WO2019004288A1 - 非水系二次電池用の正極活物質、およびそれを用いた非水系二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質、およびそれを用いた非水系二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
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- C03C3/16—Silica-free oxide glass compositions containing phosphorus
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the technical field of secondary batteries, and more particularly to a novel positive electrode active material constituting a non-aqueous secondary battery and a secondary battery using the same.
- Non-aqueous secondary batteries As a secondary battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte, a non-aqueous secondary battery is representative.
- Non-aqueous secondary batteries have already been put to practical use as small power supplies such as mobile phones and notebook computers, and can be used as large power supplies such as power supplies for vehicles such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles and distributed power storage Yes, its demand is increasing.
- the positive electrode active material which consists of a fluoride or an oxide is used widely.
- iron fluoride FeF 3
- FeF 3 is an attractive material that can be expected to have a large capacity of 712 mAh / g in theoretical capacity, but polarization during charge and discharge is large, and there are problems with rate characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- Patent Document 1 As a conventional conversion positive electrode, a positive electrode active material using Li [Li 0.2 Mn 0.54 Ni 0.13 Co 0.13 ] O 2 and crystalline V 2 O 5 as raw materials is known (see Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- Patent Document 1 FIG. As shown in 3, it is shown that the optimum mixing ratio of crystalline V 2 O 5 is about 10 wt%.
- a positive electrode active material using FeF 3 and crystalline V 2 O 5 (15 wt%) as raw materials is also known (see Non-Patent Document 3), and FIG. As shown in 3 and 4, a grinding time of 3 hours has been shown to be optimal.
- Non-Patent Document 4 a positive electrode active material using LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 and crystalline V 2 O 5 as raw materials is also known (see Non-Patent Document 4). As shown in the charge and discharge efficiency result of 1, it is shown that the addition amount of crystalline V 2 O 5 is optimum at 10 wt% to 15 wt%. In addition, a positive electrode active material which uses LiF, Fe and crystalline V 2 O 5 (15 wt%) as raw materials is also known (see Non-Patent Document 5).
- the conventional conversion positive electrode active material for example, as shown in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 5 above, but that mixing the crystalline V 2 O 5 are known, of crystalline V 2 O 5 Since the charge / discharge operation shown by the charge / discharge curve is destabilized by the addition (for example, shown in FIG. 2 of Non-Patent Document 1), the addition amount of crystalline V 2 O 5 is as small as several wt% Although it is intended to optimize as a conversion positive electrode by keeping it in the low concentration range, both irreversible capacity and overpotential are still large, and cycle characteristics and rate characteristics are still low.
- the present invention has been proposed to solve the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material for an excellent non-aqueous secondary battery which exhibits cycle characteristics and rate characteristics higher than those of the prior art.
- the conversion positive electrode (mixed positive electrode) obtained by adding a certain type of amorphous metal oxide is a metal compound formed after the conversion reaction and / or after the reverse conversion reaction. It has been newly found that aggregation can be minimized, and furthermore, in addition to the reduction of over-voltage during charging, a large voltage drop during discharging can be mitigated, and the cycle characteristics and rate characteristics can be significantly improved. Furthermore, it has been found that by combining the positive electrode active material as the conversion positive electrode and various negative electrode active materials, it is possible to construct a non-aqueous secondary battery that exhibits excellent cycle characteristics and rate characteristics.
- a metal or metal compound containing the metal element M 1 exhibiting a conversion reaction and / or a reverse conversion reaction, and an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 (M 2 is V, Cr,
- M 2 is V, Cr
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery characterized in that it is composed of a metal element at least one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Mn, Ti, and Ni.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery comprising the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode.
- the schematic diagram which expanded the cross section of the positive electrode active material which concerns on this invention is shown.
- Method of preparing amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 constituting positive electrode active material according to the present invention (a), and positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass mixture according to the present invention) The preparation method (b) of positive electrode is shown.
- the schematic diagram of the non-aqueous secondary battery layer which concerns on this invention is shown.
- the XRD pattern result of the positive electrode active material which concerns on Example 1 of this invention is shown.
- Charge-discharge curve of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example (FeF 3) (a) and the cycle characteristics are shown a (b).
- XRD results (a) obtained after charge-discharge reaction of positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) (Fe: V 1: 1) according to Example 2 of the present invention, And the XRD result (b) obtained after charge-discharge reaction in positive electrode active material FeF 3 of a comparative example is shown.
- TEM-EDS analysis results after 1.0 V discharge of the positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) (Fe: V 1: 1) according to Example 2 of the present invention
- the results are shown in (a) and the results of TEM-EDS analysis (b) after 1.0 V discharge in the positive electrode active material FeF 3 of the comparative example.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention comprises a metal or metal compound containing metal element M 1 exhibiting conversion reaction and / or reverse conversion reaction, and an amorphous metal oxide of metal element M 2 (M 2 is V, Cr And at least one selected from the group consisting of Mo, Mn, Ti, and Ni).
- the conversion reaction indicates that a metal compound constituting the positive electrode chemically reacts with lithium ions by a discharge reaction, and the metal compound is reduced to change into a metal and a lithium compound. Further, the reverse conversion reaction means that the chemical reaction proceeds in the opposite direction to the discharge reaction by the charge reaction.
- the type is not particularly limited as long as it can cause reverse conversion reaction, but preferably, metal M 1 or metal compound M 1 aXb (where M 1 is Fe, Ti, Co, Bi, Mn and V) At least one selected metal element, and X is fluorine, oxygen, chlorine, PO 4 phosphate group, SO 4 sulfate group, SiO 4 silicate group, CO 3 carbonate group, or NO 3 nitrate group, a and b are integers).
- the metal M 1 is not particularly limited as long as it is an elemental metal composed of M 1 that is defined above, can be preferably used a metal iron (Fe).
- the metal compound M 1 aXb is not particularly limited, but preferably X is fluorine, that is, a fluorine compound M 1 F 3 can be used.
- X is fluorine
- FeF 3 , TiF 3 , CoF 3 , BiF 3 , MnF 3 or VF 3 Fe, Ti, Co, Bi, Mn, or V as M 1 ) can be used.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may be composed of, for example, any of FeF 3 , TiF 3 or VF 3 and an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2.
- it can be composed of FeF 3 and an amorphous metal oxide of metal element M 2 .
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention has a completely different configuration / characteristic from the conventional one.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention in the amorphous metal oxide glassy metal elements M 2, particles of metal containing said metal element M 1 (or metal compound) is dispersed It also has the feature of (see Example 2 described later).
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view enlarging a cross section of the positive electrode active material according to the present invention, as a view schematically showing the TEM-EDS analysis result obtained in Example 2 described later, particularly FIG. 14 (a).
- a plurality of positive electrode active materials 10 are present as particles constituting a positive electrode 100, and each of the particles is supported by a binder 20 such as a thermoplastic resin.
- Each of the positive electrode active materials 10 is composed of particles of a metal (or metal compound) 11 containing a metal element M 1 dispersed in an amorphous metal oxide 12 of a glassy metal element M 2. ing. That is, the particles of the metal (or metal compound) 11 containing the metal element M 1 in each particle of the positive electrode active material 10 are secondary particles in the amorphous metal oxide 12 of the glassy metal element M 2 . It is in the state of being dispersed.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention can also be carbon-coated using a carbon source such as acetylene black (AB).
- a carbon source such as acetylene black (AB).
- the positive electrode 100 is configured in a state where the periphery of each particle of the positive electrode active material 10 described above is coated with the carbon coat material 30.
- an amorphous metal oxide of such a metal element M 2 an amorphous body of V 2 O 5 , Cr 3 O 8 , MoO 3 , MnO 2 , TiO 2 or NiO (amorphous body of each of them) And a-V 2 O 5 , a-Cr 3 O 8 , a-MoO 3 , a-MnO 2 , a-TiO 2 or a-NiO), among which ease of handling can be mentioned. Therefore, it is preferable to use a-V 2 O 5 .
- amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 a metal oxide (V 2 O 5 , Cr 3 O 8 , MoO 3 ) to which a network former (such as 5 to 10 wt%) such as P 2 O 5 is added
- a network former such as 5 to 10 wt%
- the amorphous metal oxide a-V 2 O 5 it is preferably an amorphous metal oxide composed of V 2 O 5 and P 2 O 5 .
- the compounding ratio of P 2 O 5 in this case is not particularly limited, the molar ratio of P 2 O 5 to the whole of a-V 2 O 5 is preferably as smaller as possible, but the glassy form is more maintained It is preferable that it is 5% or more from the point of making it easy. More preferably, it is 5% or more and 10% or less, and can be, for example, 5% or 10%.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is an alkali metal salt AcXd (A is Li or Na, X is fluorine, oxygen, chlorine, PO 4 phosphate group, SO 4 sulfate group, SiO 4 silicate group , CO 3 carbonate group, or NO 3 nitrate group, and c and d are preferably integers), which can reduce the overvoltage and decrease the irreversible capacity, resulting in the discharge potential and rate characteristics. And cycle characteristics can be further improved.
- AcXd alkali metal salt AcXd
- Such an alkali metal salt AcXd is not particularly limited, but lithium salts such as LiF, Li 2 O and LiCl, and sodium salts such as NaF, Na 2 O and NaCl can be used, and more preferably LiF. Or, it is to use NaF, but also to use Li 3 PO 4 , PO 4 phosphate group, SO 4 sulfate group, SiO 4 silicate group, CO 3 carbonate group, or NO 3 nitrate group It is also possible to use lithium salts or sodium salts having.
- the positive electrode active material for example, it is composed of metal iron (Fe) as the metal M 1 and an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 and, further, an alkali metal Li 2 O, LiF, NaF or Li 3 PO 4 as salts AcXd can be included.
- the compounding molar ratio of the alkali metal salt AcXd to the whole of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably from the viewpoint of exhibiting a stable amorphous state, a reduction in overvoltage and a reduction in irreversible capacity in a balanced manner. Is 5% or more and 25% or less, more preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, for example, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15%.
- FeF 3 can be used as the metal compound M 1 aXb, and a-V 2 O 5 can be used as the amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 .
- the blending molar ratio of these substances is not particularly limited, but the molar ratio FeF 3 / a-V 2 O 5 is preferably 0.25 or more, more preferably 0.25 or more and 1 or less. .
- the molar ratio Fe / V is preferably 0.5 or more, preferably 0.5 or more and 4 or less, more preferably 0.5 or more and 2 or less, for example
- Fe / V can be set to a molar ratio of 1 (corresponding to 30 wt% in weight ratio).
- the weight ratio Fe / V is preferably 16 wt% or more, more preferably 16 wt% or more and 70 wt% or less, and can be, for example, 30 wt%.
- metal compound M 1 aXb it is also possible to use TiF 3 or VF 3 other than the above-mentioned FeF 3 .
- amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 in addition to the above a-V 2 O 5 , a-Cr 3 O 8 , a-MoO 3 , a-MnO 2 , a-TiO 2 can be used. It is also possible to use a-NiO.
- a mixture of metal M 1 and alkali metal salt AcXd may be used in addition to the above metal compound M 1 aXb, and as the positive electrode active material according to the present invention in this case, for example, a mixture of LiF and Fe, LiF and As a mixture of Ti or a mixture of LiF and V, and as an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 , a-V 2 O 5 , a-Cr 3 O 8 , a-MoO 3 , a-MnO 2 It is also possible to configure using a-TiO 2 or a-NiO.
- a metal or metal compound containing a metal element M 1 is a positive electrode active material of the material according to the present invention, the amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 (and optionally an alkali metal salt AcXd), when the mixture Use grinding and mixing. It does not specifically limit about the specific means used for grinding and mixing.
- a ball mill under dry condition for example, relative humidity 10% or less
- a planetary ball mill is used from the viewpoint that the raw materials can be sufficiently crushed and mixed among them.
- various means conventionally used for the purpose of pulverization and mixing of solid materials can be applied, and examples thereof include a vibration mill, a turbo mill, a disk mill and the like.
- the mixture thus obtained preferably has an average particle size, for example, in the range of 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, in particular in the range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, and particularly in the range of 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m. .
- an average particle size of the positive electrode active material is too small, the handling property may be deteriorated, and when the average particle size of the positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery is too large, it is difficult to obtain a flat active material layer. Because there is a risk of
- the active material having a large average particle diameter is advantageous for gaining energy density, but when battery characteristics at a high rate are required, the average particle diameter of the active material is It is possible to cope by controlling to a smaller size.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material according to the present invention can be determined, for example, by measuring and averaging the particle diameter of the positive electrode active material observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention comprises a metal or a metal compound containing the metal element M 1 described above and an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 (and optionally an alkali metal salt AcXd) under an inert atmosphere. It can manufacture by carrying out the said dry mixing.
- the metal compound containing the metal element M 1 and a-V 2 O 5 is used as the amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 as the starting material. It was confirmed from XRD pattern analysis that a non-amorphous positive electrode active material was generated (see Examples described later).
- the obtained positive electrode active material is a particularly preferable positive electrode active material of the present invention, and it is confirmed that the cycle characteristics and rate characteristics which were not obtained by the conventional conversion-type positive electrode active material containing lithium element are particularly high. (See the examples below).
- the irreversible capacity can be further reduced by including the alkali metal salt AcXd in the raw material.
- alkali metal salt AcXd examples include Li 2 O, LiF, NaF, and Li 3 PO 4 .
- an alkali metal salt LiF can be further included.
- metal iron (Fe) as a metal containing the metal element M 1 , an amorphous metal oxide a-V 2 O 5, and an alkali metal salt LiF. it can.
- the alkali metal salt LiF and the alkali metal salt Li 2 O can be replaced by the alkali metal salt NaF and the alkali metal salt Li 3 PO 4 .
- the irreversible capacity is further reduced.
- the metal or metal compound containing a metal element M 1, alkali metal salts AcXd, amorphous metal oxide of the metal elements M 2 are not only those composed only from each one, by mixing a plurality of types It can also be used.
- the negative electrode for the positive electrode active material according to the present invention is preferably a carbon negative electrode (e.g., graphite) from the viewpoint of energy density, cost and ease of handling, and lithium titanium oxide from the viewpoint of battery safety and ease of handling. It is preferable to use one (LTO) (for example, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), but it is not limited thereto, and lithium metal can also be used.
- a carbon negative electrode e.g., graphite
- lithium titanium oxide from the viewpoint of battery safety and ease of handling.
- LTO lithium titanium oxide
- the above-described positive electrode active material according to the present invention may be used as it is as a positive electrode of a non-aqueous secondary battery, but in order to improve the conductivity (rate characteristics) of the electrode, a complex with a known conductive material is formed. You may In particular, it is preferable to add and mix a carbon source.
- carbon coating can be performed by grinding and mixing the positive electrode active material obtained above with carbon fine particles in an inert atmosphere.
- inert atmosphere vacuum, nitrogen gas, argon gas or the like can be used.
- argon gas can be used.
- the addition of such a carbon source may be performed in multiple times (for example, in two stages).
- grinding and mixing are often performed, and in the second stage, carbon coating is mainly aimed.
- acetylene black, graphite, carbon nanotubes or the like can be used as a carbon source, and among these, acetylene black is preferably used in view of ease of handling and the like.
- furnace black, channel black, acetylene black, ketjen black, thermal black and the like can be used, but acetylene black is preferable in view of conductivity when used as an electrode. (For example, refer to the example described later)
- an amorphous metal oxide of the metal element M 2 serving as a raw material is purchased or produced.
- V 2 O 5 as an amorphous metal oxide
- it is to be configured to include a compound to be a network former such as P 2 O 5 .
- a compound to be a network former such as P 2 O 5 .
- vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ) and ammonium phosphate ((NH 4 ) 2 HPO can be used as an example of using P 2 O 5 as a compound to be a network former.
- the positive electrode FeF 3 ⁇ Li 2 O-V 2 O 5
- the above-mentioned alkali metal salt for example, Li 2 O
- the compounding molar ratio of Li 2 O is x, and in the general formula [FeF 3 -xLi 2 O- can be expressed as (90-x) V 2 O 5 -10P 2 O 5].
- the ratio of V 2 O 5 : P 2 O 5 can also be freely changed, and if the compounding molar ratio of P 2 O 5 is y, then the formula [FeF 3 -xLi 2 O- (100- It can be expressed as xy) V 2 O 5 -yP 2 O 5 ].
- the positive electrode active according to the present invention in the case where the metal compound M 1 aXb as a raw material is FeF 3 an example of a manufacturing method for a substance, as shown in FIG. 2 (b), first, weighed and FeF 3 and V 2 O 5 glass.
- the molar ratio Fe / V is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 to 4. For example, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 4.00 And so on.
- a positive electrode active material FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode
- acetylene black eg, 20 wt% having a different concentration and further mixing and grinding at 200 rpm for 2 hours (eg, described later) See examples).
- non-aqueous secondary battery positive electrode including the positive electrode active material obtained as described above.
- this positive electrode one obtained by mixing (for example, a weight ratio of 95: 5) of the FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode with a polyacrylic acid binder and applying it on an aluminum foil can be used.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of the layer configuration of the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention, and a view schematically showing it as being disassembled in the stacking direction.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention is not necessarily limited to this example.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery uses, for example, 1 M LiPF 6 / EC: DMC (1: 1 v / v) as an electrolytic solution, and uses the coated electrode 1 composed of this positive electrode and the negative electrode
- the lithium metal 2, the separator 3 disposed between the electrodes, the gasket 4 as a fixing sealing material for providing airtightness between the coated electrode 1 and the separator 3, and the lithium metal 2 are mounted.
- It comprises a coin cell (for example, a 2032 coin type cell) composed of a spacer 5 with Ni mesh fixed and fixed.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery including a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode, and an electrolyte interposed therebetween is provided, and exhibits high energy density.
- lithium metal is used.
- a non-aqueous secondary battery which has high energy density, can be manufactured at low cost, and is easy to handle.
- a carbon-based material for example, graphite
- lithium titanium oxide (LTO) for example, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the separator and battery case suitably used for the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention which are used for the non-aqueous secondary battery according to the present invention, will be described in detail.
- the positive electrode used in the present invention preferably comprises a positive electrode active material layer containing the above-described positive electrode active material, and usually, in addition thereto, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode connected to the corresponding positive electrode current collector. Have a lead.
- the current collector As the current collector, a conductor such as aluminum, titanium, nickel, stainless steel, copper or the like is used.
- the shape of the current collector may, for example, be a foil, a net or a porous body.
- aluminum foil is preferable in that it is stable at the positive electrode operating potential of the secondary battery, easy to process into a thin film, and inexpensive.
- the positive electrode for non-aqueous secondary batteries is manufactured by supporting (laminating) a positive electrode mixture containing an active material, a conductive material, and a binder on a current collector.
- a method of supporting the positive electrode mixture on the current collector (1) a method of press-forming the positive electrode mixture, (2) mixing the organic solvent and the positive electrode mixture to prepare a paste of the positive electrode mixture The paste is applied to a current collector, and the paste applied to the current collector is dried and then fixed by pressing or the like.
- Examples of the method of applying the paste to the current collector include a slit die coating method, a screen coating method, a curtain coating method, a knife coating method, a gravure coating method, an electrostatic spray method and the like. In the present invention, a plurality of these coating methods may be used in combination.
- the negative electrode is generally manufactured by supporting (laminating) a negative electrode composite containing an active material, a conductive material and a binder on a current collector.
- a method of supporting the negative electrode mixture on the current collector (1) a method of press-forming the negative electrode mixture, (2) mixing the organic solvent and the negative electrode mixture to prepare a paste of the negative electrode mixture The paste is applied to a current collector, and the paste applied to the current collector is dried and then fixed by pressing or the like.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 lithium titanium oxide
- thermoplastic resin As the binder, a thermoplastic resin is used. Specifically, polyvinylidene fluoride (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PVDF”), polytetrafluoroethylene (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "PTFE"). Fluorinated resins such as tetrafluoroethylene / hexafluoropropylene / vinylidene fluoride copolymer, hexafluoropropylene / vinylidene fluoride copolymer and tetrafluoroethylene / perfluorovinyl ether copolymer; And polyolefin resins such as polypropylene. These thermoplastic resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Non-aqueous electrolyte is a liquid or solid composed of a substance containing an alkali ion, which contains, for example, a lithium ion as an alkali ion, and may contain an alkali ion other than a lithium ion. .
- the content ratio of lithium ions contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 75% by mass or more, and still more preferably 80% by mass or more (100% by mass) of all the alkali ions. Inclusive).
- the non-aqueous electrolyte in the present invention is usually used as a non-aqueous electrolyte containing an electrolyte and an organic solvent.
- the electrolyte include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium salts, and LiAlCl 4 . A mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- At least one lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 and LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 as an electrolyte It is.
- organic solvent examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, isopropyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 1,2- Carbonates such as di (methoxycarbonyloxy) ethane; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, pentafluoropropyl methyl ether, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2 -Ethers such as -methyltetrahydrofuran; Esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate and ⁇ -butyrolactone; Nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; N, N-dimethylforma And amides such as N, N-dimethylacetamide; carbamates such as 3-
- a solid electrolyte may be used instead of the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte for example, a so-called gel in which an electrolytic solution is held by a solid polymer electrolyte such as a polyethylene oxide type polymer, a polymer containing at least one or more selected from polyorganosiloxane chains and polyoxyalkylene chains.
- Type electrolytes Li 2 S-SiS 2 , Li 2 S-GeS 2 , Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 -Li 3 PO 4 , Li 2 Sulfide-containing electrolytes such as S-SiS 2 -Li 2 SO 4 ; and inorganic solid electrolytes such as NASICON-type electrolytes such as LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- the solid electrolyte may function as a separator. In that case, a separator may not be required.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery of the present invention usually further comprises a separator.
- a separator for example, a porous film made of a material such as a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, a fluorine resin, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer, a material having a form such as a non-woven fabric or a woven fabric is used.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably as thin as possible as long as mechanical strength is maintained, in that the volumetric energy density of the battery is increased and the internal resistance is decreased.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably about 5 to 200 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 5 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the electrode group may be, for example, a shape such that the cross section of the electrode group cut in a direction perpendicular to the winding axis forms a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, a rectangle having a rounded corner, or the like.
- the shape of a laminated type etc. are mentioned.
- shapes such as a paper type, coin type, cylindrical shape, a square shape, etc. are mentioned, for example.
- the non-aqueous secondary battery thus obtained can reduce a large voltage drop during discharge in addition to the reduction of the over-voltage during charging, as compared with the conventional non-aqueous secondary battery, and further has charge / discharge cycle characteristics and It has become clear that the rate characteristics are both significantly improved (see Examples described later).
- Example 1 (Production of Amorphous Metal Oxide V 2 O 5 ) First, in order to produce amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 as a raw material, V 2 O 5 and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 in a molar ratio of V: P 90: 10 as will be, mixed, and burned for one hour at 1200 ° C. in air, then quenched with ice-water bath, V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 is an amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 Glass (90 V 2 O 5 -10 P 2 O 5 ) was obtained.
- V 2 O 5 and diammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 in a molar ratio of V: P 90: 10 as will be, mixed, and burned for one hour at 1200 ° C. in air, then quenched with ice-water bath, V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 is an amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 Glass (90 V 2 O 5 -10 P 2 O 5
- FIG. 4 is an XRD pattern of a FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode which is a positive electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteries.
- the XRD pattern of the obtained positive electrode active material was added to the XRD peak obtained from the ICDD data of iron fluoride (FeF 3 ) shown as a reference, and a broad halo peak indicating amorphous was confirmed.
- Example 2 Manufacture of non-aqueous secondary battery using lithium metal negative electrode
- a positive electrode active material a positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) manufactured by the method of Example 1 and subjected to a carbon coating treatment according to Example 1 and a binder
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- a titanium mesh was prepared as a positive electrode current collector.
- Lithium metal made by Honjo Metal Co., Ltd.
- a polypropylene separator (registered trademark "Celgard", 3501) was prepared as a separator.
- a coin cell (SUS2032 type) was prepared as a battery case.
- the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode mixture, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode are housed in a battery case in the order of aluminum foil, positive electrode mixture layer, electrolyte layer, and lithium metal.
- An aqueous secondary battery was manufactured as shown in the following table. The above steps were all performed in a glove box under an argon atmosphere.
- FIG. 5 is the obtained charge-discharge curve. Moreover, the charge / discharge curve of the conventional positive electrode active material FeF 3 was also confirmed for comparison. From this result, in the positive electrode active material of the present embodiment, than conventional positive electrode active material FeF 3, in addition to reducing the overvoltage during charge, it was confirmed that a large voltage drop during discharge can be suppressed. Note that in the charge-discharge curve of the positive electrode active material FeF 3, the discharge curve up to 1.8V is intercalation reaction, discharge curves from there to 1.0V is due to the conversion reaction. Therefore, depending on the setting of the discharge potential and the charge potential, it is possible to use both the conversion reaction and the intercalation reaction or only a single reaction respectively. However, it is preferable to use both reactions because a large capacity can be expected. Further, it can be understood from the charge and discharge curve of FIG. 5 that V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass also functions as a positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 6 shows the molar ratio of Fe: V of 0.5: 1, 1: 1, 2 for the positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) of this example.
- the charge / discharge curve obtained by performing charging / discharging in a voltage range of 1.0 to 3.8 V under the conditions of current density: 0.2 mA / cm 2 when using 1: 1 to 4: 1. From the obtained results, it was confirmed that the overvoltage decreased as the addition amount of vanadate glass (V 2 O 5 .P 2 O 5 glass) increased.
- the positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) of the present example when the molar ratio Fe: V is 1.5: 1, the current density is 64 mA /
- the charge / discharge curve obtained by charging / discharging in the voltage range of 1.0-4.5 V under the condition of g is shown in FIG. 8 (a).
- the charge / discharge curve obtained as current density: 640 mA / g on the same conditions is shown in FIG.8 (b).
- FIG. 9 (a) A charge / discharge curve obtained by performing charge / discharge in a voltage range of 1.0 to 4.0 V is shown in FIG. 9 (a). That is, charging was performed by charging and discharging in a voltage range of 1.0 to 4.0 V under the conditions of current density: 46 mA / g, 92 mA / g, 184 mA / g, 460 mA / g, and 920 mA / g. The discharge characteristics are shown in FIG. 9 (a).
- the acquired cycle characteristics (positive electrode active material mass: 0.9 mg) are shown in FIG. 9 (b).
- charge-discharge curves and cycle characteristics of the positive electrode active material FeF 3 are shown in FIGS. 10 (a) and (b), respectively.
- the positive electrode active material of this example as shown in FIG. 9, it was confirmed that the charge / discharge operation could be stably maintained even if the number of cycles exceeded 30 times.
- the conventional positive electrode active material FeF 3 as a comparative example as shown in FIG. 10, it was confirmed that the number of cycles was less than 10 times.
- the molar ratio Fe: V is 1: 1, 1.25: 1, 1.5: 1, respectively.
- 1.75: 1 and 2: 1 the cycle characteristics obtained by charging and discharging in the voltage range of 1.0 to 4.5 V under the condition of current density: 7.5 mA / g are shown in FIG. It is shown in 11.
- the positive electrode active material of this example exhibited stable cycle characteristics regardless of the molar ratio Fe: V, but it was confirmed that the more stable was when the molar ratio Fe: V was 1: 1. It was done.
- the positive electrode active material (FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode) of the present example when the molar ratio Fe: V is 1: 1, the current density is 32 mA / g, 63 mA
- the charge and discharge characteristics obtained by performing charge and discharge in the voltage range of 1.0 to 4.5 V under the conditions of / g, 126 mA / g, 315 mA / g, and 630 mA / g are shown in FIG. .
- the acquired cycle characteristics positive electrode active material mass: 2.5 mg
- FIG. 12 (b) the positive electrode active material of the present example exhibited stable cycle characteristics regardless of the current density.
- a TEM-EDS analysis result after 1.0 V discharge of the conventional positive electrode active material FeF 3 is shown in FIG. 14 (b).
- FIG. 14A is a schematic view of FIG. 14A
- a plurality of positive electrode active materials according to the present invention exist as particles constituting a positive electrode, and each of the particles is It is carried by the binder.
- the particles of the metal compound FeF 3 were dispersed in the glassy amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 in each of the positive electrode active materials. It is a thing. In other words, particles of the metal compound FeF 3 are dispersed in the glassy amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 as secondary particles in each particle of the positive electrode active material. Is confirmed.
- Example 3 (Production of Positive Electrode): Use of Metal Compound FeF 3 and Alkali Metal Salt Li 2 O Similar to the above-mentioned Example 1, V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass which is an amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 ( 90 V 2 O 5 -10 P 2 O 5 ) was obtained. A mixture of a metal compound FeF 3 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and an alkali metal salt Li 2 O (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is placed in a container capable of atmosphere control for a planetary ball mill, and argon is used together with 40 g of zirconia balls having a diameter of 3 mm. It was sealed under an atmosphere.
- a metal compound FeF 3 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- an alkali metal salt Li 2 O manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the mixture was milled and mixed for 24 hours with a ball mill (pulverisette 7 manufactured by Fritsch) under conditions of 600 rpm.
- the mixture was placed in an atmosphere-controllable planetary ball mill container and sealed together with 40 g of zirconia balls of 3 mm in diameter under an argon atmosphere.
- FeF 3 iron fluoride
- Figure 16 is a positive electrode active substances FeF 3 -V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass mixed positive electrode of the embodiment [FeF 3 -xLi 2 O- (90 -x) V 2 O 5 -10P 2 O 5 Of the alkali metal salt Li 2 O with respect to charge and discharge curves obtained by charging and discharging in the voltage range of 1.0 to 5.0 V under conditions of current density: 0.2 mA / cm 2 respectively.
- Example 4 (Production of positive electrode): As in Example 1, the metals Fe and alkali metal salts LiF used above, an amorphous metal oxide V 2 O 5 V 2 O 5 ⁇ P 2 O 5 glass (90V 2 O 5 Obtained -10P 2 O 5 ). As shown in FIG. 17, first, a mixture of LiF (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and metallic iron (Fe) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is placed in a container for a planetary ball mill whose atmosphere can be controlled. It was sealed in an argon atmosphere with a 40 g ball.
- LiF manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Fe metallic iron
- the mixture was milled and mixed for 24 hours with a ball mill (pulverisette 7 manufactured by Fritsch) under conditions of 600 rpm.
- the mixture was placed in an atmosphere-controllable planetary ball mill container and sealed together with 40 g of zirconia balls of 3 mm in diameter under an argon atmosphere.
- the positive electrode active material (LiF * Fe mixed positive electrode) which does not contain glass was similarly manufactured as a comparative example. That is, first, a mixture of LiF (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and metallic iron (Fe) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is placed in a container capable of atmosphere control for a planetary ball mill, and argon is used together with 40 g of zirconia balls having a diameter of 3 mm. It was sealed under an atmosphere. In this container, the mixture was milled and ground for 72 hours with a ball mill (pulverisette 7 manufactured by Fritsch) under conditions of 600 rpm.
- a ball mill pulverisette 7 manufactured by Fritsch
- the mixture was placed in an atmosphere-controllable planetary ball mill container and sealed together with 40 g of zirconia balls of 3 mm in diameter under an argon atmosphere.
- 5 wt% acetylene black made by Denka Co., Ltd., HS-100
- was further added and mixed and pulverized for 24 minutes with a ball mill (pulverisette 7 made by Fritsch) under the condition of 600 rpm.
- acetylene black manufactured by Denka Co., Ltd., HS-100 was added, and the mixture was further mixed and ground in a ball mill under a condition of 200 rpm for 3 hours to obtain a glass-free positive electrode active material (LiF ⁇ Fe mixed positive electrode).
- FIG. 18 (a) is the obtained charge / discharge curve. Moreover, the charge / discharge curve of the positive electrode active material (LiF * Fe mixed positive electrode) which does not contain glass for comparison was also confirmed, and the result of FIG.18 (b) was obtained. From this result, in the positive electrode active material of this example, a large voltage drop during discharge can be suppressed in addition to the reduction of the overvoltage during charging than the positive electrode active material (LiF ⁇ Fe mixed positive electrode) containing no glass. confirmed.
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Abstract
Description
第1段階では、炭素源として、アセチレンブラック、グラファイトまたは、カーボンナノチューブなどを使用することができ、このうち特に、取り扱いの容易性などからアセチレンブラックを用いることが好ましい。第2段階では、ファーネスブラック、チャンネルブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、サーマルブラック等を使用することができるが、電極として使用する際の導電性の高さからアセチレンブラックが好適である。(例えば、後述の実施例参照)
集電体としては、アルミニウム、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス、銅等の導電体が用いられる。集電体の形状は、箔状、網状および多孔体状等が挙げられる。これらのなかでも、二次電池の正極作動電位において安定であり、薄膜に加工し易く、安価であるという点から、アルミニウム箔が好ましい。
非水系二次電池用正極は、集電体に、活物質、導電材およびバインダーを含む正極合材を担持(積層)することによって製造される。
集電体に、正極合材を担持する方法としては、(1)正極合材を加圧成形する方法、(2)有機溶媒等と正極合材を混合して、正極合材のペーストを調製し、そのペーストを、集電体に塗工し、さらに、集電体に塗工したペーストを乾燥した後、プレスする等して固着する方法が挙げられる。
負極電極は、一般に、集電体に、活物質、導電材およびバインダーを含む負極合材を担持(積層)することによって製造される。
集電体に、負極合材を担持する方法としては、(1)負極合材を加圧成形する方法、(2)有機溶媒等と負極合材を混合して、負極合材のペーストを調製し、そのペーストを、集電体に塗工し、さらに、集電体に塗工したペーストを乾燥した後、プレスする等して固着する方法が挙げられる。
負極活物質としては、エネルギー密度を稼ぐ上ではリチウム金属あるいは、リチウムを含有した合金が望ましいが、負極にリチウム含有組成のものを用いると製造過程で還元もしくは不活性ガス雰囲気が不可欠となる。製造コストを低減し、電池の安全性を高めるためには、グラファイト等の炭素材料が好適である。その他の負極候補としては、リチウムイオンを挿入・脱離することのできるリチウムチタン酸化物(LTO)(例えば、Li4Ti5O12)も用いることができる。
バインダーとしては、熱可塑性樹脂が用いられ、具体的には、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(以下、「PVDF」と言うことがある。)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(以下、「PTFE」と言うことがある。)、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化プロピレン・フッ化ビニリデン系共重合体、六フッ化プロピレン・フッ化ビニリデン系共重合体および四フッ化エチレン・パーフルオロビニルエーテル系共重合体等のフッ素樹脂;ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン樹脂等が挙げられる。これらの熱可塑性樹脂は、1種または2種以上が組み合わされて用いられる。
本発明における非水電解質とは、アルカリイオンを含有する物質からなる液体または固体であって、アルカリイオンとして例えばリチウムイオンを含有するものであり、リチウムイオン以外のアルカリイオンが含まれていてもよい。
このような固体電解質を用いることにより、非水系二次電池の安全性をより高めることができることがある。なお、本発明の非水系二次電池において、固体電解質を用いる場合には、固体電解質がセパレータとして機能する場合もある。その場合には、セパレータを必要としないこともある。
本発明の非水系二次電池は、通常、セパレータをさらに備えている。セパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン樹脂、フッ素樹脂、含窒素芳香族重合体等の材質からなる多孔質フィルム、不織布、織布等の形態をなす材料が用いられる。
(非晶質金属酸化物V2O5の製造)
先ず、原料となる非晶質金属酸化物V2O5を製造するために、V2O5とリン酸水素二アンモニウム(NH4)2HPO4を、V:Pがモル比で90:10となるように、混合し、大気中で1200℃で1時間焼成し、その後、氷水浴を用いて急冷し、非晶質金属酸化物V2O5であるV2O5・P2O5ガラス(90V2O5-10P2O5)を得た。
この得られたV2O5・P2O5ガラスと、FeF3(和光純薬社製)とを、モル比がFe/V=1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 4.00となるように秤量した各々のサンプルを量り取って混合した。各サンプルごとに、この混合物を、雰囲気制御可能である遊星ボールミル用容器に入れ、直径3mmのジルコニアボール40gと共に、アルゴン雰囲気下において密閉した。この容器内で、600rpmの条件下でボールミル(フリッチュ社製、pulverisette7)で2時間混合粉砕し、さらに、5wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えて、さらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで1時間混合粉砕した。さらに20wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えてさらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで2時間混合粉砕し、正極活物質(FeF3-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)を得た。
上記で得られた非水系二次電池用正極活物質について、X線回折測定を行った。詳細な測定条件は以下の通りである。
X線回折測定装置:TTRIII(Cu-Kα、リガク製)
測定範囲:2θ=10~80°
測定間隔:0.02°
走査速度:0.02°/min
測定電圧:50kV
測定電流:300mA
(リチウム金属負極を用いた非水系二次電池の製造)
正極活物質として、上記実施例1の方法により製造し、カーボンコート処理を施した非水系二次電池用正極活物質(FeF3-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)と結着剤としてポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)(ダイキン工業社製、Polyflon PTFE F-103)をそれぞれ用いた。これらカーボンコート後の正極活物質、および結着剤を、カーボンコート後の正極活物質:結着剤=95重量%:5重量%となるように混合したものをφ10mmのディスク状電極に成形した。
上記の非水系二次電池について、25℃、定電流モードで充放電試験を行った。具体的には、先ず、電流密度:0.2mA/cm2の条件下、1.0Vまで放電を行い、その後、4.5Vを上限として、定電流モードで充電を行った。1.0Vまで放電を行って得られた容量を放電容量とした。
本実施例の正極活物質(FeF3-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)について、モル比Fe:Vを、1:1とした場合に、電流密度:63mA/gの条件下、1.0-4.5Vの電圧範囲で充放電を行って得られた充放電曲線を図7(a)に示す。また、同じ条件で、電流密度:630mA/gとして得られた充放電曲線を図7(b)に示す。
以下、本実施例の正極活物質についてサイクル特性を確認した。
次に、本実施例の正極活物質(FeF3-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)について、モル比Fe:Vを1:1とした場合に、充放電反応後(1.8V放電、1.0V放電、および4.0V充電後)に得たXRD結果を図13(a)に示す。また、比較例として、従来の正極活物質FeF3における充放電反応後(2.0V放電、1.0V放電、および4.5V充電後)に得たXRD結果を図13(b)に示す。
すなわち、この図14(a)を模式化した図1(a)を用いて上述したように、本発明に係る正極活物質は、正極を構成する粒子として複数存在しており、この各粒子はバインダーによって担持されている。この各々の正極活物質は、金属化合物FeF3の粒子が、ガラス状の非晶質金属酸化物V2O5・P2O5内に分散された状態で構成されていることが確認されたものである。換言すると、正極活物質の各粒子中に、金属化合物FeF3の粒子が、二次粒子として、ガラス状の非晶質金属酸化物V2O5・P2O5内で分散している状態が確認されたものである。
(正極の製造):金属化合物FeF3およびアルカリ金属塩Li2O使用
上述の実施例1と同様に、非晶質金属酸化物V2O5であるV2O5・P2O5ガラス(90V2O5-10P2O5)を得た。
金属化合物FeF3(和光純薬社製)とアルカリ金属塩Li2O(和光純薬社製)の混合物を、雰囲気制御可能である遊星ボールミル用容器に入れ、直径3mmのジルコニアボール40gと共に、アルゴン雰囲気下において密閉した。この容器内で、600rpmの条件下でボールミル(フリッチュ社製、pulverisette7)で24時間混合粉砕した。
この混合物と、上記で得られたV2O5・P2O5ガラスとを、モル比がFe/V=1.00となるように秤量して混合した。この混合物を、雰囲気制御可能である遊星ボールミル用容器に入れ、直径3mmのジルコニアボール40gと共に、アルゴン雰囲気下において密閉した。この容器内で、600rpmの条件下でボールミル(フリッチュ社製、pulverisette7)で2時間混合粉砕し、さらに、5wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えて、さらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで1時間混合粉砕した。さらに20wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えてさらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで2時間混合粉砕し、正極活物質(FeF3・Li2O-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)を得た。
上記で得られた非水系二次電池用正極活物質について、上記実施例1と同様の手法で、X線回折測定を行った。図15は、非水系二次電池用正極活物質であるFeF3・Li2O-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極FeF3-xLi2O-(90-x)V2O5-10P2O5 (x=0~20)のXRDパターンである。得られた正極活物質のXRDパターンは、参考として示しているフッ化鉄(FeF3)のICDDデータより得られたXRDピークに加え、非晶質性を示すブロードなハローピークが確認された。
(正極の製造):金属Feおよびアルカリ金属塩LiF使用
上述の実施例1と同様に、非晶質金属酸化物V2O5であるV2O5・P2O5ガラス(90V2O5-10P2O5)を得た。
図17に示すように、先ず、LiF(和光純薬社製)と金属鉄(Fe)(和光純薬社製)の混合物を、雰囲気制御可能である遊星ボールミル用容器に入れ、直径3mmのジルコニアボール40gと共に、アルゴン雰囲気下において密閉した。この容器内で、600rpmの条件下でボールミル(フリッチュ社製、pulverisette7)で24時間混合粉砕した。
この混合物と、上記で得られたV2O5・P2O5ガラスとを、モル比がFe/V=1.00となるように秤量して混合した。この混合物を、雰囲気制御可能である遊星ボールミル用容器に入れ、直径3mmのジルコニアボール40gと共に、アルゴン雰囲気下において密閉した。この容器内で、600rpmの条件下でボールミル(フリッチュ社製、pulverisette7)で2時間混合粉砕し、さらに、5wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えて、さらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで1時間混合粉砕した。さらに20wt%アセチレンブラック(デンカ株式会社製、HS-100)を加えてさらに200rpmの条件下でボールミルで2時間混合粉砕し、正極活物質(LiF・Fe-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)を得た。この正極活物質(LiF・Fe-V2O5・P2O5ガラス混合正極)は、得られたXRDパターンから、非晶質性を示すブロードなハローピークが確認された。
この非水系二次電池について、25℃、定電流モードで充放電試験を行った。具体的には、先ず、電流密度:0.2mA/cm2の条件下、1.0Vまで放電を行い、その後、4.5Vを上限として、定電流モードで充電を行った。1.0Vまで放電を行って、得られた容量を放電容量とした。
2 リチウム金属
3 セパレータ
4 ガスケット
5 Niメッシュ付きスペーサ
10 正極活物質
11 金属元素M1を含む金属(もしくは金属化合物)
12 金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物
20 バインダー
30 カーボンコート材料
100 正極
Claims (13)
- コンバージョン反応および/または逆コンバージョン反応を示す金属元素M1を含む金属もしくは金属化合物と、
金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物(M2は、V、Cr、Mo、Mn、Ti、およびNiから成る群から少なくとも1つが選択された金属元素)から構成されることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
アルカリ金属塩AcXd(Aは、LiまたはNaであり、Xは、フッ素、酸素、塩素、PO4リン酸基、SO4硫酸基、SiO4ケイ酸基、CO3炭酸基、またはNO3硝酸基であり、cおよびdは整数)をさらに含むことを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記金属元素M1を含む金属もしくは金属化合物は、金属M1もしくは金属化合物M1aXb(M1は、Fe、Ti、Co、Bi、MnおよびVから成る群から少なくとも1つが選択された金属元素であり、Xは、フッ素、酸素、塩素、PO4リン酸基、SO4硫酸基、SiO4ケイ酸基、CO3炭酸基、またはNO3硝酸基であり、aおよびbは整数)であることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~3に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物が、ガラス状であることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項4に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記ガラス状の金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物内に、前記金属化合物M1aXbの粒子が分散していることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項2~5に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記アルカリ金属塩AcXdが、Li2O、LiF、NaFもしくはLi3PO4であることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~6に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記金属化合物M1aXbが、FeF3であることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物が、V2O5を含むことを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記金属元素M2の非晶質金属酸化物が、ネットワークフォーマーとなる化合物を含むことを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項9に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
前記ネットワークフォーマーとなる化合物が、P2O5、SiO2、およびB2O3から成る群から少なくとも1つが選択されることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~10に記載の非水系二次電池用の正極活物質において、
カーボンコート処理されたことを特徴とする
非水系二次電池用の正極活物質。 - 請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の正極活物質を正極に備えることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池。 - 請求項12に記載の非水系二次電池において、
負極にグラファイト、金属リチウム、またはリチウムチタン酸化物を備えることを特徴とする
非水系二次電池。
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