistor in which a channel formation region is electrically surrounded by an electric field of a first gate and a second gate is referred to as a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure.
- a transistor having an S-channel structure refers to a transistor structure that electrically surrounds a channel formation region by electric fields of one and the other of a pair of gate electrodes.
- the side surface and the periphery of the oxide 230 which is in contact with the conductors 240a and 240b functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode are i-type as in the channel formation region. It has characteristics. Further, the side surface and the periphery of the oxide 230 which is in contact with the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b is in contact with the insulator 280, and thus can be i-type as in the channel formation region.
- the I-form can be treated as the same as the high-purity intrinsic described above.
- the S-channel structure disclosed in this specification and the like is different from the Fin-type structure and the planar-type structure.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of a region where the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 overlap.
- FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view of a region where the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 do not overlap with each other.
- the top end portion of the oxide 230 is formed to have a curvature so that one of the conductor 260 functioning as a first gate electrode and the conductor 205 functioning as a second gate electrode.
- both electric fields can be suitably applied to the oxide 230.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of a region where the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 overlap.
- FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view of a region where the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 do not overlap with each other.
- the top end portion of the oxide 230 is formed to have a curvature so that one of the conductor 260 functioning as a first gate electrode and the conductor 205 functioning as a second gate electrode.
- both electric fields can
- the upper end portion of the oxide 230 has a shape having no curvature, whereby the adhesion between the oxide 230 and the conductor 240b can be improved and the insulating property can be improved. It is preferable because the coverage of the body 280 can be improved.
- the conductor 205 is stretched to function as a wiring.
- the invention is not limited to this, and a conductor functioning as a wiring may be provided below the conductor 205. Further, it is not always necessary to provide one conductor 205 for each transistor. For example, the conductor 205 may be shared by a plurality of transistors.
- the transistor 200 has a structure in which the first conductor of the conductor 205 and the second conductor of the conductor 205 are stacked, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 205 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure including three or more layers.
- an ordinal number may be given in the order of formation to distinguish them.
- the first conductor of the conductor 205 is an impurity such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitric oxide molecule (N 2 O, NO, NO 2, or the like), a copper atom, or the like. It is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion. Alternatively, a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) is preferably used.
- the first conductor of the conductor 205 may be a single layer or a stacked layer of the above conductive material.
- the first conductor of the conductor 205 may be a stack of tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, or ruthenium oxide and titanium or titanium nitride.
- the second conductor of the conductor 205 is illustrated as a single layer, it may have a stacked structure, for example, a stack of titanium or titanium nitride and the conductive material.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 function as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen (for example, at least one of a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen molecule). Further, the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules). For example, the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen as compared with the insulator 224.
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which are insulating materials may be used.
- the insulator it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like.
- the insulator 222 releases oxygen from the oxide 230 to the substrate side and diffuses impurities such as hydrogen from the peripheral portion of the transistor 200 to the oxide 230.
- the conductor 205 can be prevented from reacting with the insulator 224 and oxygen contained in the oxide 230.
- the insulator 222 is made of, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST).
- An insulator including a so-called high-k material may be used in a single layer or a stacked layer. As transistors become finer and more highly integrated, thinning of the gate insulator may cause problems such as leakage current. By using a high-k material for the insulator functioning as a gate insulator, it is possible to reduce the gate potential during transistor operation while maintaining the physical film thickness.
- the insulator 224 in contact with the oxide 230 desorb oxygen by heating.
- the insulator 224 may be formed using silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like as appropriate.
- an oxide material from which part of oxygen is released by heating that is, an insulator material having an excess oxygen region is preferably used.
- An oxide film that desorbs oxygen by heating means that the amount of desorbed oxygen molecules is 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 molecules / cm 3 or more, preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 19 molecules, in TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) analysis. / Cm 3 or more, more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 19 molecules / cm 3 or more, or 3.0 ⁇ 10 20 molecules / cm 3 or more.
- the surface temperature of the film during the TDS analysis is preferably 100 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower, or 100 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower.
- any one or more of heat treatment, microwave treatment, and RF treatment may be performed by contacting the oxide 230 with the insulator having the excess oxygen region.
- water or hydrogen in the oxide 230 can be removed.
- reactions occur which bonds VoH is disconnected, when other words happening reaction of "V O H ⁇ V O + H", can be dehydrogenated.
- Part of the hydrogen generated at this time may be combined with oxygen and removed as H 2 O from the oxide 230 or the insulator in the vicinity of the oxide 230.
- Part of hydrogen may be diffused or captured (also referred to as gettering) in the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the microwave treatment can use the treatment conditions described above.
- heat treatment is preferably performed with the surface of the oxide 230 exposed.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 100 ° C to 450 ° C inclusive, more preferably 350 ° C to 400 ° C inclusive, for example.
- the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of a nitrogen gas or an inert gas, or an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere. Accordingly, oxygen can be supplied to the oxide 230 to reduce oxygen vacancies (V 2 O 3 ).
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas in an amount of 10 ppm or higher, 1% or higher, or 10% or higher in order to supplement desorbed oxygen after the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas or inert gas atmosphere.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas in an amount of 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more, and then continuously performed in a nitrogen gas or inert gas atmosphere.
- the insulator 224 preferably has a low hydrogen concentration and has an excess oxygen region or excess oxygen.
- the same material as that of the insulator 216 may be used.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 may have a laminated structure of two or more layers.
- the laminated structure is not limited to the same material, and may be a laminated structure made of different materials.
- the oxide 230 is, for example, an oxide 230a that is disposed on the insulator 224, an oxide 230b that is disposed on the oxide 230a, and an oxide 230b that is at least partially oxidized. And an oxide 230c in contact with the upper surface of 230b. With the oxide 230a below the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities from the structure formed below the oxide 230a into the oxide 230b can be suppressed. In addition, by including the oxide 230c over the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities into the oxide 230b from a structure formed above the oxide 230c can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230 has a structure in which three layers of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c are stacked; however, the present invention is not limited to this.
- a single layer of the oxide 230b, a two-layer structure of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b, a two-layer structure of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c, or a stacked structure of four or more layers may be provided, or oxidation may be performed.
- Each of the object 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c may have a laminated structure.
- oxygen in the metal oxide is gradually absorbed by the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b included in the transistor, which causes oxygen deficiency as one of the temporal changes.
- oxidation of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b might increase the contact resistance between the transistor 200 and the wiring.
- an insulator containing oxygen is used for the insulator 280 which functions as an interlayer film provided in contact with the oxide 230.
- the insulator 280 it is preferable to use an oxide containing more oxygen than the stoichiometric composition. That is, it is preferable that the insulator 280 be formed with a region in which oxygen is present in excess of the stoichiometric composition (hereinafter also referred to as an excess oxygen region).
- an insulator 245a and an insulator 245b which function as barrier layers may be provided over the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b, respectively.
- the insulator 245a and the insulator 245b are preferably in contact with the top surface of the conductor 240a and the top surface of the conductor 240b, respectively.
- absorption of excess oxygen included in the insulator 280 by the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b can be suppressed.
- an increase in contact resistance between the transistor 200 and the wiring can be suppressed. Therefore, the transistor 200 can have favorable electric characteristics and reliability.
- the insulator 245a and the insulator 245b have a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen.
- the insulator 245a and the insulator 245b preferably have a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen as compared with the insulator 280.
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium may be formed.
- an insulator containing aluminum nitride may be used as the insulator 245a and the insulator 245b.
- the side surface of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the conductor 240a, and the side surface of the conductor 240b are substantially perpendicular to a surface where the insulator 224 and the oxide 230a are in contact with each other.
- the angle ⁇ shown in FIG. 1D is 60 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less, and preferably 88 degrees or more and 92 degrees or less.
- the side surface of the oxide 230a does not necessarily have to have an angle with the insulator 224.
- part of the side surface of the oxide 230a may have a depression (also referred to as an undercut shape).
- the side surface of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the conductor 240a, and the side surface of the conductor 240b are processed into a shape substantially perpendicular to the surface where the insulator 224 and the oxide 230a are in contact with each other, the above-described undercut shape is formed. May be. With the undercut shape, the contact area of the insulator 280 in contact with the oxide 230a may be increased, so that oxygen can be preferably supplied from the insulator 280 to the oxide 230b.
- FIG. 1D illustrates a cross section of a region where the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b and a conductor (here, the conductor 240b) which functions as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode overlap with each other in the channel width direction of the transistor. It is a figure.
- the length of the conductor 240b with respect to the lower surface of the conductor 240b is The length ratio (L 1T / L 1B ) of the upper surface is preferably 0.7 or more and 1.3 or less.
- the length (L 1T ) of the upper surface of the conductor 240b is 42 nm or more and 78 nm or less.
- the length (L 1T ) of the upper surface of the conductor 240b may be longer than the above range, but the length (L 1T ) of the upper surface of the conductor 240b is within the above range.
- the covering property (also referred to as step coverage) of the insulator 280 is deteriorated. Therefore, the ratio (L 1T / L 1B ) of the length of the upper surface of the conductor 240b to the length of the lower surface of the conductor 240b is preferably 0.7 or more and 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.8 or more and 0 or less. It is less than or equal to 0.95.
- the length of the channel width of the transistor and the conductivity is not particularly limited.
- the channel width of the transistor is preferably 5 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 75 nm.
- the thickness of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b is preferably 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- a channel width of the transistor in the above range and thicknesses of the conductors 240a and 240b in the above range are expected to have significant effects.
- the length of the channel length of the transistor is not particularly limited, but can be set to a range equivalent to the above channel width.
- the oxide 230 preferably has a laminated structure due to oxides having different chemical compositions.
- the atomic ratio of the element M with respect to the metal element serving as the main component of the element M with respect to the metal element serving as the main component with respect to the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b is preferably larger than the atomic number ratio.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to In is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b.
- the atomic ratio of In to the element M is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a.
- a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 230a or the oxide 230b can be used.
- the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c preferably have crystallinity.
- a CAAC-OS c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor
- An oxide having crystallinity such as CAAC-OS has a dense structure with few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies) and high crystallinity. Therefore, extraction of oxygen from the oxide 230b by the source electrode or the drain electrode can be suppressed. Accordingly, even if heat treatment is performed, oxygen extraction from the oxide 230b can be reduced, so that the transistor 200 is stable against a high temperature (so-called thermal budget) in a manufacturing process.
- CAAC-OS As the oxide 230c, it is preferable to use CAAC-OS as the oxide 230c, and it is preferable that a c-axis of a crystal included in the oxide 230c is oriented substantially perpendicular to a formation surface or an upper surface of the oxide 230c.
- the CAAC-OS has a property of easily moving oxygen in a direction perpendicular to the c-axis. Therefore, the oxygen contained in the oxide 230c can be efficiently supplied to the oxide 230b.
- the bottoms of the conduction bands of the oxides 230a and 230c are preferably closer to the vacuum level than the bottoms of the conduction bands of the oxide 230b.
- the electron affinity of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c is preferably smaller than that of the oxide 230b.
- the oxide 230c is preferably a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 230a.
- the main path of carriers is the oxide 230b.
- the lower end of the conduction band changes gently at the junction of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c.
- the bottom of the conduction band at the junction of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c is continuously changed or continuously joined.
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b and the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c have a common element other than oxygen as a main component, whereby a mixed layer with low defect level density can be formed.
- the oxide 230b is an In—Ga—Zn oxide
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, gallium oxide, or the like may be used as the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c.
- the above atomic ratio is not limited to the atomic ratio of the formed metal oxide, and the atomic ratio of a sputtering target used for forming the metal oxide is not limited. May be
- the defect level density at the interface between the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b and the interface between the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c can be reduced. Therefore, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 200 can have high on-state current and high frequency characteristics.
- the oxide 230c may have a laminated structure of two or more layers. For example, it may have a first oxide of the oxide 230c and a second oxide of the oxide 230c disposed on the first oxide of the oxide 230c.
- the first oxide of the oxide 230c preferably contains at least one of the metal elements forming the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b, and more preferably contains all the metal elements.
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide is used as the first oxide of the oxide 230c
- an In—Ga—Zn oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, or an oxide is used as the second oxide of the oxide 230c. It is preferable to use gallium. Accordingly, the defect level density at the interface between the oxide 230b and the first oxide of the oxide 230c can be reduced.
- the second oxide of the oxide 230c is preferably a metal oxide which suppresses diffusion or permeation of oxygen more than the first oxide of the oxide 230c.
- the conduction band bottoms of the second oxides of the oxides 230a and 230c be closer to the vacuum level than the conduction band bottoms of the first oxides of the oxides 230b and 230c.
- the electron affinity of the second oxide of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c is preferably smaller than the electron affinity of the first oxide of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c.
- the second oxide of the oxide 230c is a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 230a
- the first oxide of the oxide 230c is a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 230b. Is preferably used. At this time, not only the oxide 230b but also the first oxide of the oxide 230c may be the main carrier route.
- the atomic ratio of In to the main metal element is the main component in the metal oxide used for the first oxide of the oxide 230c. It is possible to suppress In from diffusing to the insulator 250 side by making the atomic number ratio of In to the metal element that is.
- the insulator 250 functions as a gate insulator; therefore, when In is mixed in the insulator 250 or the like, the characteristics of the transistor are deteriorated. Therefore, a stacked-layer structure of the oxide 230c makes it possible to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device.
- Examples of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b include a nitride containing tantalum, a nitride containing titanium, a nitride containing molybdenum, a nitride containing tungsten, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, and a nitride containing titanium and aluminum. It is preferable to use a thing. In one aspect of the present invention, a nitride containing tantalum is particularly preferable. Further, for example, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, or the like may be used. These materials are preferable because they are conductive materials that are difficult to oxidize or materials that maintain conductivity even when absorbing oxygen.
- the insulator 250 functions as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 250 is preferably provided in contact with at least part of the oxide 230c.
- the insulator 250 is formed of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, fluorine-added silicon oxide, carbon-added silicon oxide, carbon-nitrogen-added silicon oxide, vacant silicon oxide, or the like. Can be used. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are stable to heat.
- the insulator 250 is preferably formed using an insulator from which oxygen is released by heating.
- An insulator from which oxygen is released by heating is provided as the insulator 250 in contact with at least part of the oxide 230c, so that oxygen is effectively supplied to the channel formation region of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230b is removed. Oxygen deficiency in the channel formation region can be reduced. Therefore, it is possible to provide a transistor in which variations in electrical characteristics are suppressed, stable electrical characteristics are obtained, and reliability is improved.
- the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator 250 be reduced.
- the thickness of the insulator 250 is preferably 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- a metal oxide may be provided between the insulator 250 and the conductor 260.
- the metal oxide preferably suppresses diffusion of oxygen from the insulator 250 to the conductor 260.
- oxygen diffusion from the insulator 250 to the conductor 260 is suppressed. That is, a decrease in the amount of oxygen supplied to the oxide 230 can be suppressed.
- oxidation of the conductor 260 due to oxygen in the insulator 250 can be suppressed.
- the above metal oxide may have a function as a part of the gate insulator. Therefore, when silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like is used for the insulator 250, the metal oxide is preferably a high-k material having a high relative dielectric constant.
- the gate insulator has a stacked structure of the insulator 250 and the above metal oxide, a stacked structure having high heat stability and a high relative dielectric constant can be obtained. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the gate potential applied during the operation of the transistor while maintaining the physical film thickness of the gate insulator. Further, it is possible to reduce the equivalent oxide film thickness (EOT) of the insulator functioning as the gate insulator.
- EOT equivalent oxide film thickness
- a metal oxide containing one kind or two or more kinds selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium and the like can be used.
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium it is preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- the metal oxide may have a function as a part of the first gate electrode.
- a metal oxide that can be used as the oxide 230 can be used as the above metal oxide.
- the conductor 260 by a sputtering method, the electric resistance value of the metal oxide can be reduced and the conductor can be used.
- the on-state current of the transistor 200 can be improved without weakening the influence of the electric field from the conductor 260.
- the leakage current between the conductor 260 and the oxide 230 is maintained. Can be suppressed.
- the physical distance between the conductor 260 and the oxide 230 and the electric field strength applied from the conductor 260 to the oxide 230 can be reduced. It can be easily adjusted appropriately.
- the conductor 260 preferably has a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b arranged on the conductor 260a.
- the conductor 260a is preferably arranged so as to surround the bottom surface and the side surface of the conductor 260b.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitric oxide molecules, and copper atoms.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules is preferably used.
- the conductor 260a has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen, it is possible to prevent oxygen contained in the insulator 250 from oxidizing the conductor 260b to reduce the conductivity.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like is preferably used.
- the conductor 260 also functions as a wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor having high conductivity.
- the conductor 260b can be formed using a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component.
- the conductor 260b may have a stacked structure, for example, a stacked structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material.
- the conductor 260 is shown as a two-layer structure of a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b, but may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- the conductor 260 is formed in a self-aligned manner so as to fill the opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like.
- the conductor 260 can be reliably arranged in the region between the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b without alignment.
- the top surface of the conductor 260 is substantially aligned with the top surface of the insulator 250 and the top surface of the oxide 230c.
- a bottom surface of a region of the conductor 260 where the conductor 260 and the oxide 230b do not overlap is preferably lower than a bottom surface of the oxide 230b.
- the conductor 260 functioning as a gate electrode covers the side surface and the upper surface of the channel formation region of the oxide 230b with the insulator 250 or the like interposed therebetween, so that the electric field of the conductor 260 is applied to the channel formation region of the oxide 230b. It becomes easy to act on the whole. Therefore, the on-state current of the transistor 200 can be increased and the frequency characteristics can be improved.
- Is T1 and T1 is 0 nm or more and 100 nm or less, preferably 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less, and more preferably 5 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- the insulator 280 is provided on the insulator 224, the oxide 230, the conductor 240a, and the conductor 240b.
- the insulator 280 is provided at least in contact with the side surface of the oxide 230. Further, the upper surface of the insulator 280 may be flattened.
- the insulator 280 functioning as an interlayer film preferably has a low dielectric constant.
- the insulator 280 is preferably provided using a material similar to that of the insulator 216, for example.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- a material such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon oxide having pores is preferable because a region containing oxygen which is released by heating can be easily formed.
- the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator 280 is reduced.
- the insulator 280 preferably has a low hydrogen concentration and has an excess oxygen region or excess oxygen; for example, a material similar to that of the insulator 216 may be used.
- the insulator 280 may have a stacked structure including two or more layers.
- the insulator 282 preferably functions as an insulating barrier film that suppresses diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen from above into the insulator 280.
- the insulator 282 preferably has a low hydrogen concentration and has a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen, like the insulator 214 and the like.
- the insulator 282 is preferably in contact with the top surfaces of the conductor 260, the insulator 250, and the oxide 230c.
- impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 284 and the like can be prevented from entering the insulator 250. Therefore, adverse effects on the electrical characteristics of the transistor and the reliability of the transistor can be suppressed.
- the insulator 284 preferably has a low dielectric constant similarly to the insulator 216 and the like.
- the insulator 284 preferably has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the film, like the insulator 224 and the like.
- the resistivity is 1.0 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm or more and 1.0 ⁇ 10 15 ⁇ cm or less, preferably 5.0 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm or more and 5.0 ⁇ 10 14 so as to cover the conductor. It is preferable to provide an insulator having an ⁇ cm or less. By providing an insulator having the above resistivity on the conductor, the insulator disperses charges accumulated between wirings of the transistor 200, the conductor, and the like while maintaining insulating property. This is preferable because it can suppress characteristic defects and electrostatic breakdown of the transistor and the electronic device including the transistor due to the charge.
- ⁇ substrate As a substrate for forming the transistor 200, for example, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used.
- the insulating substrate include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a stabilized zirconia substrate (such as a yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate), and a resin substrate.
- the semiconductor substrate include a semiconductor substrate made of silicon and germanium, a compound semiconductor substrate made of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide, and gallium oxide.
- a semiconductor substrate having an insulator region inside the above-mentioned semiconductor substrate for example, an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate.
- the conductor substrate include a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, and a conductive resin substrate.
- a substrate including a metal nitride, a substrate including a metal oxide, or the like can be given.
- a substrate in which a conductor or a semiconductor is provided on an insulator substrate a substrate in which a conductor or an insulator is provided in a semiconductor substrate, a substrate in which a semiconductor or an insulator is provided on a conductor substrate, and the like.
- a substrate provided with an element may be used.
- the elements provided on the substrate include a capacitance element, a resistance element, a switch element, a light emitting element, a storage element, and the like.
- insulator examples include an insulating oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, a nitrided oxide, a metal oxide, a metal oxynitride, and a metal nitride oxide.
- the gate insulator may cause problems such as leakage current.
- a high-k material for the insulator functioning as a gate insulator it is possible to reduce the voltage during transistor operation while maintaining the physical film thickness.
- a material having a low relative dielectric constant for the insulator functioning as the interlayer film it is possible to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between the wirings. Therefore, the material may be selected depending on the function of the insulator.
- gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium, an oxynitride containing aluminum and hafnium, an oxide containing silicon and hafnium, and silicon and hafnium are given. And the like, or a nitride containing silicon and hafnium.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, empty Silicon oxide having holes, resin, or the like is used as the insulator having a low relative dielectric constant.
- a transistor including a metal oxide is an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen (an insulator 214, an insulator 222, an insulator 245a, an insulator 245b, an insulator 282, or the like).
- impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- Examples of the insulator having a function of suppressing the penetration of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium.
- Insulators containing lanthanum, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used in a single layer or stacked layers.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, a metal nitride such as aluminum nitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- the insulator functioning as a gate insulator is preferably an insulator having a region containing oxygen which is released by heating.
- the structure in which silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride having a region containing oxygen which is released by heating is in contact with the oxide 230, oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be compensated.
- ⁇ conductor aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, lanthanum. It is preferable to use a metal element selected from the above, an alloy containing the above metal element as a component, an alloy in which the above metal elements are combined, or the like.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, nitride containing titanium and aluminum, nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, or the like is used. It is preferable. Further, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitride containing titanium and aluminum, nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxide containing lanthanum and nickel are difficult to oxidize.
- a conductive material or a material that maintains conductivity even when absorbing oxygen is preferable.
- a semiconductor having high electric conductivity which is typified by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a plurality of conductive layers formed of the above materials may be laminated and used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined may be used.
- a stacked-layer structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined is used for a conductor functioning as a gate electrode.
- a conductive material containing oxygen is preferably provided on the channel formation region side.
- a conductive material containing oxygen and a metal element contained in a metal oxide in which a channel is formed as a conductor functioning as a gate electrode.
- a conductive material containing the above metal element and nitrogen may be used.
- a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, and silicon were added.
- Indium tin oxide may be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- metal oxide As the oxide 230, a metal oxide (oxide semiconductor) which functions as a semiconductor is preferably used.
- the metal oxide applicable to the oxide 230 according to the present invention will be described below.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it is preferable to contain indium and zinc. In addition to these, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, and the like are contained. Further, one or more selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium and the like may be contained.
- the metal oxide is an In-M-Zn oxide containing indium, the element M, and zinc.
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten and magnesium.
- a combination of a plurality of the above-mentioned elements may be used as the element M.
- metal oxides having nitrogen may be collectively referred to as metal oxides. Further, the metal oxide containing nitrogen may be referred to as a metal oxynitride.
- Oxide semiconductors are classified into single crystal oxide semiconductors and non-single crystal oxide semiconductors other than those.
- the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor for example, a CAAC-OS, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an nc-OS (nanocrystal oxide semiconductor), a pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like OS: amorphous-like oxide semiconductor), And amorphous oxide semiconductors.
- CAAC-OS has a crystal structure having a c-axis orientation and a plurality of nanocrystals connected in the ab plane direction and having a strain.
- the strain refers to a portion in which the orientation of the lattice arrangement is changed between a region where the lattice arrangement is uniform and another region where the lattice arrangement is uniform in the region where a plurality of nanocrystals are connected.
- Nanocrystals are basically hexagonal, but they are not limited to regular hexagons and may be non-regular hexagons.
- the strain may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon and a heptagon. Note that in the CAAC-OS, it is difficult to confirm a clear crystal grain boundary (grain boundary) even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it is understood that the distortion of the lattice arrangement suppresses the formation of crystal grain boundaries. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate strain due to a non-dense arrangement of oxygen atoms in the ab plane direction, a change in bond distance between atoms due to substitution with a metal element, or the like. This is because.
- the CAAC-OS is a layered crystal in which a layer containing indium and oxygen (hereinafter, an In layer) and a layer containing elements M, zinc, and oxygen (hereinafter, a (M, Zn) layer) are stacked. It tends to have a structure (also called a layered structure).
- indium and the element M can be replaced with each other, and when the element M of the (M, Zn) layer is replaced with indium, it can be expressed as an (In, M, Zn) layer.
- the indium in the In layer is replaced with the element M, it can be expressed as an (In, M) layer.
- CAAC-OS is a metal oxide with high crystallinity.
- the CAAC-OS since it is difficult to confirm a clear crystal grain boundary, it can be said that a decrease in electron mobility due to the crystal grain boundary is unlikely to occur.
- the crystallinity of a metal oxide might be lowered due to the inclusion of impurities, the generation of defects, or the like; therefore, the CAAC-OS can be referred to as a metal oxide with few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies). Therefore, the metal oxide having CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the metal oxide having CAAC-OS is highly heat resistant and highly reliable.
- Nc-OS has a periodic atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly a region of 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less). Moreover, in the nc-OS, no regularity is found in the crystal orientation between different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation is seen in the entire film. Therefore, the nc-OS may be indistinguishable from the a-like OS or the amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- In-Ga-Zn oxide which is a kind of metal oxide containing indium, gallium, and zinc, may have a stable structure by using the above-described nanocrystal. is there.
- IGZO tends to have difficulty in crystal growth in the atmosphere, and thus a smaller crystal (for example, the above-mentioned nanocrystal) is used than a large crystal (here, a crystal of several mm or a crystal of several cm).
- a large crystal here, a crystal of several mm or a crystal of several cm.
- it may be structurally stable.
- the a-like OS is a metal oxide having a structure between the nc-OS and the amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the a-like OS has a void or a low density region. That is, the crystallinity of the a-like OS is lower than that of the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention may include two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS.
- the transistor When impurities are mixed in the oxide semiconductor, defect levels or oxygen vacancies may be formed. Therefore, when impurities are mixed in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor, the electrical characteristics of the transistor including the oxide semiconductor are likely to change and reliability may be deteriorated. If the channel formation region contains oxygen vacancies, the transistor is likely to have normally-on characteristics.
- the above defect levels may include trap levels.
- the charge trapped in the trap level of the metal oxide takes a long time to disappear and may behave like a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor including a metal oxide with a high trap level density in a channel formation region might have unstable electrical characteristics.
- the crystallinity of the channel formation region may be lowered, and the crystallinity of the oxide provided in contact with the channel formation region may be lowered.
- the stability or reliability of the transistor tends to be deteriorated.
- the crystallinity of the oxide provided in contact with the channel formation region is low, an interface state is formed, which might deteriorate the stability or reliability of the transistor.
- Impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- the concentration of the above impurity obtained by SIMS is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of the impurity obtained by elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is 1.0 atomic%.
- the concentration ratio of the impurity to the element M in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor and the vicinity thereof is less than 0.10, preferably 0.05. Less than Here, the concentration of the element M used when calculating the concentration ratio may be the concentration in the same region as the region in which the impurity concentration is calculated, or may be the concentration in the oxide semiconductor.
- the trap level density may be low.
- FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A, and 13A show top views. Further, FIGS. 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9B, 10B, 11B, 12B, and 13B are shown in FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, and 10A, respectively.
- 11A, FIG. 12A, and FIG. 13A are cross-sectional views corresponding to the portion indicated by dashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 11A, and are also cross-sectional views in the channel length direction of the transistor 200. Further, FIGS. 5C, 6C, 7C, 8C, 9C, 10C, 11C, 12C, and 13C are shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 12A, and FIG. 13A are cross-sectional views corresponding to the portion indicated by dashed-dotted line A3-A4 in FIG. 11A, and are also cross-sectional views of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction.
- 5D, 6D, 7D, 8D, 9D, 10D, 11D, 12D, and 13D are shown in FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, and 10A, respectively.
- 11A, FIG. 12A, and FIG. 13A are cross-sectional views of a portion indicated by a chain line A5-A6 in FIG.
- FIGS. 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10A, 11A, 12A, and 13A some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- a substrate (not shown) is prepared, and an insulator 214 is formed on the substrate.
- the insulator 214 is formed by a sputtering method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD: Pulsed Laser Deposition) method. It can be performed using a deposition (ALD: Atomic Layer Deposition) method or the like.
- the CVD method can be classified into a plasma CVD (PECVD: Plasma Enhanced CVD) method that uses plasma, a thermal CVD (TCVD: Thermal CVD) method that uses heat, and a photo CVD (Photo CVD) method that uses light. . Further, it can be divided into a metal CVD (MCVD: Metal CVD) method and an organic metal CVD (MOCVD: Metal Organic CVD) method depending on the raw material gas used.
- PECVD Plasma Enhanced CVD
- TCVD Thermal CVD
- Photo CVD Photo CVD
- MCVD Metal CVD
- MOCVD Metal Organic CVD
- the plasma CVD method can obtain a high quality film at a relatively low temperature.
- the thermal CVD method is a film forming method that does not cause plasma damage to an object to be processed because plasma is not used.
- a wiring, an electrode, an element (a transistor, a capacitor, or the like) included in a semiconductor device might be charged up by receiving electric charge from plasma. At this time, the accumulated charges may destroy wirings, electrodes, elements, and the like included in the semiconductor device.
- the thermal CVD method that does not use plasma, such plasma damage does not occur, so that the yield of semiconductor devices can be increased.
- plasma damage does not occur during film formation, so that a film with few defects can be obtained.
- the ALD method utilizes the self-controllability, which is a property of atoms, and allows atoms to be deposited one by one. Therefore, it is possible to form an extremely thin film and to form a film with a high aspect ratio. It is possible to form a film with few defects such as holes, form a film with excellent coverage, and form a film at a low temperature.
- the ALD method also includes a PEALD (Plasma Enhanced ALD) method using plasma. By using plasma, film formation at a lower temperature becomes possible, which may be preferable. Note that some precursors used in the ALD method include impurities such as carbon.
- a film formed by the ALD method may contain a large amount of impurities such as carbon as compared with a film formed by another film formation method.
- the impurities can be quantified by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy).
- the CVD method and the ALD method are film forming methods in which a film is formed by a reaction on the surface of an object to be processed, unlike the film forming method in which particles emitted from a target or the like are deposited. Therefore, the film forming method is not easily affected by the shape of the object to be processed and has good step coverage.
- the ALD method has excellent step coverage and excellent thickness uniformity, and thus is suitable for coating the surface of the opening having a high aspect ratio.
- the ALD method since the ALD method has a relatively low film forming speed, it may be preferable to use it in combination with another film forming method such as a CVD method having a high film forming speed.
- the composition of the obtained film can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of the source gas.
- a film having an arbitrary composition can be formed depending on the flow rate ratio of the source gas.
- a film having a continuously changed composition can be formed by changing the flow rate ratio of the source gas during film formation.
- a silicon nitride film is formed as the insulator 214 by a sputtering method. Further, the insulator 214 may have a multi-layer structure.
- the insulator 216 is formed over the insulator 214.
- the insulator 216 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon oxynitride is formed by a CVD method.
- an opening reaching the insulator 214 is formed in the insulator 216.
- the openings include, for example, grooves and slits.
- the area where the opening is formed may be referred to as an opening.
- the opening may be formed by wet etching, but dry etching is preferable for fine processing.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to select an insulator that functions as an etching stopper film when the insulator 216 is etched to form a groove. For example, when silicon oxynitride is used for the insulator 216 which forms the groove, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, or hafnium oxide is preferably used for the insulator 214.
- a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etching device having parallel plate electrodes can be used as the dry etching device.
- the capacitively coupled plasma etching apparatus having the parallel plate electrodes may be configured to apply a high frequency voltage to one of the parallel plate electrodes.
- a plurality of different high frequency voltages may be applied to one of the parallel plate electrodes.
- the high frequency voltage of the same frequency may be applied to each of the parallel plate electrodes.
- a configuration may be adopted in which high frequency voltages having different frequencies are applied to the parallel plate electrodes.
- a dry etching device having a high-density plasma source can be used.
- an inductively coupled plasma (ICP: Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching apparatus can be used as a dry etching apparatus having a high-density plasma source.
- a conductive film to be the first conductor of the conductor 205 is formed.
- the conductive film preferably contains a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen.
- a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen for example, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used.
- a stacked film of a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen and tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, or a molybdenum-tungsten alloy can be used.
- the conductive film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a tantalum nitride film or a film in which titanium nitride is stacked over tantalum nitride is formed by a sputtering method as a conductive film to be the first conductor of the conductor 205.
- a conductive film to be the second conductor of the conductor 205 is formed over the conductive film to be the first conductor of the conductor 205.
- the conductive film can be formed by a plating method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a tungsten film is formed as the conductive film.
- a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process is performed to remove a part of the conductive film to be the first conductor of the conductor 205 and the conductive film to be the second conductor of the conductor 205.
- the insulator 216 is exposed.
- the conductive film that serves as the first conductor of the conductor 205 and the conductive film that serves as the second conductor of the conductor 205 remain only in the opening. Accordingly, the conductor 205 including the first conductor of the conductor 205 and the second conductor of the conductor 205 whose top surface is flat can be formed (see FIGS. 5A to 5C).
- the conductor 205 is formed, part of the second conductor of the conductor 205 is removed, a groove is formed in the second conductor of the conductor 205, and the conductor is formed so as to fill the groove.
- a step of forming a conductive film over the 205 and the insulator 216 and performing CMP treatment may be performed. By the CMP treatment, part of the conductive film is removed and the insulator 216 is exposed. Note that part of the second conductor of the conductor 205 may be removed by a dry etching method or the like.
- the conductor 205 including the conductive film having a flat upper surface can be formed.
- crystallinity of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c can be improved.
- the conductive film may be formed using the same material as the first conductor of the conductor 205 or the second conductor of the conductor 205.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 205 is formed over the insulator 214.
- the conductive film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like. Further, the conductive film can be a multilayer film. For example, a tungsten film is formed as the conductive film.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 205 is processed by a lithography method to form the conductor 205.
- the resist is exposed through the mask.
- the exposed region is removed or left using a developing solution to form a resist mask.
- the conductor, the semiconductor, the insulator, or the like can be processed into a desired shape by etching through the resist mask.
- the resist mask may be formed by exposing the resist using KrF excimer laser light, ArF excimer laser light, EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) light, or the like.
- an immersion technique may be used in which a liquid (for example, water) is filled between the substrate and the projection lens for exposure.
- an electron beam or an ion beam may be used instead of the above-mentioned light.
- the resist mask can be removed by performing dry etching treatment such as ashing, performing wet etching treatment, performing wet etching treatment after dry etching treatment, or performing dry etching treatment after wet etching treatment.
- a hard mask made of an insulator or a conductor may be used instead of the resist mask.
- a hard mask an insulating film or a conductive film serving as a hard mask material is formed over a conductive film serving as a conductor 205, a resist mask is formed thereover, and the hard mask material is etched to have a desired shape.
- a hard mask can be formed.
- the etching of the conductive film to be the conductor 205 may be performed after removing the resist mask, or may be performed with the resist mask left. In the latter case, the resist mask may disappear during etching.
- the hard mask may be removed by etching.
- the material of the hard mask does not affect the post-process or can be used in the post-process, it is not always necessary to remove the hard mask.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 216 is formed over the insulator 214 and the conductor 205.
- the insulating film is formed so as to be in contact with the top surface and the side surface of the conductor 205.
- the insulating film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the thickness of the insulating film to be the insulator 216 be equal to or larger than that of the conductor 205.
- the film thickness of the conductor 205 is 1, the film thickness of the insulating film to be the insulator 216 is 1 or more and 3 or less.
- the conductor 205 and the insulator 216 each having a flat upper surface can be formed.
- the above is a different method for forming the conductor 205.
- the insulator 222 is formed over the insulator 216 and the conductor 205.
- the insulator 222 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- hafnium oxide or aluminum oxide is formed by an ALD method.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C to 650 ° C inclusive, preferably 300 ° C to 500 ° C inclusive, and more preferably 320 ° C to 450 ° C inclusive.
- the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of a nitrogen gas or an inert gas, or an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure.
- the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas, and then is performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more in order to supplement desorbed oxygen. May be.
- the treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour, and then continuously in an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour. Perform processing.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 222 can be removed. Further, the heat treatment can be performed at a timing after the insulator 224 is formed.
- the insulator 224 is formed over the insulator 222.
- the insulator 224 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon oxynitride is formed by a CVD method.
- plasma treatment containing oxygen may be performed under reduced pressure.
- the plasma treatment containing oxygen it is preferable to use an apparatus having a power source for generating high-density plasma using microwaves, for example.
- the substrate may have a power source for applying RF.
- high-density plasma high-density oxygen radicals can be generated, and by applying RF to the substrate side, oxygen radicals generated by high-density plasma can be efficiently introduced into the insulator 224. it can.
- plasma treatment containing oxygen may be performed to supplement desorbed oxygen. Note that impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 224 can be removed by appropriately selecting the conditions of the plasma treatment. In that case, heat treatment may not be performed.
- CMP treatment may be performed until the insulator 224 is reached.
- the surface of the insulator 224 can be planarized and smoothed.
- the end point of the CMP process can be easily detected.
- the insulator 224 may be partially polished by the CMP treatment to reduce the thickness of the insulator 224, the thickness may be adjusted when the insulator 224 is formed.
- oxygen can be added to the insulator 224 by depositing aluminum oxide over the insulator 224 by a sputtering method, which is preferable.
- an oxide film 230A and an oxide film 230B are sequentially formed over the insulator 224 (see FIGS. 5B to 5D).
- the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B are preferably formed continuously without being exposed to the atmospheric environment. By forming the film without exposing to the atmosphere, it is possible to prevent impurities or moisture from the atmospheric environment from adhering to the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B, and to prevent the vicinity of the interface between the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B. Can be kept clean.
- the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- oxygen or a mixed gas of oxygen and a rare gas is used as a sputtering gas.
- a sputtering gas By increasing the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas, excess oxygen in the oxide film to be formed can be increased.
- the above oxide film is formed by the sputtering method, the above In-M-Zn oxide target or the like can be used.
- part of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas may be supplied to the insulator 224 when the oxide film 230A is formed. Therefore, the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas may be 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 100%.
- the oxide film 230B is formed by a sputtering method
- the ratio of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas is greater than 30% and 100% or less, preferably 70% or more and 100% or less
- the oxygen excess type oxidation is performed.
- a physical semiconductor is formed.
- a transistor including an oxygen-excess oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region has relatively high reliability.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the oxide film 230B is formed by a sputtering method, if the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas is 1% to 30% inclusive, preferably 5% to 20% inclusive, an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor is formed. It A transistor including an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region can have relatively high field-effect mobility. Further, by forming the film while heating the substrate, the crystallinity of the oxide film can be improved.
- the insulator 222, the insulator 224, the oxide film 230A, and the oxide film 230B are preferably formed without being exposed to the air.
- a multi-chamber deposition apparatus may be used.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen in the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be removed.
- a treatment at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 1 hour is continuously performed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- a conductive film 240A is formed on the oxide film 230B.
- the conductive film 240A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIGS. 5B to 5D).
- heat treatment may be performed before the formation of the conductive film 240A.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, and the conductive film 240A may be continuously formed without being exposed to the air.
- moisture and hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the oxide film 230B or the like can be removed, and the moisture concentration and the hydrogen concentration in the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be further reduced.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100 ° C or higher and 400 ° C or lower. In this embodiment mode, the temperature of the heat treatment is 200 ° C.
- an insulating film 245A which functions as a barrier layer is formed (see FIGS. 5B to 5D).
- an aluminum oxide film may be formed by the ALD method as the insulating film 245A.
- ALD method a dense film can be formed in which defects such as cracks and pinholes are reduced or which has a uniform thickness.
- a film 290A serving as a hard mask is formed over the insulating film 245A (see FIGS. 5B to 5D).
- a tungsten film or a tantalum nitride film may be formed by a sputtering method as the hard mask film 290A.
- a resist mask 292 is formed over the film 290A serving as a hard mask by a photolithography method (see FIGS. 5A to 5D).
- the hard mask 290B and the insulating layer 245B are formed by selectively removing part of the hard mask film 290A and the insulating film 245A using the resist mask 292 (see FIGS. 6A to 6D). .
- part of the conductive film 240A is selectively removed using the hard mask 290B and the insulating layer 245B to form an island-shaped conductive layer 240B (see FIGS. 7A to 7D). At this time, part or all of the hard mask 290B may be removed.
- the oxide film 230A and part of the oxide film 230B are selectively removed using the island-shaped conductive layer 240B, the insulating layer 245B, and the hard mask 290B as masks. Note that in this step, part of the insulator 224 may be removed at the same time. After that, the hard mask 290B is removed, whereby a stacked structure of the island-shaped oxide 230a, the island-shaped oxide 230b, the island-shaped conductive layer 240B, and the island-shaped insulating layer 245B can be formed (FIG. 8A). See FIG. 8D.).
- the side surfaces of the oxide 230b and the conductive layer 240B are preferably substantially perpendicular to the upper surface of the insulator 224.
- the angle ⁇ shown in FIG. 1D is 60 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less, and preferably 88 degrees or more and 92 degrees or less. Since the side surfaces of the oxide 230b and the conductive layer 240B are substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the insulator 224, a small area and high density can be achieved when the plurality of transistors 200 are provided. Further, by forming the conductive layer 240B into the above-described shape, a contact area with a wiring layer to be formed later can be increased. Therefore, it is possible to suppress an increase in contact resistance between the conductive layer 240B and the wiring layer.
- the mask when a resist mask is used, the mask may be side-etched during etching, exposing the end surface of the workpiece and rounding the corners.
- the defect is large in the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b, the volume of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b may be smaller than the design value, and the on-state current may be small.
- the shape of the hard mask is maintained during etching, and it is possible to prevent the work piece from having a defective shape.
- the etch rate of the material used for the hard mask is 1, the material having the etch rate of 5 or more, preferably 10 or more is preferably used as the mask.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 280 is formed over the stacked structure of the island-shaped oxide 230a, the island-shaped oxide 230b, the island-shaped conductive layer 240B, and the island-shaped insulating layer 245B.
- the insulating film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a silicon oxide film is formed as the insulating film by a CVD method or a sputtering method.
- heat treatment may be performed before the formation of the insulating film. The heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, and the insulating film may be continuously formed without being exposed to the air.
- the insulating film serving as the insulator 280 may have a multi-layer structure.
- a structure in which a silicon oxide film is formed by a sputtering method and a silicon oxide film is formed over the silicon oxide film by a CVD method may be employed.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280 is subjected to CMP treatment to form the insulator 280 having a flat upper surface (see FIGS. 8B to 8D).
- part of the insulator 280, part of the insulating layer 245B, and part of the conductive layer 240B are processed to form an opening reaching the oxide 230b. It is preferable that the opening be formed so as to overlap with the conductor 205. By forming the opening, the conductor 240a, the conductor 240b, the insulator 245a, and the insulator 245b are formed. At this time, the thickness of a region of the oxide 230b which overlaps with the opening may be thin (see FIGS. 9A to 9C).
- part of the insulator 280, part of the insulating layer 245B, and part of the conductive layer 240B may be processed under different conditions.
- part of the insulator 280 may be processed by dry etching
- part of the insulating layer 245B may be processed by wet etching
- part of the conductive layer 240B may be processed by dry etching.
- the impurities such as the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b that are attached to the surface or diffused inside.
- the impurities a component contained in the insulator 280, the insulating layer 245B, and the conductive layer 240B, a component contained in a member used in a device used for forming the opening, a gas or a liquid used for etching.
- the components include the components contained in.
- the impurities include aluminum, silicon, tantalum, fluorine and chlorine.
- -A cleaning process may be performed to remove the above impurities.
- the cleaning method include wet cleaning using a cleaning liquid, plasma treatment using plasma, cleaning by heat treatment, and the like, and the above cleaning may be performed in appropriate combination.
- cleaning treatment may be performed using an aqueous solution of ammonia water, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, etc. diluted with carbonated water or pure water, pure water, carbonated water, or the like. Further, ultrasonic cleaning using these aqueous solution, pure water, or carbonated water may be performed. In addition, these washings may be combined appropriately.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, and the oxide film 230C may be continuously formed without being exposed to the air (see FIGS. 10A to 10D).
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100 ° C or higher and 400 ° C or lower. In this embodiment mode, the temperature of the heat treatment is 200 ° C.
- the oxide film 230C can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the oxide film 230C may be formed by using a film formation method similar to that of the oxide film 230A or the oxide film 230B in accordance with characteristics required for the oxide 230c.
- the film is formed using an In-Ga-Zn oxide target.
- part of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas may be supplied to the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b when the oxide film 230C is formed. Therefore, the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas of the oxide film 230C may be 70% or higher, preferably 80% or higher, more preferably 100%.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, and the insulating film 250A may be continuously formed without being exposed to the air.
- moisture and hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the oxide film 230C or the like are removed, and the moisture concentration and hydrogen concentration in the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C are further reduced. be able to.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100 ° C or higher and 400 ° C or lower.
- the insulating film 250A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIGS. 10A to 10D).
- a silicon oxynitride film is formed by a CVD method.
- the film forming temperature for forming the insulating film 250A is preferably 350 ° C. or higher and lower than 450 ° C., and more preferably around 400 ° C. By forming the insulating film 250A at 400 ° C., an insulating film containing few impurities can be formed.
- microwave treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen and under reduced pressure (see FIGS. 11B to 11D).
- an electric field generated by the microwave 291 is applied to the insulating film 250A, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C, so that the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C are exposed.
- V OH can be split into V O and hydrogen.
- a part of the hydrogen separated may be combined with oxygen to be H 2 O, which is removed from the insulating film 250A, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C.
- part of hydrogen may be gettered to the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulating film 250A, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C can be reduced.
- oxygen is supplied to V O that may exist after the V O H in the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the V O H in the oxide film 230C is divided into V O and hydrogen, so that V O is repaired or supplemented. can do.
- the heat treatment may be performed while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment.
- hydrogen in the insulating film 250A, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C can be efficiently removed.
- part of hydrogen may be gettered to the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the step of performing heat treatment may be repeated a plurality of times while maintaining the reduced pressure state after the microwave treatment. By repeating the heat treatment, hydrogen in the insulating film 250A, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide film 230C can be removed more efficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 300 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower.
- the quality of the insulating film 250A is modified, so that diffusion of hydrogen, water, impurities, and the like can be suppressed. Therefore, diffusion of hydrogen, water, impurities, or the like to the oxide 230 through the insulator 250 is suppressed by a post-process such as formation of a conductive film to be the conductor 260 or a post-process such as heat treatment. be able to.
- a post-process such as formation of a conductive film to be the conductor 260 or a post-process such as heat treatment.
- the conductive films 260A and 260B are sequentially formed.
- the conductive films 260A and 260B can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the conductive film 260A is formed by an ALD method and the conductive film 260B is formed by a CVD method (see FIGS. 12A to 12D).
- the oxide film 230C, the insulating film 250A, the conductive film 260A, and the conductive film 260B are polished by CMP treatment until the insulator 280 is exposed.
- the body 260a and the conductor 260b) are formed (see FIGS. 13A to 13C).
- the oxide 230c is arranged so as to cover the inner wall (side wall and bottom surface) of the opening reaching the oxide 230b.
- the insulator 250 is arranged so as to cover the inner wall of the opening via the oxide 230c.
- the conductor 260 is arranged so as to fill the opening with the oxide 230c and the insulator 250 interposed therebetween.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the treatment is performed at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- moisture concentration and hydrogen concentration in the insulator 250 and the insulator 280 can be reduced.
- an insulator 282 is formed over the oxide 230c, the insulator 250, the conductor 260, and the insulator 280.
- the insulator 282 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- aluminum oxide or silicon nitride is preferably formed by a sputtering method. By forming a film of aluminum oxide or silicon nitride by a sputtering method, diffusion of hydrogen contained in the insulator 284 into the oxide 230 can be suppressed. Further, it is preferable to form the insulator 282 so as to be in contact with the conductor 260 because oxidation of the conductor 260 can be suppressed.
- oxygen can be supplied to the insulator 280 by forming aluminum oxide as the insulator 282 by a sputtering method.
- the oxygen supplied to the insulator 280 may be supplied to the channel formation region included in the oxide 230b through the oxide 230c.
- oxygen contained in the insulator 280 before the insulator 282 is formed is supplied to the channel formation region included in the oxide 230b through the oxide 230c. There are cases.
- the insulator 282 may have a multi-layer structure.
- a structure in which aluminum oxide is formed by a sputtering method and silicon nitride is formed over the aluminum oxide by a sputtering method may be employed.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment.
- the moisture concentration and the hydrogen concentration of the insulator 280 can be reduced.
- oxygen included in the insulator 282 can be injected into the insulator 280.
- an aluminum oxide film is formed over the insulator 280 or the like by a sputtering method, and then heat treatment is performed using the above-described heat treatment conditions. Further, a step of removing the aluminum oxide film by CMP treatment may be performed. By the step, more oxygen regions can be formed in the insulator 280. Note that in this step, part of the insulator 280, part of the conductor 260, part of the insulator 250, and part of the oxide 230c may be removed.
- An insulator may be provided between the insulator 280 and the insulator 282.
- the insulator for example, silicon oxide formed by a sputtering method may be used. By providing the insulator, an excess oxygen region can be formed in the insulator 280.
- the insulator 284 may be formed over the insulator 282.
- the insulator 284 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIGS. 1B to 1D).
- a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 illustrated in FIGS. 1A to 1D can be manufactured.
- an opening may be formed so as to surround the transistor 200, and an insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water may be formed so as to cover the opening.
- an insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water By wrapping the transistor 200 with the above insulator having a high barrier property, moisture and hydrogen can be prevented from entering from the outside.
- the plurality of transistors 200 may be collectively wrapped with an insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water.
- the opening reaching the insulator 214 or the insulator 222 is formed, and the above-described insulator having a high barrier property is provided so as to be in contact with the insulator 214 or the insulator 222.
- the formation is preferable because it can serve as part of a manufacturing process of the transistor 200.
- the insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water a material similar to that of the insulator 222 may be used, for example.
- a semiconductor device with favorable reliability can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device having favorable electric characteristics can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device with high on-state current can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a low power consumption semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 14A and FIG. 15A show a top view.
- 14B and FIG. 15B are cross-sectional views corresponding to the portions indicated by the alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 in FIGS. 14A and 15A, respectively.
- 14C and 15C are cross-sectional views corresponding to the portions indicated by the alternate long and short dash line A3-A4 in FIGS. 14A and 15A, respectively.
- 14D and 15D are cross-sectional views corresponding to the portions indicated by the alternate long and short dash line A5-A6 in FIGS. 14A and 15A, respectively.
- FIGS. 14A and 15A some elements are omitted for clarity.
- FIGS. 14A to 15D structures having the same functions as those of the semiconductor device shown in ⁇ Structure example of semiconductor device> are denoted by the same reference numerals. Also in this item, as the constituent material of the semiconductor device, the materials described in detail in ⁇ Structure example of semiconductor device> can be used.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 14A to 14D is different from the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. The difference is that it is provided so as to be in contact with the top surface and side surface of the body 240b, the side surface of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the oxide 230a, and the top surface of the insulator 224.
- the insulator 254 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen.
- the insulator 254 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen as compared with the insulator 224 and the insulator 280. Accordingly, hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 can be suppressed from diffusing into the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b. Further, by surrounding the insulator 224, the oxide 230, and the like with the insulator 254, impurities such as water and hydrogen can be suppressed from being diffused from the outside to the insulator 224 and the oxide 230. Therefore, the transistor 200 can have favorable electric characteristics and reliability.
- the insulator 254 is preferably formed by a sputtering method.
- oxygen can be added in the vicinity of a region of the insulator 224 which is in contact with the insulator 254. Accordingly, oxygen can be supplied to the oxide 230 from the region through the insulator 224.
- the insulator 254 has a function of suppressing upward diffusion of oxygen, whereby oxygen can be prevented from diffusing from the oxide 230 to the insulator 280.
- the insulator 222 has a function of suppressing downward diffusion of oxygen, whereby oxygen can be prevented from diffusing from the oxide 230 to the substrate side. In this manner, oxygen is supplied to the channel formation region of the oxide 230. Accordingly, oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be reduced and the normally-on state of the transistor can be suppressed.
- the insulator 254 for example, an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium may be formed.
- the insulator 254 is preferably formed by an ALD method. Since the ALD method is a film formation method with good coverage, it is possible to prevent step breaks and the like from being formed due to unevenness of the insulator 254.
- an insulator containing aluminum nitride may be used. Accordingly, a film having excellent insulating properties and excellent thermal conductivity can be obtained, so that heat dissipation of heat generated when the transistor 200 is driven can be improved.
- silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, or the like can be used.
- an oxide containing gallium may be used as the insulator 254.
- An oxide containing gallium is preferable because it may have a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen.
- gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, or the like can be used as the oxide containing gallium.
- indium gallium zinc oxide is used for the insulator 254, a higher atomic ratio of gallium to indium is preferable. By increasing the atomic ratio, the insulating property of the oxide can be increased.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIGS. 15A to 15D is different from the semiconductor devices illustrated in FIGS. 14A to 14D in that the oxide 230c is not provided, and the insulator 254 has a stacked-layer structure of an insulator 254a and an insulator 254b. The points are different.
- the above-described method can be used for forming the insulator 254a and the insulator 254b, and the insulator 254a and the insulator 254b can be formed as follows.
- the same method may be used or different methods may be used.
- the insulator 254a may be formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere containing oxygen, and then the insulator 254b may be formed by an ALD method. Since the ALD method is a film forming method with good coverage, it is possible to prevent step breaks and the like from being formed due to the unevenness of the first layer.
- the above materials can be used for the insulator 254a and the insulator 254b, and the insulator 254a and the insulator 254b may be the same material or different materials.
- a stacked-layer structure of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride and an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be employed.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium can be used, for example.
- a semiconductor device with good reliability.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 16 schematically shows a top view of a single-wafer multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus 2700.
- the manufacturing apparatus 2700 includes an atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701 that includes a cassette port 2761 that accommodates a substrate and an alignment port 2762 that performs substrate alignment, and an atmosphere-side substrate transfer that transfers a substrate from the atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701.
- a chamber 2702, a load lock chamber 2703a for loading a substrate and switching the pressure in the chamber from atmospheric pressure to a reduced pressure or from a reduced pressure to the atmospheric pressure, and a substrate are carried out and the pressure in the chamber is reduced to a atmospheric pressure, or
- An unload lock chamber 2703b for switching from atmospheric pressure to reduced pressure, a transfer chamber 2704 for transferring a substrate in a vacuum, a chamber 2706a, a chamber 2706b, a chamber 2706c, and a chamber 2706d are provided.
- the atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber 2702 is connected to the load lock chamber 2703a and the unload lock chamber 2703b, the load lock chamber 2703a and the unload lock chamber 2703b are connected to the transfer chamber 2704, and the transfer chamber 2704 is the chamber 2706a. , Chamber 2706b, chamber 2706c and chamber 2706d.
- a gate valve GV is provided at the connecting portion of each chamber, and each chamber can be independently maintained in a vacuum state except for the atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701 and the atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber 2702.
- a transfer robot 2763a is provided in the atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber 2702, and a transfer robot 2763b is provided in the transfer chamber 2704.
- a substrate can be transferred in the manufacturing apparatus 2700 by the transfer robot 2763a and the transfer robot 2763b.
- the back pressure (total pressure) of the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of gas molecules (atoms) having a mass-to-charge ratio (m / z) of 18 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. And more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of the gas molecules (atoms) whose m / z is 28 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, and more preferably 3 It is set to ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of gas molecules (atoms) whose m / z is 44 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, and further preferably 3 It is set to ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the total pressure and partial pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber can be measured using a mass spectrometer.
- a mass spectrometer also called Q-mass
- Qulee CGM-051 manufactured by ULVAC, Inc. may be used.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber have a structure with less external leakage or internal leakage.
- the leak rate of the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less.
- the leak rate of gas molecules (atoms) having m / z of 18 is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less, preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less.
- the leak rate of gas molecules (atoms) having m / z of 28 is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less.
- the leak rate of gas molecules (atoms) having m / z of 44 is 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa ⁇ m 3 / s or less.
- the leak rate may be derived from the total pressure and partial pressure measured using the mass spectrometer described above.
- the leak rate depends on the external and internal leaks.
- External leakage is the inflow of gas from outside the vacuum system due to minute holes or poor sealing.
- the internal leak is caused by a leak from a partition such as a valve in a vacuum system or a gas released from an internal member.
- a partition such as a valve in a vacuum system or a gas released from an internal member.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and the opening / closing part of each chamber may be sealed with a metal gasket.
- a metal gasket it is preferable to use a metal coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide or the like.
- the metal gasket has higher adhesion than the O-ring and can reduce external leakage. Further, by using the passivation of the metal coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, etc., the released gas containing the impurities released from the metal gasket is suppressed, and the internal leak can be reduced.
- aluminum, chromium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, or vanadium, which emits a small amount of gas containing impurities, is used as a member constituting the manufacturing apparatus 2700.
- the above-mentioned member may be used by being coated with an alloy containing iron, chromium, nickel and the like. Alloys containing iron, chromium, nickel, etc. are rigid, heat-resistant, and suitable for processing.
- the surface irregularities of the member are reduced by polishing or the like to reduce the surface area, the released gas can be reduced.
- the members of the manufacturing apparatus 2700 described above may be coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide or the like.
- the members of the manufacturing apparatus 2700 are made of only metal as much as possible.
- the surface of the members is made of iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, or oxide in order to suppress the released gas. A thin coat of chrome is recommended.
- the adsorbed substances existing in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber do not affect the pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber because they are adsorbed on the inner wall and the like, but cause the gas release when the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber are exhausted. Becomes Therefore, although there is no correlation between the leak rate and the exhaust speed, it is important to use a pump having a high exhaust capacity to desorb the adsorbed substances existing in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber as much as possible, and to exhaust them in advance.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber may be baked in order to promote desorption of the adsorbate. By baking, the desorption rate of the adsorbate can be increased about 10 times. The baking may be performed at 100 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C.
- the desorption rate of the adsorbate can be further increased by heating the introduced inert gas to the same temperature as the baking temperature.
- the pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber be increased by introducing an inert gas such as a heated rare gas or oxygen, and the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber be exhausted again after a certain period of time.
- an inert gas such as a heated rare gas or oxygen
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber be exhausted again after a certain period of time.
- the heated gas adsorbed substances in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber can be desorbed, and impurities existing in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber can be reduced.
- it is effective to repeat this treatment twice or more and 30 times or less, preferably 5 times or more and 15 times or less.
- an inert gas or oxygen whose temperature is 40 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, preferably 50 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C.
- the pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is adjusted to 0.1 Pa or higher and 10 kPa or lower.
- the pressure is preferably maintained at 1 Pa or more and 1 kPa or less, more preferably 5 Pa or more and 100 Pa or less, and the pressure maintaining period may be 1 minute or more and 300 minutes or less, preferably 5 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber are evacuated for 5 minutes to 300 minutes, preferably 10 minutes to 120 minutes.
- the chamber 2706b and the chamber 2706c are chambers that can perform microwave processing on an object to be processed, for example. Note that the chambers 2706b and 2706c are different only in the atmosphere in which microwave treatment is performed. Since other configurations are common, they will be collectively described below.
- the chambers 2706b and 2706c have a slot antenna plate 2808, a dielectric plate 2809, a substrate holder 2812, and an exhaust port 2819. Further, outside the chambers 2706b and 2706c, etc., a gas supply source 2801, a valve 2802, a high frequency generator 2803, a waveguide 2804, a mode converter 2805, a gas pipe 2806, and a waveguide 2807. A matching box 2815, a high frequency power supply 2816, a vacuum pump 2817, and a valve 2818 are provided.
- the high frequency generator 2803 is connected to the mode converter 2805 via the waveguide 2804.
- the mode converter 2805 is connected to the slot antenna plate 2808 via the waveguide 2807.
- the slot antenna plate 2808 is arranged in contact with the dielectric plate 2809.
- the gas supply source 2801 is connected to the mode converter 2805 via the valve 2802.
- the gas is sent to the chambers 2706b and 2706c by the gas pipe 2806 passing through the mode converter 2805, the waveguide 2807 and the dielectric plate 2809.
- the vacuum pump 2817 has a function of exhausting gas or the like from the chambers 2706b and 2706c through the valve 2818 and the exhaust port 2819.
- the high frequency power supply 2816 is connected to the substrate holder 2812 via the matching box 2815.
- the board holder 2812 has a function of holding the board 2811. For example, it has a function of electrostatically chucking or mechanically chucking the substrate 2811. In addition, it also has a function as an electrode supplied with power from the high-frequency power source 2816. Further, it has a heating mechanism 2813 inside and has a function of heating the substrate 2811.
- the vacuum pump 2817 for example, a dry pump, a mechanical booster pump, an ion pump, a titanium sublimation pump, a cryopump or a turbo molecular pump can be used.
- a cryotrap may be used in addition to the vacuum pump 2817. The use of a cryopump and a cryotrap is particularly preferable because water can be efficiently exhausted.
- the heating mechanism 2813 may be, for example, a heating mechanism that heats using a resistance heating element or the like.
- a heating mechanism for heating by heat conduction or heat radiation from a medium such as a heated gas may be used.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Annealing
- GRTA Gas Rapid Thermal Annealing
- LRTA Low Rapid Thermal Annealing
- GRTA heat-treats using high temperature gas.
- An inert gas is used as the gas.
- the gas supply source 2801 may be connected to a refiner via a mass flow controller. It is preferable to use a gas having a dew point of ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower, preferably ⁇ 100 ° C. or lower. For example, oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, and rare gas (argon or the like) gas may be used.
- the dielectric plate 2809 for example, silicon oxide (quartz), aluminum oxide (alumina), yttrium oxide (yttria), or the like may be used. Further, another protective layer may be formed on the surface of the dielectric plate 2809. As the protective layer, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, or the like may be used. Since the dielectric plate 2809 is exposed to a particularly high-density region of the high-density plasma 2810 described later, damage can be mitigated by providing the protective layer. As a result, it is possible to suppress an increase in particles during processing.
- the high frequency generator 2803 has a function of generating a microwave of 0.3 GHz or more and 3.0 GHz or less, 0.7 GHz or more and 1.1 GHz or less, or 2.2 GHz or more and 2.8 GHz or less, for example.
- the microwave generated by the high frequency generator 2803 is transmitted to the mode converter 2805 via the waveguide 2804.
- the microwave transmitted as the TE mode is converted into the TEM mode.
- the microwave is transmitted to the slot antenna plate 2808 through the waveguide 2807.
- the slot antenna plate 2808 is provided with a plurality of slot holes, and microwaves pass through the slot holes and the dielectric plate 2809. Then, an electric field can be generated below the dielectric plate 2809 to generate high density plasma 2810.
- ions and radicals corresponding to the gas species supplied from the gas supply source 2801 exist. For example, oxygen radicals or nitrogen radicals exist.
- the film and the like on the substrate 2811 can be modified by the ions and radicals generated on the substrate 2811 by the high-density plasma 2810.
- a bias to the substrate 2811 side by using the high frequency power source 2816.
- the high frequency power supply 2816 for example, an RF (Radio Frequency) power supply having a frequency of 13.56 MHz, 27.12 MHz or the like may be used.
- the ions in the high-density plasma 2810 can efficiently reach deep inside an opening such as a film on the substrate 2811.
- oxygen radical treatment using high-density plasma 2810 is performed by introducing oxygen from the gas supply source 2801, and in the chamber 2706c, nitrogen is introduced from the gas supply source 2801 to generate high-density plasma 2810.
- the used nitrogen radical treatment can be performed.
- the chamber 2706a and the chamber 2706d are chambers capable of irradiating an object with electromagnetic waves, for example. Note that the chambers 2706a and 2706d are different only in the type of electromagnetic wave. Since the other configurations have a lot in common, they will be collectively described below.
- the chambers 2706a and 2706d each include one or a plurality of lamps 2820, a substrate holder 2825, a gas introduction port 2823, and an exhaust port 2830.
- a gas supply source 2821, a valve 2822, a vacuum pump 2828, and a valve 2829 are provided outside the chambers 2706a and 2706d.
- the gas supply source 2821 is connected to the gas inlet 2823 via the valve 2822.
- the vacuum pump 2828 is connected to the exhaust port 2830 via a valve 2829.
- the lamp 2820 is arranged so as to face the substrate holder 2825.
- the substrate holder 2825 has a function of holding the substrate 2824.
- the substrate holder 2825 has a heating mechanism 2826 inside and has a function of heating the substrate 2824.
- a light source having a function of emitting an electromagnetic wave such as visible light or ultraviolet light
- a light source having a function of emitting an electromagnetic wave having a peak at a wavelength of 10 nm to 2500 nm, 500 nm to 2000 nm, or 40 nm to 340 nm may be used.
- a light source such as a halogen lamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon arc lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a high pressure sodium lamp or a high pressure mercury lamp may be used.
- part or all of the electromagnetic wave emitted from the lamp 2820 is absorbed by the substrate 2824, so that the film or the like over the substrate 2824 can be modified.
- defects can be generated or reduced, or impurities can be removed. Note that when the substrate 2824 is heated, it is possible to efficiently generate or reduce defects, remove impurities, or the like.
- electromagnetic waves emitted from the lamp 2820 may heat the substrate holder 2825 and heat the substrate 2824.
- the heating mechanism 2826 may not be provided inside the substrate holder 2825.
- the vacuum pump 2828 refers to the description of the vacuum pump 2817.
- the heating mechanism 2826 the description of the heating mechanism 2813 is referred to.
- the gas supply source 2821 the description of the gas supply source 2801 is referred to.
- FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a memory device including the semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the transistor 200 is provided above the transistor 300 and the capacitor 100 is provided above the transistor 200. At least part of the capacitor 100 or the transistor 300 preferably overlaps with the transistor 200. Accordingly, the occupied area of the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, and the transistor 300 in top view can be reduced, so that the memory device according to this embodiment can be miniaturized or highly integrated.
- the storage device is, for example, a logic circuit represented by a CPU (Central Processing Unit) or a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), or a DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) or a NVM (Non-Volume Memory). Can be applied to the memory circuit represented by.
- a logic circuit represented by a CPU Central Processing Unit
- a GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory
- NVM Non-Volume Memory
- the transistor 200 described in any of the above embodiments can be used as the transistor 200. Therefore, for the transistor 200 and the layer including the transistor 200, the description in the above embodiment can be referred to.
- the transistor 200 is a transistor in which a channel is formed in a semiconductor layer including an oxide semiconductor. Since the off-state current of the transistor 200 is small, the memory content can be held for a long time by using the transistor 200 in a memory device. That is, the refresh operation is not required or the frequency of the refresh operation is extremely low, so that the power consumption of the memory device can be sufficiently reduced.
- the transistor 200 has favorable electric characteristics at high temperature as compared with a transistor including silicon for a semiconductor layer. For example, the transistor 200 exhibits favorable electric characteristics even in the temperature range of 125 ° C to 150 ° C. In the temperature range of 125 ° C. to 150 ° C., the transistor 200 has a transistor on / off ratio of 10 digits or more. In other words, as compared with a transistor using silicon for a semiconductor layer, the transistor 200 has better characteristics as the on-state current, frequency characteristics, and the like which are examples of transistor characteristics, become higher.
- the wiring 1001 is electrically connected to the source of the transistor 300
- the wiring 1002 is electrically connected to the drain of the transistor 300
- the wiring 1007 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 300.
- the wiring 1003 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 200
- the wiring 1004 is electrically connected to a first gate of the transistor 200
- the wiring 1006 is electrically connected to a second gate of the transistor 200. It is connected to the.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 is electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100 and the wiring 1005 is electrically connected to the other of the electrodes of the capacitor 100.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19 can write, hold, and read data because it has a characteristic that electric charge charged in one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100 can be held by switching of the transistor 200.
- the transistor 200 is an element provided with a back gate in addition to a source, a gate (top gate), and a drain. That is, since it is a four-terminal element, MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), ReRAM (Resistive Random Memory-Physical Memory) such as MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), which uses MTJ (Magnetic Tunnel Junction) characteristics.
- MRAM Magneticoresistive Random Access Memory
- ReRAM Resistive Random Memory-Physical Memory
- MRAM Magnetic Random Memory
- MTJ Magnetic Tunnel Junction
- the structure may change at the atomic level when rewriting information.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIGS. 19A and 19B has characteristics that it is excellent in repeated rewriting resistance and has little structural change because it operates by charge or discharge of electrons using a transistor and a capacitor when rewriting information.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 19 can be arranged in a matrix to form a memory cell array.
- the transistor 300 can be used as a reading circuit connected to the memory cell array, a driver circuit, or the like.
- an operating frequency of 200 MHz or higher can be realized in a range where the driving voltage is 2.5 V and the evaluation environment temperature is ⁇ 40 ° C. to 85 ° C.
- the transistor 300 is provided over the substrate 311 and serves as a conductor 316 serving as a gate electrode, an insulator 315 serving as a gate insulator, a semiconductor region 313 formed by part of the substrate 311, and a source region or a drain region.
- the low resistance region 314a and the low resistance region 314b are included.
- the insulator 315 is arranged on the semiconductor region 313, and the conductor 316 is arranged on the insulator 315.
- the transistors 300 formed in the same layer are electrically separated by an insulator 312 which functions as an element isolation insulating layer.
- an insulator similar to the insulator 326 described later and the like can be used as the insulator 312, an insulator similar to the insulator 326 described later and the like can be used.
- the transistor 300 may be either a p-channel type or an n-channel type.
- the substrate 311 includes a semiconductor such as a silicon-based semiconductor in a region where a channel of the semiconductor region 313 is formed, a region in the vicinity thereof, a low resistance region 314a serving as a source region or a drain region, a low resistance region 314b, or the like.
- a semiconductor such as a silicon-based semiconductor in a region where a channel of the semiconductor region 313 is formed, a region in the vicinity thereof, a low resistance region 314a serving as a source region or a drain region, a low resistance region 314b, or the like.
- a material containing Ge (germanium), SiGe (silicon germanium), GaAs (gallium arsenide), GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide), or the like may be used. It is also possible to adopt a configuration using silicon in which the effective mass is controlled by applying stress to the crystal lattice and changing the lattice spacing.
- the transistor 300 may be a HEMT (High Electron
- the low-resistance region 314a and the low-resistance region 314b impart an n-type conductivity imparting element such as arsenic or phosphorus, or a p-type conductivity imparting boron, in addition to the semiconductor material applied to the semiconductor region 313. Including the element to do.
- the conductor 316 functioning as a gate electrode is a semiconductor material such as silicon, a metal material, or an alloy containing an element imparting n-type conductivity such as arsenic or phosphorus, or an element imparting p-type conductivity such as boron. Materials or conductive materials such as metal oxide materials can be used.
- the work function is determined by the material of the conductor, so the threshold voltage can be adjusted by changing the material of the conductor. Specifically, it is preferable to use a material such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride for the conductor. Further, in order to achieve both conductivity and embedding properties, it is preferable to use a metal material such as tungsten or aluminum as a laminate for the conductor, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten in terms of heat resistance.
- a semiconductor region 313 (a part of the substrate 311) in which a channel is formed has a convex shape. Further, the side surface and the upper surface of the semiconductor region 313 are provided so as to cover the conductor 316 with the insulator 315 interposed therebetween.
- Such a transistor 300 is also called a FIN-type transistor because it uses a convex portion of a semiconductor substrate. Note that an insulator which functions as a mask for forming the protrusion may be provided in contact with the top of the protrusion.
- an SOI substrate may be processed to form a semiconductor film having a convex shape.
- the transistor 300 illustrated in FIG. 19 is an example, and the structure thereof is not limited, and an appropriate transistor may be used depending on a circuit configuration or a driving method.
- the semiconductor device includes a transistor 300 and a transistor 200 which are stacked.
- the transistor 300 can be formed using a silicon-based semiconductor material and the transistor 200 can be formed using an oxide semiconductor.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19 can be formed by mixing the silicon-based semiconductor material and the oxide semiconductor in different layers.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19 can be manufactured by a process similar to a process using a semiconductor device manufacturing apparatus in which a silicon-based semiconductor material is used, and high integration can be achieved.
- the capacitive element 100 includes an insulator 114 on an insulator 160, an insulator 140 on the insulator 114, a conductor 110 arranged in an insulator 114 and an opening formed in the insulator 140, and a conductor.
- An insulator 130 over the insulator 110 and the insulator 140, a conductor 120 over the insulator 130, and an insulator 150 over the conductor 120 and the insulator 130.
- at least a part of the conductor 110, the insulator 130, and the conductor 120 is arranged in the openings formed in the insulator 114 and the insulator 140.
- the conductor 110 functions as a lower electrode of the capacitor 100
- the conductor 120 functions as an upper electrode of the capacitor 100
- the insulator 130 functions as a dielectric of the capacitor 100.
- the upper electrode and the lower electrode face each other across the dielectric not only on the bottom surface but also on the side surface.
- the capacity can be increased. Therefore, the capacitance of the capacitive element 100 can be increased as the depth of the opening is increased. By thus increasing the capacitance per unit area of the capacitive element 100, miniaturization or high integration of the semiconductor device can be promoted.
- an insulator that can be used for the insulator 280 may be used.
- the insulator 140 preferably functions as an etching stopper when the opening of the insulator 114 is formed, and an insulator that can be used for the insulator 214 may be used.
- the shape of the openings formed in the insulator 114 and the insulator 140 as viewed from above may be a quadrangle, a polygonal shape other than the quadrangle, or a shape in which the corners of the polygonal shape are curved.
- the shape may be circular including an ellipse.
- it is preferable that the area where the opening and the transistor 200 overlap with each other in the top view is large. With such a structure, the area occupied by the semiconductor device including the capacitor 100 and the transistor 200 can be reduced.
- the conductor 110 is arranged in contact with the openings formed in the insulator 140 and the insulator 114. It is preferable that the top surface of the conductor 110 substantially coincides with the top surface of the insulator 140. Further, the lower surface of the conductor 110 is in contact with the conductor 152 provided over the insulator 160.
- the conductor 110 is preferably formed by an ALD method, a CVD method, or the like. For example, a conductor that can be used for the conductor 205 may be used.
- the insulator 130 is arranged so as to cover the conductor 110 and the insulator 140.
- the insulator 130 is, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, hafnium nitride oxide, or nitride.
- Hafnium or the like may be used and can be provided as a stacked layer or a single layer.
- an insulating film in which zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, and zirconium oxide are stacked in this order can be used.
- a material having a high dielectric strength such as silicon oxynitride or a material having a high dielectric constant (high-k) for the insulator 130.
- a stacked structure of a material having high dielectric strength and a high dielectric constant (high-k) material may be used.
- examples of the high dielectric constant (high-k) material include gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, oxides containing aluminum and hafnium, oxynitrides containing aluminum and hafnium, silicon, and There are oxides having hafnium, oxynitrides having silicon and hafnium, nitrides having silicon and hafnium, and the like.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, and holes are used as materials having high dielectric strength.
- silicon oxide, resin, and the like are used as materials having high dielectric strength.
- silicon oxide, resin, and the like laminated in the order of silicon nitride was deposited using ALD (SiN x), silicon oxide was deposited using PEALD method (SiO x), silicon nitride was deposited using ALD (SiN x) Insulated film can be used.
- the conductor 120 is arranged so as to fill the openings formed in the insulator 140 and the insulator 114.
- the conductor 120 is electrically connected to the wiring 1005 through the conductor 112 and the conductor 153.
- the conductor 120 is preferably formed by an ALD method, a CVD method, or the like.
- a conductor that can be used as the conductor 205 may be used.
- the transistor 200 since the transistor 200 is configured to use an oxide semiconductor, it has excellent compatibility with the capacitor 100. Specifically, since the off-state current of the transistor 200 including an oxide semiconductor is small, the memory content can be held for a long time by using the transistor 200 in combination with the capacitor 100.
- a wiring layer provided with an interlayer film, a wiring, a plug, and the like may be provided between the structures. Further, a plurality of wiring layers can be provided according to the design.
- the conductor functioning as a plug or a wiring may have a plurality of structures collectively given the same reference numeral. Further, in this specification and the like, the wiring and the plug electrically connected to the wiring may be integrated. That is, part of the conductor may function as a wiring, and part of the conductor may function as a plug.
- an insulator 320, an insulator 322, an insulator 324, and an insulator 326 are sequentially stacked over the transistor 300 as an interlayer film. Further, in the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 324, and the insulator 326, a conductor 328 electrically connected to the conductor 153 functioning as a terminal, a conductor 330, and the like are embedded. Note that the conductor 328 and the conductor 330 function as a plug or a wiring.
- the insulator functioning as an interlayer film may function as a flattening film that covers the uneven shape below the insulator.
- the upper surface of the insulator 322 may be planarized by a planarization treatment using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like in order to enhance planarity.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a wiring layer may be provided on the insulator 326 and the conductor 330.
- an insulator 350, an insulator 352, and an insulator 354 are sequentially stacked and provided.
- a conductor 356 is formed over the insulator 350, the insulator 352, and the insulator 354.
- the conductor 356 functions as a plug or a wiring.
- the insulator 210, the insulator 212, the insulator 214, and the insulator 216 are sequentially stacked on the insulator 354 and the conductor 356.
- a conductor 218, a conductor (conductor 205) included in the transistor 200, and the like are embedded. Note that the conductor 218 functions as a plug or a wiring which is electrically connected to the transistor 300.
- the conductor 112 functions as a plug or a wiring which electrically connects the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the transistor 300 to the conductor 153 functioning as a terminal.
- the conductor 153 is provided on the insulator 154, and the conductor 153 is covered with the insulator 156.
- the conductor 153 is in contact with the top surface of the conductor 112 and functions as a terminal of the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the transistor 300.
- examples of insulators that can be used as the interlayer film include oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, nitride oxides, metal oxides, metal oxynitrides, and metal nitride oxides having an insulating property.
- the material may be selected depending on the function of the insulator.
- the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 326, the insulator 352, the insulator 354, the insulator 212, the insulator 114, the insulator 150, the insulator 156, and the like have insulators with low relative permittivity.
- the insulator is silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide added with fluorine, silicon oxide added with carbon, silicon oxide added with carbon and nitrogen, silicon oxide having holes. , Resin or the like is preferable.
- the insulator is silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide containing fluorine, silicon oxide containing carbon, silicon oxide containing carbon and nitrogen, or silicon oxide having holes. It is preferable to have a laminated structure of a resin. Since silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are thermally stable, by combining with a resin, a laminated structure having thermal stability and a low relative dielectric constant can be obtained. Examples of the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (nylon, aramid, etc.), polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylic and the like.
- the resistivity of the insulator provided over or below the conductor 152 or the conductor 153 is 1.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more and 1.0 ⁇ 10 15 ⁇ cm or less, preferably 5.0 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or more 1. It is preferably 0.0 ⁇ 10 14 ⁇ cm or less, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm or more and 5.0 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm or less.
- the insulator maintains the insulating property and the transistor 200, the transistor 300, the capacitor 100, Further, charges accumulated between wirings of the conductor 152 and the like can be dispersed, and characteristic defects and electrostatic breakdown of a transistor and a semiconductor device including the transistor due to the charges can be suppressed, which is preferable.
- silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide can be used as such an insulator.
- the resistivity of the insulator 160 or the insulator 154 may be set within the above range.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can have stable electrical characteristics by being surrounded by an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be used for the insulator 324, the insulator 350, the insulator 210, and the like.
- Examples of the insulator having a function of suppressing the penetration of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium.
- the insulator containing lanthanum, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used as a single layer or as a stacked layer.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like can be used.
- Conductors that can be used for wiring and plugs include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium.
- a material containing one or more metal elements selected from ruthenium, ruthenium, and the like can be used.
- a semiconductor having high electric conductivity which is typified by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material formed of any of the above materials can be used as the conductor 328, the conductor 330, the conductor 356, the conductor 218, the conductor 112, the conductor 152, the conductor 153, or the like.
- a conductive material such as a metal oxide material can be used as a single layer or a stacked layer. It is preferable to use a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum, which has both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is preferable to use tungsten.
- it is preferably formed of a low resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. Wiring resistance can be reduced by using a low-resistance conductive material.
- an insulator having an excess oxygen region may be provided in the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor.
- an insulator having a barrier property is preferably provided between the insulator having the excess oxygen region and the conductor provided in the insulator having the excess oxygen region.
- an insulator 247 may be provided between the insulator 280 having excess oxygen and the conductor 248.
- the conductor 248 and the transistor 200 can be sealed with an insulator having a barrier property.
- the insulator 247 it is possible to prevent the excess oxygen of the insulator 280 from being absorbed by the conductor 248. Further, with the insulator 247, hydrogen which is an impurity can be suppressed from diffusing into the transistor 200 through the conductor 248.
- the conductor 248 has a function as a plug or a wiring which is electrically connected to the transistor 200 or the transistor 300.
- the insulator 247 is provided in contact with the sidewalls of the openings of the insulator 284, the insulator 282, and the insulator 280, and the conductor 248 is formed in contact with the side surface of the insulator 247.
- the conductor 240a or the conductor 240b is positioned at least at part of the bottom of the opening, and the conductor 248 is in contact with the conductor 240a or the conductor 240b.
- the conductor 248 is preferably made of a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component. Further, the conductor 248 may have a stacked structure. Note that the transistor 200 has the structure in which the conductor 248 is provided as a two-layer stacked structure; however, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the conductor 248 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure including three or more layers.
- the conductor which is in contact with the conductor 240a or the conductor 240b and which is in contact with the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 284 with the insulator 247 interposed therebetween is It is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen may be used as a single layer or a stacked layer.
- oxygen added to the insulator 280 can be prevented from being absorbed by the conductor 248.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in a layer above the insulator 284 can be suppressed from diffusing into the oxide 230 through the conductor 248.
- the insulator 247 for example, an insulator that can be used for the insulator 214 and the like may be used.
- the insulator 247 can suppress impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 and the like from diffusing into the oxide 230 through the conductor 248.
- oxygen contained in the insulator 280 can be prevented from being absorbed by the conductor 248.
- the conductor 152 that functions as a wiring may be arranged in contact with the top surface of the conductor 248.
- a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component is preferably used.
- the conductor may have a laminated structure, for example, a laminate of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material. Note that the conductor may be formed so as to be embedded in the opening provided in the insulator.
- a semiconductor device including a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can be miniaturized or highly integrated.
- variation in electric characteristics can be suppressed and reliability can be improved.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor with high on-state current can be provided.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor with low off-state current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with reduced power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a semiconductor device (memory device) using the semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 20 includes the transistor 200, the transistor 300, and the capacitor 100 similarly to the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 20 is different from the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19 in that the capacitor 100 is a planar type and the transistors 200 and 300 are electrically connected.
- the transistor 200 is provided above the transistor 300 and the capacitor 100 is provided above the transistor 300 and the transistor 200. At least part of the capacitor 100 or the transistor 300 preferably overlaps with the transistor 200. Accordingly, the occupied area of the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, and the transistor 300 in top view can be reduced, so that the semiconductor device according to this embodiment can be miniaturized or highly integrated.
- transistor 200 and the transistor 300 described above can be used as the transistor 200 and the transistor 300. Therefore, the above description can be referred to for the transistor 200, the transistor 300, and layers including these.
- the wiring 2001 is electrically connected to the source of the transistor 300 and the wiring 2002 is electrically connected to the drain of the transistor 300.
- the wiring 2003 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 200
- the wiring 2004 is electrically connected to a first gate of the transistor 200
- the wiring 2006 is electrically connected to a second gate of the transistor 200. It is connected to the.
- the gate of the transistor 300 and the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 are electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100 and the wiring 2005 is electrically connected to the other of the electrodes of the capacitor 100.
- a node in which the gate of the transistor 300, the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200, and one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100 are connected to each other may be referred to as a node FG.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 20 has a characteristic that the potential of the gate (node FG) of the transistor 300 can be held by switching the transistor 200, and thus data can be written, held, and read.
- the semiconductor devices shown in FIG. 20 can be arranged in a matrix to form a memory cell array.
- the layer including the transistor 300 has a structure similar to that of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19, the above description can be referred to for the structure below the insulator 354.
- the insulator 210, the insulator 212, the insulator 214, and the insulator 216 are arranged on the insulator 354.
- the insulator 210 like the insulator 350, an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be used.
- a conductor 218 is embedded in the insulator 210, the insulator 212, the insulator 214, and the insulator 216.
- the conductor 218 functions as a plug or a wiring which is electrically connected to the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the transistor 300.
- the conductor 218 is electrically connected to the conductor 316 which functions as a gate electrode of the transistor 300.
- the conductor 248 also functions as a plug or a wiring which is electrically connected to the transistor 200 or the transistor 300.
- the conductor 248 electrically connects the conductor 240b which functions as the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 and the conductor 110 which functions as one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100.
- the planar-type capacitance element 100 is provided above the transistor 200.
- the capacitor 100 includes a conductor 110 that functions as a first electrode, a conductor 120 that functions as a second electrode, and an insulator 130 that functions as a dielectric. Note that as the conductor 110, the conductor 120, and the insulator 130, those described in the above memory device 1 can be used.
- the conductor 153 and the conductor 110 are provided in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 248.
- the conductor 153 is in contact with the top surface of the conductor 248 and functions as a terminal of the transistor 200 or the transistor 300.
- the conductor 153 and the conductor 110 are covered with the insulator 130, and the conductor 120 is arranged so as to overlap the conductor 110 via the insulator 130. Further, the insulator 114 is provided over the conductor 120 and the insulator 130.
- FIG. 20 shows an example in which a planar capacitor is used as the capacitor 100
- the semiconductor device described in this embodiment is not limited to this.
- the capacitive element 100 a cylinder type capacitive element 100 as shown in FIG. 19 may be used.
- FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a memory device using the semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the memory device illustrated in FIG. 21 includes a transistor 400 in addition to the semiconductor device including the transistor 200, the transistor 300, and the capacitor 100 illustrated in FIG.
- the transistor 400 can control the second gate voltage of the transistor 200.
- the first gate and the second gate of the transistor 400 are diode-connected to the source, and the source of the transistor 400 is connected to the second gate of the transistor 200.
- the negative potential of the second gate of the transistor 200 is held in this structure, the first gate-source voltage and the second gate-source voltage of the transistor 400 are 0V.
- the second gate of the transistor 200 can be supplied without power supply to the transistor 200 and the transistor 400.
- the negative potential can be maintained for a long time. Accordingly, the memory device including the transistor 200 and the transistor 400 can hold the memory content for a long time.
- the wiring 2001 is electrically connected to the source of the transistor 300, and the wiring 2002 is electrically connected to the drain of the transistor 300.
- the wiring 2003 is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor 200, the wiring 2004 is electrically connected to a gate of the transistor 200, and the wiring 2006 is electrically connected to a second gate of the transistor 200.
- the gate of the transistor 300 and the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 are electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100 and the wiring 2005 is electrically connected to the other of the electrodes of the capacitor 100. .
- the wiring 2007 is electrically connected to a source of the transistor 400
- the wiring 2008 is electrically connected to a first gate of the transistor 400
- the wiring 2009 is electrically connected to a second gate of the transistor 400
- a wiring 2010. Are electrically connected to the drain of the transistor 400.
- the wiring 2006, the wiring 2007, the wiring 2008, and the wiring 2009 are electrically connected.
- the memory device shown in FIG. 21 can form a memory cell array by arranging the memory device in a matrix, as in the memory devices shown in FIGS. Note that one transistor 400 can control the second gate voltage of the plurality of transistors 200. Therefore, the transistor 400 may be provided in a smaller number than the transistor 200.
- the transistor 400 is formed in the same layer as the transistor 200 and can be manufactured in parallel.
- the transistor 400 includes a conductor 460 (a conductor 460a and a conductor 460b) which functions as a first gate electrode, a conductor 405 (a conductor 405a, and a conductor 405b) which functions as a second gate electrode, An insulator 222, an insulator 224, and an insulator 450 which function as gate insulating layers, an oxide 430c having a region where a channel is formed, a conductor 440a which functions as one of a source and a drain, an oxide 431b, and The oxide 431a, the conductor 440b that functions as the other of the source and the drain, the oxide 432b, and the oxide 432a, the insulator 445a that functions as a barrier layer, and the insulator 445b.
- the conductor 405 and the conductor 205 are formed in the same layer.
- the oxide 431a and the oxide 432a and the oxide 230a are formed in the same layer, and the oxide 431b and the oxide 432b and the oxide 230b are formed in the same layer.
- the conductor 440a and the conductor 440b, and the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b are formed in the same layer.
- the insulator 445a and the insulator 445b, and the insulator 245a and the insulator 245b are formed in the same layer.
- the oxide 430c and the oxide 230c are formed in the same layer.
- the insulator 450 and the insulator 250 are formed in the same layer.
- the conductor 460 and the conductor 260 are formed in the same layer.
- the oxide 430c can be formed by processing an oxide film to be the oxide 230c.
- the oxide 430c functioning as an active layer of the transistor 400 has reduced oxygen vacancies and reduced impurities such as hydrogen and water. Accordingly, the threshold voltage of the transistor 400 can be further increased, the off-state current can be reduced, and the drain current when the second gate voltage and the first gate voltage are 0 V can be extremely reduced.
- a transistor including an oxide as a semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as an OS transistor) and a capacitor according to one embodiment of the present invention are applied with reference to FIGS. 22A to 23H.
- a storage device (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as an OS memory device) that is installed will be described.
- An OS memory device is a storage device including at least a capacitor and an OS transistor which controls charge and discharge of the capacitor. Since the off-state current of the OS transistor is extremely small, the OS memory device has excellent retention characteristics and can function as a nonvolatile memory.
- FIG. 22A shows an example of the configuration of the OS memory device.
- the memory device 1400 includes a peripheral circuit 1411 and a memory cell array 1470.
- the peripheral circuit 1411 includes a row circuit 1420, a column circuit 1430, an output circuit 1440, and a control logic circuit 1460.
- the column circuit 1430 has, for example, a column decoder, a precharge circuit, a sense amplifier, a write circuit, and the like.
- the precharge circuit has a function of precharging the wiring.
- the sense amplifier has a function of amplifying the data signal read from the memory cell. Note that the wiring is a wiring connected to a memory cell included in the memory cell array 1470 and will be described later in detail.
- the amplified data signal is output to the outside of the storage device 1400 as the data signal RDATA via the output circuit 1440.
- the row circuit 1420 has a row decoder, a word line driver circuit, and the like, for example, and can select a row to be accessed.
- a low power supply voltage (VSS), a high power supply voltage (VDD) for the peripheral circuit 1411, and a high power supply voltage (VIL) for the memory cell array 1470 are externally supplied to the memory device 1400 as power supply voltages. Further, a control signal (CE, WE, RE), an address signal ADDR, and a data signal WDATA are externally input to the memory device 1400.
- the address signal ADDR is input to the row decoder and the column decoder, and the data signal WDATA is input to the write circuit.
- the control logic circuit 1460 processes control signals (CE, WE, RE) input from the outside to generate control signals for the row decoder and the column decoder.
- the control signal CE is a chip enable signal
- the control signal WE is a write enable signal
- the control signal RE is a read enable signal.
- the signal processed by the control logic circuit 1460 is not limited to this, and another control signal may be input as necessary.
- the memory cell array 1470 has a plurality of memory cells MC and a plurality of wirings arranged in a matrix. Note that the number of wirings connecting the memory cell array 1470 and the row circuit 1420 is determined by the structure of the memory cells MC, the number of memory cells MC in one column, and the like. The number of wirings connecting the memory cell array 1470 and the column circuit 1430 is determined by the configuration of the memory cell MC, the number of memory cells MC in one row, and the like.
- FIG. 22A shows an example in which the peripheral circuit 1411 and the memory cell array 1470 are formed on the same plane
- the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- a memory cell array 1470 may be provided so as to overlap part of the peripheral circuit 1411.
- a sense amplifier may be provided so as to overlap under the memory cell array 1470.
- [DOSRAM] 23A to 23C show examples of circuit configurations of DRAM memory cells.
- a DRAM including a 1-OS transistor 1-capacitive element memory cell may be referred to as a DOSRAM (Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory).
- the memory cell 1471 illustrated in FIG. 23A includes the transistor M1 and the capacitor CA. Note that the transistor M1 has a gate (sometimes referred to as a top gate) and a back gate.
- the first terminal of the transistor M1 is connected to the first terminal of the capacitor CA, the second terminal of the transistor M1 is connected to the wiring BIL, the gate of the transistor M1 is connected to the wiring WOL, and the back gate of the transistor M1 is connected.
- the second terminal of the capacitor CA is connected to the wiring CAL.
- the wiring BIL functions as a bit line
- the wiring WOL functions as a word line.
- the wiring CAL functions as a wiring for applying a predetermined potential to the second terminal of the capacitor CA. It is preferable to apply a low-level potential to the wiring CAL at the time of writing and reading data.
- the wiring BGL functions as a wiring for applying a potential to the back gate of the transistor M1. By applying an arbitrary potential to the wiring BGL, the threshold voltage of the transistor M1 can be increased or decreased.
- the memory cell 1471 shown in FIG. 23A corresponds to the storage device shown in FIG. That is, the transistor M1 corresponds to the transistor 200, the capacitor CA corresponds to the capacitor 100, the wiring BIL corresponds to the wiring 1003, the wiring WOL corresponds to the wiring 1004, the wiring BGL corresponds to the wiring 1006, and the wiring CAL corresponds to the wiring 1005.
- the transistor 300 illustrated in FIG. 19 corresponds to the transistor provided in the peripheral circuit 1411 of the memory device 1400 illustrated in FIGS. 22A and 22B.
- the memory cell MC is not limited to the memory cell 1471, and the circuit configuration can be changed.
- the memory cell MC may have a structure in which the back gate of the transistor M1 is connected to the wiring WOL instead of the wiring BGL like the memory cell 1472 illustrated in FIG. 23B.
- the memory cell MC may be a memory cell including a transistor having a single gate structure, that is, a transistor M1 having no back gate, like the memory cell 1473 illustrated in FIG. 23C.
- the transistor 200 can be used as the transistor M1 and the capacitor 100 can be used as the capacitor CA.
- the leak current of the transistor M1 can be made extremely small. That is, since the written data can be held for a long time by the transistor M1, the frequency of refreshing the memory cell can be reduced. Alternatively, the refresh operation of the memory cell can be made unnecessary. Further, since the leak current is extremely small, multi-valued data or analog data can be held in the memory cell 1471, the memory cell 1472, and the memory cell 1473.
- the sense amplifier is provided so as to overlap the memory cell array 1470 as described above, the bit line can be shortened. As a result, the bit line capacity is reduced and the storage capacity of the memory cell can be reduced.
- [NOSRAM] 23D to 23G show circuit configuration examples of gain cell type memory cells each having two transistors and one capacitor.
- the memory cell 1474 illustrated in FIG. 23D includes a transistor M2, a transistor M3, and a capacitor CB. Note that the transistor M2 has a top gate (may be simply referred to as a gate) and a back gate.
- a memory device including a gain cell type memory cell in which an OS transistor is used as the transistor M2 may be referred to as a NOSRAM (Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM).
- the first terminal of the transistor M2 is connected to the first terminal of the capacitor CB, the second terminal of the transistor M2 is connected to the wiring WBL, the gate of the transistor M2 is connected to the wiring WOL, and the back gate of the transistor M2 is connected.
- the second terminal of the capacitor CB is connected to the wiring CAL.
- the first terminal of the transistor M3 is connected to the wiring RBL, the second terminal of the transistor M3 is connected to the wiring SL, and the gate of the transistor M3 is connected to the first terminal of the capacitive element CB.
- the wiring WBL functions as a write bit line
- the wiring RBL functions as a read bit line
- the wiring WOL functions as a word line.
- the wiring CAL functions as a wiring for applying a predetermined potential to the second terminal of the capacitor CB. It is preferable that a low-level potential be applied to the wiring CAL during data writing, during data retention, and during data reading.
- the wiring BGL functions as a wiring for applying a potential to the back gate of the transistor M2. By applying an arbitrary potential to the wiring BGL, the threshold voltage of the transistor M2 can be increased or decreased.
- the memory cell 1474 shown in FIG. 23D corresponds to the storage device shown in FIG. That is, the transistor M2 is the transistor 200, the capacitor CB is the capacitor 100, the transistor M3 is the transistor 300, the wiring WBL is the wiring 2003, the wiring WOL is the wiring 2004, the wiring BGL is the wiring 2006, and the wiring CAL is the wiring. 2005, the wiring RBL corresponds to the wiring 2002, and the wiring SL corresponds to the wiring 2001.
- the memory cell MC is not limited to the memory cell 1474, and the circuit configuration can be changed as appropriate.
- the back gate of the transistor M2 may be connected to the wiring WOL instead of the wiring BGL.
- the memory cell MC may be a memory cell including a transistor having a single gate structure, that is, a transistor M2 having no back gate, like the memory cell 1476 shown in FIG. 23F.
- the memory cell MC may have a configuration in which the wiring WBL and the wiring RBL are combined into one wiring BIL like the memory cell 1477 illustrated in FIG. 23G.
- the transistor 200 can be used as the transistor M2
- the transistor 300 can be used as the transistor M3
- the capacitor 100 can be used as the capacitor CB.
- an OS transistor as the transistor M2
- the leak current of the transistor M2 can be made extremely small. Accordingly, the written data can be held for a long time by the transistor M2, so that the frequency of refreshing the memory cell can be reduced. Alternatively, the refresh operation of the memory cell can be made unnecessary. Further, since the leak current is extremely small, multi-valued data or analog data can be held in the memory cell 1474. The same applies to the memory cells 1475 to 1477.
- the transistor M3 may be a transistor having silicon in the channel formation region (hereinafter may be referred to as a Si transistor).
- the conductivity type of the Si transistor may be an n-channel type or a p-channel type.
- the Si transistor may have higher field effect mobility than the OS transistor. Therefore, a Si transistor may be used as the transistor M3 that functions as a read transistor.
- the transistor M2 can be provided over the transistor M3 so that the area occupied by the memory cell can be reduced and high integration of the memory device can be achieved.
- the transistor M3 may be an OS transistor.
- OS transistors are used for the transistors M2 and M3, the memory cell array 1470 can be formed using only n-type transistors.
- FIG. 23H shows an example of a gain cell type memory cell having three transistors and one capacitor.
- the memory cell 1478 illustrated in FIG. 23H includes transistors M4 to M6 and a capacitor CC.
- the capacitive element CC is provided as appropriate.
- the memory cell 1478 is electrically connected to the wiring BIL, the wiring RWL, the wiring WWL, the wiring BGL, and the wiring GNDL.
- the wiring GNDL is a wiring which gives a low-level potential. Note that the memory cell 1478 may be electrically connected to the wiring RBL and the wiring WBL instead of the wiring BIL.
- the transistor M4 is an OS transistor having a back gate, and the back gate is electrically connected to the wiring BGL. Note that the back gate and the gate of the transistor M4 may be electrically connected to each other. Alternatively, the transistor M4 may not have a back gate.
- the transistors M5 and M6 may be n-channel Si transistors or p-channel Si transistors, respectively.
- the transistors M4 to M6 may be OS transistors.
- the memory cell array 1470 can be configured using only n-type transistors.
- the transistor 200 can be used as the transistor M4, the transistor 300 can be used as the transistors M5 and M6, and the capacitor 100 can be used as the capacitor CC.
- the leak current of the transistor M4 can be made extremely small.
- peripheral circuit 1411 the memory cell array 1470, and the like shown in this embodiment are not limited to the above. Arrangement or function of these circuits and wirings, circuit elements, and the like connected to the circuits may be changed, deleted, or added as necessary.
- FIGS. 24A and 24B An example of a chip 1200 in which a semiconductor device of the present invention is mounted is shown with reference to FIGS. 24A and 24B.
- a plurality of circuits (systems) are mounted on the chip 1200.
- the technique of integrating a plurality of circuits (systems) into one chip in this way may be referred to as system on chip (SoC).
- SoC system on chip
- the chip 1200 includes a CPU 1211, a GPU 1212, one or more analog arithmetic units 1213, one or more memory controllers 1214, one or more interfaces 1215, one or more network circuits 1216, and the like.
- Bumps (not shown) are provided on the chip 1200, and are connected to the first surface of a printed circuit board (Printed Circuit Board: PCB) 1201, as shown in FIG. 24B. Further, a plurality of bumps 1202 are provided on the back surface of the first surface of the PCB 1201 and are connected to the mother board 1203.
- PCB printed Circuit Board
- the motherboard 1203 may be provided with a storage device such as a DRAM 1221 and a flash memory 1222.
- a storage device such as a DRAM 1221 and a flash memory 1222.
- the DOSRAM described in any of the above embodiments can be used as the DRAM 1221.
- the NOSRAM described in any of the above embodiments can be used for the flash memory 1222.
- the CPU 1211 preferably has a plurality of CPU cores.
- the GPU 1212 preferably has a plurality of GPU cores.
- the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 may each have a memory that temporarily stores data.
- a memory common to the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 may be provided in the chip 1200.
- the memory the above-mentioned NOSRAM or DOSRAM can be used.
- the GPU 1212 is suitable for parallel calculation of a large number of data and can be used for image processing and product-sum calculation. By providing the GPU 1212 with an image processing circuit using the oxide semiconductor of the present invention or a product-sum operation circuit, image processing and product-sum operation can be performed with low power consumption.
- the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 are provided in the same chip, wiring between the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 can be shortened, data transfer from the CPU 1211 to the GPU 1212, data transfer between the memories included in the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212, Further, after the calculation in the GPU 1212, the calculation result can be transferred from the GPU 1212 to the CPU 1211 at high speed.
- the analog operation unit 1213 has one or both of an A / D (analog / digital) conversion circuit and a D / A (digital / analog) conversion circuit. Further, the analog-calculation unit 1213 may be provided with the above product-sum calculation circuit.
- the memory controller 1214 has a circuit that functions as a controller of the DRAM 1221 and a circuit that functions as an interface of the flash memory 1222.
- the interface 1215 has an interface circuit with externally connected devices such as a display device, a speaker, a microphone, a camera, and a controller.
- the controller includes a mouse, a keyboard, a game controller, and the like.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- HDMI registered trademark
- High-Definition Multimedia Interface or the like can be used.
- the network circuit 1216 has a network circuit such as a LAN (Local Area Network). Further, a circuit for network security may be included.
- LAN Local Area Network
- the above circuit (system) can be formed on the chip 1200 by the same manufacturing process. Therefore, even if the number of circuits required for the chip 1200 increases, it is not necessary to increase the manufacturing process, and the chip 1200 can be manufactured at low cost.
- the PCB 1201 provided with the chip 1200 having the GPU 1212, the DRAM 1221, and the motherboard 1203 provided with the flash memory 1222 can be called a GPU module 1204.
- the GPU module 1204 Since the GPU module 1204 has the chip 1200 using the SoC technology, its size can be reduced. Further, since it is excellent in image processing, it is suitable for use in portable electronic devices such as smartphones, tablet terminals, laptop PCs, portable (carry-out) game machines, and the like. Further, a product-sum operation circuit using the GPU 1212 allows deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), self-encoders, deep Boltzmann machines (DBM), deep belief networks ( The chip 1200 can be used as an AI chip, or the GPU module 1204 can be used as an AI system module because a technique such as DBN) can be performed.
- DNN deep neural networks
- CNN convolutional neural networks
- RNN recurrent neural networks
- DBM deep Boltzmann machines
- the chip 1200 can be used as an AI chip, or the GPU module 1204 can be used as an AI system module because a technique such as DBN) can be performed.
- the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment is, for example, a storage device of various electronic devices (eg, information terminals, computers, smartphones, electronic book terminals, digital cameras (including video cameras), recording / playback devices, navigation systems, and the like).
- the computer includes a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, and a large computer such as a server system.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments is applied to various removable storage devices such as a memory card (eg, an SD card), a USB memory, and an SSD (solid state drive).
- 25A to 25E schematically show some configuration examples of the removable storage device.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments is processed into a packaged memory chip and used for various storage devices and removable memories.
- FIG. 25A is a schematic diagram of a USB memory.
- the USB memory 1100 has a housing 1101, a cap 1102, a USB connector 1103, and a substrate 1104.
- the substrate 1104 is housed in the housing 1101.
- a memory chip 1105 and a controller chip 1106 are attached to the substrate 1104.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1105 or the like.
- FIG. 25B is a schematic diagram of the external appearance of the SD card
- FIG. 25C is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SD card.
- the SD card 1110 has a housing 1111, a connector 1112, and a board 1113.
- the substrate 1113 is housed in the housing 1111.
- a memory chip 1114 and a controller chip 1115 are attached to the substrate 1113.
- the capacity of the SD card 1110 can be increased.
- a wireless chip having a wireless communication function may be provided over the substrate 1113.
- the data in the memory chip 1114 can be read and written by wireless communication between the host device and the SD card 1110.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1114 or the like.
- FIG. 25D is a schematic diagram of the external appearance of the SSD
- FIG. 25E is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SSD.
- the SSD 1150 has a housing 1151, a connector 1152, and a board 1153.
- the substrate 1153 is housed in the housing 1151.
- the memory chip 1154, the memory chip 1155, and the controller chip 1156 are attached to the substrate 1153.
- the memory chip 1155 is a work memory of the controller chip 1156, and for example, a DOSRAM chip may be used.
- the capacity of the SSD 1150 can be increased.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1154 or the like.
- the semiconductor device can be used for a processor such as a CPU or a GPU, or a chip.
- 26A to 26H show specific examples of electronic devices each including a processor such as a CPU or a GPU, or a chip according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the GPU or the chip according to one embodiment of the present invention can be mounted on various electronic devices.
- electronic devices include relatively large screens such as television devices, monitors for desktop or notebook information terminals, digital signage (digital signage), and large game machines such as pachinko machines.
- digital signage digital signage
- large game machines such as pachinko machines.
- the electronic device including, a digital camera, a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, an electronic book reader, a mobile phone, a portable game machine, a personal digital assistant, a sound reproducing device, and the like.
- artificial intelligence can be mounted on the electronic device.
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention may include an antenna.
- the display portion can display images, information, and the like.
- the antenna may be used for contactless power transmission.
- the electronic device includes a sensor (force, displacement, position, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, voice, time, hardness, electric field, current, (Including the function of measuring voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor or infrared rays).
- a sensor force, displacement, position, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, voice, time, hardness, electric field, current, (Including the function of measuring voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor or infrared rays).
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention can have various functions. For example, a function of displaying various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.) on the display unit, a touch panel function, a function of displaying a calendar, date or time, a function of executing various software (programs), wireless communication It can have a function, a function of reading a program or data recorded in a recording medium, and the like.
- 26A to 26H show examples of electronic devices.
- the information terminal 5100 includes a housing 5101 and a display portion 5102, and a touch panel is provided in the display portion 5102 and a button is provided in the housing 5101 as an input interface.
- the information terminal 5100 can execute an application utilizing artificial intelligence.
- an application using artificial intelligence for example, an application for recognizing a conversation and displaying the content of the conversation on the display unit 5102, a character input by a user on a touch panel included in the display unit 5102, a graphic, etc. are recognized, An application displayed on the display portion 5102, an application for performing biometric authentication such as a fingerprint or a voiceprint, and the like can be given.
- FIG. 26B shows a notebook information terminal 5200.
- the laptop information terminal 5200 includes a main body 5201 of the information terminal, a display portion 5202, and a keyboard 5203.
- the notebook information terminal 5200 can execute an application utilizing artificial intelligence by applying the chip of one embodiment of the present invention.
- applications using artificial intelligence include design support software, text correction software, and menu automatic generation software. Further, by using the notebook information terminal 5200, new artificial intelligence can be developed.
- a smartphone and a notebook information terminal are shown as examples of electronic devices in FIGS. 26A and 26B, but information terminals other than the smartphone and the notebook information terminal can be applied.
- Examples of information terminals other than smartphones and notebook information terminals include PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), desktop information terminals, workstations, and the like.
- FIG. 26C shows a portable game machine 5300 which is an example of a game machine.
- the portable game machine 5300 includes a housing 5301, a housing 5302, a housing 5303, a display portion 5304, a connection portion 5305, operation keys 5306, and the like.
- the housings 5302 and 5303 can be removed from the housing 5301.
- an image output to the display portion 5304 can be output to another video device (not shown). it can.
- the housing 5302 and the housing 5303 can each function as an operation portion. This allows a plurality of players to play the game at the same time.
- the chip described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in chips provided on the substrates of the housings 5301, 5302, and 5303.
- FIG. 26D shows a stationary game machine 5400 which is an example of a game machine.
- a controller 5402 is connected to the stationary game machine 5400 wirelessly or by wire.
- the mobile game machine 5300 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- expressions such as the progress of the game, the behaviors of the creatures appearing in the game, and the phenomena occurring in the game are determined by the program included in the game.
- expressions not limited to game programs are possible. For example, it is possible to express that the contents of the question asked by the player, the progress of the game, the time, and the behavior of the person appearing in the game change.
- the artificial intelligence can configure the game player as an anthropomorphic person. You can play games.
- 26C and 26D illustrate a portable game machine and a stationary game machine as examples of the game machine
- the game machine to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied is not limited thereto.
- a game machine to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied for example, an arcade game machine installed in an entertainment facility (a game center, an amusement park, etc.), a batting practice pitching machine installed in a sports facility, etc. Is mentioned.
- the GPU or chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a large computer.
- FIG. 26E is a diagram showing a supercomputer 5500, which is an example of a large computer.
- FIG. 26F is a diagram showing a rack mount computer 5502 included in the super computer 5500.
- the super computer 5500 has a rack 5501 and a plurality of rack mount computers 5502.
- the plurality of computers 5502 are stored in the rack 5501. Further, the computer 5502 is provided with a plurality of boards 5504, and the GPU or the chip described in any of the above embodiments can be mounted on the boards.
- Supercomputer 5500 is a large computer mainly used for scientific and technological calculations. Scientific and technological calculations require huge amounts of calculations to be processed at high speed, resulting in high power consumption and large chip heat generation.
- the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention to the supercomputer 5500, a supercomputer with low power consumption can be realized.
- heat generation from a circuit can be reduced by low power consumption, the influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, peripheral circuits, and modules can be reduced.
- 26E and 26F show a supercomputer as an example of a large computer, but a large computer to which the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied is not limited to this.
- Examples of large-sized computers to which the GPU or chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied include computers (servers) that provide services, large-sized general-purpose computers (mainframes), and the like.
- the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to an automobile that is a moving object and around a driver's seat of the automobile.
- FIG. 26G is a diagram showing the vicinity of a windshield inside a vehicle, which is an example of a moving body.
- FIG. 26G shows the display panel 5701, the display panel 5702, and the display panel 5703 attached to the dashboard, and the display panel 5704 attached to the pillar.
- Display panel 5701 to display panel 5703 can provide various other information by displaying speedometer, tachometer, mileage, fuel gauge, gear status, air conditioner settings, and the like. Further, the display items and layout displayed on the display panel can be appropriately changed according to the preference of the user, and the designability can be improved.
- the display panels 5701 to 5703 can also be used as a lighting device.
- the field of view (blind spot) blocked by the pillars can be complemented. That is, by displaying the image from the image pickup device provided outside the automobile, the blind spot can be compensated and the safety can be improved. In addition, by displaying an image that complements the invisible portion, it is possible to confirm the safety more naturally and comfortably.
- the display panel 5704 can also be used as a lighting device.
- the GPU or the chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied as a component of artificial intelligence
- the chip can be used, for example, in an automatic driving system of an automobile.
- the chip can be used in a system that performs road guidance, risk prediction, and the like. Information such as road guidance and risk prediction may be displayed on the display panels 5701 to 5704.
- a car is described as an example of the moving body, but the moving body is not limited to the car.
- the moving object a train, a monorail, a ship, a flying object (a helicopter, an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone), an airplane, a rocket), or the like can be given, and the chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied to these moving objects.
- a system using artificial intelligence can be added.
- FIG. 26H shows an electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 which is an example of an electric appliance.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 includes a housing 5801, a refrigerator compartment door 5802, a freezer compartment door 5803, and the like.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 has a function of automatically generating a menu based on the food items stored in the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800, the expiration date of the foodstuff, and the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800. It can have a function of automatically adjusting the temperature according to the food.
- an electric refrigerator-freezer is described as an example of the electric appliance
- other electric appliances include, for example, a vacuum cleaner, a microwave oven, a microwave oven, a rice cooker, a water heater, an IH cooker, a water server, an air conditioner including an air conditioner, Examples include washing machines, dryers and audiovisual equipment.
- the electronic device described in this embodiment the function of the electronic device, the application example of the artificial intelligence, the effect, and the like can be appropriately combined with the description of other electronic devices.
- FIG. 27 shows a market image in which an OS transistor can be used.
- a region 701 represents a product region (OS Display) applicable to a display (Display) using an OS transistor
- a region 702 represents an LSI (Large Scale Integration) using an OS transistor as an analog.
- a product area (OS LSI analog) applicable to processing is represented
- an area 703 is a product area (OS LSI digital) applicable to digital processing of an LSI including an OS transistor.
- the OS transistor can be suitably used for the three regions of the region 701, the region 702, and the region 703 shown in FIG. 27, in other words, for three large markets.
- a region 704 represents a region in which the region 701 and the region 702 overlap
- a region 705 represents a region in which the region 702 and the region 703 overlap
- a region 706 represents a region 701.
- An area 703 represents an overlapping area
- an area 707 represents an overlapping area of the area 701, the area 702, and the area 703.
- FET structures such as a Bottom Gate type OS FET (BG OSFET) and a Top Gate type OS FET (TG OSFET) can be preferably used.
- BG OSFET Bottom Gate type OS FET
- TG OSFET Top Gate type OS FET
- the Bottom Gate type OS FET includes a channel etch type FET and a channel protection type FET.
- the Top Gate type OS FET includes a TGSA (Top Gate Self-Aligned) type FET.
- a Gate Last type OS FET GL OS FET
- GL OS FET Gate Last type OS FET
- each of the above transistors includes a single gate structure transistor having one gate electrode, a dual gate structure transistor having two gate electrodes, or a transistor having three or more gate electrodes. Further, among the transistors having the Dual Gate structure, it is preferable to use the transistor having the S-channel structure.
- products included in the OS Display include products having an LCD (liquid crystal display), an EL (Electro Luminescence), and an LED (Light Emitting Diode) as a display device.
- LCD liquid crystal display
- EL Electro Luminescence
- LED Light Emitting Diode
- EL includes organic EL and inorganic EL.
- the LED includes a micro LED, a mini LED, and a macro LED. Note that in this specification and the like, the area of the chip 10000 2 below the light emitting diodes micro LED, mini LED greatly 1 mm 2 or less of light-emitting diodes than the area of the chip 10000 2, the chip area is 1 mm 2 larger than the light-emitting diodes May be referred to as a macro LED.
- a sound source localization device corresponding to a sound range of various frequencies (for example, an audible sound having a frequency of 20 Hz or more and less than 20 kHz, or an ultrasonic wave of 20 kHz or more), or Examples thereof include a battery control device (battery control IC, battery protection IC, or battery management system).
- the products included in the OS LSI digital include a memory device, a CPU (Central Processing Unit) device, a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) device, an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) device, a power device, and an OS LSI.
- a memory device a central processing Unit
- a GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- FPGA field-programmable gate array
- a power device and an OS LSI.
- the products included in the area 704 include a display device having an infrared sensor or a near infrared sensor in the display area, a signal processing device with a sensor having an OS FET, or an embedded biosensor device.
- Examples of products included in the area 705 include a processing circuit having an A / D (analog / digital) conversion circuit or the like, or an AI (Artificial Intelligence) device having the processing circuit.
- examples of products included in the area 706 include a display device to which Pixel AI technology is applied.
- the Pixel AI technology refers to a technology of utilizing a memory including an OS FET mounted in a pixel circuit of a display.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to all product regions as illustrated in FIG. That is, the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to many markets.
- This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with any of the structures described in the other embodiments.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aは、+GBT試験におけるΔVshの挙動を説明する図である。図2Bは、トランジスタのドレイン電流を説明する図である。
図3Aは、金属酸化物のエネルギーダイアグラムを説明する図である。図3B、および図3Cは、電子の伝導を説明する図である。
図4A、および図4Bは、VOHと、VOおよびHと、の反応に関するエネルギーの推移の模式図である。
図5Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図5B乃至図5Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図6Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図6B乃至図6Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図7Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図7B乃至図7Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図8Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図8B乃至図8Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図9Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図9B乃至図9Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図10Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図10B乃至図10Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図11Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図11B乃至図11Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図12Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図12B乃至図12Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図13Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図13B乃至図13Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図14Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の上面図である。図14B乃至図14Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図15Aは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の上面図である。図15B乃至図15Dは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図16は、本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する上面図である。
図17は、本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する断面図である。
図18は、本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する断面図である。
図19は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を示す断面図である。
図20は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を示す断面図である。
図21は、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を示す断面図である。
図22A、および図22Bは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成例を示すブロック図である。
図23A乃至図23Hは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成例を示す回路図である。
図24A、および図24Bは、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の模式図である。
図25A乃至図25Eは、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の模式図である。
図26A乃至図26Hは、本発明の一態様に係る電子機器を示す図である。
図27は、市場イメージを説明する図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタを有する半導体装置の一例について説明する。
図1A乃至図1Dは、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の上面図および断面図である。図1Aは、当該半導体装置の上面図である。また、図1B、図1C、および図1Dは、当該半導体装置の断面図である。ここで、図1Bは、図1AにA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル長方向の断面図でもある。また、図1Cは、図1AにA3−A4の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。また、図1Dは、図1AにA5−A6の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。なお、図1Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
図1A乃至図1Dに示すように、トランジスタ200は、基板(図示せず。)の上、かつ、絶縁体216に埋め込まれるように配置された導電体205と、絶縁体216の上および導電体205の上に配置された絶縁体222と、絶縁体222の上に配置された絶縁体224と、絶縁体224の上に配置された酸化物230(酸化物230a、酸化物230b、および酸化物230c)と、酸化物230の上に配置された絶縁体250と、絶縁体250上に配置された導電体260(導電体260a、および導電体260b)と、酸化物230bの上面の一部と接する導電体240aおよび導電体240bと、導電体240a上の絶縁体245aと、導電体240b上の絶縁体245bと、を有する。
以下では、OSトランジスタにおけるオフ電流、および、+GBTストレス試験におけるΔVshの挙動について、説明を行う。ここでは、チャネル形成領域に用いる金属酸化物を、In−Ga−Zn酸化物として説明する。
ここで、+GBTストレス試験におけるΔVthのギザギザ挙動については、下記に示す基本モデルを用いることで、解釈することができる。
次に、上記基本モデルを、OSトランジスタの+GBTストレス試験に適用した応用モデルについて、図4A、および図4Bを用いて説明を行う。
・VOH→VO+H(1)
・VO+O→null(2)
次に、金属酸化物中における、VOHの存在確率について以下に説明を行う。
以下では、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の詳細な構成について説明する。
以下では、半導体装置に用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
トランジスタ200を形成する基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板、または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムからなる半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウムからなる化合物半導体基板などがある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えば、SOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電体または絶縁体が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体または絶縁体が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁体としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電体としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ストロンチウム、ランタンなどから選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いることが好ましい。例えば、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、タングステン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物などを用いることが好ましい。また、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物は、酸化しにくい導電性材料、または、酸素を吸収しても導電性を維持する材料であるため、好ましい。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
酸化物230として、半導体として機能する金属酸化物(酸化物半導体)を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る酸化物230に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
酸化物半導体(金属酸化物)は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC−OS、多結晶酸化物半導体、nc−OS(nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor)、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、および非晶質酸化物半導体などがある。
ここで、金属酸化物中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
次に、図1A乃至図1Dに示す、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の作製方法を、図5A乃至図13Dを用いて説明する。
以下では、図14A乃至図15Dを用いて、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の一例について説明する。
図14A乃至図14Dに示す半導体装置は、図1A乃至図1Dに示した半導体装置とは、絶縁体245aおよび絶縁体245bを設けない点、絶縁体254を、導電体240aの上面および側面、導電体240bの上面および側面、酸化物230bの側面、酸化物230aの側面、ならびに、絶縁体224の上面に接するように設ける点が異なる。
図15A乃至図15Dに示す半導体装置は、図14A乃至図14Dに示した半導体装置とは、酸化物230cを設けない点、絶縁体254を、絶縁体254aと絶縁体254bとの積層構造とする点が異なる。
以下では、本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置について説明する。
本実施の形態では、半導体装置(記憶装置)の一形態を、図19乃至図21を用いて説明する。
本発明の一態様である半導体装置を使用した、記憶装置の一例を図19に示す。本実施の形態に係る記憶装置は、トランジスタ200はトランジスタ300の上方に設けられ、容量素子100はトランジスタ200の上方に設けられている。容量素子100、またはトランジスタ300は、少なくとも一部がトランジスタ200と重畳することが好ましい。これにより、容量素子100、トランジスタ200、およびトランジスタ300の上面視における占有面積を低減することができるので、本実施の形態に係る記憶装置を微細化または高集積化させることができる。なお、本実施の形態に係る記憶装置は、例えば、CPU(Central Processing Unit)またはGPU(Graphics Processing Unit)に代表されるロジック回路、あるいはDRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)またはNVM(Non−Volatile Memory)に代表されるメモリ回路に適用することができる。
トランジスタ300は、基板311上に設けられ、ゲート電極として機能する導電体316、ゲート絶縁体として機能する絶縁体315、基板311の一部からなる半導体領域313、ならびにソース領域またはドレイン領域として機能する低抵抗領域314a、および低抵抗領域314bを有する。
容量素子100は、絶縁体160上の絶縁体114と、絶縁体114上の絶縁体140と、絶縁体114および絶縁体140に形成された開口の中に配置された導電体110と、導電体110および絶縁体140上の絶縁体130と、絶縁体130上の導電体120と、導電体120および絶縁体130上の絶縁体150と、を有する。ここで、絶縁体114および絶縁体140に形成された開口の中に導電体110、絶縁体130、および導電体120の少なくとも一部が配置される。
各構造体の間には、層間膜、配線、およびプラグ等が設けられた配線層が設けられていてもよい。また、配線層は、設計に応じて複数層設けることができる。ここで、プラグまたは配線として機能する導電体は、複数の構造をまとめて同一の符号を付与する場合がある。また、本明細書等において、配線と、配線と電気的に接続するプラグとが一体物であってもよい。すなわち、導電体の一部が配線として機能する場合、および導電体の一部がプラグとして機能する場合もある。
なお、トランジスタ200に、酸化物半導体を用いる場合、酸化物半導体の近傍に過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体が設けられることがある。その場合、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体と、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体に設ける導電体との間に、バリア性を有する絶縁体を設けることが好ましい。
本発明の一態様である半導体装置を使用した、半導体装置(記憶装置)の一例を図20に示す。図20に示す半導体装置は、図19で示した半導体装置と同様に、トランジスタ200、トランジスタ300、および容量素子100を有する。ただし、図20に示す半導体装置は、容量素子100がプレーナ型である点、およびトランジスタ200とトランジスタ300が電気的に接続されている点において、図19に示す半導体装置と異なる。
本発明の一態様である半導体装置を使用した、記憶装置の一例を図21に示す。図21に示す記憶装置は、図20で示したトランジスタ200、トランジスタ300、および容量素子100を有する半導体装置に加え、トランジスタ400を有している。
トランジスタ400は、トランジスタ200と、同じ層に形成されており、並行して作製することができるトランジスタである。トランジスタ400は、第1のゲート電極として機能する導電体460(導電体460a、および導電体460b)と、第2のゲート電極として機能する導電体405(導電体405a、および導電体405b)と、ゲート絶縁層として機能する絶縁体222、絶縁体224、および絶縁体450と、チャネルが形成される領域を有する酸化物430cと、ソースまたはドレインの一方として機能する導電体440a、酸化物431b、および酸化物431aと、ソースまたはドレインの他方として機能する導電体440b、酸化物432b、および酸化物432aと、バリア層として機能する絶縁体445a、および絶縁体445bと、を有する。
本実施の形態では、図22A乃至図23Hを用いて、本発明の一態様に係る、酸化物を半導体に用いたトランジスタ(以下、OSトランジスタと呼ぶ場合がある。)、および容量素子が適用されている記憶装置(以下、OSメモリ装置と呼ぶ場合がある。)について説明する。OSメモリ装置は、少なくとも容量素子と、容量素子の充放電を制御するOSトランジスタを有する記憶装置である。OSトランジスタのオフ電流は極めて小さいので、OSメモリ装置は優れた保持特性をもち、不揮発性メモリとして機能させることができる。
図22AにOSメモリ装置の構成の一例を示す。記憶装置1400は、周辺回路1411、およびメモリセルアレイ1470を有する。周辺回路1411は、行回路1420、列回路1430、出力回路1440、およびコントロールロジック回路1460を有する。
図23A乃至図23Cに、DRAMのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。本明細書等において、1OSトランジスタ1容量素子型のメモリセルを用いたDRAMを、DOSRAM(Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory)と呼ぶ場合がある。図23Aに示す、メモリセル1471は、トランジスタM1と、容量素子CAと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM1は、ゲート(トップゲートと呼ぶ場合がある。)、及びバックゲートを有する。
図23D乃至図23Gに、2トランジスタ1容量素子のゲインセル型のメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。図23Dに示す、メモリセル1474は、トランジスタM2と、トランジスタM3と、容量素子CBと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM2は、トップゲート(単にゲートと呼ぶ場合がある。)、及びバックゲートを有する。本明細書等において、トランジスタM2にOSトランジスタを用いたゲインセル型のメモリセルを有する記憶装置を、NOSRAM(Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、図24A、および図24Bを用いて、本発明の半導体装置が実装されたチップ1200の一例を示す。チップ1200には、複数の回路(システム)が実装されている。このように、複数の回路(システム)を一つのチップに集積する技術を、システムオンチップ(System on Chip:SoC)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置を用いた記憶装置の応用例について説明する。先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、例えば、各種電子機器(例えば、情報端末、コンピュータ、スマートフォン、電子書籍端末、デジタルカメラ(ビデオカメラも含む)、録画再生装置、ナビゲーションシステムなど)の記憶装置に適用できる。なお、ここで、コンピュータとは、タブレット型のコンピュータ、ノート型のコンピュータ、デスクトップ型のコンピュータの他、サーバシステムのような大型のコンピュータを含むものである。または、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、メモリカード(例えば、SDカード)、USBメモリ、SSD(ソリッド・ステート・ドライブ)等の各種のリムーバブル記憶装置に適用される。図25A乃至図25Eにリムーバブル記憶装置の幾つかの構成例を模式的に示す。例えば、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、パッケージングされたメモリチップに加工され、様々なストレージ装置、リムーバブルメモリに用いられる。
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、CPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップに用いることができる。図26A乃至図26Hに、本発明の一態様に係るCPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップを備えた電子機器の具体例を示す。
本発明の一態様に係るGPUまたはチップは、様々な電子機器に搭載することができる。電子機器の例としては、例えば、テレビジョン装置、デスクトップ型またはノート型の情報端末用などのモニタ、デジタルサイネージ(Digital Signage:電子看板)、パチンコ機などの大型ゲーム機、などの比較的大きな画面を備える電子機器の他、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、電子ブックリーダー、携帯電話機、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、などが挙げられる。また、本発明の一態様に係るGPUまたはチップを電子機器に設けることにより、電子機器に人工知能を搭載することができる。
図26Aには、情報端末の一種である携帯電話(スマートフォン)が図示されている。情報端末5100は、筐体5101と、表示部5102と、を有しており、入力用インターフェースとして、タッチパネルが表示部5102に備えられ、ボタンが筐体5101に備えられている。
図26Cは、ゲーム機の一例である携帯ゲーム機5300を示している。携帯ゲーム機5300は、筐体5301、筐体5302、筐体5303、表示部5304、接続部5305、操作キー5306等を有する。筐体5302、および筐体5303は、筐体5301から取り外すことが可能である。筐体5301に設けられている接続部5305を別の筐体(図示せず)に取り付けることで、表示部5304に出力される映像を、別の映像機器(図示せず)に出力することができる。このとき、筐体5302、および筐体5303は、それぞれ操作部として機能することができる。これにより、複数のプレイヤーが同時にゲームを行うことができる。筐体5301、筐体5302、および筐体5303の基板に設けられているチップなどに先の実施の形態に示すチップを組み込むことができる。
本発明の一態様のGPUまたはチップは、大型コンピュータに適用することができる。
本発明の一態様のGPUまたはチップは、移動体である自動車、および自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
図26Hは、電化製品の一例である電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800を示している。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。
本実施の形態では、OSトランジスタを用いることができる市場イメージについて説明する。
まず、OSトランジスタを用いることができる市場イメージを図27に示す。図27において、領域701は、OSトランジスタを用いたディスプレイ(Display)に応用可能な製品領域(OS Display)を表し、領域702は、OSトランジスタを用いたLSI(Large Scale Integration)をアナログ(analog)処理に応用可能な製品領域(OS LSI analog)を表し、領域703は、OSトランジスタを用いたLSIをデジタル(digital)処理に応用可能な製品領域(OS LSI digital)を表す。OSトランジスタは、図27に示す領域701、領域702、および領域703の3つの領域、別言すると3つの大きな市場に好適に用いることができる。
Claims (7)
- 基板上に、インジウムを有する金属酸化物を形成する第1の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上からマイクロ波処理を行う第2の工程と、
を有し、
前記第2の工程は、減圧下、かつ、酸素を含むガスを用いて行われ、
前記第2の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損に水素が入った欠陥(VOH)を、酸素欠損(VO)と水素(H)とに分断する、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 基板上に、インジウムを有する金属酸化物を形成する第1の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上からマイクロ波処理を行う第2の工程と、
前記金属酸化物に対して、加熱処理を行う第3の工程と、
を有し、
前記第2の工程は、減圧下、かつ、酸素を含むガスを用いて行われ、
前記第3の工程は、減圧下で行われ、
前記第2の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損に水素が入った欠陥(VOH)を、酸素欠損(VO)と水素(H)とに分断し、
前記第3の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損(VO)を低減する、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 基板上に、インジウムを有する金属酸化物を形成する第1の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上に、第1の導電体および第2の導電体を形成する第2の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上からマイクロ波処理を行う第3の工程と、
前記金属酸化物に対して、加熱処理を行う第4の工程と、
を有し、
前記第3の工程は、減圧下、かつ、酸素を含むガスを用いて行われ、
前記第4の工程は、減圧下で行われ、
前記第3の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損に水素が入った欠陥(VOH)を、酸素欠損(VO)と水素(H)とに分断し、
前記第4の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損(VO)を低減し、かつ、前記金属酸化物中の水素(H)が、前記第1の導電体および前記第2の導電体へ拡散する、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 基板上に、インジウムを有する金属酸化物を形成する第1の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上に、第1の導電体および第2の導電体を形成する第2の工程と、
前記金属酸化物上に、絶縁膜を成膜する第3の工程と、
前記絶縁膜上からマイクロ波処理を行う第4の工程と、
前記金属酸化物および前記絶縁膜の一方または双方に対して、加熱処理を行う第5の工程と、
を有し、
前記第4の工程は、減圧下、かつ、酸素を含むガスを用いて行われ、
前記第5の工程は、減圧下で行われ、
前記第4の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損に水素が入った欠陥(VOH)を、酸素欠損(VO)と水素(H)とに分断し、
前記第5の工程により、前記金属酸化物中の酸素欠損(VO)を低減し、かつ、前記金属酸化物中の水素(H)が、前記第1の導電体および前記第2の導電体へ拡散する、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 請求項2乃至請求項4のいずれか一において、
前記加熱処理の温度は、300℃以上500℃以下である、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか一において、
前記マイクロ波処理の圧力は、133Pa以上である、
金属酸化物の作製方法。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
前記第1の工程は、インジウムを有する酸化物ターゲットを用いて、スパッタリング法によって行われる、
金属酸化物の作製方法。
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| JP2017139459A (ja) * | 2016-01-28 | 2017-08-10 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置、半導体ウエハ、モジュールおよび電子機器とその作製方法 |
| JP2017199900A (ja) * | 2016-04-22 | 2017-11-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置、及び半導体装置の作製方法 |
| JP2018148211A (ja) * | 2017-03-03 | 2018-09-20 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置、及び半導体装置の作製方法 |
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| WO2023126714A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-06 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置、記憶装置 |
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| KR102914910B1 (ko) | 2026-01-21 |
| KR20210080432A (ko) | 2021-06-30 |
| CN112913033A (zh) | 2021-06-04 |
| US12176210B2 (en) | 2024-12-24 |
| JP2024124432A (ja) | 2024-09-12 |
| JP7789849B2 (ja) | 2025-12-22 |
| JPWO2020084400A1 (ja) | 2021-11-18 |
| JP7512204B2 (ja) | 2024-07-08 |
| US20210398809A1 (en) | 2021-12-23 |
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