WO2020080387A1 - 細胞外小胞の回収方法 - Google Patents
細胞外小胞の回収方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
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- G01N1/40—Concentrating samples
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- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5076—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving cell organelles, e.g. Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/566—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor using specific carrier or receptor proteins as ligand binding reagents where possible specific carrier or receptor proteins are classified with their target compounds
- G01N33/567—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor using specific carrier or receptor proteins as ligand binding reagents where possible specific carrier or receptor proteins are classified with their target compounds utilising isolate of tissue or organ as binding agent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for collecting extracellular vesicles and the like.
- Extracellular vesicles are microscopic vesicles with a membrane structure that are secreted by various types of cells and are present in body fluids such as blood or cell culture medium. Extracellular vesicles secreted extracellularly include exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic blebs. Since extracellular vesicles are a diverse population containing various substances having functions such as information transmission between cells, they have been analyzed for the purpose of diagnosis, drug discovery and the like. Therefore, development of a method for recovering extracellular vesicles useful for such analysis is required. For example, Patent Document 1 describes a method for collecting extracellular vesicles using a chelating agent.
- Extracellular vesicles are mainly collected by immunoprecipitation using an antibody against the extracellular vesicle marker or ultracentrifugation.
- the extracellular vesicles are not always highly efficiently recovered, and the recovered extracellular vesicles are nonspecifically concentrated, so that the quality varies.
- an object of the present invention is to develop a new method capable of recovering extracellular vesicles.
- a method for collecting extracellular vesicles which comprises separating extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of a polymer.
- the polymer has a viscosity of 1.5 mPa ⁇ s or more in a 1 to 20 wt% aqueous solution at 20 to 30 ° C.
- the polymer is a cellulose derivative or a polyvinyl derivative having a carbonyl-containing hydrophilic group.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance is an antibody against a tetraspanin membrane protein or an antibody against an extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance is an antibody against CD9, CD63, CD81, or CD147.
- extracellular vesicles can be collected with higher efficiency and higher purity by using a predetermined polymer.
- FIG. 1 is a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or various CMC-PBS at various concentrations in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing Western blotting using the biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a biotinylated sample obtained in Example 2 by immunoprecipitating a serum sample diluted with PBS or CMC-PBS at each concentration with an anti-CD9 antibody at 4 ° C. overnight or at 37 ° C. for 1 hour. It is a figure which shows the western blotting by anti-CD9 antibody.
- FIG. 1 is a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or various CMC-PBS at various concentrations in Example 1.
- FIG. 3
- FIG. 3 shows nanoparticle tracking of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or CMC-PBS in Example 3. It is a figure which shows the particle number measurement result by analysis.
- FIG. 4 shows serum and five anticoagulants (heparin, EDTA, citric acid), ACD (acid-citric acid-dextrose, acid-citrate-dextrose), and CPD (citric acid-citric acid) in Example 4.
- ED / EG EDTA / EGTA / CMC-PBS
- FIG. 5A is a serum sample diluted with PBS, CMC-PBS, EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or EDTA / EGTA / CMC-PBS (“ED / EG / C”) in Example 5.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing Western blotting with an anti-tetraspanin membrane protein antibody (anti-CD63 antibody and anti-CD81 antibody) of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-tetraspanin membrane protein antibody (anti-CD63 antibody and anti-CD81 antibody).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing Western blotting with an anti-tetraspanin membrane protein antibody (anti-CD63 antibody and anti-CD81 antibody) of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-tetraspanin membrane protein antibody (anti-CD63 antibody and anti-CD81 antibody).
- FIG. 5B is a serum sample diluted with PBS, CMC-PBS, EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or EDTA / EGTA / CMC-PBS (“ED / EG / C”) in Example 5.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by an immunoprecipitation method using the anti-CD147 antibody.
- FIG. 6 shows body fluids (urine and saliva, two samples each, represented as “# 1” and “# 2” in Example 6) of PBS, CMC-PBS and EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ ED / EG ”), or EDTA / EGTA / CMC-PBS (“ ED / EG / C ”) diluted sample with anti-CD9 antibody.
- FIG. 7A is a western blotting with a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, various concentrations of HEC-PBS, or CMC-PBS in Example 7.
- FIG. 7B is a western blotting with biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, various HPC-PBS at various concentrations, or CMC-PBS in Example 7.
- FIG. 7C is a Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum sample diluted with PBS, various concentrations of HPMC-PBS, or CMC-PBS in Example 7.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing Western blotting with a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by an immunoprecipitation method with an anti-CD9 antibody of a serum specimen diluted with PBS or various PVP-PBS at various concentrations in Example 8. is there.
- FIG. 9A shows Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitating a serum sample diluted with PBS or CMC-PBS with an anti-CD9 antibody at each temperature of 35 to 60 ° C. in Example 9.
- FIG. 9B is a diagram showing Western blotting with an anti-CD63 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitating a serum sample diluted with CMC-PBS with an anti-CD63 antibody at each temperature of 35 to 60 ° C. in Example 9.
- FIG. 9C is a diagram showing Western blotting with an anti-CD81 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitating a serum sample diluted with CMC-PBS with an anti-CD81 antibody at each temperature of 35 to 60 ° C. in Example 9. .
- FIG. 9C is a diagram showing Western blotting with an anti-CD81 antibody of a sample obtained by immunoprecipitating a serum sample diluted with CMC-PBS with an anti-CD81 antibody at each temperature of 35 to 60 ° C. in Example 9. .
- Example 11 shows PBS, CMC-PBS (“CMC”), EDTA / EGTA-PBS (“ED / EG”), or EDTA / EGTA / CMC-PBS (“ED / EG / C”) in Example 11.
- 2 shows the amount of EML4-ALK mRNA detected (expressed by the fold change relative to the sample diluted with PBS) of the sample obtained by immunoprecipitation with anti-CD9 antibody or anti-CD63 antibody of the culture supernatant of human lung cancer cell H2228 diluted with It is a figure.
- the present invention provides a method for collecting extracellular vesicles.
- Extracellular vesicles are microscopic vesicles with a membrane structure that are secreted by various types of cells.
- Extracellular vesicles include, for example, exosomes, ectosomes, and apoptotic vesicles.
- the extracellular vesicles are exosomes.
- Extracellular vesicles can also be defined by their size. The size of extracellular vesicles is, for example, 30 to 1000 nm, preferably 50 to 300 nm, and more preferably 80 to 200 nm.
- the size of extracellular vesicles can be measured by, for example, a method based on Brownian motion of extracellular vesicles, a light scattering method, an electric resistance method, or the like.
- the size of extracellular vesicles is measured by NanoSight (manufactured by Malvern Instruments).
- the recovery method of the present invention includes the following steps: (1) Separation of extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of a polymer.
- An extracellular vesicle-containing sample is any sample containing extracellular vesicles.
- the extracellular vesicle-containing sample is a biological fluid sample.
- the extracellular vesicle-containing sample may be subjected to other treatments before being used in the method of the present invention. Such treatments include, for example, centrifugation, extraction, filtration, precipitation, heating, freezing, refrigerating, and stirring.
- the extracellular vesicle-containing sample is a culture supernatant.
- the culture supernatant may be a cell culture supernatant or a tissue culture supernatant.
- organisms from which cells or tissues to be cultured are derived from mammals (eg, primates such as humans and monkeys; rodents such as mice, rats and rabbits; livestock such as cows, pigs and goats; and horses).
- Working animals such as sheep
- animals such as birds (eg, chicken), insects, microorganisms (eg, bacteria), plants, and fish.
- the organism is a mammal such as human.
- the extracellular vesicle-containing sample is body fluid.
- the body fluid is a body fluid derived from the organism as described above.
- body fluids include blood samples (eg, whole blood, serum and plasma), urine, saliva, lymph, tissue fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, sweat, semen, tears, mucus, milk, pleural fluid, bronchoalveolar.
- Examples include lavage fluid and amniotic fluid.
- the body fluid is a blood sample, urine or saliva.
- the plasma include plasma containing heparin plasma, citrate plasma, sodium fluoride plasma, ACD (acid-citrate-dextrose) or CPD (citrate phosphate dextrose).
- extracellular vesicles are recovered by mixing a larger amount of protein (eg, albumin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, histatin, peroxidase, agglutinin, defensin, immunoglobulin) than that in the culture supernatant. Difficulty in body fluids (eg blood, urine, saliva).
- protein eg, albumin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, histatin, peroxidase, agglutinin, defensin, immunoglobulin
- body fluids eg blood, urine, saliva.
- the polymer used in the present invention is preferably a water-soluble polymer.
- the “water-soluble polymer” refers to a polymer having a solubility in water at 4 to 80 ° C. (preferably 4 to 37 ° C.) of 0.01% by weight or more.
- the solubility of the water-soluble polymer in water at 4 to 80 ° C (preferably 4 to 37 ° C) may be preferably 0.05% by weight or more, more preferably 0.1% by weight or more.
- the polymer may have a viscosity of, for example, 1.5 mPa ⁇ s or more in a 1 to 20 wt% aqueous solution at 20 to 30 ° C.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above-mentioned conditions is preferably 5 mPa ⁇ s or more, more preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s or more, even more preferably 20 mPa ⁇ s or more, still more preferably 30 mPa ⁇ s or more, and particularly preferably 35 mPa ⁇ s. It may be more than.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above conditions is preferably 30,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, more preferably 20,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, still more preferably 10,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, still more preferably 5000 mPa ⁇ s or less, particularly preferably 1000 mPa ⁇ s. It may be the following.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above-mentioned conditions is preferably 5 to 30,000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably 10 to 20,000 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably 20 to 10,000 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably 30 to It may be 5000 mPa ⁇ s, particularly preferably 35 to 1000 mPa ⁇ s.
- the polymer has, for example, a viscosity of 1.5 mPa ⁇ s or more at 30 ° C. in a PBS solution in which the polymer is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to a concentration of 2% by weight. May have a value of.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above-mentioned conditions is preferably 5 mPa ⁇ s or more, more preferably 10 mPa ⁇ s or more, even more preferably 20 mPa ⁇ s or more, still more preferably 30 mPa ⁇ s or more, and particularly preferably 35 mPa ⁇ s. It may be more than.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above conditions is preferably 30,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, more preferably 20,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, still more preferably 10,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, still more preferably 5000 mPa ⁇ s or less, particularly preferably 1000 mPa ⁇ s. It may be the following.
- the viscosity of the polymer under the above-mentioned conditions is preferably 5 to 30,000 mPa ⁇ s, more preferably 10 to 20,000 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably 20 to 10,000 mPa ⁇ s, still more preferably 30 to It may be 5000 mPa ⁇ s, particularly preferably 35 to 1000 mPa ⁇ s.
- the viscosity of the polymer can be measured, for example, by detecting the viscosity friction torque of the liquid generated on the outer circumference of the rotor when the liquid sample is rotated by a rotating body (method using a rotational viscometer) or in a measuring tube filled with the sample. Can be measured by a method in which the falling weight is allowed to fall freely, and the falling time is measured (method using a falling ball viscometer).
- the vibrating body viscosity sensor
- the vibration amplitude of the polymer is suppressed and decreased by the viscous resistance as the liquid viscosity increases.
- the viscosity of the polymer can be measured using, for example, a viscosity analyzer (eg, Rheology Spectrometer SKR100, Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.).
- the polymer may be, for example, a cellulose derivative, a polyvinyl derivative having a hydrophilic group, or a polyether compound.
- the cellulose derivative is a cellulose derivative in which at least one hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl group of cellulose is substituted with a hydrophilic group.
- the hydrophilic group in the cellulose derivative include carboxyalkyl (eg, carboxy C 1-6 alkyl) and hydroxyalkyl (eg, hydroxy C 1-6 alkyl).
- the hydrophilic group in the cellulose derivative is preferably carboxyalkyl or hydroxyalkyl.
- carboxyalkyl examples include carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl (1-carboxyethyl, 2-carboxyethyl), carboxypropyl (1-carboxypropyl, 2-carboxypropyl, 3-carboxypropyl), carboxyisopropyl (1-carboxy- 2-methylethyl, 2-carboxy-2-methylethyl), carboxybutyl (1-carboxybutyl, 2-carboxybutyl, 3-carboxybutyl, 4-carboxybutyl), carboxy t-butyl, carboxypentyl (1-carboxy) Pentyl, 2-carboxypentyl, 3-carboxypentyl, 4-carboxypentyl, 5-carboxypentyl), carboxyhexyl (1-carboxyhexyl, 2-carboxyhexyl, 3-carboxyhexyl) , 4-carboxy-hexyl, 5-carboxy-hexyl,
- hydroxyalkyl examples include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl (1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl), hydroxypropyl (1-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl), hydroxyisopropyl (1-hydroxy-).
- the cellulose derivative examples include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC).
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- HEC hydroxyethyl cellulose
- HPMC hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
- the cellulose derivative also includes a nanocellulose derivative.
- the nanocellulose derivative is a derivative of nanocellulose described later.
- the polyvinyl derivative having a hydrophilic group is a polyvinyl derivative in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced with a hydrophilic group, and a polyvinyl derivative in which one hydrogen atom in a methylene unit is replaced with a hydrophilic group is preferable.
- the hydrophilic group of the polyvinyl derivative include a carbonyl-containing hydrophilic group, a carboxy-containing hydrophilic group, a nitrogen-containing hydrophilic group, and a ring (carbocycle or heterocycle) -containing hydrophilic group.
- the hydrophilic group of the polyvinyl derivative is preferably a carbonyl-containing hydrophilic group, a nitrogen-containing hydrophilic group, or a heterocycle-containing hydrophilic group, and a lactam (eg, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ( ⁇ -lactam) is more preferable.
- a lactam eg, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ⁇ -lactam, ( ⁇ -lactam
- Specific examples of the polyvinyl derivative having a hydrophilic group include polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- the polyether compound is a polymer having an ether structure in the main chain of repeating units.
- the polyether compound include polyalkyleneoxy compounds (eg, poly C 1-6 alkyleneoxy compounds).
- examples of the polyalkyleneoxy compound include polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
- the polyalkyleneoxy compound is preferably polyethylene glycol.
- ⁇ Nanocellulose is a fibrous cellulose having a fiber width on the order of nanometers.
- the fiber width of the nanocellulose may be, for example, 500 nm or less, preferably 200 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less, even more preferably 50 nm or less, still more preferably 10 nm or less, and particularly preferably 5 nm or less.
- Cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl derivatives having hydrophilic groups, and polyether compounds also include salts thereof.
- the salt include salts of metals (eg, monovalent metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, and divalent metals such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc), and inorganic bases (eg, Ammonia) salt.
- the polymer may have a weight average molecular weight of, for example, 10 kDa or more in order to achieve the object of the present invention.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer may be preferably 12 kDa or higher, more preferably 14 kDa or higher, even more preferably 16 kDa or higher, even more preferably 18 kDa or higher, and particularly preferably 20 kDa or higher.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer may be preferably 5000 kDa or less, more preferably 3000 kDa or less, even more preferably 2000 kDa or less, still more preferably 1000 kDa or less, and particularly preferably 500 kDa or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is preferably 12 to 5000 kDa, more preferably 14 to 3000 kDa, even more preferably 16 to 2000 kDa, still more preferably 18 to 1000 kDa, and particularly preferably 20 to 500 kDa. It may be.
- the concentration of the polymer in the step of separating extracellular vesicles is particularly preferably as long as it is a concentration at which the extracellular vesicles can be recovered with high efficiency as compared with the case where the polymer is not contained and the polymer can be dissolved in the solution used in the separation step Not limited.
- concentration varies depending on the kind of the polymer, it is, for example, 0.01 to 10.00% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 7.50% by weight, more preferably 0.10 to 5.00% by weight. It may be.
- the separation step in the present invention is different from the separation by the coprecipitation method using a coprecipitable polymer (eg, polyethylene glycol precipitation). Therefore, the polymer used in the present invention is preferably a non-coprecipitable polymer.
- the polymer may be present in the separation step, and therefore the recovery method of the present invention may include combining the extracellular vesicle-containing sample and the polymer.
- the extracellular vesicles may be separated from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample after combining the extracellular vesicle-containing sample and the polymer.
- a polymer is added to a solution containing the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance in advance, and an extracellular vesicle-containing sample is added to the polymer. You may add.
- the recovery method of the present invention may further include combining an extracellular vesicle-containing sample with a chelating agent.
- the extracellular vesicles may be separated from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample in the presence of the polymer and the chelating agent. May be added simultaneously, the chelating agent may be added after adding the polymer to the extracellular vesicle-containing sample, or the polymer may be added after adding the chelating agent to the extracellular vesicle-containing sample. Good.
- a polymer and a chelating agent are added in advance to a solution containing the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance, and the extracellular vesicle is added to this. You may add a content sample.
- the chelating agent is a compound or a salt thereof having a coordinating moiety capable of coordinating with a metal ion.
- the number of coordination moieties is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more (eg, 3 or 6).
- Examples of the coordinating atom as the coordinating moiety include an oxygen atom, a phosphorus atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, and a chlorine atom.
- the coordinating atom is preferably an oxygen atom or a phosphorus atom, more preferably an oxygen atom.
- Examples of the coordinating group as the coordinating moiety include groups having the above coordinating atom.
- the coordinating group is preferably a carboxylic acid group or a phosphoric acid group, more preferably a carboxylic acid group.
- chelating agent examples include oxalic acid, hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP), glycol ether diamine tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and salts thereof.
- HIDA hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid
- NDA nitrilotriacetic acid
- HEDTA hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid
- EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EDTMP ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic acid)
- EGTA glycol ether diamine tetraacetic acid
- the salt examples include metal salts (eg, monovalent metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts, and divalent metal salts such as calcium salts and magnesium salts), inorganic salts (eg, fluorides, chlorides, Bromides, halide salts such as iodides, and ammonium salts), organic salts (eg, ammonium salts substituted with an alkyl group), and acid addition salts (eg, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid) And salts with inorganic acids, and salts of organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and trifluoroacetic acid).
- a mixture of two or more (eg, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) chelating agents may be used for separating the extracellular vesicle-containing sample.
- Chelating agents are effective in recovering extracellular vesicles with high purity, probably by suppressing adsorption of contaminants to extracellular vesicles (International Publication No. 2018/070479). Therefore, separating extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of a polymer and a chelating agent has a synergistic effect on improving the recovery efficiency of extracellular vesicles. Since all of the above-mentioned chelating agents are effective in recovering extracellular vesicles with high purity, the same synergistic effect is provided by the combined use with a polymer.
- the concentration of the chelating agent in the step of separating extracellular vesicles is not particularly limited as long as it is a concentration that can suppress adsorption of contaminants to the extracellular vesicles and can dissolve the chelating agent in the solution used in the separating step.
- a concentration varies depending on the type of chelating agent, it is, for example, 1 mM to 200 mM.
- the chelating agent concentration may be 10 mM or higher, 15 mM or higher, 20 mM or higher, 30 mM or higher, 40 mM or higher, or 50 mM or higher.
- Such a concentration may also be 200 mM or less, 180 mM or less, 160 mM or less, 140 mM or less, 120 mM or less, or 100 mM or less, though it depends on the kind of the chelating agent.
- Step (1) Separation of extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of a polymer (step (1)) is performed, for example, by a separation method using an extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance or an ultracentrifugation method. be able to. Separation using an extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance may be performed in the course of an analytical method (eg, immunoassay described later).
- an analytical method eg, immunoassay described later.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance When the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance is used to separate extracellular vesicles, the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance is mixed with the sample containing extracellular vesicle membranes to separate the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance from the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance.
- the extracellular vesicles can be collected by binding to the vesicles and then separating the extracellular vesicles bound with the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance from the sample.
- the extracellular vesicles in the extracellular vesicle-containing sample are precipitated by the ultracentrifugation method, and then the supernatant is discarded to remove the extracellular vesicles. Can be recovered. Furthermore, when the extracellular vesicles are separated in the course of the analysis method, the extracellular vesicles can be separated by removing the solution or washing the solid phase in the analysis method (eg, immunoassay such as ELISA).
- extracellular vesicles can be separated along with binding of extracellular vesicles to an antibody and removal of a solution containing a sample containing extracellular vesicles and / or washing of a solid phase. Separation is preferably isolation or purification. Therefore, the recovery method of the present invention can also be utilized as an isolation or purification method.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance used in the recovery method of the present invention is a substance having an affinity for the extracellular vesicle marker.
- extracellular vesicle markers include tetraspanin membrane protein (extracellular vesicle membrane-specific four-pass membrane protein, eg, CD9, CD63, CD81), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147), carcinoembryonic Antigen (Carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, tumor susceptibility gene (TSG) 101, lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP) 1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) -1, integrin, ceramide, cholesterol, phosphatidylserine, ALIX, Annexins, Caveolin-I, Flotillin-I, Rab protein, EpCAM and the like can be mentioned.
- IAM intercellular adhe
- the extracellular vesicle marker is preferably tetraspanin membrane protein, extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer.
- the extracellular vesicle marker is preferably CD9, CD63, CD81, or CD147.
- Examples of the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance include antibodies (eg, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies) and antigen-binding fragments thereof, aptamers, phosphatidylserine-binding proteins, and ceramide-binding proteins.
- the antigen-binding fragment may be any antibody fragment that maintains the binding property to the target extracellular vesicle marker, and examples thereof include Fab, Fab ′, F (ab ′) 2 and scFv.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance is preferably an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, more preferably a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance used when collecting the extracellular vesicles may be a single substance or a combination of plural substances.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance may be bound to a solid phase for facilitating the separation of extracellular vesicles.
- a solid phase for example, sepharose beads, agarose beads, magnetic beads, or plastic plates can be used. Immobilization of the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance on the solid phase can be performed by a conventional method well known to those skilled in the art.
- the polymer mixes at least the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle-containing sample.
- the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance are mixed by mixing the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance bound to the magnetic beads and the extracellular vesicle-containing sample in the presence of a polymer.
- Extracellular vesicles bound to beads can be separated from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample.
- a method well known to those skilled in the art can be used for collecting the magnetic beads. Further, for example, when using Sepharose beads or agarose beads, by mixing the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance bound to these beads and the extracellular vesicle-containing sample in the presence of a polymer, the extracellular vesicle membrane-bound substance is bound.
- Cells bound to beads by binding the substance to extracellular vesicles in the sample containing extracellular vesicles, precipitating the beads by centrifugation, and discarding the supernatant containing the components not bound to the beads
- the outer vesicles can be separated from the extracellular vesicle-containing sample.
- a method of precipitating the beads by centrifugation a method well known to those skilled in the art can be used.
- the temperature at which the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle-containing sample are mixed is The temperature may be any temperature as long as the mixture of the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle-containing sample is in a liquid state, and may be 0 to 100 ° C. Such a temperature may be, for example, 4 ° C. or higher, preferably 15 ° C. or higher, more preferably 35 ° C. or higher, even more preferably 40 ° C. or higher.
- Such a temperature may also be, for example, 80 ° C. or lower, preferably 70 ° C. or lower, more preferably 60 ° C. or lower, still more preferably 50 ° C. or lower. More specifically, such a temperature may be, for example, 4 to 80 ° C., preferably 15 to 70 ° C., more preferably 35 to 60 ° C., and further preferably 40 to 50 ° C.
- the time for binding the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance and the extracellular vesicle is not particularly limited as long as it is a time sufficient for the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance to bind to the extracellular vesicle, and for example, 1 minute. It may be 5 minutes or more, 10 minutes or more, or 20 minutes or more. Such time may also be 24 hours or less, 18 hours or less, 8 hours or less, 4 hours or less, 2 hours or less, or 1 hour or less.
- the polymer when the extracellular vesicles are collected by ultracentrifugation, the polymer may be present when the extracellular vesicle-containing sample is subjected to ultracentrifugation.
- at least one ultracentrifugation may be performed in the presence of the polymer.
- Ultracentrifugation can be performed using an ultracentrifuge.
- the gravity applied in ultracentrifugation may be, for example, 10,000 ⁇ g to 200,000 ⁇ g, preferably 70,000 ⁇ g to 150,000 ⁇ g.
- the ultracentrifugation time is, for example, 0.5 to 24 hours, preferably 1 to 5 hours.
- the temperature in ultracentrifugation is, for example, 4 to 30 ° C. Ultracentrifugation may be performed once or multiple times (eg, twice, three times).
- the present invention also provides a method for analyzing extracellular vesicles.
- the analytical method of the present invention comprises: (1) separating extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of a polymer; and (2) analyzing the separated extracellular vesicles.
- the step (1) in the analysis method of the present invention can be performed in the same manner as the step (1) in the recovery method of the present invention.
- step (2) the separated extracellular vesicles are analyzed.
- the target to be analyzed is, for example, a component contained in the extracellular vesicle (eg, a component contained in the extracellular vesicle, a membrane component of the extracellular vesicle, or a substance present on the membrane surface of the extracellular vesicle). Components) and extracellular vesicles themselves (particles).
- a component contained in extracellular vesicles When a component contained in extracellular vesicles is analyzed, the analysis is detection or quantification of the component. Such an analysis is also a one or more component analysis.
- Components to be analyzed include, for example, proteins, nucleic acids (eg RNA, DNA), sugars, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, polyamines, and peptides. Separation of extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles in the presence of polymer can increase the recovery of extracellular vesicles. Therefore, according to the analysis method of the present invention, components such as proteins and nucleic acids in extracellular vesicles can be analyzed with high accuracy.
- the components can be analyzed by any method known in the art.
- the component to be analyzed is a protein
- examples of the analysis method include immunoassay and mass spectrometry.
- Immunoassays include, for example, direct competition method, indirect competition method, and sandwich method.
- immunoassays include chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) [eg, chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA)], immunoturbidimetric assay (TIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (eg, direct competitive ELISA).
- CLIA chemiluminescent immunoassay
- TIA immunoturbidimetric assay
- EIA enzyme immunoassay
- Proteome analysis may be performed when multiple components are analyzed.
- the analysis method includes, for example, a hybridization method using a probe, a reverse transcription (RT) reaction using a reverse transcriptase, a primer (eg, 2, 3 or 4 primers).
- the gene amplification method (eg, PCR method such as quantitative PCR, RT-PCR, etc.) using, sequencing, and mass spectrometry can be mentioned.
- the analysis method include immunoassay and mass spectrometry.
- Metabolome analysis may be performed when multiple components are analyzed.
- the analysis method of the present invention can be used to detect a marker contained in extracellular vesicles.
- the marker contained in the extracellular vesicle include a marker that serves as an indicator of the presence of extracellular vesicles and a marker that serves as an indicator of diseases such as cancer (eg, diagnostic marker, disease risk assessment marker).
- the marker serving as an indicator of the presence of extracellular vesicles examples include tetraspanin membrane protein (extracellular vesicle membrane-specific four-pass membrane protein, eg, CD9, CD63, CD81), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer ( CD147), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP90, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, tumor susceptibility gene (TSG) 101, lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP).
- extracellular vesicle membrane-specific four-pass membrane protein eg, CD9, CD63, CD81
- extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer CD147
- CEA carcinoembryonic antigen
- HSP heat shock protein
- MHC major histocompatibility complex
- TSG tumor susceptibility gene
- LAMP lysosomal associated membrane protein
- ICM intercellular adhesion molecule
- integrin 1, integrin, ceramide, cholesterol, phosphatidylserine, ALIX, Annexins, Caveolin-I, Flotillin-I, Rab protein, EpCAM, and these proteins Nucleic acid encoding (eg, DNA, RNA) and the like.
- markers that is an index of disease include, for example, extracellular vesicles derived from organisms affected by diseases such as cancer or proteins specifically present in extracellular vesicles secreted from abnormal cells such as cancer cells (hereinafter , “Abnormal protein.” Examples include mutant proteins and foreign proteins. Examples of the mutein include fusion proteins such as EML4-ALK.
- EML4-ALK has variants 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4,5a, 5b, 6 and the like.
- foreign proteins include virus-derived proteins.
- the marker which is an indicator of disease also includes the presence or absence of expression of nucleic acids encoding these proteins, or changes in the amount thereof, and mutations such as SNPs, haplotypes, translocations, presence or absence of methylation of nucleic acids, and There are various types of variants.
- extracellular vesicles themselves can be carried out by, for example, a particle analysis device, an electron microscope, a flow cytometer, or other device.
- a particle analysis device an electron microscope, a flow cytometer, or other device.
- the number of extracellular vesicle particles, the size and shape of the particles, and their distribution can be analyzed.
- the recovery method and analysis method of the present invention are useful, for example, in extracellular vesicle-based diagnosis and drug discovery.
- detection of EML4-ALK which is a cancer marker for lung cancer and the like, by the analysis method of the present invention can be useful as an index for determining the administration of an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as crizonitib and alectinib to a cancer patient such as lung cancer.
- the invention provides a method of analyzing extracellular vesicles, including: (1) Separation of extracellular vesicles from a sample containing extracellular vesicles using an extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance; and (2) of diseases such as cancer contained in the separated extracellular vesicles. Analyze the markers that serve as indicators.
- Examples of the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance in the present embodiment include substances having an affinity for the extracellular vesicle marker described above.
- the extracellular vesicle marker is preferably tetraspanin membrane protein, extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer.
- the extracellular vesicle marker is preferably CD9, CD63, CD81, or CD147, more preferably CD9 or CD63.
- Examples of the extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance include the above-mentioned antibodies (eg, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies) and antigen-binding fragments thereof, aptamers, phosphatidylserine-binding proteins, and ceramide-binding proteins.
- abnormal protein The presence or absence of expression of the above-mentioned abnormal protein or a change in the amount thereof can be mentioned as a marker serving as an index of diseases such as cancer.
- abnormal proteins include fusion proteins such as EML4-ALK.
- marker that is an indicator of disease the presence or absence of the expression of nucleic acids encoding these proteins, or changes in the amount thereof, and mutations such as SNPs, haplotypes, translocations, the presence or absence of methylation of nucleic acids, and There are various types of variants.
- the present invention also provides a kit containing a polymer as described above and an extracellular vesicle membrane-binding substance.
- the kit of the present invention may further contain a chelating agent.
- the kit of the present invention is useful, for example, for convenient implementation of the recovery method and analysis method of the present invention.
- Example 1 Commercially available three types of CMC sodium salts (hereinafter simply referred to as "CMC”. CAS No. 9004-32-4, Nacalai Tesque Co. # 07326-95 (average molecular weight unknown), Sigma-Aldrich Co. # C5678 (average molecular weight 90 kDa). , # C4888 (average molecular weight 250 kDa)) on EV recovery was examined. EV recovery was performed using anti-CD9 antibody.
- CMC CMC sodium salts
- Serum of healthy person was centrifuged at 20,000 ⁇ g for 15 minutes at 4 ° C., and 200 ⁇ L of serum was added to 200 ⁇ L of PBS (2.9 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 9.0 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 137 mM NaCl), EDTA / EGTA.
- Example 2 The effects of the concentration of CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) (final concentration of 0.06 wt% to 1.0 wt%) and the reaction temperature (4 ° C., 37 ° C.) on EV recovery were examined. Serum of healthy person was centrifuged at 20,000 xg for 15 minutes at 4 ° C, and 200 ⁇ L of serum was added to 200 ⁇ L of PBS or CMC-PBS (so that the final concentration after dilution of serum was 0.06 to 1.0% by weight).
- CMC Sigma Aldrich # C4888
- Example 3 The effect of CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) on EV recovery was examined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NanoSight LM10, Quantum Design). After 200 ⁇ L of healthy human serum was centrifuged at 20,000 ⁇ g at 4 ° C. for 15 minutes, 200 ⁇ L of PBS and EDTA / EGTA-PBS (EDTA and EGTA at a final concentration of 50 mM after dilution with serum were added to the supernatant).
- CMC Sigma Aldrich # C4888
- Extracellular vesicles were released from the antibody magnetic bead particles by neutralizing with HCl (pH 8.0). After quantifying the total protein concentration by Qubit protein assay (Life Technologies), 450 ⁇ L of PBS was added and the number of particles was analyzed by NanoSight (FIG. 3). An increase in the total number of EV particles recovered and the number of particles per total protein was observed under the condition diluted with CMC, indicating that extracellular vesicles were recovered with high purity.
- Example 4 Serum and 5 kinds of anticoagulants (heparin, EDTA, citric acid), ACD (acid-citric acid-dextrose; acid-citrate-dextrose), CPD (citric acid-phosphoric acid-dextrose; citrate phosphate dextrose)
- CMC Sigma Aldrich # C4888
- the magnetic beads were washed 3 times with PBS-T and diluted with a sample buffer (BIO-RAD) to prepare a sample for Western blotting.
- Immunoprecipitation efficiency was analyzed by Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody (Fig. 4). Regardless of the type of anticoagulant, the effect of improving the EV recovery efficiency by CMC was observed in plasma samples. Further, the EV recovery efficiency was further improved by combining CMC and the chelating agent.
- Example 5 The effect of CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) on EV recovery using antibodies against two types of tetraspanin membrane proteins (CD63 and CD81) other than CD9 and an extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) was examined. After 200 ⁇ L of healthy human serum was centrifuged at 20,000 ⁇ g at 4 ° C.
- Example 6 The effect of CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) on EV recovery in two types of body fluids (urine and saliva) was examined. 200 ⁇ L of normal human urine and saliva (2 samples each, designated as “# 1” and “# 2”) were centrifuged at 15,000 ⁇ g, 4 ° C. for 15 minutes and filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter.
- Example 7 The effect of the cellulose derivatives shown in Table 2 below (each final concentration of 0.13 wt% to 4.0 wt%) on EV recovery was examined. Serum of healthy person was centrifuged at 20,000 xg at 4 ° C for 15 minutes, and 200 ⁇ L of serum was added to 200 ⁇ L of PBS, CMC-PBS (final concentration 0.5% by weight after dilution of serum) (CMC), or PBS.
- CMC-PBS final concentration 0.5% by weight after dilution of serum
- Magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280 tosylivated (Life Technologies)) diluted with dissolved cellulose derivative (each final concentration after serum dilution 0.13 to 4.0% by weight) and fixed with anti-CD9 antibody (manufactured by in-house) was added at 0.26 mg / mL. After rotating reaction at 37 ° C. for 1 hour, the magnetic beads were washed 3 times with PBS-T and diluted with a sample buffer (BIO-RAD) to prepare a sample for Western blotting. The recovery efficiency of EV was analyzed by Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody (FIGS. 7A to 7C).
- HEC cellulose derivatives other than CMC as compared with the PBS diluted sample
- HPC HPC was 0.25% by weight
- HPMC 0.25 wt% to 2.0 wt%
- Example 8 The effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (final concentrations of 1% by weight, 2% by weight and 4% by weight) shown in Table 3 below on EV recovery was examined. Serum of healthy person was centrifuged at 20,000 ⁇ g for 15 minutes at 4 ° C., and then 200 ⁇ L of serum was dissolved in 200 ⁇ L of PBS or polyvinylpyrrolidone dissolved in PBS (final concentration after serum dilution was 1.0 to 4.0% by weight). %), And magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated (Life Technologies)) to which anti-CD9 antibody (manufactured by in-house) was immobilized were added to 0.26 mg / mL.
- Example 9 The effect of CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) on EV recovery at each reaction temperature of 35 ° C. to 60 ° C. was examined. Healthy human serum was centrifuged at 20,000 ⁇ g for 15 minutes at 4 ° C., and then 100 ⁇ L of serum was diluted with 100 ⁇ L of PBS or CMC-PBS (final concentration after dilution of serum was 0.5% by weight) to obtain anti-CD9 antibody. 0.26 mg / mL of magnetic beads (Dynabeads M-280 tosylivated (Life Technologies)) immobilized with (in-house), anti-CD63 antibody (8A12: Cosmobio) or anti-CD81 antibody (12C4: Cosmobio) was added.
- CMC Sigma Aldrich # C4888
- the recovery efficiency of EV was analyzed by Western blotting using a biotinylated anti-CD9 antibody (manufactured in-house), anti-CD63 antibody (manufactured in-house) and anti-CD81 antibody (12C4: Cosmo Bio Inc.) (FIGS. 9A to 9C).
- the effect of improving the EV recovery efficiency was recognized at each reaction temperature of 35 ° C to 60 ° C by the addition of CMC.
- a higher effect of improving the EV recovery efficiency was recognized by adding CMC under a high temperature condition of 40 ° C. or higher. Further, the effect of improving the EV recovery efficiency by CMC was recognized even in the reaction for a short time.
- Example 10 The viscosity of the cellulose derivative used in Example 7 and the polyvinylpyrrolidone used in Example 8 in a PBS solution was measured. Specifically, each PBS solution prepared by dissolving each cellulose derivative or polyvinylpyrrolidone in PBS so as to be 2% by weight is measured at 30 ° C. using a viscosity analyzer Rheology Spectrometer SKR100 (Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.). It was calculated as an average of the results measured at each rotation speed of 200 rpm, 400 rpm, 600 rpm, and 800 rpm at a time of 60 seconds (Table 4).
- Example 11 The effect on EV recovery and detection of marker (EML4-ALK fusion gene) RNA from EV by immunoprecipitation using antibodies against CMC (Sigma Aldrich # C4888) and tetraspanin membrane proteins (CD9 and CD63) was examined.
- the culture supernatant of human lung cancer cell H2228 cultured in serum-free medium for 3 days was used as a sample.
- the culture supernatant was centrifuged at 2,000 ⁇ g at 4 ° C. for 5 minutes, filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter (manufactured by Millipore), and then concentrated 100 times using Amicon Ultra-15 (manufactured by Millipore). .
- the primers and fluorescent probe having the sequences shown in Table 5 below were used.
- the fluorescent probe As the fluorescent probe, a double quencher probe having a fluorescent substance HEX at the 5'end, a ZEN quencher inside the probe, and an Iowa Black (registered trademark) quencher (IABkFQ) at the 3'end was used.
- IABkFQ Iowa Black (registered trademark) quencher
- EML4-ALK contained in EV recovered by immunoprecipitation was detected.
- CMC CMC
- the amount of EML4-ALK mRNA detected was increased, and the effect of improving EV recovery efficiency was confirmed.
- the amount of EML4-ALK mRNA detected was further increased, and the effect of further improving EV recovery efficiency was confirmed.
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Abstract
Description
〔1〕ポリマーの存在下で細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離することを含む、細胞外小胞の回収方法。
〔2〕ポリマーが、20~30℃における1~20重量%水溶液中の粘度として1.5mPa・s以上の値を有する、〔1〕の方法。
〔3〕ポリマーが、セルロース誘導体またはカルボニル含有親水性基を有するポリビニル誘導体である、〔1〕または〔2〕の方法。
〔4〕ポリマーが、少なくとも1つの水酸基の水素原子がカルボキシアルキルまたはヒドロキシアルキルで置換されたセルロース誘導体、または少なくとも1つの水素原子がラクタムで置換されたポリビニル誘導体である、〔3〕の方法。
〔5〕ポリマーが、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、またはポリビニルピロリドンである、〔4〕の方法。
〔6〕ポリマーが、10kDa以上の重量平均分子量を有する、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれかの方法。
〔7〕細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離する際のポリマーの濃度が、0.01~10.00重量%である、〔1〕~〔6〕のいずれかの方法。
〔8〕細胞外小胞含有試料とキレート剤を合わせることをさらに含む、〔1〕~〔7〕のいずれかの方法。
〔9〕細胞外小胞が、エクソソームである、〔1〕~〔8〕のいずれかの方法。
〔10〕前記分離が、細胞外小胞膜結合物質を用いた分離法、または細胞外小胞含有試料の超遠心法により行われる、〔1〕~〔9〕のいずれかの方法。
〔11〕細胞外小胞膜結合物質が、テトラスパニン膜タンパク質に対する抗体、または細胞外マトリクスメタロプロテアーゼ誘導物質に対する抗体である、〔10〕の方法。
〔12〕細胞外小胞膜結合物質がCD9、CD63、CD81、またはCD147に対する抗体である、〔11〕の方法。
〔13〕細胞外小胞含有試料が血液試料、尿、または唾液である、〔1〕~〔12〕のいずれかの方法。
〔14〕以下を含む、細胞外小胞の分析方法:
(1)ポリマーの存在下で、細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離すること;および
(2)分離された細胞外小胞を分析すること。
〔15〕キレート剤の細胞外小胞含有試料への添加をさらに含む、〔14〕の方法。
〔16〕分離された細胞外小胞中のタンパク質または核酸が分析される、〔14〕または〔15〕の方法。
〔17〕ポリマーおよび細胞外小胞膜結合物質を含む、キット。
〔18〕キレート剤をさらに含む、〔17〕のキット。
(1)ポリマーの存在下で、細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離すること。
ポリマーの粘度は、例えば、粘性解析装置(例、レオロジースペクトロメータSKR100、ヤマト科学社)を用いて測定することができる。
カルボキシアルキルとしては、例えば、カルボキシメチル、カルボキシエチル(1-カルボキシエチル、2-カルボキシエチル)、カルボキシプロピル(1-カルボキシプロピル、2-カルボキシプロピル、3-カルボキシプロピル)、カルボキシイソプロピル(1-カルボキシ-2-メチルエチル、2-カルボキシ-2-メチルエチル)、カルボキシブチル(1-カルボキシブチル、2-カルボキシブチル、3-カルボキシブチル、4-カルボキシブチル)、カルボキシt-ブチル、カルボキシペンチル(1-カルボキシペンチル、2-カルボキシペンチル、3-カルボキシペンチル、4-カルボキシペンチル、5-カルボキシペンチル)、カルボキシヘキシル(1-カルボキシヘキシル、2-カルボキシヘキシル、3-カルボキシヘキシル、4-カルボキシヘキシル、5-カルボキシヘキシル、6-カルボキシヘキシル)が挙げられる。
ヒドロキシアルキルとしては、例えば、ヒドロキシメチル、ヒドロキシエチル(1-ヒドロキシエチル、2-ヒドロキシエチル)、ヒドロキシプロピル(1-ヒドロキシプロピル、2-ヒドロキシプロピル、3-ヒドロキシプロピル)、ヒドロキシイソプロピル(1-ヒドロキシ-2-メチルエチル、2-ヒドロキシ-2-メチルエチル)、ヒドロキシブチル(1-ヒドロキシブチル、2-ヒドロキシブチル、3-ヒドロキシブチル、4-ヒドロキシブチル)、ヒドロキシt-ブチル、ヒドロキシペンチル(1-ヒドロキシペンチル、2-ヒドロキシペンチル、3-ヒドロキシペンチル、4-ヒドロキシペンチル、5-ヒドロキシペンチル)、ヒドロキシヘキシル(1-ヒドロキシヘキシル、2-ヒドロキシヘキシル、3-ヒドロキシヘキシル、4-ヒドロキシヘキシル、5-ヒドロキシヘキシル、6-ヒドロキシヘキシル)が挙げられる。
セルロース誘導体の具体例としては、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース(HEC)、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース(HPC)、またはヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMC)が挙げられる。
セルロース誘導体には、ナノセルロース誘導体も含まれる。ナノセルロース誘導体とは、後述するナノセルロースの誘導体である。
(1)ポリマーの存在下で、細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離すること;および
(2)分離された細胞外小胞を分析すること。
分析される成分がタンパク質である場合、分析方法としては、例えば、イムノアッセイ、質量分析法が挙げられる。イムノアッセイとしては、例えば、直接競合法、間接競合法、およびサンドイッチ法が挙げられる。また、このようなイムノアッセイとしては、化学発光イムノアッセイ(CLIA)〔例、化学発光酵素免疫測定法(CLEIA)〕、免疫比濁法(TIA)、酵素免疫測定法(EIA)(例、直接競合ELISA、間接競合ELISA、およびサンドイッチELISA)、放射イムノアッセイ(RIA)、ラテックス凝集反応法、蛍光イムノアッセイ(FIA)、およびイムノクロマトグラフィー法、ウエスタンブロッティング、免疫染色、蛍光活性化細胞選別(fluorescence activated cell sorting、FACS)が挙げられる。複数成分が分析される場合、プロテオーム分析が行われてもよい。
分析される成分が核酸である場合、分析方法としては、例えば、プローブを用いるハイブリダイゼーション法、逆転写酵素を用いる逆転写(RT)反応、プライマー(例、2、3、または4個のプライマー)を用いる遺伝子増幅法(例、定量PCR、RT-PCR等のPCR法)、シークエンシング、質量分析法が挙げられる。
分析される成分がタンパク質および核酸以外の成分である場合、分析方法としては、例えば、イムノアッセイ、質量分析法が挙げられる。複数成分が分析される場合、メタボローム分析が行われてもよい。
(1)細胞外小胞膜結合物質を用いて細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離すること;および
(2)分離された細胞外小胞内に含まれる、癌等の疾患の指標となるマーカーを分析すること。
市販の3種類のCMCナトリウム塩(以下、単に「CMC」と呼ぶ。CAS No.9004-32-4、ナカライテスク社#07326-95(平均分子量不明)、シグマアルドリッチ社#C5678(平均分子量90kDa)、#C4888(平均分子量250kDa))の、EV回収への効果を検討した。EV回収は、抗CD9抗体を用いて行った。
健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、200μLの血清を200μLのPBS(2.9mM NaH2PO4、9.0mM Na2HPO4、137mM NaCl)、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(血清を希釈した後の各終濃度が50mMになるようにEDTAおよびEGTAを含むPBS)(ED/EG)、または終濃度0.2~2.5重量%のCMC-PBS(血清を希釈した後の終濃度が0.2~2.5重量%になるようにCMCを溶解したPBS)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。4℃で一晩回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルでは、エクソソームを含むサンプルがSDSで処理されることにより、エクソソームが破壊され、エクソソームのマーカータンパク質(例、CD9)がサンプル溶液中に放出されている。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体(自社製)によるウエスタンブロッティング法で免疫沈降効率を解析した(図1)。4種類のCMC全てにおいて、PBS希釈サンプルと比較してEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。
実施例で用いたCMCの各物性値を以下の表1にまとめた。
CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)の濃度(0.06重量%~1.0重量%の終濃度)および反応温度(4℃、37℃)がEV回収に与える効果を検討した。
健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、200μLの血清を200μLのPBSもしくはCMC-PBS(血清希釈後の終濃度が0.06~1.0重量%になるようにCMCを溶解したPBS)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。4℃で一晩もしくは37℃で1時間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体によるウエスタンブロッティング法でEVの回収効率を解析した(図2)。反応温度4℃および37℃において、CMCの終濃度0.25重量%~1重量%の範囲で、PBS希釈サンプルと比較してEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。
CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)のEV回収への効果をナノ粒子トラッキング解析(NanoSight LM10、カンタムデザイン社)により検討した。
200μLの健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、その上清に200μLのPBS、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(血清希釈後の各終濃度50mMになるようにEDTAおよびEGTAを含むPBS)(ED/EG)、またはCMC-PBS(血清希釈後の終濃度が0.5重量%になるようにCMCを溶解したPBS)(CMC)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。37℃で30分間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、40μL BRUB(Britton & Robinson Universal Buffer)(pH2.6)で5分間反応させた後、20μLの1M Tris-HCl(pH8.0)で中和することで細胞外小胞を抗体磁性ビーズ粒子から遊離させた。Qubit protein assay(ライフテクノロジーズ社)で総タンパク質濃度を定量した後、PBS 450μLを添加してNanoSightにより粒子数を解析した(図3)。CMCで希釈した条件においてEVの総回収粒子数と総タンパク質あたりの粒子数の増加が認められ、高純度で細胞外小胞が回収されたことが示された。
血清、および5種類の抗凝固剤(ヘパリン、EDTA、クエン酸(citrate)、ACD(酸-クエン酸-デキストロース;acid-citrate-dextrose)、CPD(クエン酸-リン酸-デキストロース;citrate phosphate dextrose))を含有する血漿において、CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)のEV回収への効果を検討した。
200μLの健常人血清、および抗凝固剤含有健常人血漿を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、その上清に200μLのPBS、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(血清または血漿希釈後の各終濃度が50mMになるようにEDTAおよびEGTAを含むPBS)(ED/EG)、CMC-PBS(血清または血漿希釈後の終濃度が0.5重量%になるようにCMCを溶解したPBS)(CMC)、またはEDTA/EGTA/CMC-PBS(血清または血漿希釈後のそれぞれの終濃度が37.5mM/37.5mM/0.5重量%になるようにEDTA、EGTAおよびCMCを含むPBS)(ED/EG/C)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。37℃で1時間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体によるウエスタンブロッティング法で免疫沈降効率を解析した(図4)。抗凝固剤の種類を問わず、血漿検体においてもCMCによるEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。また、CMCとキレート剤を組み合わせることでさらにEV回収効率が向上した。
CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)が、CD9以外の2種類のテトラスパニン膜タンパク質(CD63およびCD81)、および細胞外マトリクスメタロプロテアーゼ誘導物質(CD147)に対する抗体を用いたEV回収に与える効果を検討した。
200μLの健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、その上清に200μLのPBS、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(血清希釈後の各終濃度50mM)(ED/EG)、CMC-PBS(血清希釈後の終濃度0.5重量%)(CMC)、またはEDTA/EGTA/CMC-PBS(血清希釈後のそれぞれの終濃度37.5mM/37.5mM/0.5重量%)(ED/EG/C)で希釈し、抗CD63抗体(8A12:コスモバイオ社)、抗CD81抗体(M38:アブカム社)および抗CD147抗体(MEM-M6/1:アブカム社)の各抗体を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。4℃で一晩回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。抗CD63抗体(自社製)、抗CD81抗体(12C4:コスモバイオ社)およびビオチン化抗CD9抗体(自社製)によるウエスタンブロッティング法でEV回収効率を解析した(図5Aおよび図5B)。CD63、CD81、およびCD147に対する抗体を用いた場合でもCMCによるEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。また、CMCとキレート剤を組み合わせることでさらにEV回収効率が向上した。
2種類の体液(尿および唾液)において、CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)のEV回収への効果を検討した。
200μLの健常人尿および唾液(それぞれ、2個のサンプル。「#1」および「#2」として表わす。)を15,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心し、0.22μmフィルターにより濾過を行った後、200μLのPBS、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(尿または唾液希釈後の各終濃度50mM)(ED/EG)、CMC-PBS(尿または唾液希釈後の終濃度0.5重量%)(CMC)、またはEDTA/EGTA/CMC-PBS(尿または唾液希釈後のそれぞれの終濃度37.5mM/37.5mM/0.5重量%)(ED/EG/C)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。37℃で1時間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体によるウエスタンブロッティング法で免疫沈降効率を解析した(図6)。血清、血漿のみならず、尿および唾液においてもCMCによるEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。
下記表2に示すセルロース誘導体(0.13重量%~4.0重量%の各終濃度)の、EV回収への効果を検討した。
健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、200μLの血清を200μLのPBS、CMC-PBS(血清希釈後の終濃度0.5重量%)(CMC)、またはPBSに溶解したセルロース誘導体(血清希釈後の各終濃度0.13~4.0重量%)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。37℃で1時間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体によるウエスタンブロッティング法でEVの回収効率を解析した(図7A~C)。CMC以外の3種類のセルロース誘導体においてもPBS希釈サンプルと比較してEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた(HECは0.13重量%~2.0重量%の範囲、HPCは0.25重量%~4.0重量%の範囲、HPMCは0.25重量%~2.0重量%の範囲において)。
下記表3に示すポリビニルピロリドン(1重量%、2重量%、4重量%の各終濃度)の、EV回収への効果を検討した。
健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、200μLの血清を200μLのPBS、またはPBSに溶解したポリビニルピロリドン(血清希釈後の各終濃度1.0~4.0重量%)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。37℃で1時間回転反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体によるウエスタンブロッティング法でEVの回収効率を解析した(図8)。ポリビニルピロリドンは1.0重量%~4.0重量%の範囲で、PBS希釈サンプルと比較して、EV回収効率向上の効果が認められた。
CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)について、35℃から60℃の各反応温度におけるEV回収への効果を検討した。
健常人血清を20,000×g、4℃で15分間遠心した後、100μLの血清を100μLのPBSまたはCMC-PBS(血清希釈後の終濃度0.5重量%)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)、抗CD63抗体(8A12:コスモバイオ社)または抗CD81抗体(12C4:コスモバイオ社)を固定した磁性ビーズ(Dynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社))を0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。各反応温度で5分間反応させた後に、磁性ビーズをPBS-Tで3回洗浄し、サンプルバッファー(BIO-RAD社)で希釈してウエスタンブロッティング用サンプルとした。ビオチン化した抗CD9抗体(自社製)、抗CD63抗体(自社製)および抗CD81抗体(12C4:コスモバイオ社)によるウエスタンブロッティング法でEVの回収効率を解析した(図9A~図9C)。CMC添加により35℃から60℃の各反応温度においてEV回収効率向上の効果を認めた。さらに40℃以上の高温条件においてCMC添加によりEV回収効率向上の、より高い効果を認めた。また、CMCによるEV回収効率向上効果は短時間の反応においても効果を認めた。
実施例7で用いたセルロース誘導体および実施例8で用いたポリビニルピロリドンのPBS溶液中の粘度を測定した。具体的には、2重量%になるように各セルロース誘導体又はポリビニルピロリドンをPBSに溶解して調製した各PBS溶液を粘性解析装置レオロジースペクトロメータSKR100(ヤマト科学社)を用いて、30℃、測定時間60秒にて、200rpm、400rpm、600rpm、800rpmの各回転速度で測定した結果の平均として求めた(表4)。
CMC(シグマアルドリッチ社#C4888)およびテトラスパニン膜タンパク質(CD9およびCD63)に対する抗体を用いた免疫沈降法によるEV回収およびEVからのマーカー(EML4-ALK融合遺伝子)RNAの検出への効果を検討した。
3日間無血清培地で培養したヒト肺癌細胞H2228の培養上清をサンプルとして用いた。培養上清を、2,000×g、4℃で5分間遠心し、0.22μmフィルター(ミリポア社製)で濾過した後、Amicon Ultra-15(ミリポア社製)を用いて100倍に濃縮した。
濃縮物を等量のPBS、EDTA/EGTA-PBS(濃縮物を希釈した後の各終濃度50mM)(ED/EG)、CMC-PBS(濃縮物を希釈した後の終濃度0.5重量%)(CMC)、またはEDTA/EGTA/CMC-PBS(濃縮物を希釈した後のそれぞれの終濃度37.5mM/37.5mM/0.5重量%)(ED/EG/C)で希釈し、抗CD9抗体(自社製)、抗CD63抗体(自社製)の各抗体を固定したDynabeads M-280 tosylactivated(ライフテクノロジーズ社)をそれぞれ0.26mg/mLとなるように添加した。4℃で一晩、回転反応させた後に、PBS-Tで3回洗浄し、miRNeasy micro kit(QIAGEN社製)を用いてトータルRNAを精製した。精製したトータルRNAからSuperScript(商標)IV First-Strand Synthesis System(Thermo Fisher Scientific社製)を用いてcDNAを作成し、Droplet Digital PCR(BioRad社製)を用いてEML4-ALK mRNAを定量した(図10)。
EML4-ALK mRNAの検出には以下の表5に示す配列のプライマーおよび蛍光プローブを用いた。蛍光プローブとして、5’末端に蛍光物質HEXと、プローブの内部にZENクエンチャーと、3’末端にIowa Black(登録商標)クエンチャー(IABkFQ)とを有するダブルクエンチャープローブを用いた。表5に示す配列のプライマーおよび蛍光プローブを用いることにより、EML4-ALK融合遺伝子のバリアント3aおよび3bを検出することができる。
Claims (18)
- ポリマーの存在下で細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離することを含む、細胞外小胞の回収方法。
- ポリマーが、20~30℃における1~20重量%水溶液中の粘度として1.5mPa・s以上の値を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ポリマーが、セルロース誘導体またはカルボニル含有親水性基を有するポリビニル誘導体である、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- ポリマーが、少なくとも1つの水酸基の水素原子がカルボキシアルキルまたはヒドロキシアルキルで置換されたセルロース誘導体、または少なくとも1つの水素原子がラクタムで置換されたポリビニル誘導体である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- ポリマーが、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、またはポリビニルピロリドンである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- ポリマーが、10kDa以上の重量平均分子量を有する、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離する際のポリマーの濃度が、0.01~10.00重量%である、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞含有試料とキレート剤を合わせることをさらに含む、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞が、エクソソームである、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記分離が、細胞外小胞膜結合物質を用いた分離法、または細胞外小胞含有試料の超遠心法により行われる、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞膜結合物質が、テトラスパニン膜タンパク質に対する抗体、または細胞外マトリクスメタロプロテアーゼ誘導物質に対する抗体である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞膜結合物質がCD9、CD63、CD81、またはCD147に対する抗体である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 細胞外小胞含有試料が血液試料、尿、または唾液である、請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 以下を含む、細胞外小胞の分析方法:
(1)ポリマーの存在下で、細胞外小胞含有試料から細胞外小胞を分離すること;および
(2)分離された細胞外小胞を分析すること。 - キレート剤の細胞外小胞含有試料への添加をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 分離された細胞外小胞中のタンパク質または核酸が分析される、請求項14または15に記載の方法。
- ポリマーおよび細胞外小胞膜結合物質を含む、キット。
- キレート剤をさらに含む、請求項17に記載のキット。
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WO2023074541A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-05-04 | 国立研究開発法人医薬基盤・健康・栄養研究所 | 組織特異的な細胞外小胞マーカーの選定方法、組織特異的マーカー、及びその精製方法 |
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