Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0043—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers
  • D06N3/005—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers obtained by blowing or swelling agent
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0043—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by their foraminous structure; Characteristics of the foamed layer or of cellular layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
  • B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B25/042—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of natural rubber or synthetic rubber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
  • B32B25/16—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising polydienes homopolymers or poly-halodienes homopolymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
  • B32B5/20—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material foamed in situ
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0002—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0056—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the compounding ingredients of the macro-molecular coating
  • D06N3/0061—Organic fillers or organic fibrous fillers, e.g. ground leather waste, wood bark, cork powder, vegetable flour; Other organic compounding ingredients; Post-treatment with organic compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0056—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the compounding ingredients of the macro-molecular coating
  • D06N3/0063—Inorganic compounding ingredients, e.g. metals, carbon fibres, Na2CO3, metal layers; Post-treatment with inorganic compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/0056—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the compounding ingredients of the macro-molecular coating
  • D06N3/0065—Organic pigments, e.g. dyes, brighteners
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/007—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by mechanical or physical treatments
  • D06N3/0084—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by mechanical or physical treatments by electrical processes, e.g. potentials, corona discharge, electrophoresis, electrolytic
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
  • D06N3/04—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06N3/045—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof with macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds with polyolefin or polystyrene (co-)polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/10—Coating on the layer surface on synthetic resin layer or on natural or synthetic rubber layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/26—Polymeric coating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
  • B32B2266/02—Organic
  • B32B2266/0207—Materials belonging to B32B25/00
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
  • B32B2266/02—Organic
  • B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
  • B32B2266/025—Polyolefin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2270/00—Resin or rubber layer containing a blend of at least two different polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
  • D06N2209/10—Properties of the materials having mechanical properties
  • D06N2209/103—Resistant to mechanical forces, e.g. shock, impact, puncture, flexion, shear, compression, tear
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2211/00—Specially adapted uses
  • D06N2211/12—Decorative or sun protection articles
  • D06N2211/28—Artificial leather
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2213/00—Others characteristics
  • D06N2213/03—Fibrous web coated on one side with at least two layers of the same polymer type, e.g. two coatings of polyolefin

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a bio-based synthetic leather in the form of a layer material and a method for its production.
• a large number of synthetic leather is based on the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), or mixtures thereof.
• PVC-based products have the disadvantage that they burn toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl).
• HCl toxic hydrogen chloride
• the use of chlorine-containing raw materials also has a negative impact on the ecological balance of such products.
• the eco-balance of well-known synthetic leather is generally not very good either, since petroleum-based raw materials are used as the starting material and therefore sustainable production is not possible.
• US 2013/0022771 A1 describes a bio-based copolymer based on an ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide monomer containing 14 C-carbon isotope. These polyethers can be combined with other polymers, for example polyamides. Although the production of ethylene and propylene as starting materials for the ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide monomers has also been described, the use of polyethylene or polypropylene has not been proposed. US 2013/0022771 A1 considers the copolymers described therein to be suitable for the production of synthetic leather. However, the document does not contain any
• thermoplastic elastomers which should also be suitable for synthetic leather, among other things.
• the thermoplastic elastomers are based on a combination of a tetrahydrofuran monomer and one rigid block made of polyamides, polyurethanes or polyester. As in the US
• 2013/0022771 A1 also contains no exemplary embodiments in US 2011/0183099 A1 which show the material properties.
• EP2342262 (B1) discloses polyamide and polytetramethylene glycol block copolymers.
• the very good material properties of the synthetic leather according to the invention could be improved even further in the direction of the properties of natural leather by electron beam crosslinking. This can be seen, for example, from the low hot set value ( ⁇ 50%, determined by the thermal expansion test for cross-linked materials (DIN EN 60811-508, VDE 0473-811-507)) at 200 ° C, which indicates the elasticity of the material .
• the low hot set value ⁇ 50%, determined by the thermal expansion test for cross-linked materials (DIN EN 60811-508, VDE 0473-811-507)
• renewable raw materials leads to an improved ecological balance and, in particular, to a conservation of petroleum resources and to avoid the environmental damage associated with their consumption.
• consumer acceptance can be increased as renewable raw materials have a better reputation than petroleum.
• the sugar cane used in the production of synthetic leather absorbs CO 2 (60 tons of CO 2 / year / hectare) during the cultivation phase. Water consumption is also significantly lower compared to real leather and no toxic chemicals (e.g. chromed compounds and dyes) are used as in real leather processing.
• a challenge in the production of synthetic leather is to achieve an optical and sensory leather impression and at the same time to achieve material properties that are also comparable to the natural product.
• bio-based plastics such as LLDPE
• LLDPE low density polyethylene
• Raw materials are bio-based, bio-based polyethylene with a very high BBC value of e.g. 87% are manufactured. As mentioned above, that is
• the layer materials according to the invention can have improved mechanical properties compared to PU synthetic leather (see examples).
• Bio-based polyethylene, especially bio-based LLDPE is readily available commercially and can be produced with a high BBC value.
• LLDPE in synthetic leather cannot provide the desired flexibility.
• polyethylene-containing polymer mixtures which both provide the required material properties and have a high BBC value.
• polyethylene is combined with a more flexible second polymer.
• the combination of bio-based LLDPE and bio-based EPDM has proven to be particularly advantageous in the present case.
• EPDM ethylene propylene The diene monomer
• compositions according to the invention are:
• polyethylene preferably LLDPE
• EPDM can be crosslinked very well by means of electron beams, and it should be possible to produce synthetic leather with a high degree of leather similarity in terms of optical, haptic and sensory properties, and with high performance.
• Layer A has:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler in particular calcium carbonate, such as chalk,
• organic component of layer A has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• the top layer preferably also has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS).
• BBC bio-based carbon content
• AMS ASTM D6866-16 Method B
• the preferred values for the bio-based carbon fraction (BBC) described here apply both to layer A and thus to the non-foamed cover layer.
• the polyethylene as "first polymer” can be in the (preferably foamed) layer A in an amount of 0-20, 20-40, 23-28, or 20-35, but preferably in an amount of 0-12, or 5- 12 percent by weight and / or the EPDM can be in an amount of 25-50, or 35-50 percent by weight, but preferably 35-80 or 35-65 percent by weight.
• the lacquer layer can for example be acrylic resin, polyurethane and / or
• Layer material with one or more layers including at least one layer A, which is preferably a foamed layer, this layer A having:
• polyethylene preferably LLDPE
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler especially calcium carbonate, such as
• organic component of the (foamed) layer A has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm. lb.
• polyethylene preferably LLDPE
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler especially calcium carbonate, such as
• organic component of the (foamed) layer A has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• foamed layer A has been extruded or calendered using a blowing agent.
• the thickness of the layer material is up to 2 cm, for example 0.01 cm to 1.0 cm or 0.01 to 0.5 cm.
• Weight percent for example 55-70, preferably 60-80 weight percent.
• Azodicarboxamide or hollow microspheres for example in an amount of 0.2-10, or 0.2-3%, weight percent has been extruded or calendered.
• the layer material according to one of the preceding embodiments being crosslinked with electron beams.
• the layer material according to the invention can be any material according to one of the preceding embodiments, the (preferably foamed) layer A being crosslinked with electron beams.
• the layer material according to the invention can be any material according to the preceding embodiments, the (preferably foamed) layer A being crosslinked with electron beams.
• the layer material according to the invention can be any material according to the invention.
• Radiation crosslinking enables certain properties (e.g. mechanical properties, thermal resistance, and durability) to be improved.
• the (preferably foamed) layer A for example 0.1 cm thick, with a voltage of 1.05 MeV, with an energy of at least 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, 200 kGy, or 250 kGy, electron beam cross-linked.
• the (preferably foamed) layer A having a hot set at 200 ° C. of less than 100%, preferably less than 50% or less than 30%, for example 10-30%, measured according to DIN EN 60811-507 (VDE 0473-811-507) - thermal expansion test for cross-linked materials.
• bio-based carbon content of at least 50%, at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS).
• the (preferably foamed) layer A having an s 10 value of less than 10 MPa (megapascal), preferably less than 7 MPa, for example 1-7 MPa, or 1-3 MPa, measured on a 1 mm plate, measured according to DIN EN 60811-501 (VDE 0473-811-501).
• the foamed layer contains expanded hollow microspheres, preferably polymer-based hollow microspheres (for example EXPANCEL from AKZO NOBEL or ADVANCEL from SEKISUI) or mineral hollow microspheres (e.g. alumino-silicates).
• expanded hollow microspheres preferably polymer-based hollow microspheres (for example EXPANCEL from AKZO NOBEL or ADVANCEL from SEKISUI) or mineral hollow microspheres (e.g. alumino-silicates).
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• organic component of the top layer is a bio-based
• Carbon content of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm; the material of layer A and the cover layer is preferably identical with the difference that the cover layer is not foamed and in particular has no blowing agents.
• the lacquer layer is preferably 5-100 mm, more preferably 5 to 20 mm thick and preferably contains or consists of acrylic resin, polyurethane and / or
• the layer material according to one of the preceding embodiments in the form of a film or a tape.
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
• EVA ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer
• the layer material according to one of the preceding embodiments being present in an amount of 0-15, preferably 1-15 percent by weight and the second polymer ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and is present in an amount of 40-80, or 40-70, preferably 40-65 percent by weight. 22.
• the foamed layer having, preferably consists of:
• filler e.g. chalk
• the foamed layer having, preferably consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
• Weight percent cotton and 50 weight percent polyester are weight percent cotton and 50 weight percent polyester.
• step (a) extruding or calendering the components from step (a) into one
• the first three layers are closely linked because the
• Working temperature during coextrusion or during calendering is higher than the softening temperature of the foamed layer and the top layer.
• the varnish is then applied to the liquid dispersion in a separate step
• a pretreatment for example a surface activation using a cold plasma corona
• Treatment to be carried out to activate the surface of the top layer and to allow good adhesion of the paint.
• the backing layer (s) or backing film (s) must have radiation
• the layer material has one or more, preferably at least four or exactly four layers, preferably it consists of them.
• One of the layers is a layer A, which is preferably a foamed layer, this layer A having:
• a second polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene octene (POE), ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA), and ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA);
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
• EMA ethylene methacrylate copolymer
• filler especially calcium carbonate, such as
• organic component of the (foamed) layer A has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, or at least 65%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• the layer material is in particular a foamed film or consists of a plurality of films, including a foamed film, in particular one or more foamed films on one or more carrier films or carrier layers.
• a carrier film or carrier layer can be, for example, a cotton layer. If necessary, the different layers or foils can be glued together.
• the layer material has four or more layers with the following sequence:
• the textile backing consists of textiles that offer flexibility and tear resistance, for example polyester or polyester / cotton or cotton or linen, prefers cotton.
• woven or non-woven (flow) fibers are used here.
• the foamed layer A has an impact on the feel because it is soft and flexible.
• the top layer is the layer that is visible to the outside. Therefore, the overlying paint layer must be transparent. That is why she brings the color with her and is usually embossed with a pattern, preferably with a leather look.
• the lacquer layer imparts leather-like properties with regard to lubricity, which means that it has no rubber-like adhesive properties.
• the polyethylene in the (foamed) layer A can be selected from the group consisting of VLDPE, LDPE, HDPE, and LLDPE, preferably LLDPE. It is also possible to use combinations of types of polyethylene.
• VLDPE very low density polyethylene
• LDPE low density polyethylene or low density polyethylene due to strongly branched polymer chains
• HDPE high density polyethylene
• Polymer molecules have only short branches) preferably a polyethylene with a density in the range from 0.915 g / cm 3 to 0.925 g / cm 3 , determined according to ISO 1183.
• the thickness of the layer material is up to 4 cm and depends on the type of application or the end product to be manufactured.
• the thickness can also be up to 2 cm, for example 0.01 cm to 1.0 cm or 0.01 to 0.5 cm.
• the (preferred foamed) layer A can for example have a density between 0.3 and 1.2 g / cm 3 , for example 0.5 and 0.8 g / cm 3 .
• the total amount of the first and second polymers in the (foamed) layer A can be, for example, at least 50 percent by weight, or 60
• Percent by weight for example 60-90 percent by weight. The total amount depends on the amount of fillers used. The use of
• Fillers make a product cheaper, but an increasing amount of fillers has a negative impact on the material properties. Surprisingly, the material properties of the layer material according to the invention are very good, although an amount of filler of about 30% has been used (see examples).
• the (preferably foamed) layer A can also contain further polymers, for example one or two further polymers. These further polymers can be present, for example, in an amount of 1-20 percent by weight or 1-10 percent by weight.
• layer A (preferably foamed) preferably contains neither polyvinyl chloride nor polyurethane.
• Layer A (preferably foamed) can be formed using a blowing agent, e.g. Azodicarboxamide or hollow microspheres, for example in an amount of 0.2-10, or 0.2-3%, weight percent are extruded.
• a blowing agent e.g. Azodicarboxamide or hollow microspheres, for example in an amount of 0.2-10, or 0.2-3%, weight percent are extruded.
• the extrusion can be formed using a blowing agent, e.g. Azodicarboxamide or hollow microspheres, for example in an amount of 0.2-10, or 0.2-3%, weight percent are extruded.
• the extrusion can be formed using a blowing agent, e.g. Azodicarboxamide or hollow microspheres, for example in an amount of 0.2-10, or 0.2-3%, weight percent are extruded.
• the extrusion can be with and without
• Mixing elements are carried out. It is also possible to produce the layer in a calendering process, using heated rolls, for example at a temperature of 100 to 170 ° C, preferably 120 to 150 ° C, more preferably 130 to 140 ° C.
• the use of the blowing agent preferably leads to a foam structure with a pore diameter of less than 300 mm, preferably less than 200 mm, for example the pores have a diameter between 10 and 200 mm.
• the pore diameter can be measured using an electron microscope or
• Light microscope can be determined. For example, the feature that the pores have a diameter between 10 and 200 mm is met if 20 pores in a radius around a selected pore all have the required diameter.
• microspheres / hollow microspheres are preferably not mixed during the compounding (mixing of all raw materials), but are only used during the extrusion or calendering.
• Layer material is then full of microbubbles (for example about 50 to about 150 ⁇ m Diameter, see Figures 1-4).
• the layer material becomes even more flexible and pleasant (soft touch).
• gas-evolving chemical blowing agents can be used. This is less expensive than
• Microspheres / hollow microspheres are Microspheres / hollow microspheres.
• the (preferably foamed) layer A can be crosslinked with electron beams in order to achieve desired material properties.
• electron beam crosslinking systems can be used that use a
• the device for this has in addition to one
• High voltage generator on an accelerator tube which direct the electrons onto the surface to be irradiated via a deflection magnet.
• the layer material is cross-linked with electron accelerators within a few seconds.
• the homogeneous radiation and thus homogeneous networking is guaranteed by specially adapted handling systems.
• the electron beam is deflected in the X and Y directions in order to generate a homogeneous radiation field through which the product (synthetic leather) is continuously carried out one or more times in order to bring about crosslinking.
• the product synthetic leather
• the product synthetic leather
• With radiation crosslinking no peroxides or silanes are incorporated into the plastic mixtures as with chemical crosslinking. Few or no secondary or fission products such as water, methane, alcohol, etc. are therefore formed in the plastic.
• the crosslinking chemically links the thread molecules (in the amorphous phase). This creates a
• the thread molecules can no longer move freely (regardless of the temperature).
• the material can no longer flow above the melting temperature, but instead changes into a rubber-elastic state.
• any other polymers that may be present can be determined by means of infrared spectroscopy.
• the (preferably foamed) layer A for example 0.1 cm thick, can be electron beam crosslinked with a voltage of 1.05 MeV, with an energy of at least 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 150 kGy, 200 kGy, or 250 kGy.
• the amount of energy of the radiation can be selected depending on the desired material property, whereby a higher energy leads to a higher degree of networking and thus to a lower flexibility but also a lower hot set value.
• Layer A can have a hot set at 200 ° C of less than 100%, preferably less than 50% or less than 30%, for example 10-30%, measured according to DIN EN 60811-507 (VDE 0473-811-507) - thermal expansion test for cross-linked materials.
• a value "30/10" means: Hot Set 30% (+ 30% elongation at 200 ° C after 15 minutes (under load defined in the standard, usually 20 N / cm 2 ) / Hot Set 10% (+ 10% Elongation at 200 ° C after 5 minutes after relief (no more weight)).
• the structure of at least layer A changes (and, if the voltage is high enough, also inside, the voltage being chosen appropriately).
• an electron beam from IOMeV is at one
• Material density of 1g / cm 3 able to penetrate 40 mm deep A degree of crosslinking of at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, or at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, for example 70-90%, is preferably achieved.
• Degree of crosslinking can be determined using known extraction methods, in particular according to DIN EN ISO 10147: 2013 or DIN ISO 6427.
• the organic component of layer A has a bio-based carbon content of at least 50%, at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS).
• the bio-based carbon content refers to all carbon-containing components of layer A, including organic fillers and additives.
• the BBC of the organic constituents without fillers is also preferably at least 50%, at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS).
• Layer A can have an s 10 value of less than 10 MPa, preferably less than 7 MPa, for example 0.5-7 MPa, or 0.5-3 MPa, measured on a 1 mm plate, measured according to DIN EN 60811-501 (VDE 0473-811-501)
• the foaming agent can be in the foamed layer A (or in another
• an expandable light filler can be used.
• expanded hollow microspheres preferably polymer-based hollow microspheres (for example EXPANCEL from AKZO NOBEL or ADVANCEL from SEKISUI) or mineral hollow microspheres (e.g. alumino-silicates) can be included.
• Silicone additives are particularly suitable for improving the material processability, in particular polydimethylsiloxanes can be used, for example the additive DC 50-320 from DOW CORNING, possibly also the Tegomer V-Si 4042 or the Tegopren 5885 from EVONIK.
• Other additives which can be used in the context of the present invention are, for example, antioxidants (for example Songnox 1010 from Songwong or Ethanox 310 from Albemarie), UV absorbers (Tinuvin 111 and
• the layer material is in particular in the form of an artificial leather.
• the layered material can also be used crosslinked or uncrosslinked.
• foils can be produced which are applied to a carrier layer.
• the layer material is thus in the form of a film or a tape.
• films can be extruded in a width of 2-3m with a slot die or calendered with a rolling mill.
• the second polymer in layer A can be, for example, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), or ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA).
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
• EVA ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer
• the polyethylene in layer A can be an LLDPE and the second polymer
• Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
• the polyethylene in layer A can be an LLDPE and the second polymer can be ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
• the polyethylene is present in the (preferably foamed) layer A in an amount of 0-15, or 5-15, preferably 5-12 percent by weight and the second polymer is preferably ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) and is present in an amount of 30-80, or 60-80 percent by weight.
• the foamed layer A preferably it consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• 0.5-3 weight percent antioxidant and UV absorber In principle, the choice of fillers is not restricted. In the case of carbon-based organic fillers, a high BBC value is required in order to achieve the desired high BBC value for the entire layer A. Possible fillers are, for example: chalk, wood fibers, wood powder, dried
• Apple powder kaolin, talc, aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and magnesium dihydroxide (MDH).
• ATH aluminum trihydroxide
• MDH magnesium dihydroxide
• the fillers can also be used as mixtures.
• a natural filler for example calcium carbonate (such as chalk), wood fibers, wood powder, dried apple powder, kaolin, or talc, or mixtures thereof.
• the BBC of the entire layer can be high.
• the foamed layer A preferably it consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler for example chalk
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
• the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) can be used as a blend with a silicone polymer, e.g. Dow Corning MB 50-320 (EVA / silicone, 50/50).
• a silicone polymer e.g. Dow Corning MB 50-320 (EVA / silicone, 50/50).
• the foamed layer A has the following constituents, preferably it consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler preferably chalk or wood fibers
• the foamed layer A has the following constituents, preferably it consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler preferably chalk or wood fibers, - 1-3% by weight expanded microspheres made of organic polymer,
• the foamed layer A has the following constituents, preferably it consists of:
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• filler preferably chalk or wood fibers, 1-3 weight percent gas-developing chemical blowing agent,
• the (preferably foamed) layer A can contain pigments and / or dyes.
• layer A can be applied to a carrier layer, for example a fabric layer.
• the fabric layer can consist, for example, of cotton, flax fiber and polyester, for example 50 percent by weight of cotton and 50 percent by weight of polyester.
• the backing layer and each additional layer can also have a high BBC value.
• the layer material can then have a total BBC of at least 50%, preferably at least 70% or even at least 80%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS).
• AMS ASTM D6866-16 Method B
• the layer material preferably contains no plasticizers, or only bio-based plasticizers. The use of non-bio-based plasticizers would lead to a lowering of the BBC value of layer A, which is not desirable.
• the layer material is vegan or it does not contain any animal starting materials.
• the invention also relates to a method for producing the layer material according to one of the preceding embodiments, comprising:
• composition for the (preferably foamed) layer A according to one of the embodiments described here, for example the
• step (b) extruding or calendering the composition from step (a) into a layer material.
• the method can have the following step:
• Electron beams whereby the cover layer is preferably also crosslinked, with continuous implementation of layer A or all of it
• the extruded / calendered (preferably foamed) layer A can be applied to a carrier layer.
• the extruded / calendered (preferably foamed) layer A can be applied to a carrier layer.
• the irradiation can take place before or after the (preferably foamed) layer A has been applied to the carrier layer (s) or carrier film (s).
• the extrusion is preferably carried out using mixing elements. This leads to a more homogeneous distribution of the dyes and microbubbles.
• the invention thus also relates to a layer material produced using the method according to the invention.
• the invention also relates to a layer material with four or more layers as described above, the following composition being extruded / calendered for layer A:
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate Copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate Copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
• methacrylate copolymer preferably EPDM
• filler especially calcium carbonate, such as
• the organic component of the foamed layer has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and wherein the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• BBC bio-based carbon content
• AMS ASTM D6866-16 Method B
• Embodiments are combined, in particular embodiments 2-30.
• Embodiments can be combined, in particular embodiments 2-30, the invention relates to a layer material with at least one (preferred
• foamed) layer A comprising:
• a second polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene octene (POE), ethylene -Butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA), and ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA);
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene -Butyl acrylate copolymer
• EMA ethylene methacrylate copolymer
• the organic component of the (foamed) layer has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• percent by weight refers to the total weight of the
• polymer refers to molecules with a high number of repeating units (monomers) that are bonded together, with organic monomers being preferred.
• One type of polymer eg, the "first polymer”
• second polymer differs from another type of polymer (e.g. the "second polymer") by the type of monomers.
• copolymer refers to a polymer having more than one type of
• BCC biobased content
• bio-based carbon based on the total carbon
• Bio-based carbon has a high content of 14 C isotope. Since the 14 C isotope is formed only by radiation in the atmosphere and slowly decays, petroleum-derived material that has not been exposed to the radiation in the atmosphere for a long time has no 14 C isotopes. On the other hand, a plant that has metabolized CÜ2 from the atmosphere in recent years (1-1000 years, or 1-500, or 1-100 years) has a high content of 14 C isotopes.
• the BBC value or bio-based fraction can be determined using the "ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS)" standard (reference in particular oxalic acid II), in particular using AMS (accelerator mass
• the total content of organic carbon in the material to be considered e.g. the
• the organic carbon is oxidatively (eg by combustion or reaction with reduced copper oxide (metal wire / powder), for example at 900 ° (but below the temperature that leads to lime burning or to the oxidation of other existing inorganic fillers) converted to CO 2.
• Carbon (graphite) for the AMS measurement is then carried out, for example, by means of the Bosch reaction (Manning MP, Reid RC., "CHO Systems in presence of an iron catalyst” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 1977, 16: 358-61 See also Vogel et al., "Performance of catalytically Condensed carbon for use in accelerator mass spectrometry” Nuc / ear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 1984 B 5 (2): 289-93. The measurement is calibrated on the basis of the oxalic acid II standard.
• a BBC of 1% corresponds to a 14 C / 12 C isotope ratio of 1.2x10 -14 .
• the expression "natural" in connection with a component of the layer material according to the invention means that the component in the form used occurs naturally and has not been produced synthetically.
• fillers such as wood powder and chalk, as well as certain ones
• mineral fillers e.g. carbonates, hydroxides, sulfates, oxides, or silicates
• organic polymers chemically modified (silane-modified) materials, or certain mineral fillers (e.g. precipitated carbonates, pyrogenic silica, or precipitated hydroxides) as “synthetic" "or” not natural "are to be classified.
• materials with a bio-based carbon content of at least 50%, at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, determined according to ASTM D6866, are preferred in principle.
• Bio-based EPDM with a BBC of 70% is available, for example, from ARLANXEO (Netherlands).
• Figure la / b shows the layer material VKL068 with 1% Expancel 950MB80, extruded at 200 ° C (without mixing elements) at different magnifications.
• the test sample or the tape
• the aim of cleaving the sample is to be able to observe the core of the material, particularly the manner in which the dye is dispersed, and the distribution and size of the microbubbles after the microspheres expand during extrusion.
• ... extruded ... without mixing elements means that the screw in the
• Extruder is only constructed with conveyor elements.
• conveying elements for a screw from an extruder these are used in particular to convey the mass
• mixing elements which are used in particular for better mixing / incorporation of the various components. Therefore, one can observe that the distribution of the components with the mixing elements
• Image acquisition method The sample to be photographed as a thin layer is placed on the sample holder of a LEICA MS5 microscope. The desired magnification is selected and a photo is taken using a Model ProgRes Speed XT Core 5 JENOPTIK camera.
• Figure 2a / b shows the layer material VKL070 with 1% Expancel 950MB80, extruded at 180 ° C (without mixing elements) at different magnifications. Before the picture was taken, the test sample was split.
• 3a / b shows the layer material VKL070 with 1.5% Expancel 950MB120
• Figure 5 shows the structure of a device for radiation networking
• Accelerator 3: high voltage generator pressure tank with SF 6 gas; 4 accelerator tubes; 5: deflection magnet; 6: layer material.
• the temperature profile is chosen in accordance with the raw materials so that sufficient shear allows good distribution of the various components.
• the compound mass is granulated and the corresponding granules are then cooled to room temperature.
• the second step involves extruding or calendering a film with the granules as produced above.
• an extruder with a slot die the width of which depends on the width of the manufactured
• Synthetic leather spool or the layer material to be produced can be advantageously used for this.
• the entire extrusion system needs to be cleaned and assembled.
• Color masterbatch are dosed and / or incorporated in the extruder according to the desired composition for the compound.
• a screw with conveying and mixing elements is preferably used so that the microspheres and the color masterbatch can be distributed well and homogeneously.
• the temperature profile is selected depending on the starting materials (compound in granular form) and in particular according to the types of microspheres, in order to enable an optimal expansion of the microspheres.
• blowing agent is used for the top layer, which is coextruded with the foamed layer.
• the compound for the top layer can do the same
• the compound may differ slightly, but in any case it is also bio-based. However, it does not contain a blowing agent. Both compounds are then coextruded on a textile carrier material (cotton, cotton / polyester ).
• the paint is then applied to the surface layer
• a pretreatment for example a surface activation using a cold plasma corona
• Treatment to be used to activate the surface of the top layer and to allow the paint to adhere well is
• a radiation dose of 25 to 300 KGy, preferably 50 to 100 KGy, can advantageously be selected.
• the layer material samples VKL068, VKL070, VKL074, VKL075 (see Table 1), and VKL062, VKL063, VKL064, VKL065, VKL066, VKL067, and VKL069 (see Table 2) were produced .
• SLL318 is a bio-based LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) from BRASKEM / Brazil (represented in Europe by FKuR (Germany)).
• the bio based content is at least 87%.
• Hydrocarb 95T-OG is natural chalk from OMYA.
• DC 50-320 is a silicone additive (50% silicone on EVA polymer as carrier) from Dow Corning.
• Keltan ECO 5470 is a bio-based EPDM from ARLANXEO / Netherlands.
• Keltan 5508 ECO is a bio-based EPDM from ARLANXEO / Netherlands.
• Expancel 950MB80 are microspheres from AKZO NOBEL (Sweden), which can expand very strongly with heat (from a given temperature, from approx. 120 to approx. 200 ° C depending on the type).
• Songnox 1010 is a phenolic antioxidant.
• VKL070 The mechanical properties of VKL070 seem to be particularly good compared to PVC or PUR synthetic leather. Elongation at break> 500% and strength> 16 MPa if crosslinked with 50 or 100 KGy. The hot set values are desirably low. This means that the material is very well cross-linked after radiation cross-linking, whereby the bio-based content (BBC) from organic components is over 72%. For a standard synthetic leather made of PVC or PUR, the BBC is only 0%.
• the invention also relates to the following embodiments, the term “claim” standing for “embodiment”.
• Layer material with one or more layers including at least one layer A, this layer A having:
• a second polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene octene (POE), ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA), and ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA); 10-40 weight percent filler,
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
• EMA ethylene methacrylate copolymer
• organic component of layer A is bio-based
• Carbon content of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and
• the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• layer material of claim 1 wherein layer A is a foamed layer.
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• a second polymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene octene (POE), ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer ( EBA), and ethylene methacrylate copolymer;
• EPDM ethylene propylene diene monomer
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer
• POE polyethylene octene
• EBA ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer
• methacrylate copolymer ethylene methacrylate copolymer
• the organic component of the foamed layer has a bio-based carbon content (BBC) of at least 50%, determined according to ASTM D6866-16 Method B (AMS), and wherein the layer material has a thickness of up to 4 cm.
• BBC bio-based carbon content

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