WO2020015051A1 - 一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2020015051A1
WO2020015051A1 PCT/CN2018/102238 CN2018102238W WO2020015051A1 WO 2020015051 A1 WO2020015051 A1 WO 2020015051A1 CN 2018102238 W CN2018102238 W CN 2018102238W WO 2020015051 A1 WO2020015051 A1 WO 2020015051A1
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mold
pdms
photonic crystal
dimensional
assembly
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PCT/CN2018/102238
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English (en)
French (fr)
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王清
张睿
郑旭
王宁
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山东科技大学
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Priority to US16/475,866 priority Critical patent/US11161276B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/30—Mounting, exchanging or centering
    • B29C33/305—Mounting of moulds or mould support plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/44—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor with means for, or specially constructed to facilitate, the removal of articles, e.g. of undercut articles
    • B29C33/442—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor with means for, or specially constructed to facilitate, the removal of articles, e.g. of undercut articles with mechanical ejector or drive means therefor
    • B29C33/444—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor with means for, or specially constructed to facilitate, the removal of articles, e.g. of undercut articles with mechanical ejector or drive means therefor for stripping articles from a mould core, e.g. using stripper plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/70—Maintenance
    • B29C33/72—Cleaning
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/003—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/02—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/22—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/22—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C39/36—Removing moulded articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C41/00—Shaping by coating a mould, core or other substrate, i.e. by depositing material and stripping-off the shaped article; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C41/34—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C41/38—Moulds, cores or other substrates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/16—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. optical strain gauge
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
    • G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B29C33/38—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor characterised by the material or the manufacturing process
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/0074—Production of other optical elements not provided for in B29D11/00009- B29D11/0073
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2083/00—Use of polymers having silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only, in the main chain, as moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2011/00—Optical elements, e.g. lenses, prisms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of preparation and application of structural health monitoring materials, and particularly relates to a method for simply and quickly preparing a flexible deformable photonic crystal material by using a nano-molding technology.
  • bionic self-monitoring materials that use biosensing to monitor damage have attracted widespread attention from researchers. Organisms send damage warning signals through skin bruises or wound bleeding. Similarly, engineering structures can "perceive" the location and extent of the damage by changing the color of the material.
  • the methods for preparing bionic self-monitoring materials mainly include the embedded micro-reservoir method and the synthetic force-chromic material method.
  • the first method uses microcapsules, hollow fibers or microchannels to wrap the dye and embed the reservoir in the material, or the reservoir is made into a damage report coating and coated on the surface of the material. After the liquid container ruptures with the material, the wrapped dye will penetrate into the cracks and voids of the material, thereby showing the location of the material damage.
  • This method simulates the bruising or bleeding effect of the organism at the damage, and visualizes the material's micro-damage to the naked eye.
  • the liquid released from the reservoir to the damage site will cause voids in the material, resulting in a decrease in the mechanical strength of the material; The liquid container cannot be restored after rupture, and the effect of self-reporting damage can only occur once in a specific part of the material.
  • the second method is to synthesize materials with force-chromic properties, and use functional groups, additives, or biological macromolecules to make the materials change their appearance color in response to mechanical deformation.
  • This method can not only identify the location of the damage, but also judge the extent of the damage based on the color of the material, and understand the evolution process of the material damage.
  • the process of synthesizing force-induced color-changing materials is complicated and the preparation cycle is long.
  • the colors with indicating function in the above two methods are all chemical colors, which are unstable in nature, easy to fade, easily affected by the external environment, and cause pollution to the environment.
  • the existing methods have the following technical problems: (1) the process is complicated and the preparation cycle is long; (2) the strength of the parent material is reduced; (3) the self-monitoring effect is limited; (4) the chemical color of the material is unstable and easy to fade ,polluted environment.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a flexible deformable photonic crystal material for structural health monitoring.
  • a method for preparing a flexible deformable photonic crystal material for structural health monitoring includes the following steps:
  • the grating structure is placed in a clean petri dish with the side facing up, and it is ready for use;
  • a three-dimensional mold is printed using a 3D printing device.
  • the three-dimensional mold includes an upper mold and a lower mold.
  • the upper mold is a hollow square frame structure.
  • the lower mold includes a rectangular bottom plate, and a first strip protrusion is provided on the rectangular bottom plate.
  • second stripe protrusions, the first stripe protrusions and the second stripe protrusions are arranged along the width direction of the rectangular bottom plate, and the height is equal, the rectangular bottom plate, the first stripe protrusion, and the second stripe protrusion Is a one-piece design; the height of the frame of the square frame is higher than the height of the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion;
  • the cleaned upper mold, lower mold, and grating master template are taken out for use; then, the grating master template is installed between the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion of the lower mold; finally, the upper mold The mold is stuck on the outside of the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion of the lower mold, and the upper mold and the lower mold are fixed together to obtain an assembly mold for use.
  • the top surface of the grating master template is higher than the lower surface.
  • the height of the top surface of the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion of the mold is lower than the height of the top surface of the upper mold;
  • the method of casting PDMS into the assembly mold is used to replicate the one-dimensional grating structure on the surface of the grating master template to obtain a PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film.
  • the molding process mainly includes the following three steps:
  • c13 Place the assembly mold on a horizontal test bench, and use a pipette to pour a certain volume of PDMS on the surface of the grating master template.
  • PDMS can fully fill the grooves of the assembly mold and the grating with its good fluidity.
  • On the surface of the master template let the whole stand for 15 minutes, and observe that PDMS forms a uniform and flat surface to be cured;
  • the film was peeled from the mold to obtain a PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film with a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure on the middle surface and a convex structure at both ends.
  • the PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film was a flexible deformable photonic crystal material.
  • a grating mother template with a photonic crystal structure is used as a mother body
  • PDMS is used as a main body of the photonic crystal material
  • a method of pouring a PDMS into a self-designed assembly mold is used to duplicate the one-dimensional grating structure on the surface of the grating mother template to obtain one-dimensional PDMS
  • the photonic crystal thin film that is, the flexible and deformable photonic crystal material method, has the advantages of simple and easy operation, greatly shortening the preparation cycle of the electrochromic material, and reducing the preparation cost.
  • the prepared PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film is an independent self-monitoring system, does not reduce the strength of the parent material, is not limited by time, and has a repeatable self-monitoring effect.
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • Oxane but using its soft dielectric properties, that is, PDMS as a secondary template for transferring the photonic crystal structure on the quartz master template, it does not take into account the effects of refractive index and microstructure on the structure color effect .
  • the PDMS photonic crystal thin film of the present invention is a photonic crystal thin film of a single material that has a force-chromic function after comprehensively considering the refractive index of the material and the microscopic zigzag structure of the photonic crystal.
  • the PDMS material is suitable for preparing a photonic crystal thin film of a single material having a force-chromic function because of its refractive index and other characteristics, which have not been disclosed in the prior art.
  • the three-dimensional mold used is also designed by itself. After PDMS casting, PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal with one-dimensional photonic crystal structure on the middle surface and convex structures at both ends can be obtained.
  • the film has a convex structure integrally formed at both ends, which is convenient for the PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film to be clamped and fixed during structural health monitoring.
  • the invention also selects the preparation conditions of PDMS, the thermal curing molding conditions of PDMS, etc., such as controlling the sealing and drying vacuum time, thermal curing temperature and time, etc. .
  • a circular hole for assisting demolding is provided in the center of the rectangular bottom plate of the lower mold and between the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion, so as to facilitate the PDMS one-dimensional photon after molding.
  • the crystalline film is removed from the three-dimensional mold, and damage to the PDMS film is avoided as much as possible.
  • step c12 the stirring time of the defoaming mixer is 2 minutes, specifically, 1 minute forward rotation and 1 minute reverse rotation. This can further ensure that the two components of PDMS, A and B, are fully mixed and uniformly, and excess air bubbles in PDMS can be fully removed.
  • the present invention may also provide another method for preparing a flexible deformable photonic crystal material for structural health monitoring.
  • the preparation steps of the method are basically the same as above, the difference is that the prepolymer A and the crosslinker B of PDMS are Pour a 10: 1 weight ratio into a plastic beaker and mix.
  • PDMS photonic crystal films with different grating structure directions By comparing the elastic modulus of photonic crystal films with different grating structure directions, it can be seen that PDMS photonic crystal films with lateral gratings are more flexible than PDMS photonic crystal films with vertical gratings.
  • PDMS photonic crystal films with different PDMS mixing ratios By comparing the elastic modulus of photonic crystal films with different PDMS mixing ratios, it can be seen that PDMS photonic crystal films with a mixing ratio of 20: 1 are more flexible than PDMS photonic crystal films with a mixing ratio of 10: 1.
  • the invention also provides a flexible deformable photonic crystal material for structural health monitoring.
  • the photonic crystal material is processed by PDMS and includes a flat film. Two ends of the flat film are provided with protrusions for convenient clamping and fixing. Then, a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure is arranged in the middle of the surface of the flat film, which can be specifically obtained by using the above preparation method.
  • the flexible deformable photonic crystal material can be used in the fields of sensing and detection, and is particularly suitable for structural health monitoring in the fields of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, disaster prevention and mitigation engineering, and protection engineering. It can realize intelligent sensing, disaster detection and visualization. monitor.
  • a mother template with a photonic crystal structure is used to prepare a force-chromic photonic crystal thin film.
  • the process is simple and easy to operate, which greatly shortens the preparation cycle of the force-chromic material and reduces the manufacturing cost.
  • the electrochromic photonic crystal film prepared by nano-molding technology is an independent self-monitoring system, which will not reduce the strength of the parent material.
  • photochromic properties of photonic crystal films prepared by nano-molding technology are not limited by time, and have repeatable self-monitoring effects.
  • the display color of force-chromic photonic crystal thin film prepared by nano-molding technology belongs to structural color, which is more stable, non-fading, and environmentally friendly than traditional processes such as embedded micro-reservoir method and synthetic force-chromic material method. Moreover, the preparation method is simpler, the repeatability is better, and the manufacturing accuracy is higher.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the upper mold structure of a three-dimensional mold in the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a lower mold structure of a three-dimensional mold in the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an exploded schematic view of an assembly mold in the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 shows the theoretically calculated peak wavelength-tensile strain linear graph and the actual measured peak wavelength for a PDMS photonic crystal film with a 20: 1 mix ratio when the tensile strain increases parallel to the photonic crystal structure direction. —Linear drawing of tensile strain.
  • the invention provides a photonic crystal material with self-monitoring function prepared by nano-molding technology, which is used to realize a simple process, short preparation cycle, does not affect the strength of the parent material, has a stable self-monitoring effect, and is environmentally friendly and does not fade.
  • Preparation of photochromic crystals adopts a rigid template with a nano-scale pattern as a mother template, an assembly model prepared by 3D printing as a mold, adopts an elastic polymer that responds to force as a molding material, and transfers the pattern on the mother template to the molding material through nano-molding technology.
  • the nano-scale periodic structure is obtained in the process, and then the demographically obtained photochromic crystal with a clamping structure at both ends and a bionic self-monitoring function is obtained.
  • the force-chromic photonic crystal changes the lattice constant under the effect of external force, which causes the color of the prepared film pattern to change responsively.
  • This photonic crystal can not only provide color changes that can be distinguished by the naked eye, but also realize intelligent display caused by external force changes, making it have broad application prospects in the fields of sensing and detection, especially suitable for geotechnical engineering, structures Structural health monitoring in engineering, disaster prevention and mitigation engineering, and protection engineering can realize intelligent sensing, disaster detection, and visual monitoring.
  • the invention uses nano-molding technology to prepare a force-chromic photonic crystal with a bionic self-monitoring function.
  • the specific steps are as follows:
  • the grating master template can show different structural colors, and each structural color has high purity, high brightness, and good color rendering quality.
  • a 3D printing device is used to print and mold a pre-designed three-dimensional mold model.
  • the printed three-dimensional mold includes an upper mold 1 and a lower mold 2.
  • the upper mold 1 has a hollow square frame structure
  • the lower mold 2 includes a rectangular base plate 201.
  • a first strip protrusion 202 and a second strip protrusion 203 are provided on the rectangular bottom plate 201, and the first strip protrusion 202 and the second strip protrusion 203 are both arranged along the width direction of the rectangular bottom plate and have a height Equally, the rectangular base plate 201 and the first strip-shaped protrusion 202 and the second strip-shaped protrusion 203 are integrated design.
  • the height of the frame of the square frame is higher than the height of the first strip-shaped protrusions and the second strip-shaped protrusions.
  • a circular hole 204 is provided at the center of the rectangular bottom plate of the lower mold and is located between the first strip-shaped protrusion and the second strip-shaped protrusion.
  • the cleaned upper mold, lower mold, and grating master template are taken out for use; then, the grating master template is installed between the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion of the lower mold; finally, the upper mold The mold is clamped on the outside of the first strip protrusion and the second strip protrusion of the lower mold, and the upper mold and the lower mold are fixed together to obtain an assembly mold for use.
  • the top surface height of the grating mother template is higher than the top surface heights of the first and second stripe protrusions of the lower mold, and lower than the top surface height of the upper mold.
  • the method of casting PDMS into the assembly mold is used to copy the one-dimensional grating structure on the surface of the grating master template, that is, the one-dimensional photonic crystal structure, to obtain a PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film.
  • the molding process mainly includes the following three steps:
  • PDMS includes two components: prepolymer A and crosslinker B (prepolymer A and crosslinker B can be purchased directly from the market and then formulated in proportion), the components of prepolymer A are mainly poly ( dimethyl-methylvinylsiloxane) prepolymer, and a trace amount of platinum catalyst.
  • the component of crosslinker B is a prepolymer with a vinyl side chain and a crosslinker poly (dimethyl-methylhydrogenosiloxane). By mixing the two, the vinyl group can undergo a hydrosilylation reaction with a silicon-hydrogen bond, thereby forming a three-dimensional network structure.
  • the mechanical properties of PDMS can be controlled.
  • the entire PDMS film was peeled from the mold with tweezers to obtain a PDMS one-dimensional photonic crystal film with a one-dimensional photonic crystal structure on the middle surface and a convex structure at both ends, that is, a flexible deformable photonic crystal material.

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  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：光栅母模板（3）的清洗；模具的制备和组装：采用3D打印设备打印出三维模具，三维模具包括上模（1）和下模（2），将光栅母模板（3）安装在三维模具上，得到组装模具；采用向组装模具中浇注PDMS的方法复制光栅母模板表面的一维光栅结构，得到PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜；最后脱模，得到中间表面带有一维光子晶体结构、两端带有凸起结构的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜即为柔性可变形光子晶体材料。采用具有光子晶体结构的母模板制备力致变色光子晶体薄膜，工艺简单易操作，大幅度缩短力致变色材料的制备周期，降低制备成本。

Description

一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法 技术领域
本发明属于结构健康监测材料的制备及应用技术领域，尤其涉及利用纳米成型技术简单快速地制备柔性可变形光子晶体材料的方法。
背景技术
受自然界生物体的启发，采用生物感知的方式监测损伤的自我监测材料引起研究人员的广泛关注。生物体通过皮肤瘀伤或伤口出血的方式发出损伤警告信号，类似地，工程结构可以通过材料颜色的改变“感知”损伤出现的位置和程度。目前制备仿生自我监测材料的方法主要有包埋微型储液器法和合成力致变色材料法。
第一种方法采用微胶囊、中空纤维或微通道等储液器包裹染料并将储液器埋入材料中，或将储液器制成损伤报告涂层涂覆于材料表面，当这些微型储液器随材料破裂后，被包裹的染料会渗入材料的裂缝和空隙中，从而显示材料损伤的位置。该方法模拟了生物体在损伤处的瘀伤或流血效应，使材料微损伤肉眼可视化，但是，从储液器释放到损伤部位的液体会使材料产生空隙，导致材料的机械强度降低；由于储液器破裂后无法还原，自我报告损伤的效果只能在材料的特定部位发生一次。
第二种方法是合成具有力致变色特性的材料，采用官能团、添加剂或生物大分子等使材料响应于力学变形而改变其外观颜色。该方法不仅能识别损伤的位置，还能根据材料颜色判断损伤的程度，理解材料损伤的演化过程，但是，合成力致变色材料的过程复杂，制备周期长。而且，以上两种方法中具有指示功能的颜色都属于化学色，性质不稳定，易褪色，易受外界环境影响，会对环境造成污染。
总结来说，现有方法存在以下技术问题：(1)工艺复杂，制备周期长；(2)降低母体材料强度；(3)自我监测效果受限；(4)材料化学色不稳定，易褪色，污染环境。
发明内容
基于上述技术问题，本发明提供一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法。
本发明所采用的技术解决方案是：
一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
a光栅母模板的清洗
将光栅母模板从保护器皿中取出，先用无水乙醇对光栅母模板的表面进行清洗，再用纯水对其表面进行清洗，最后用氮气将光栅母模板的表面吹干，将光栅母模板的光栅结构面向 上放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用；
b模具的制备和组装
b1模具的制备和清洗
采用3D打印设备打印出三维模具，该三维模具包括上模和下模，所述上模为中空的方形框架结构，所述下模包括长方形底板，在长方形底板上设置有第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起，第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起均沿长方形底板的宽度方向设置，且高度相等，长方形底板和第一条形凸起、第二条形凸起为一体式设计；所述方形框架的边框高度高于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的高度；
进行模具组装前，先用无水乙醇分别对模具的上模、下模两部分进行彻底清洗，然后用氮气将模具的上模、下模两部分吹干，将其放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用；
b2模具和光栅母模板的组装
首先，将已经清洗干净的上模、下模和光栅母模板取出待用；然后，将光栅母模板安装在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间；最后，将上模卡在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起外侧，上模和下模固定在一起，得到组装模具，待用；组装模具中，光栅母模板的顶面高度高于下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的顶面高度，且低于上模的顶面高度；
c PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的成型
采用向组装模具中浇注PDMS的方法复制光栅母模板表面的一维光栅结构，得到PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，其成型过程主要包括以下三个步骤：
c1 PDMS的配制和浇筑
c11将PDMS的预聚物A和交联剂B按照20∶1的重量配比倒入塑料烧杯中；
c12将盛有PDMS的塑料烧杯置于除泡搅拌机中搅拌，混合均匀并除去PDMS中多余的气泡；
c13将组装模具平放在水平试验台上，采用移液枪将一定体积的PDMS浇注在光栅母模板表面，PDMS凭借其自身良好的流动性，能够充分地填充于组装模具的凹槽中以及光栅母模板的表面，将整体静置15分钟，观察到PDMS形成均匀、平整的表面，待固化；
c2 PDMS的热固化成型
c21将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在真空干燥器中，密封好后抽真空15分钟，除去PDMS中因流动产生的气泡，然后将组装模具取出；
c22再将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在鼓风干燥箱中，在80℃中进行热固化20分钟，然后将组装模具取出并冷却10分钟，待脱模；
d PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的脱模
首先，采用尖头镊子或刀片将固化成型的PDMS薄膜从模具的四周侧壁上轻轻剥离；然后，将模具的上模、下模两部分结构拆分开；最后，用镊子将整块PDMS薄膜从模具上剥离下来，得到中间表面带有一维光子晶体结构、两端带有凸起结构的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，该PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜即为柔性可变形光子晶体材料。
本发明采用具有光子晶体结构的光栅母模板作为母体，采用PDMS作为光子晶体材料的主体，采用向自行设计的组装模具中浇注PDMS的方法复制光栅母模板表面的一维光栅结构，得到PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜即柔性可变形光子晶体材料的方法，具有工艺简单易操作，大幅度缩短力致变色材料的制备周期，降低制备成本等优点。所制得的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜是独立的自我监测体系，不会降低母体材料强度，不受时间限制，具有可重复的自我监测效果。
在此还需要说明的是，选用PDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)作为光子晶体材料的主体是本发明的其中一个主要创新点。在此次申请之前，发明人也提出过有关力响应性光子晶体材料的制备方法的一系列申请，但基本是采用多步转印的繁琐步骤，其中虽也采用了PDMS(聚二甲基硅氧烷)，但利用的是其柔软的介质特性，即将PDMS作为二次模板，用于转印石英母模板上的光子晶体结构，其并没有综合考虑折射率和微观结构对结构色效应的影响。本发明中的PDMS光子晶体薄膜是综合考虑了材料折射率和光子晶体微观锯齿形结构之后，得到的本身就具有力致变色功能的单一材料的光子晶体薄膜。而PDMS材料因其折射率等特性适于制备本身就具有力致变色功能的单一材料的光子晶体薄膜在现有技术中并未有揭示。
另外，在制备PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜时，所采用的三维模具也为自行设计，PDMS浇筑成型后可得到中间表面带有一维光子晶体结构、两端带有凸起结构的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，其中两端一体成型的凸起结构便于PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜在进行结构健康监测时夹持固定。
本发明为了确保所制备PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的精度及监测效果，还对PDMS的配制条件，PDMS的热固化成型条件等进行选择，如控制密封干燥抽真空时间，热固化温度及时间等等。
作为对本发明的进一步优选，在下模的长方形底板中心且位于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间设置有用于辅助脱模的圆孔，以更加方便成型后的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜从三维模具上脱下来，且尽可能避免对PDMS薄膜造成破坏。
作为对本发明的进一步优选，步骤c12中：除泡搅拌机搅拌时间为2分钟，具体是先正转1分钟，再反转1分钟。这样可进一步保证PDMS的A、B两种组分充分混合均匀的同时，能够充分除去PDMS中多余的气泡。
本发明还可提供另一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，该方 法的制备步骤基本同上，区别之处在于：将PDMS的预聚物A和交联剂B按照10∶1的重量配比倒入塑料烧杯中混匀。
通过对比具有不同光栅结构方向的光子晶体薄膜的弹性模量可知，具有横向光栅的PDMS光子晶体薄膜比具有竖向光栅的PDMS光子晶体薄膜的柔性更大。通过对比具有不同PDMS配合比的光子晶体薄膜的弹性模量可知，配合比20:1的PDMS光子晶体薄膜比配合比10:1的PDMS光子晶体薄膜的柔性更大。
本发明还提供了一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料，该光子晶体材料是由PDMS加工制成的，包括平面薄膜，在平面薄膜的两端设置有方便夹持固定的凸起，在平面薄膜的表面中间设置有一维光子晶体结构，具体可采用上述制备方法制得。
该柔性可变形光子晶体材料可用于传感、检测等领域，尤其适用于岩土工程、结构工程、防灾减灾工程及防护工程等领域的结构健康监测，可以实现智能传感、灾害检测和可视化监控。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益技术效果是：
1.采用具有光子晶体结构的母模板制备力致变色光子晶体薄膜，工艺简单易操作，大幅度缩短力致变色材料的制备周期，降低制备成本。
2.采用纳米成型技术制备的力致变色光子晶体薄膜是独立的自我监测体系，不会降低母体材料强度。
3.采用纳米成型技术制备的光子晶体薄膜的力致变色特性不受时间限制，具有可重复的自我监测效果。
4.采用纳米成型技术制备的力致变色光子晶体薄膜的显示色属于结构色，较包埋微型储液器法和合成力致变色材料法等传统工艺，其颜色稳定、不褪色、绿色环保，且制备方法更加简单，可重复性更好，制造精度更高。
附图说明
下面结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明作进一步说明：
图1为本发明中三维模具的上模结构示意图；
图2为本发明中三维模具的下模结构示意图；
图3为本发明中组装模具的分解示意图；
图4示出平行于光子晶体结构方向的拉伸应变增大时，对于配合比为20:1的PDMS光子晶体薄膜，理论计算得到的峰值波长—拉伸应变直线图和实际测量得到的峰值波长—拉伸应变直线图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种纳米成型技术制备的具有自我监测功能的光子晶体材料，用于实现一种工艺简单、制备周期短、不影响母体材料强度、具有稳定自我监测效果且绿色环保、不褪色的力致变色光子晶体的制备。本发明采用具有纳米级图案的刚性模板作为母模板，采用3D打印制备的组装模型作为模具，采用对力响应的弹性聚合物为成型材料，通过纳米成型技术将母模板上的图案转移到成型材料中获得纳米级周期结构，再经脱模获得两端带有夹持结构的、具有仿生自我监测功能的力致变色光子晶体。
力致变色光子晶体在外界力作用下会发生晶格常数的变化，导致所制备膜图案的色彩发生响应性变化。这种光子晶体既可以提供人的裸眼可以分辨的颜色变化，又可以实现外界力变化引起的智能显示，使其在传感、检测等领域有着广阔的应用前景，尤其适用于岩土工程、结构工程、防灾减灾工程及防护工程等领域的结构健康监测，可以实现智能传感、灾害检测和可视化监控。
本发明利用纳米成型技术制备具有仿生自我监测功能的力致变色光子晶体，具体步骤如下：
1.光栅母模板的清洗
将光栅母模板从保护器皿中取出，先用无水乙醇对母模板的表面进行反复清洗，再用超纯水对其表面进行清洗，最后用氮气将母模板的表面吹干，光栅结构面向上放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用。
在不同的观察角度下，光栅母模板能够呈现出不同的结构色，而且每种结构色的纯净度高，亮度大，显色质量好。
2.模具的制备和组装
2.1模具的制备和清洗
采用3D打印设备将预先设计好的三维模具模型打印成型，打印成型的三维模具包括上模1和下模2，所述上模1为中空的方形框架结构，所述下模2包括长方形底板201，在长方形底板201上设置有第一条形凸起202和第二条形凸起203，第一条形凸起202和第二条形凸起203均沿长方形底板的宽度方向设置，且高度相等，长方形底板201和第一条形凸起202、第二条形凸起203为一体式设计。所述方形框架的边框高度高于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的高度。在下模的长方形底板中心且位于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间设置有用于辅助脱模的圆孔204。使用时要将它们组装在一起，并将光栅母模板3固定在中间。下模(模具下半部分)中心的圆孔能够起到辅助脱模的作用，两侧的凸起结构(第一条形凸起202和第二条形凸起203)能够起到固定光栅母模板和上模的作用。
进行模具组装前，先用无水乙醇分别对模具的上模、下模两部分进行彻底清洗，然后用 氮气将模具的上模、下模两部分吹干，将其放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用。
2.2模具和光栅母模板的组装
首先，将已经清洗干净的上模、下模和光栅母模板取出待用；然后，将光栅母模板安装在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间；最后，将上模卡在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起外侧，上模和下模固定在一起，得到组装模具，待用。组装模具中，光栅母模板的顶面高度高于下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的顶面高度，且低于上模的顶面高度。
3.PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的成型
采用向组装模具中浇注PDMS的方法复制光栅母模板表面的一维光栅结构，即一维光子晶体结构，得到PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，其成型过程主要包括以下三个步骤：
3.1PDMS的配制和浇注
(1)先将塑料烧杯置于电子天平上，再将电子天平的显示屏归零，然后将PDMS的预聚物(A)和交联剂(B)按照10:1(或20:1)的重量配合比倒入塑料烧杯中。
(2)将盛有PDMS的塑料烧杯置于除泡搅拌机中搅拌2分钟，其中，正转1分钟，倒转1分钟，目的是在保证PDMS的A、B两种组分充分混合均匀的同时，能够除去PDMS中多余的气泡。
(3)将组装模具平放在水平试验台上，采用移液枪将一定体积的PDMS浇注在光栅母模板表面，PDMS凭借其自身良好的流动性，能够充分地填充于组装模具的凹槽中以及光栅母模板的表面，将整体静置15分钟，可以观察到PDMS形成均匀、平整的表面，待固化。
PDMS包括两个组分：预聚物A和交联剂B(预聚物A和交联剂B可从市场上直接购买得到，然后按比例配制)，预聚物A的成分主要是poly(dimethyl-methylvinylsiloxane)预聚物，还有微量铂催化剂，交联剂B的成分是带乙烯基侧链的预聚物及交联剂poly(dimethyl-methylhydrogenosiloxane)。通过混合两者，乙烯基可与硅氢键发生氢化硅烷化反应，从而形成三维网络结构。通过控制预聚物A和交联剂B的组分比例，可以控制PDMS的力学性能。
3.2PDMS的热固化成型
(1)将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在真空干燥器中，密封好后抽真空15分钟，除去PDMS中因流动产生的气泡，然后将组装模具取出；
(2)将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在鼓风干燥箱中，在80℃中进行热固化20分钟，然后将组装模具取出并冷却10分钟，待脱模。
4.PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的脱模
4.1首先，采用尖头镊子或刀片将固化成型PDMS薄膜从模具的四周侧壁上轻轻剥离；
4.2然后，将模具的上模、下模两部分结构拆分开，需要注意的是，在拆模具的过程中要避免破坏PDMS薄膜；
4.3最后，用镊子将整块PDMS薄膜从模具上剥离下来，得到中间表面带有一维光子晶体结构、两端带有凸起结构的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，即柔性可变形光子晶体材料。
对PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的力致变色特性进行实验，发现：平行于光子晶体结构方向的拉伸应变每增大5％时，配合比为20:1的PDMS光子晶体薄膜的结构色变化过程如下：
拉伸应变逐渐增大的过程中，光子晶体薄膜的结构色由红色逐渐向橙、黄、绿、青色过渡，最终变为蓝色，且蓝色对应的拉伸应变的范围最大，其次是绿色，橙色最小，且差异明显；在结构色蓝移过程中，当拉伸应变超过20％后，出现了比较明显的结构色分布不均匀的现象，具体表现为薄膜中间部分的结构色比周围的结构色更趋向于蓝色，且对比不鲜明；薄膜的上端和下端均有少量的红色分布。
平行于光子晶体结构方向的拉伸应变增大时，对于配合比为20:1的PDMS光子晶体薄膜，理论计算得到的峰值波长—拉伸应变直线图和实际测量得到的峰值波长—拉伸应变直线图如图7所示。对比图中的理论直线和拟合直线，发现两者比较相似，证明了实验结果的合理性和适用性，为光子晶体薄膜应用于可视化应变传感奠定了基础。

Claims (3)

  1. 一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，其特征在于包括以下步骤：
    a光栅母模板的清洗
    将光栅母模板从保护器皿中取出，先用无水乙醇对光栅母模板的表面进行清洗，再用纯水对其表面进行清洗，最后用氮气将光栅母模板的表面吹干，将光栅母模板的光栅结构面向上放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用；
    b模具的制备和组装
    b1模具的制备和清洗
    采用3D打印设备打印出三维模具，该三维模具包括上模和下模，所述上模为中空的方形框架结构，所述下模包括长方形底板，在长方形底板上设置有第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起，第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起均沿长方形底板的宽度方向设置，且高度相等，长方形底板和第一条形凸起、第二条形凸起为一体式设计；所述方形框架的边框高度高于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的高度；
    进行模具组装前，先用无水乙醇分别对模具的上模、下模两部分进行彻底清洗，然后用氮气将模具的上模、下模两部分吹干，将其放置于洁净的培养皿中，待用；
    b2模具和光栅母模板的组装
    首先，将已经清洗干净的上模、下模和光栅母模板取出待用；然后，将光栅母模板安装在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间；最后，将上模卡在下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起外侧，上模和下模固定在一起，得到组装模具，待用；组装模具中，光栅母模板的顶面高度高于下模的第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起的顶面高度，且低于上模的顶面高度；
    c PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的成型
    采用向组装模具中浇注PDMS的方法复制光栅母模板表面的一维光栅结构，得到PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，其成型过程主要包括以下三个步骤：
    c1 PDMS的配制和浇筑
    c11将PDMS的预聚物A和交联剂B按照20∶1的重量配比倒入塑料烧杯中；
    c12将盛有PDMS的塑料烧杯置于除泡搅拌机中搅拌，混合均匀并除去PDMS中多余的气泡；
    c13将组装模具平放在水平试验台上，采用移液枪将一定体积的PDMS浇注在光栅母模板表面，PDMS凭借其自身良好的流动性，能够充分地填充于组装模具的凹槽中以及光栅母模板的表面，将整体静置15分钟，观察到PDMS形成均匀、平整的表面，待固化；
    c2 PDMS的热固化成型
    c21将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在真空干燥器中，密封好后抽真空15分钟，除去PDMS 中因流动产生的气泡，然后将组装模具取出；
    c22再将浇注有PDMS的组装模具平放在鼓风干燥箱中，在80℃中进行热固化20分钟，然后将组装模具取出并冷却10分钟，待脱模；
    d PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜的脱模
    首先，采用尖头镊子或刀片将固化成型的PDMS薄膜从模具的四周侧壁上轻轻剥离；然后，将模具的上模、下模两部分结构拆分开；最后，用镊子将整块PDMS薄膜从模具上剥离下来，得到中间表面带有一维光子晶体结构、两端带有凸起结构的PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜，该PDMS一维光子晶体薄膜即为柔性可变形光子晶体材料。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，其特征在于：在下模的长方形底板中心且位于第一条形凸起和第二条形凸起之间设置有用于辅助脱模的圆孔。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种用于结构健康监测的柔性可变形光子晶体材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤c12中：除泡搅拌机搅拌时间为2分钟，其中，正转1分钟，反转1分钟。
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