Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
  • C12N9/0006—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on CH-OH groups as donors (1.1)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/0004—Oxidoreductases (1.)
  • C12N9/001—Oxidoreductases (1.) acting on the CH-CH group of donors (1.3)
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
  • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
  • H01M4/9008—Organic or organo-metallic compounds
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
  • H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
  • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
  • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
  • H01M50/491—Porosity
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
  • H01M8/04216—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes characterised by the choice for a specific material, e.g. carbon, hydride, absorbent
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
  • H01M8/04858—Electric variables
  • H01M8/04895—Current
  • H01M8/04902—Current of the individual fuel cell
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
  • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
  • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
  • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
  • H01M8/1025—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Y—ENZYMES
  • C12Y101/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1)
  • C12Y101/03—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1) with a oxygen as acceptor (1.1.3)
  • C12Y101/03004—Glucose oxidase (1.1.3.4)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Y—ENZYMES
  • C12Y101/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1)
  • C12Y101/05—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-OH group of donors (1.1) with a quinone or similar compound as acceptor (1.1.5)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Y—ENZYMES
  • C12Y103/00—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-CH group of donors (1.3)
  • C12Y103/03—Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-CH group of donors (1.3) with oxygen as acceptor (1.3.3)
  • C12Y103/03005—Bilirubin oxidase (1.3.3.5)
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• a cathode consisting of a solid agglomerate comprising a conductive material mixed with a second enzyme capable of catalyzing the reduction of the oxidant
• the carbon nanotubes have a ratio length (L) on a diameter denoted L / diameter of between 100 and 5000.
• the carbon nanotubes have a length of approximately 1.5 ⁇ m and for example a diameter of approximately 10 nm.
• the biofuel chosen is glucose, because of the high availability of this compound and its low impact on the environment.
• the structure of the biopile according to the invention can be adapted to substrates other than glucose insofar as the associated enzyme compounds are also suitable.
• the oxidant of the biopie may advantageously be molecular oxygen, and in particular oxygen contained in the air.
• the biopia according to the invention also comprises switching means which generally incorporates an electrically conductive material.
• These means can be in the form of layers, tabs or son.
• Such a layer, tongue or wire advantageously has a small thickness, a high thermal and / or electrical conductivity and may comprise, or be (substantially) made of highly oriented graphite.
• a sheet, or a tab, pyrolytic graphite sheet pyrolytic graphite sheet. Its thickness may be chosen as ranging from 10 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably from 17 to 300 ⁇ m, and advantageously from 40 to 100 ⁇ m. It may be selected from the group consisting of thicknesses of 10, 17, 25, 40, 50, 70, and 100 ⁇ m.
• thermal conductivity in the longitudinal plane of the sheet
• This layer may also have an electrical conductivity greater than 5,000 S / cm, preferably greater than or equal to 8,000 S / cm, for example around 10,000 S / cm. However, it can have a higher conductivity, for example around 20,000 S / cm, especially if the thickness of the layer is less than 40 .mu.m.
• An object of the invention is also a method of manufacturing a biopile as described in the present application.
• This method comprises the use of an outer coating sheet as described and comprises the step of positioning on an inner face, preferably adhesive, of the outer coating means for switching on, at least one electrode (bioanode or biocathode) next to said switching means, the storage means and optionally the membrane.
• the outer coating sheet is dimensioned so that once the elements of the biopia positioned on the adhesive surface, a free surface is present on the periphery of these elements. This free surface is positioned and dimensioned to allow to join these elements together and to constitute the biopile.
• the invention also relates to a biopile as described in the present application and further comprising an aqueous liquid, said liquid optionally comprising a biofuel.
• the biofuel may already be present in the device in a dry and / or solid and / or non-solubilized form and / or able to migrate to the enzymatic sites.
• it may be incorporated in, or positioned near, fuel storage means.
• the biofuel thus present (for example sugar) is dissolved in the medium which allows the electrochemical exchanges to take place.
• the added liquid includes biocombustibility. This may be, for example, a physiological fluid such as blood, urine or saliva or an alcoholic beverage or glucose.
• Figure 13 shows the energy production by continuous discharge at 6 kW in pWh relative to time (minutes) and total glucose consumption for a glucose solution at 150 mM for the biopile of Example 4.
• Figures 2 and 3 show the polarization and power curves of GOx Biopiles ( Figure 2) and FAD-GDH ( Figure 3).
• the powers obtained in the case of FAD-GDH (0.38 mW) are greater than the powers obtained in the case of GOx (0 27 mW). This is because FAD-GDH is more active than GOx and does not generate H 2 0 2 as a co-product. Indeed, H 2 0 2 can increase the instability of the cell and inhibit the activity of the enzyme BOD at the cathode.
• a stack / stack of 3 cells with a biocathode / anode FAD-GOX / BOD is shown schematically (GDL tabs not shown) in Figure 3 and Figure 4. This stack was made by leaving only the outer tabs protrude so as to close the circuit. Once the cells juxtaposed, the stack was covered with an adhesive film of fiberglass cloth and PTFE in the same manner as the device of Example 1.
• Figure 8 shows the energy production by continuous discharge at 6 kW in pW.h over time (minutes) and total glucose consumption for 5mM and 150 mM glucose pads for the biopic of Example 3 (carbon black).
• FIG. 9 shows the energy production by continuous discharge at 6 k ⁇ in pWh relative to time (minutes) and total glucose consumption for glucose-soaked pads at 150 mM for the biopic of Example 3 (carbon black ) and that of Example 1 FAD-GDH / BOD on MWCNTs
• Fig. 10 includes a schematic diagram of the structure of a biopile 10 according to this particular example.
• This template is placed on a support consisting of an adhesive sheet of fiberglass and PTFE 11 or 1T 70 ⁇ m thick.
• a GDL tab 19 or 19 ' is positioned opposite the circular hole of the PTFE sheet 12 or 12' between the circular hole and the adhesive sheet 11 or 1T.
• This sheet 11 and 1T is not shown in the exploded view.
• a sufficient amount of each homogeneous bioanode or biocathode paste is positioned in the hole and is pressed directly onto the support by a press. This makes it possible to obtain pellets 1 cm in diameter and 0.25 mm thick. These in-situ formed support pellets can then be used as bioanodes and biocathodes.
• the adhesive sheet 1 T of the biocathode is pierced with 4 holes 14 of 2 mm in diameter to allow the diffusion of oxygen from the air to the biocathode.
• the adhesive coating sheet 11 or 1T is not shown in the exploded view of FIG. 10, the positions that the holes would adopt are indicated therein.
• the dimensions of the PTFE sheet serving as 12 or 12 'frame is approximately 20mm x 20mm.
• the outer support sheets 11 and 1 T which serve as protection are larger in size and allow contacting their adhesive surfaces opposite to join or join the elements of the device. Their adhesive faces being face to face, they can be joined to one another and secure the biopile on some of its sides.
• An example of this variant is the subject of a photograph framed in Figure 10.
• a GDL tab 19 is thus positioned facing the anode chip 15, and a GDL tab 19 'is also positioned facing the cathode chip 17.
• These two tongues 19 and 19' project relative to their respective support 12 and 12 '. They are positioned between the PTFE frame 12 or 12 'and the outer support sheet 11 or 1T. These tabs 19 and 19 'serve both current collector and support for the pellet associated therewith and allows to connect the device to an electrical receiver.
• the tongues 19 and 19 ' project on opposite sides of the device according to the invention whereas in the exploded view these tabs 19 and 19' are shown projecting on the same side. Both provisions are possible.
• a biopiie comprises a passage for glucose-based access of fuel to the pad 13.
• the glucose solution is added by injecting a solution of glucose in using a syringe.
• the anodic and cathodic pellets used are of the same type as those used for the device of Example 4.
• the series of electrochemical cells is made by the use of GDL tongues 29, 29 ', and 29 "positioned between the adhesive outer sheet 31 and the PTFE frame 32 and tongues 39 and 39' positioned between the outer sheet 3T adhesive and PTFE frames 32 '.
• the position of the tabs on the PTFE frame 32 is seen by transparency: the tabs are actually positioned behind the frame face represent. This is done to be able to appreciate the respective positioning of the tabs. Their relative position is better explained in the associated section view.
• a reservoir, or pad, 3mm thick and substantially the same size, or slightly lower, than that of the PTFE frames 32 and 32 ' is interposed between the two sheets carrying the PTFE frames 31 and 3T, the pellets 27, 35, 37, 25 and 45, 57, 55, 47, and bearing the tabs 29, 29 'and 29 ".
• This pad 23 is directly in contact with one face of the pellets 27, 35, 37, 25, 45, 57, 55 and 47.
• This pad is in thick blotter of the same type as that described previously in Example 4.

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• 2018
  • 2018-06-08 FR FR1855014A patent/FR3082359B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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